Holodomor denial

Historical negationism regarding the 1932–33 famine in Ukraine

This article is about historical negationism regarding the Holodomor. For the debate on whether it as a genocide, see Holodomor genocide question.

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Part of a series on the

Holodomor

* Holodomor Memorial Day
* National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide

Historical background

Famines in the Soviet Union

* Soviet famine of 1932–33
* Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933

Soviet institutions

* All-Union Communist Party (Bolshevik)
* Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)
* Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
* Secret police (OGPU)

Policies

* First five-year plan
* Collectivization
* Dekulakization
* Law of Spikelets
* Reversal of Ukrainization policies
* Propaganda in the Soviet Union

Responsible parties

Soviet Union

* Joseph Stalin
* Vyacheslav Molotov
* Lazar Kaganovich
* Pavel Postyshev
* Stanislav Kosior
* Vlas Chubar

Investigation and understanding

* 1984 International Commission
* 1985 USA Commission
* Causes of the Holodomor
* Holodomor denial
* Genocide question
* Holodomor in modern politics

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

Denial of mass killings

Instances of denial

* Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples
* Armenian genocide
* Kantō Massacre
* Holodomor
* Romani genocide
* The Holocaust
* trivialization
* Congo Free State
* Nanjing Massacre
* Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
* Indonesian mass killings
* Bangladesh genocide
* Cambodian genocide
* Tiananmen Square massacre
* Katyn massacre
* Khojaly massacre
* Rwandan genocide
* Bosnian genocide
* Rohingya genocide

Scholarly controversy over mass killings

* Mongol conquest
* Native American population decline
* Colonization of Australia
* Holodomor
* Joseph Stalin
* Japanese history textbooks
* Mao Zedong
* 1944–1950 expulsion of Germans

Related topics

* Genocide justification
* Historical negationism
* Historical revisionism

* v
* t
* e

Denial of the Holodomor is the claim that a 1932–33 man-made famine that killed millions in Soviet Ukraine,[1] did not occur[2][3][4] or was exaggerated.

The government of the Soviet Union officially denied the occurrence of the famine and suppressed information about it from its very beginning until the 1980s. This Soviet denial was also circulated by some Western journalists and intellectuals.[2][5][6] Most prominently, The New York Times' Walter Duranty echoed Soviet denials in his reporting during the height of the famine.

According to Jurij Dobczansky, Holodomor denial is easily distinguished from serious scholarship, and "generally consists of especially vitriolic anti-Western and anti-Ukrainian tirades," often accompanied by accusations of foreign influence, Nazi sympathies, or ulterior motives.[7]: 160

Rebekah Moore argues that Western recognition of the Holodomor reflects the broader politics of genocide and victimhood, emphasizing the ongoing struggle for acknowledgment, particularly among the Ukrainian diaspora.[8]

## Soviet Union

[edit]

### Cover-up of the famine

[edit]

Soviet head-of-state Mikhail Kalinin responded to Western offers of food by telling off "political cheats who offer to help the starving Ukraine," and commented, "Only the most decadent classes are capable of producing such cynical elements."[4][9]

On instructions from Litvinov, Boris Skvirsky, embassy counselor of the recently opened Soviet Embassy in the United States, published a letter on 3 January 1934, in response to a pamphlet about the famine.[10] In his letter, Skvirsky stated that the idea that the Soviet government was "deliberately killing the population of Ukraine" was "wholly grotesque." He claimed that the Ukrainian population had been increasing at an annual rate of 2 percent during the preceding five years and asserted that the death rate in Ukraine "was the lowest of that of any of the constituent republics composing the Soviet Union", concluding that it "was about 35 percent lower than the pre-war death rate of tsarist days."[11]

Mention of the famine was criminalized, punishable with a five-year term in the Gulag labor camps. Blaming the authorities was punishable by death.[4] William Henry Chamberlin was a Moscow correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor for 10 years; in 1934 he was reassigned to the Far East. After he left the Soviet Union he wrote his account of the situation in Ukraine and North Caucasus (Poltava, Bila Tserkva, and Kropotkin). Chamberlin later published a couple of books: Russia's Iron Age and The Ukraine: A Submerged Nation.[12][13] He wrote in the Christian Science Monitor in 1934 that "the evidence of a large-scale famine was so overwhelming, was so unanimously confirmed by the peasants that the most 'hard-boiled' local officials could say nothing in denial."[14]

### Falsification and suppression of evidence

[edit]

The true number of dead was concealed. At the Kyiv Medical Inspectorate, for example, the actual number of corpses, 9,472, was recorded as only 3,997.[15] The GPU was directly involved in the destruction of actual birth and death records, as well as the fabrication of false information to cover up information regarding the causes and scale of death in Ukraine.[16]

The January 1937 census, the first in 11 years, was intended to reflect the achievements of Stalin's rule. Those collecting the data, senior statisticians with decades of experience, were arrested and executed, including three successive heads of the Soviet Central Statistical Administration. The census data itself was locked away for half a century in the Russian State Archive of the Economy.[17]

### Soviet campaign in the 1980s

[edit]

The Soviet Union denied the existence of the famine until its 50th anniversary, in 1983, when the worldwide Ukrainian community coordinated famine remembrance. [citation needed] The Ukrainian diaspora exerted significant pressure on the media and various governments, including the United States and Canada, to raise the issue of the famine with the government of the Soviet Union.

In February 1983, Alexander Yakovlev, the Soviet Ambassador to Canada, in a secret analysis "Some thoughts regarding the advertising of the Ukrainian SSR Pavilion held at the International Exposition "Man and the world" held in Canada" put forward a prognosis for a campaign being prepared to bring international attention to the Ukrainian Holodomor which was spearheaded by the Ukrainian nationalist community. Yakovlev proposed a list of concrete proposals to "neutralise the enemy ideological actions of the Ukrainian bourgeoise nationalists".[18]

By April 1983, the bureau of the Soviet Novosti Press Agency had prepared and sent out a special press release denying the occurrence of the 1933 famine in Ukraine. This press release was sent to every major newspaper, radio and television station as well as University in Canada. It was also sent out to all members of the Canadian parliament.[19]

A Holodomor monument in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

On 5 July 1983, the Soviet Embassy issued an official note of protest regarding the planned opening of a monument in memory of the victims of the Holodomor in Edmonton[20] attempting to smear the opening of the monument.

In October 1983, the World Congress of Ukrainians led by V-Yu Danyliv attempted to launch an international tribunal to judge the facts regarding the Holodomor. At the 4th World Congress of Ukrainians held in December 1983, a resolution was passed to form such an international tribunal.[20]

Former Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk recalled that he was responsible for countering the Ukrainian Diaspora's public education campaign of the 1980s, marking 50 years of the Soviet terror famine in 1983: "In the early 1980s many publications began appearing in the Western press on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of one of the most horrific tragedies in the history of our people. A counter-propaganda machine was put into motion, and I was one of its wheels." The first book on the famine was published in Ukraine only in 1989, after a major shake-up that occurred in the Communist Party of Ukraine when Volodymyr Ivashko replaced Volodymyr Shcherbytsky and the Political Bureau decided that such book could be published. However, even in this book, "the most terrifying photographs were not approved for print, and their number was reduced from 1,500 to around 350."[21]

This recognition of the Holodomor as genocide has played an instrumental role in shaping modern Ukrainian identity. as Lina Klymenko asserts, that Ukraine’s efforts to solidify its historical narrative of resilience and resistance against oppression are integral to its nation-building process.[22] The institutionalization of Holodomor remembrance has further distinguished Ukraine from Russia, reinforcing national unity and historical memory. As ultimately, former President of Ukraine (1991-94), Leonid Kravchuk, exposed the official cover-up attempts and came out in support of recognizing the famine, named the "Holodomor", as a genocide, noting "this was a planned action and that this was a genocide committed against the people. But we can’t stop there. Yes, it was against the people, but it was directed from a different centre."[23]

## Denial outside the Soviet Union

[edit]

### Walter Duranty and The New York Times

[edit]

According to Patrick Wright,[24] Robert C. Tucker,[25] and Eugene Lyons,[26] one of the first Western Holodomor deniers was Walter Duranty, who won the 1932 Pulitzer Prize in journalism, in the category of correspondence, for his dispatches on Soviet Union and the working out of the Five Year Plan.[27] In 1932, he wrote in the pages of The New York Times that "any report of a famine in Russia is today an exaggeration or malignant propaganda".[28] He said that while there was a bad harvest, and consequent food shortages, it did not rise to the level of a famine and that "there is no actual starvation or deaths from starvation, but there is widespread mortality from diseases due to malnutrition."[26][29] Some have disputed the validity of his distinction between death from starvation and death from disease that is exacerbated by malnutrition.[26]

In his reports, Duranty downplayed the impact of food shortages in Ukraine. As Duranty wrote in a dispatch from Moscow in March 1933, "These conditions are bad, but there is no famine" and "But—to put it brutally—you can't make an omelette without breaking eggs."[30][29]

Duranty also wrote denunciations of those who wrote about the famine, accusing them of being reactionaries and anti-Bolshevik propagandists. In August 1933, Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna called for relief efforts, stating that the famine in Ukraine was claiming lives "likely... numbered... by the millions" and driving those still alive to infanticide and cannibalism. The New York Times, 20 August 1933, reported Innitzer's charge and published an official Soviet denial: "in the Soviet Union we have neither cannibals nor cardinals". The next day, the Times added Duranty's own denial. [citation needed]

British journalist Malcolm Muggeridge, who went to live in the Soviet Union in 1932 as a reporter for the Manchester Guardian and became a fierce anti-communist, said of Duranty that he "always enjoyed his company; there was something vigorous, vivacious, preposterous, about his unscrupulousness which made his persistent lying somehow absorbing."[31] Muggeridge characterised Duranty as "the greatest liar of any journalist I have met in 50 years of journalism."[32]

However, by the end of 1933, the new Roosevelt administration were actively looking to dismiss any bad news that came out from the Soviet Union, as tensions rose in Germany with Hitler's rise and the Japanese threat to expansion.[33] Duranty, played a role in the "cover-up" of the famine in Ukraine, as President Roosevelt “read Duranty’s reporting carefully – encouraged him to believe that there might be a lucrative commercial relationship too.”[33] With this Litvinov arrived in New York to sign and make this newfound partnership official with the accompany of Duranty. With no doubt Duranty's impact of denying the famine in his writing and his allegiance to the USSR further suppressed the idea of a famine even exisiitng in Ukraine, despite his writitng holding contradictory notions with his conversations with William Strang, as he reckoned "'it quite possible that as many as 10 million people may have died directly or indirectly from lack of food’, though that number never appeared in any of his reporting."[33]

An international campaign for the retraction of Duranty's Pulitzer Prize was launched in 2003 by the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association and its supporters. The newspaper, however, declined to relinquish it, arguing that Duranty received the prize for a series of reports about the Soviet Union, eleven of which were published in June 1931. In 1990, the Times published an editorial calling his work "some of the worst reporting to appear in this newspaper."[34]

### By prominent visitors to the Soviet Union

[edit]

Prominent writers from Ireland and Britain who visited the Soviet Union in 1934, such as George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, are also on record as denying the existence of the famine in Ukraine.[3][35]

Another famine denier was Sir John Maynard.[36] In 1934 the British Foreign Office in the House of Lords stated that there was no evidence to support the allegations against the Soviet government regarding the famine in Ukraine, based on the testimony of Maynard, who had visited Ukraine in the summer of 1933 and rejected "tales of famine-genocide propagated by the Ukrainian Nationalists".[citation needed]

During a visit to Ukraine carried out between 26 August – 9 September 1933, former French Prime Minister Édouard Herriot, said that Soviet Ukraine was "like a garden in full bloom".[37] Herriot declared to the press that there was no famine in Ukraine, that he did not see any trace of it, and that this showed adversaries of the Soviet Union were spreading the rumour. "When one believes that Ukraine is devastated by famine, allow me to shrug my shoulders", he declared. The 13 September 1933 issue of Pravda was able to write that Herriot "categorically contradicted the lies of the bourgeoisie press in connection with a famine in the USSR."[38] It was alleged by anti-communist activist Harry Lang, who claimed to have visited Ukraine at the same time, that Herriot was shown a carefully stage-managed version of Ukraine that hid effects of famine and poverty.[39][38]

### Douglas Tottle

[edit]

In the 1980s, the union organizer and journalist Douglas Tottle with the help of Soviet authorities[33] wrote a book arguing that the famine in Ukraine was not genocide,[40] under the title "Fraud, Famine and Ukrainian Fascism", to be published in Soviet Ukraine. However, before final publication, reviewers of the book in Kyiv insisted that the name of the book be changed, claiming "Ukrainian fascism never existed".[41][42] Tottle refused this name change, and as a result the book publication was delayed by several years.[citation needed]

In 1987, Tottle published the book in Toronto, Canada as Fraud, Famine, and Fascism: the Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard[43] through Progress Publishers. In a review of Tottle's book in the Ukrainian Canadian Magazine, published by the Association of United Ukrainian Canadians, Wilfred Szczesny wrote: "Members of the general public who want to know about the famine, its extent and causes, and about the motives and techniques of those who would make this tragedy into something other than what it was will find Tottle's work invaluable".[44] Historian Roman Serbyn responded that "in the era of glasnost, Szczesny could have rendered his readers no greater disservice". Serbyn likened Tottle's book to The Hoax of the Twentieth Century, a work of Holocaust denial by Arthur Butz.[40] Some of Tottle's material appeared in a 1988 article in the Village Voice, "In Search of a Soviet Holocaust: A 55-Year-Old Famine Feeds the Right".[45]

In 1988, the nonprofit World Congress of Free Ukrainians held an International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine to establish whether the famine existed and its cause. Tottle's book was examined during the Brussels sitting of the commission,[46] held between 23 and 27 May 1988, with testimony from various expert witnesses. The commission president Professor Jacob Sundberg claimed that Tottle received assistance from the Soviet government, based on information in the book that he felt would not be easily publicly available.[47]

## Modern politics and law

[edit]

See also: Holodomor in modern politics

### Background

[edit]

The issue of the Holodomor has been a point of contention between Russia and Ukraine, as well as within Ukrainian politics. According to opinion polls, Russia has experienced an increase in pro-Stalin sentiments since the year 2000,[48] with over half viewing Stalin favourably in 2015.[49] Since independence, Ukrainian governments have passed a number of laws dealing with the Holodomor and the Soviet past.

By 2009, Holodomor denial was a matter of Russian government policy and the subject of its disinformation operations.[7]: 162 The Russian government does not recognize the famine as an act of genocide against Ukrainians, viewing it rather as a "tragedy" that affected the Soviet Union as a whole.[50] A 2008 letter from Russian president Dmitry Medvedev to Ukrainian president Viktor Yushchenko asserted that "the tragic events of the 1930s are being used in Ukraine in order to achieve instantaneous and conformist political goals."[51]

Although from writers such as Alexander Motyl, his research indicated that Soviet and Russian denialism has paradoxically strengthened efforts to preserve the memory of the Holodomor both in Ukraine and among Ukrainian diasporas.[52] The attempt to erase historical memory has motivated Ukrainian activists, scholars, and policymakers to institutionalize Holodomor remembrance as a central pillar of national identity. As former Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma had established a national Holodomor Memorial Day in November of 1988, which was renamed to the Day of Memory for Victims of the Holodomors and Political Repressions in 2004.

### Denial literature

[edit]

English-language publications are catalogued according to Library of Congress Subject Headings distinguishing Holodomor denial ("works that discuss the diminution of the scale and significance of the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-1933 or the assertion that it did not occur."),[53] and Holodomor denial literature ("Works that make such assertions").[54]

In 2006, the All-Ukrainian Public Association Intelligentsia of Ukraine for Socialism published a pamphlet titled Mif o golodomore (The Myth of the Holodomor) by G. S. Tkachenko. The pamphlet claimed that Ukrainian nationalists and the US government were responsible for creating the "myth". Russian publicist Yuri Mukhin has published a book titled Klikushi Golodomora (Hysterical Women of the Holodomor), dismissing Holodomor as "Russophobia" and "a trump card of the Ukrainian Nazis." Sigizmund Mironin's "Golodomor" na Rusi (The "Holodomor" in Rus') argued that the cause of the famine was not Stalin's policies, but rather the chaos engendered by the New Economic Policy.[7]

Sputnik News, a Russian state media outlet, ran an article denying the severity and causes of the famine in Ukraine.[55]

A chapter of Bloodlands by Timothy Snyder covering the early 1930s famine in Ukraine under the Soviet Union goes into considerable detail, but the term "Holodomor" is avoided entirely, and Snyder did not explain why.

### Laws against denial

[edit]

Holodomor denial is a form of historical negationism – falsification or distortion of the historical record about crimes against humanity – and as such it is subject to legal punishment in some countries.[56] Ukraine's 2006 Law On the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine [uk] makes it illegal to publicly deny the Holodomor, recognizing it as an insult to the memory of victims and humiliation of the dignity of the Ukrainian people.[57]

In November 2022, Germany recognized the Holodomor as a genocide,[58] at the same time as it amended a law to criminalize the approval, denial, and "gross trivialization" of war crimes and instances of genocide in a new paragraph 5 of the German Criminal Code, the Strafgesetzbuch, section 130.[59][60]

## See also

[edit]

See also: Outline of genocide studies

* Anti-Katyn
* Genocide denial
* Genocide recognition politics
* Holocaust denial
* Holodomor genocide question
* Holodomor in modern politics

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Dolot, Miron (1985). Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust. W. W. Norton & Company. p. xv. ISBN 0-393-30416-7.. ISBN 978-0-393-30416-9
2. ^ a b Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, Vintage books, Random House Inc., New York, 1995, ISBN 0-394-50242-6, pages 235-236.
3. ^ a b Edvard Radzinsky Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives, Anchor, (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9, pages 256-259. According to Radzinsky, Stalin "had achieved the impossible: he had silenced all the talk of hunger... Millions were dying, but the nation hymned the praises of collectivization".
4. ^ a b c Robert Conquest (2000). Reflections on a Ravaged Century (1st ed.). New York City, London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 96\. ISBN 0-393-04818-7. OL 24766940M. Wikidata Q108386870.
5. ^ "Famine denial". The Ukrainian Weekly. 14 July 2002. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
6. ^ Shelton, Dinah (2005). Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity. Macmillan Reference. p. 1055\. ISBN 978-0-02-865850-6. Retrieved 5 November 2015 - via Google Books. "The Soviet Union dismissed all references to the famine as anti-Soviet propaganda. Denial of the famine declined after the Communist Party lost power and the Soviet empire disintegrated."
7. ^ a b c Dobczansky, Jurij (2009). "Affirmation and Denial: Holodomor-related Resources Recently Acquired by the Library of Congress". Holodomor Studies. 1 (2 [Summer-Autumn 2009]): 155–164.
8. ^ Moore, Rebekah (September 2012). ""A Crime Against Humanity Arguably Without Parallel in European History": Genocide and the "Politics" of Victimhood in Western Narratives of the Ukrainian Holodomor". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 58 (3): 367–379\. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2012.01641.x. ISSN 0004-9522.
9. ^ Conquest, Robert (30 July 1999). "How Liberals Funked It". Hoover Digest (3). Retrieved 4 November 2015.
10. ^ Carynnyk, Marco (25 September 1983). "The New York Times and the Great Famine, Part III". The Ukrainian Weekly. LI (39). Archived from the original on 29 August 2005.
11. ^ New York Times, as quoted in James E. Mace, "Collaboration in the suppression of the Ukrainian famine" Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine (paper delivered at a conference on "Recognition and Denial of Genocide and Mass Killing in the 20th Century", held in New York City on 13 November 1987), The Ukrainian Weekly, 10 January 1988, No. 2, Vol. LVI
12. ^ Chamberlin, William Henry (1944). The Ukraine: A Submerged Nation. Macmillan. OL 6478239M.
13. ^ "What Is the Ukraine Famine Disaster of 1932–1933?". semp.us. 2 January 2005. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007.
14. ^ Chamberlin, William Henry (20 March 1983) [1934]. "Famine proves potent weapon in Soviet policy" (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. 51 (12): 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012: Reprint of original article dated 29 May 1934`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
15. ^ Conquest, Robert (2004). The Dragons of Expectation. Reality and Delusion in the Course of History. W. W. Norton and Company. p. 102\. ISBN 0-393-05933-2.
16. ^ Boriak, Hennadii (Fall 2001). "The publication of sources on the history of the 1932-1933 famine-genocide: history, current state, and prospects". Harvard Ukrainian Studies 25 (3-4): 167–186.
17. ^ Catherine Merridale, "The 1937 Census and the Limits of Stalinist Rule" Historical Journal 39, 1996
18. ^ Serhiychuk, Volodymyr Ivanovych (2006). Yak nas moryly holodom 1932-1933 Як нас морили голодом 1932-1933 [How we were exhausted by Starvation 1932-1933] (in Ukrainian) (3rd ed.). Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Centre for Ukrainian Studies. p. 322\. ISBN 978-966-2911-07-7 - via Google Books.
19. ^ Сергійчук В. Як нас морили Голодом 1932-1933 - Київський Національний Університет, Київ, 2006 с.323 (In Ukrainian) Serhiychuk, V. How we were tired by Famine 1932-33 - Kyiv University, Kyiv, 2006 page 323
20. ^ a b Serhiĭchuk, Volodymyr (2006). Yak nas moryly Holodom 1932—1933 Як нас морили Голодом 1932—1933 [How they murdered us by Famine 1932–1933]. Kyiv: Kyiv National University. pp. 323–325\. ISBN 966-2911-07-3.
21. ^ Kravchuk, Leonid Mayemo te, shcho mayemo: spohady i rozdumy, Kyiv, 2002, Stolittya (392 p.) ISBN 966-95952-8-2, pp. 44-46,
22. ^ Klymenko, Lina (21 October 2016). "The Holodomor law and national trauma construction in Ukraine". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 58 (4): 341–361\. doi:10.1080/00085006.2016.1234588. ISSN 0008-5006.
23. ^ Anosova, Yulia (3 November 2015). "The Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as a Crime of Genocide under International Law [Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraini iak zlochyn henotsydu zhidno z mizhnarodnym pravom], eds. Volodymyr Vasylenko and Myroslava Antonovych". Kyiv-Mohyla Law and Politics Journal. 0 (1): 237–239\. doi:10.18523/kmlpj52720.2015-1.237-239. ISSN 2414-9942.
24. ^ Wright, Patrick (2007). Iron Curtain. Oxford University Press. pp. 306, 307. ISBN 978-0-19-923150-8. "He (Duranty) had become creatures of the Soviet censors"
25. ^ Tucker, Robert (1992). Stalin in Power. Norton & Company. p. 191\. ISBN 978-0-393-30869-3 - via Google Books.
26. ^ a b c Lyons, Eugene (1991). "The Press Corps Conceals a Famine". Assignment in Utopia. Transaction Publishers. pp. 572, 573. ISBN 978-0-88738-856-9.
27. ^ "Correspondence between Markian Pelech and the Board of the Pulitzer Prizes regarding Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize" Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (30 December 2002 – 28 April 2003)
28. ^ Duranty, Walter (24 August 1933). "FAMINE TOLL HEAVY IN SOUTHERN RUSSIA: Death Rate During Last Year Has Trebled—Food Supply Now Held Assured. BREAD PRICE EXPLAINED Increase in Moscow Reported as Part of Move to End the Ration System There. FAMINE TOLL HIGH IN SOUTH RUSSIA". New York Times. Vol. 82, no. 27606 (Late City ed.). pp. 1, 9.
29. ^ a b Duranty, Walter (31 March 1933). "RUSSIANS HUNGRY, BUT NOT STARVING: Deaths From Diseases Due to Malnutrition High, Yet the Soviet Is Entrenched. LARGER CITIES HAVE FOOD Ukraine, North Caucasus and Lower Volga Regions Suffer From Shortages. KREMLIN'S 'DOOM' DENIED Russians and Foreign Observers In Country See No Ground for Predictions of Disaster". New York Times. Vol. 82, no. 27460 (Late City ed.). p. 13.
30. ^ "New York Times Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty". The New York Times Company. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
31. ^ Muggeridge, Malcolm: The Green Stick: Chronicles of Wasted Time Volume I Chapter 5 (1972).
32. ^ Robert Conquest. The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine Oxford University Press (1987), ISBN 0-19-505180-7, page 320. [1]
33. ^ a b c d Applebaum, Anne (2017). "14: The Cover-Up". Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine (1 ed.). New York: Penguin Random House. ISBN 9780385538855.
34. ^ Meyer, Karl E. (24 June 1990). "The Editorial Notebook; Trenchcoats, Then and Now". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
35. ^ "Stalin-Wells talk / the verbatim record and a discussion by G.B. Shaw, H.G. Wells, J.M. Keynes, E. Toller and others". Monash University. 2007. Archived from the original on 2 September 2007.
36. ^ Shkandrij, Myroslav (2019). Revolutionary Ukraine, 1917-2017: history's flashpoints and today's memory wars (1st ed.). New York. p. 61\. ISBN 978-0-429-31948-8. OCLC 1111577641.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
37. ^ Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-674-07608-7, pages 159-160
38. ^ a b Thevenin, Etienne (29 June 2005). France, Germany and Austria: Facing the famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine (PDF). James Mace Memorial Panel, IAUS Congress, Donetsk, Ukraine. p. 8\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
39. ^ Robert Conquest (2000). Reflections on a Ravaged Century (1st ed.). New York City, London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 122\. ISBN 0-393-04818-7. OL 24766940M. Wikidata Q108386870.
40. ^ a b Roman Serbyn (1989). "The Last Stand of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide Deniers". infoukes.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
41. ^ Сергійчук В. Як нас морили Голодом 1932-1933 - Київський Національний Університет, Київ, 2006 с.324 (In Ukrainian) Serhiychuk, V. How we were tired by Famine 1932-33 - Kyiv University, Kyiv, 2006 page 324
42. ^ In his book, Searching for place, Lubomyr Luciuk commented: "For a particularly base example of famine-denial literature, see Tottle, Fraud, famine, and fascism...", see Lubomyr Luciuk, Searching for place: Ukrainian displaced persons, Canada, and the migration of memory, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000, p. 413. ISBN 0-8020-4245-7
43. ^ Douglas Tottle (1987). Fraud, famine, and fascism: the Ukrainian genocide myth from Hitler to Harvard. Toronto: Progress Books. ISBN 978-0-919396-51-7. Archived from the original on 11 April 2005. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
44. ^ The Ukrainian Canadian, April 1988, p. 24)
45. ^ Serbyn, Roman. "Competing Memories of Communist and Nazi Crimes in Ukraine" (PDF). Chair of Ukrainian Studies, University of Ottawa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
46. ^ Sundberg, Jacob W.F. (10 May 1990). "International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine. The Final Report (1990)". ioir.se. Archived from the original on 4 December 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
47. ^ A.J.Hobbins, Daniel Boyer, Seeking Historical Truth: the International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932-33 Famine in the Ukraine, Dalhousie Law Journal, 2001, Vol 24, page 166
48. ^ Monaghan, Jennifer (31 March 2015). "Was Stalin's Terror Justified? Poll Shows More Russians Think It Was". Moscow Times. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
49. ^ "More Than Half of Russians See Stalin in a Positive Light". Moscow Times. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
50. ^ "Russia still denies the Holodomor was 'genocide'". 19 June 2022.
51. ^ Kucera, Joshua (23 February 2009). "Is Ukraine Next?". Slate. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
52. ^ "Bohdan Klid / Alexander J. Motyl (Eds.), The Holodomor Reader. A Sourcebook on the Famine of 1932–33 in Ukraine. Compiled by Bohdan Klid and Alexander J. Motyl. Edmonton/Toronto, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press 2012". Historische Zeitschrift. 299 (1): 246–247\. 26 August 2014. doi:10.1515/hzhz-2014-0394. ISSN 2196-680X.
53. ^ Congress, The Library of. "Holodomor denial - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
54. ^ Congress, The Library of. "Holodomor denial literature - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
55. ^ Young, Cathy (31 October 2015). "Russia Denies Stalin's Killer Famine". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
56. ^ Wierczyńska, Karolina (2020). "The Punishment of Negationism in the Experience of Central, Eastern, and Southern European States. Summary of the Second Day of the Conference". In Grzebyk, Patrycja (ed.). Responsibility for negation of international crimes. Translated by Matuszczak, Mateusz. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości. pp. 305–306\. ISBN 978-83-66344-43-3. OCLC 1318993956.
57. ^ Про Голодомор 1932-1933 років в Україні [On the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine]. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 13 December 2022.
58. ^ Sitnikova, Iryna (30 November 2022). Німеччина визнала Голодомор геноцидом українського народу [Germany recognized the Holodomor with the genocide of the Ukrainian people]. Hromadske. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
59. ^ "Germany seeks to declare Ukraine's Holodomor a genocide". DW. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
60. ^ "Germany criminalizes denying war crimes, genocide". DW. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Andreopoulos, George J., Ed. Genocide: conceptual and historical dimensions, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994. ISBN 0-8122-3249-6
* Boriak, H. (2001). The Publication of Sources on the History of the 1932–1933 Famine-Genocide: History, Current State, and Prospects. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 25(3/4), 167–186.
* Colorosa, Barbara. Extraordinary evil: a brief history of genocide, New York: Penguin Group, 2007. ISBN 0-670-06604-4
* Robert Conquest (2000). Reflections on a Ravaged Century (1st ed.). New York City, London: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04818-7. OL 24766940M. Wikidata Q108386870.
* Conquest, Robert. The Dragons of Expectation. Reality and Delusion in the Course of History, W.W. Norton and Company, 2004. ISBN 0-393-05933-2
* Crowl, James William. Angels in Stalin's Paradise. Western Reporters in Soviet Russia, 1917 to 1937. A case study of Louis Fisher and Walter Duranty, University Press of America, 1982. ISBN 0-8191-2185-1
* Marson, James (2008). "Holodomor denial protects Russia's self-image". In Luciuk, Lubomyr (ed.). Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine. Kingston, ON: Kashtan Press. pp. 195–202.
* New Internationalist. Justice After Genocide. December (385). 2005.
* Oliver, James (17 November 2014). "On Holodomor denial, and fisking a denialist Russian professor of History". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
* Mace, James. Collaboration in the suppression of the Ukrainian famine Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, paper delivered at a conference on "Recognition and Denial of Genocide and Mass Killing in the 20th Century", New York, 13 November 1987.
* Paris, Erna. Long shadows: truth, lies, and history, New York: Bloomsbury, 2001. ISBN 1-58234-210-5
* Springer, Jane. Genocide, Toronto: Groundwood Books, 2006. ISBN 0-88899-681-0
* Sullivant, Robert S. Soviet Politics and the Ukraine: 1917-1957. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.
* Tauger, Mark B. The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933, Slavic Review, Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70–89
* Taylor, Sally J. Stalin's apologist: Walter Duranty, The New York Times' Man in Moscow, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-19-505700-7
* Totten, Samuel, William S. Parsons, and Israel W. Charney, ed. Genocide in the Twentieth Century: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Introduction by Samuel Totten and William S. Parsons. The Garland Reference Library of Social Science, Vol. 772. London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995.
* Waller, James. Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-514868-1

## Video resources

[edit]

* Harvest of Despair (1983), produced by the Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre.

## External links

[edit]

* Sokolova, S. (2019). Technology of Soviet Myth Creation about Famine as a Result of Crop Failure in Ukraine of the 1932–1933s. Journal of Modern Science, 42(3), 37–56.

* v
* t
* e

Historical negationism

* Denialism
* Disinformation
* Knowledge falsification
* Pseudohistory
* school textbook controversies
* Rationalization
* Victim blaming

Genocide denial /
denial of mass killings
and atrocities|

* Armenian genocide
* Atrocities against Indigenous peoples
* Bosnian genocide
* Cambodian genocide
* Genocide of Serbs during WWII
* Croatian Wikipedia
* Holodomor
* Katyn massacre
* Khojaly massacre
* Nanjing Massacre
* U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes
* Rohingya genocide
* Rwandan genocide
* Denial of the 7 October attacks

| Holocaust|

* Austria victim theory
* Clean Wehrmacht
* Rommel / Speer myth
* Italians, the good people
* Trivialization
* Double genocide theory
* Vichy syndrome
* Sonderaktion 1005

|

Other whitewashing
of governments
or time periods|

* Cuba de ayer
* Czechoslovak myth
* Denial of state terrorism in Argentina
* Driftwood theory
* Ferdinand Marcos apologism
* Lost Cause of the Confederacy
* Dunning School
* Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil [pt] / Chile
* Merry England
* Neo-Stalinism
* Operation Legacy (UK)

Other manifestations|

* Allah as a lunar deity
* Ancient astronauts
* Ancient Egyptian race controversy
* Antiquization
* Book burnings
* list
* Censorship of Great Zimbabwe
* Christ myth theory
* Dacianism
* Damnatio memoriae
* Destruction of cultural heritage
* Islamic State
* Saudi Arabia
* Gaza Strip
* Lebanon
* Sudan
* Myth of English aid [es]
* Izbrisani
* Khazar hypothesis
* LGBT erasure
* Like sheep to the slaughter
* Myth of the golden exile
* Phantom time hypothesis / New chronology
* Western Pseudohistory Theory
* Shakespeare authorship question
* Territorial losses of Thailand

| Azerbaijan|

* Destruction of Armenian heritage
* Cemetery in Julfa
* Nakhchivan [ru]
* Nizami Ganjavi
* Western Azerbaijan

|

Germany|

* Borussian myth
* Myth of Langemarck [de]
* Stab-in-the-back myth

Israel / Palestine|

* Denial of the 7 October attacks
* Nakba denial
* Temple denial
* There was no such thing as Palestinians

Russia|

* Allegations of genocide in Donbas
* All-Russian nation
* On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians
* Soviet Union
* Censorship of images
* Denial of Crimean Tatars

Turkey|

* Denial of Kurds
* History Thesis
* Sun Language Theory

United States|

* 1776 Commission
* Irish slaves myth
* Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth

Organizations|

* Adelaide Institute
* ASİMKK
* Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War
* CODOH
* Dalit Voice
* FactCheckArmenia.com
* Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung
* HIAG
* Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum
* Institute for Armenian Research
* Institute for Historical Review
* Nippon Kaigi
* Turkish Historical Society
* United Daughters of the Confederacy
* Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt

Publications|

* A Town Betrayed
* A Verdade Sufocada
* The Birth of a Nation
* Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun
* Did Six Million Really Die?
* Falsifiers of History
* Flatline
* Folk og Land
* A History of the Palestinian People (2017)
* Hitler Diaries
* The Hoax of the Twentieth Century
* I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle
* Jasenovac – istina
* Journal of Historical Review
* Leuchter report
* The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism
* The Ottoman Lieutenant
* Report about Case Srebrenica

Conferences|

* International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust

Publishing houses|

* Arndt Verlag
* J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing
* Munin Verlag
* Nation Europa Verlag

Legal status|

| Statute law|

* Austria
* Belgium
* France
* Germany

|

Case law|

* R v Zundel (1992)
* Lehideux and Isorni v France (1998)
* Irving v Penguin Books Ltd (2000)
* Perinçek v. Switzerland (2013)

International law|

* Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime
* Right to truth

Related|

* Historical fiction
* Historical revisionism
* Historical misconceptions

* * *

* Accusation in a mirror
* Ash heap of history
* Censorship
* Cherry picking
* Conspiracy theories
* False attribution
* Furtive fallacy
* Genocide justification
* Propaganda

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Conspiracy theories

List of conspiracy theories

Overview

| Core topics|

* Antiscience
* Cabals
* deep state
* éminence grise
* power behind the throne
* Civil / Criminal / Political conspiracies
* Conspiracy
* Crisis actors
* Deception
* Dystopia
* Espionage
* Global catastrophe scenarios
* Hidden message
* Pseudohistory
* Pseudoscience
* Secrecy
* Secret societies
* Urban legends and myths

|

Psychology|

* Attitude polarization
* Cognitive dissonance
* Communal reinforcement
* Confirmation bias
* Denialism
* Locus of control
* Manipulation
* Mass psychogenic illness
* moral panics
* Paranoia
* Psychological projection

Astronomy and outer space

* 2012 phenomenon
* Nibiru cataclysm
* Ancient astronauts
* Apollo Moon landings
* Flat Earth
* Hollow Earth
* Hollow Moon
* Reptilians

| UFOs|

* Alien abduction
* Area 51
* Black Knight satellite
* Cryptoterrestrial / Extraterrestrial / Interdimensional hypothesis
* Dulce Base
* Estimate of the Situation (1948)
* Lake Michigan Triangle
* MJ-12
* Men in black
* Nazi UFOs
* Die Glocke
* Project Serpo

| Hoaxes|

* Dundy County (1884)
* Maury Island (1947)
* Roswell (1947)
* Twin Falls (1947)
* Aztec, New Mexico (1949)
* Southern England (1967)
* Ilkley Moor (1987)
* Gulf Breeze (1987–88)
* Alien autopsy (1995)
* Morristown (2009)

|

Deaths and disappearances

| Assassination /
suicide theories|

* Zachary Taylor (1850)
* Louis Le Prince (1890)
* Lord Kitchener (1916)
* Tom Thomson (1917)
* Władysław Sikorski (1943)
* Benito Mussolini (1945)
* Adolf Hitler (1945)
* Subhas Chandra Bose (1945)
* Johnny Stompanato (1958)
* Marilyn Monroe (1962)
* John F. Kennedy (1963)
* Lee Harvey Oswald (1963)
* Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966)
* Harold Holt (1967)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)
* Robert F. Kennedy (1968)
* Salvador Allende (1973)
* Aldo Moro (1978)
* Renny Ottolina (1978)
* Pope John Paul I (1978)
* Airey Neave (1979)
* Olof Palme (1986)
* Zia-ul-Haq (1988)
* GEC-Marconi scientists (1980s–90s)
* Turgut Özal (1993)
* Vince Foster (1993)
* Kurt Cobain (1994)
* Yitzhak Rabin (1995)
* Diana, Princess of Wales (1997)
* Vatican murders (1998)
* Nepalese royal family (2001)
* Yasser Arafat (2004)
* Benazir Bhutto (2007)
* Osama bin Laden (2011)
* Hugo Chávez (2013)
* Seth Rich (2016)
* Alejandro Castro (2018)
* Jeffrey Epstein (2019)
* Chan Yin-lam (2019)
* Sushant Singh Rajput (2020)
* John McAfee (2021)

|

Accidents / disasters|

* Mary Celeste (1872)
* RMS Titanic (1912)
* Great Kantō earthquake (1923)
* Lynmouth Flood (1952)
* Dyatlov Pass (1959)
* Lost Cosmonauts (1950s–60s)
* JAT Flight 367 (1972)
* United Air Lines Flight 553 (1972)
* Itavia Flight 870 (1980)
* South African Airways Flight 295 (1987)
* Khamar-Daban (1993)
* MS Estonia (1994)
* TWA Flight 800 (1996)
* EgyptAir Flight 990 (1999)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014)

Other cases|

* Joan of Arc (1431)
* Yemenite children (1948–54)
* Elvis Presley (1977)
* Jonestown (1978)

Body double hoax|

* Paul McCartney
* Avril Lavigne
* Vladimir Putin
* Melania Trump

Energy, environment

* Agenda 21

California drought manipulation

* Climate change denial
* false theories
* Free energy suppression
* HAARP
* Red mercury

False flag allegations

* USS Maine (1898)
* RMS Lusitania (1915)
* Reichstag fire (1933)
* Pearl Harbor (1941)
* USS Liberty (1967)
* Lufthansa Flight 615 (1972)
* Widerøe Flight 933 (1982)
* KAL Flight 007 (1983)
* Mozambican presidential jet (1986)
* Pan Am Flight 103 (1988)
* Oklahoma City bombing (1995)
* 9/11 attacks (2001)
* advance knowledge
* WTC collapse
* Madrid train bombing (2004)
* London bombings (2005)
* Smolensk air disaster (2010)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014)
* Denial of the 7 October attacks (2023)

Gender and sexuality

* Alpha/beta males
* Anti-LGBTQ
* Anti-gender movement
* Chemicals
* Drag panic
* Gay agenda
* Gay Nazis myth
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* United States
* Homintern
* Lavender Scare
* Recruitment
* Grooming
* Litter box hoax
* Transvestigation
* Finger pinching
* Gamergate
* Ideology in incel communities
* Larries / Gaylors
* Satanic panic
* Soy and masculinity

Health

* 5G misinformation
* Anti-vaccination
* Autism
* MMR
* Thiomersal
* In chiropractic
* Misinformation
* Aspartame
* Big Pharma
* Chemtrails
* COVID-19
* Ivermectin
* Lab leak
* Vaccines
* Turbo cancer
* In Canada / Philippines / United States
* Ebola
* Electronic harassment
* Germ theory denialism
* GMOs
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* Origins theories
* Oral polio AIDS hypothesis
* Lepers' plot
* Medbeds
* SARS (2003)
* Water fluoridation
* Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning

Race, religion and/or ethnicity

* Bhagwa Love Trap
* CERN ritual hoax
* COVID-19 and xenophobia
* Freemasons
* French Revolution
* Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw (1940s)
* German POWs post-WWII
* Priory of Sion
* Product labeling
* Halal
* Kosher
* Tartarian Empire
* War against Islam
* White genocide

| Antisemitic|

* Andinia Plan
* Blood libel
* Cohen Plan
* Doctors' plot
* During the Black Death
* Epsilon Team
* George Soros
* Holocaust denial
* Trivialization
* International Jewish conspiracy
* Committee of 300
* Cultural Bolshevism / Jewish Bolshevism
* Żydokomuna
* Judeo-Masonic plot
* The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* World War II
* Z.O.G.
* Judeopolonia
* Killing of Jesus
* Kalergi Plan
* New World Order
* Rothschilds
* Stab-in-the-back myth

|

Christian / Anti-Christian|

* Anti-Catholic
* Jesuits
* Popish Plot
* Vatican
* Bible
* Giuseppe Siri

Islamophobic|

* Counter-jihad
* Bihar human sacrifice
* Eurabia
* Great Replacement
* Love jihad
* Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry
* Trojan Horse scandal

Genocide denial /
Denial of mass killings|

* Armenian
* Assyrian
* Bangladesh
* Bosnian
* Cambodian
* The Holocaust
* Holodomor
* Nanjing
* Rwandan
* Serbs during WWII

Regional

| Asia|

* India
* Cow vigilante violence
* Pakistan
* Jinnahpur
* Philippines
* Tallano gold
* South Korea
* Finger-pinching
* Thailand
* Finland Plot

|

Americas
(outside the United States)|

* Argentina
* Andinia Plan
* Canada
* Avro Arrow cancellation
* Leuchter report
* Peru
* Casa Matusita
* Venezuela
* Daktari Ranch affair
* Golpe Azul

Middle East / North Africa|

* In the Arab world
* 10 agorot
* Cairo fire
* Kissinger Plan in Lebanon
* Israel-related animal theories
* Iran
* Western-backed Iranian Revolution
* Israel
* Pallywood

Russia|

* Alaska payment
* Dulles' Plan
* Golden billion
* Petrograd Military Organization
* Rasputin
* Ukraine bioweapons

Turkey|

* 2016 coup attempt
* Ergenekon
* Operation Sledgehammer
* Gezi Park protests
* Sèvres syndrome
* Üst akıl

Other European|

* Euromyth
* Georgia
* Global War Party
* Ireland
* German Plot
* Lithuania
* Statesmen
* Roman Republic
* First Catilinarian conspiracy
* Spain
* Mano Negra affair
* Sweden
* Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet
* UK
* Clockwork Orange plot
* Elm Guest House
* Harold Wilson
* Voting pencil

United States|

* Barack Obama
* Citizenship
* Religion
* Parentage
* "Obamagate" / Spygate
* Biden–Ukraine
* Black helicopters
* CIA and JFK
* CIA assistance to bin Laden
* Clinton body count
* Cultural Marxism
* Election denial movement
* FBI secret society
* FEMA camps
* Georgia Guidestones
* Jade Helm 15
* Montauk Project
* Philadelphia Experiment
* Pizzagate
* The Plan
* Project Azorian
* QAnon
* Pastel
* Incidents
* Saddam–al-Qaeda
* Sandy Hook (2012)
* Springfield pet-eating hoax
* Trump–Ukraine
* "Vast right-wing conspiracy"
* Vietnam War
* POW/MIA issue / Stab-in-the-back myth

| 2020 election|

* Italygate
* "Pence Card"
* Maricopa County ballot audit
* Stop the Steal

|

Other

* Dead Internet theory
* NESARA/GESARA
* New Coke
* Phantom time / New chronology
* Shadow government claims
* Bilderberg
* Illuminati
* synarchism
* Shakespearean authorship

| Pseudolaw|

* Admiralty law
* Freeman on the land movement
* Redemption movement
* Sovereign citizens
* Strawman theory
* Tax protesters

|

Satirical|

* Acre
* Bielefeld
* Birds Aren't Real
* Li's field
* Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme

See also

* Argument from ignorance
* Conspiracy Encyclopedia
* Conspiracy fiction
* Conspirituality
* Dogma
* pseudoskepticism
* Falsifiability
* Fringe science
* Historical negationism
* Online youth radicalization
* Paranormal
* Prejudice
* Hate speech
* Radicalization
* Science by press conference
* Superstition

* v
* t
* e

Genocide

Genocides
(chronological list)|

Before 1490

* Destruction of Carthage (146 BCE)
* Asiatic Vespers (88 BCE)
* Gauls (50s BCE)
* Eburones
* Bar Kokhba (132–136)
* Ancestral Puebloans (800s)
* Harrying of the North (1069–1070)
* Mongol conquests (1200s–1360s)
* Cathars (1209–1229)
* Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate (1311)
* Timurid conquests (1393–1394)
* Guanches (1402–1496)

1490 to 1912

* Taíno (1493–1550)
* Jaragua massacre (1503)
* Ainu (1500s–)
* Indigenous peoples in Brazil
* 11th Parallel massacre (1963)
* Tanaru (1970s–2009)
* Helmet massacre (1988)
* Akuntsu (1990)
* Haximu (1993)
* Yanomami (2019–2023)
* Aztecs (1521)
* Kashmiri Shias (1548–1872)
* Huguenots (1572)
* Kalinago (1626)
* Indigenous peoples in the United States
* Pequots (1636–1638)
* Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
* Huron
* Sullivan Expedition (1779)
* Indian removal (1830–1847)
* Trail of Tears (1830–1850)
* California (1846–1873)
* Dakota (1862)
* Osage Indian murders (1918–1931)
* Cultural genocide
* Indigenous peoples in Canada
* Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
* Beothuk (1700s–1800s)
* Residential school system (1874–1996)
* Sixties Scoop (1951–1985)
* Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
* Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1657)
* 1740 Batavia massacre (1740)
* Great Gypsy Round-up (1749)
* Dzungars (1750s)
* Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (1780–1783)
* Chechens (1785–2017)
* French Hatians (1804)
* Meiteis (1819–1826)
* Indigenous peoples in Australia
* Black War (1825–1832)
* Stolen Generations (1869–1977)
* Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
* Pacification of Algeria (1830–1875)
* El Ouffia
* Charrúa (1831)
* Moriori (1835)
* Assyrians in Hakkari (1843–1846)
* Manchus (1850–1864)
* Circassians (1860s)
* Mapuche (1870s–1884)
* Indigenous peoples in Putumayo (1879–1913)
* Congolese (1885–1908)
* Hazaras (1888–1893)
* Selknam (1890s–1900s)
* Hamidian massacres (1894–1896)
* Herero and Nama (1904–1907)
* Ukame (1905–1907)
* Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
* Albanians in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)

1913 to 1945

* Late Ottoman genocides
* Greeks (1913–1923)
* Pontic Greeks
* Thracian Bulgarians (1913)
* Assyrians (1915–1919)
* Armenians (1915–1917)
* Christians in Diyarbekir (1915)
* Kurds (1916–1934)
* Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
* Pemon
* Kyrgyz (1916–1917)
* Jews during the Russian Civil War (1917–1920)
* Russian White Terror
* Cossacks (1919–1933)
* Ingrian Finns (1920s–1930s)
* Volga Tatars and Germans (1921–1922)
* Kantō Massacre (1923)
* Napalpí massacre (1924)
* Swiss Yenish, Sinti, and Manouche (1926–1973)
* Japanese war crimes in the Pacific War
* Manchukuo (1931–1945)
* Nanjing Massacre (1937–1938)
* Three Alls policy (1940–1942)
* Sook Ching (1942)
* Nanshitou massacre (1942–1945)
* Libyan Arabs (1929–1934)
* Kazakhs (1930–1933)
* La Matanza (1932)
* Holodomor (1932–1933)
* Simele massacre (1933)
* Romani Holocaust (1935–1945)
* Spanish White Terror (1936–1947)
* Yekatit 12 (1937)
* Polish Operation (1937–1938)
* Alevi Kurds (1937–1938)
* Parsley massacre (1937)
* Generalplan Ost (1939–1945)
* Poland
* Baltic lands
* Croatia
* Czech lands
* Ukraine
* Hunger Plan
* The Holocaust (1941–1945)
* German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs (1941–1945)
* Serbs in Croatia (1941–1945)
* Muslims and Croats in Serbia (1941–1945)
* Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles (1943–1945)
* Chechens and Ingush (1944–1948)
* Crimean Tatars (1944–1948)

1946 to 1999

* Hyderabadi Muslims (1948)
* Indigenous peoples in Paraguay (1956–1989)
* Maya (1962–1996)
* Papua (1962–)
* Arab and Indian Zanzibaris (1964)
* 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom (1966)
* Biafra (1966–1970)
* Equatoguinean (1969–1979)
* Feyli Kurds (1970–2003)
* Bangladesh (1971)
* Acholi and Lango (1972–1979)
* Burundi
* 1972
* 1993
* East Timor (1974–1999)
* Cambodian (1975–1979)
* Jummas (1977–1997)
* Afghans (1979–1989)
* Baganda (1981–1985)
* 1982 Hama massacre (1982)
* Sabra and Shatila massacre (1982)
* Sri Lankan Tamils (1983–2009)
* Gukurahundi (1983–1987)
* Anfal (1986–1989)
* Isaaq (1987–1989)
* National Population Program (1987–2002)
* Amhara (1990–)
* Ahwaris (1991–2003)
* Bosnian (1992–1995)
* Srebrenica massacre
* Rwandan (1994)
* Hutus during the First Congo War (1996–1997)

21st century

* Effacer le tableau (2002–2003)
* Darfur (2003–)
* Masalit massacres
* Iraqi Sunni Arabs (2003–)
* Southern Kaduna (2011–2023)
* Iraqi Turkmen (2014–2017)
* Yazidis (2014–2017)
* Shias under ISIS (2014–)
* Christians under ISIS (2014–)
* Rohingyas, Kachins, and Burmese Muslims (2017–)
* Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs (2020–2022)
* Bucha massacre (2022)
* Gazans (2023–)

Terms|

* Cultural genocide
* Democide
* Autogenocide
* Domicide
* Ecocide
* Ethnocide
* Eugenics
* Gendercide
* Androcide
* Transgender genocide
* Genocide of indigenous peoples
* Memoricide
* Policide
* Politicide
* Classicide
* Eliticide
* Utilitarian genocide
* War of annihilation

Methods|

* Cultural genocide
* Death marches
* Death squades
* Ethnic cleansing
* Extermination camp
* Forced adoption
* Forced assimilation
* Forced conversion
* Incitement
* Massacres
* Killing Fields
* Pogroms
* Mass killing
* Rape
* Settler colonialism
* Urbicide

Denial|

* The Holocaust
* Trivialization
* Armenian
* Japanese history textbook controversies
* Nanjing
* Serbian
* Bosnian
* Rwandan
* Holodomor
* Cambodian
* Indigenous

Issues|

* Definitions
* Names of the Holocaust
* Terminology of the Armenian genocide
* Holocaust terminology
* Genocide law
* Prevention
* Effects on young survivors
* Politics of recognition
* Justification
* Mass killings under communist regimes
* Anti-communist mass killings

Legal proceedings|

Holocaust trials (1943–2022)

* Krasnodar trial (1943)
* Kharkov trial (1943)
* Épuration légale (1944–1951)
* Majdanek trials (1944–1989)
* Chełmno trials (1945–2001)
* Dachau trials (1945–1947)
* Belsen trials (1945–1948)
* Euthanasia trials (1945–1949)
* Nuremberg trial (1945–1946)
* Minsk trial (1945–1946)
* Riga trial (1946)
* Stutthof trials (1946–1947)
* Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials (1946–1953)
* Supreme National Tribunal (1946–1948)
* Hamburg Ravensbrück trials (1946–1948)
* Nuremberg Military Tribunals (1946–1949)
* Erich von Manstein (1949)
* Ulm Einsatzkommando trial (1958)
* War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia (1961–1962)
* Eichmann trial (1961)
* Belzec trial (1963–1965)
* Frankfurt Auschwitz trials (1963–1989)
* Treblinka trials (1964–1970)
* Sobibor trial (1965–1966)
* Fedorenko trial (1986)
* Finta trial (1994)

20th century

* Budak trial (1945)
* International Military Tribunal for the Far East (1946–1948)
* Belgrade Process (1946)
* Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal (1946–1948)
* Bosnian genocide case (1993–2007)
* International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017)
* Slobodan Milošević (2002–2006)
* Radovan Karadžić (2008–2016)
* Ratko Mladić (2011–2017)
* Trials of the Derg members (1994–2008)
* International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1994–2015)
* Khmer Rouge Tribunal (1997–2022)
* Croatia–Serbia genocide case (1999–2015)

21st century

* International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur (2005–)
* Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka (2010–2023)
* International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh (2012–)
* Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India (2017)
* Rohingya genocide case (2019–)
* International Criminal Court investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar (2019–)
* Uyghur Tribunal (2020–2021)
* International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine (2022–)
* Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022–)
* South Africa v. Israel (2023–)
* Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al (2023–2024)
* Nicaragua v. Germany (2024)

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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