Home-ownership in the United States

Percentage of homes owned by their occupants

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The home-ownership rate in the United States[1][2] is the percentage of homes that are owned by their occupants.[3] In 2009, it remained similar to that in some other post-industrial nations[4] with 67.4% of all occupied housing units being occupied by the unit's owner. Home-ownership rates vary depending on demographic characteristics of households such as ethnicity, race, type of household as well as location and type of settlement. In 2018, home-ownership dropped to a lower rate than it was in 1994, with a rate of 64.2%.[5]

Since 1960, the home-ownership rate in the United States has remained relatively stable. It has decreased 1.0% since 1960, when 65.2% of American households owned their own home. Additionally, homeowner equity has fallen steadily since World War II and is now less than 50% of the value of homes on average.[6] Home-ownership was most common in rural areas and suburbs, with three quarters of suburban households being homeowners. Among the country's regions, the Midwestern United States had the highest home-ownership rate and the Western United States had the lowest.[2] Recent research has examined the decline in home-ownership rates among households with "heads" aged 25 to 44 years. The rates fell substantially between 1980 and 2000, and recovered only partially during the United States housing bubble of the early 2000s. This research indicates that a trend toward marrying later and the increase in household earnings risk that occurred after 1980 account for a large share of the decline in young home-ownership.[7]

In general, homeowners in the United States also tend to have higher incomes. Households residing in their own home were more likely to be families (as opposed to individuals) than were their tenant counterparts.[8] Among racial demographics, White Americans had the country's highest home-ownership rate, while African Americans had the lowest home-ownership rate. One study shows that home-ownership rates appear correlated with higher school attainment.[9]

The name "home-ownership rate" can be misleading. As defined by the US Census Bureau, it is the percentage of homes that are occupied by the owner. It is not the percentage of adults that own their own home. This latter percentage will be significantly lower than the home-ownership rate. Many households that are owner-occupied contain adult relatives (often young adults, descendants of the owner) who do not own their own home. Single building multi-bedroom rental units can contain more than one adult, all of whom do not own a home.

The term "home-ownership rate" can also be misleading because it includes households that owe on a mortgage. Which means that they do not fully own the equity in their own home, which they are said to "own". According to ATTOM Data Research, only "34 percent of all American homeowners have 100 percent equity in their properties — they’ve either paid off their entire mortgage debt or they never had a mortgage".[10]

According to CNBC, the median sell price for a U.S. home in 2017 was US$199,200.[11] By February 2023, the median sell price increased to US$392,000 according to Statista.[12] The growing U.S. housing shortage is a major factor in home prices increasing so rapidly.[13][14]

## Measuring method[edit]

In the United States, the home ownership rate is created through the Housing Vacancy Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau. It is created by dividing the owner occupied units by the total number of occupied units. This is an important point to understand changes in the home ownership rate over time. The bust of the housing bubble resulted in many houses becoming foreclosed. However, the decrease in the home ownership rate from 3Q2007 to 4Q2007 was mostly a result of an increase in the renter's population and less due to a decrease in the homeowner population.

## Government policy[edit]

Homeownership has been promoted as government policy using several means involving mortgage debt and the government sponsored entities Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and the Federal Home Loan Banks, which fund or guarantee $6.5 trillion of assets with the purpose of directly or indirectly promoting homeownership. Homeownership has been further promoted through tax policy which allows a tax deduction for mortgage interest payments on a primary residence. The Community Reinvestment Act also encourages homeownership for low-income earners. The promotion of homeownership by the government through encouraging mortgage borrowing and lending has given rise to debates regarding government policies and the subprime mortgage crisis.

## Race[edit]

Homeownership rate according to race & ethnicity in 2016.[15]

The homeownership rate, as well as its change over time, has varied significantly by race.[16] While homeowners constitute the majority of white, Asian and Native American households, the homeownership rates for African Americans and Latinos have typically fallen short of the fifty percent threshold. Whites have had the highest homeownership rate, followed by Asians and Native Americans.[16]

Although a landmark[17] United States Supreme Court ruling Shelley v. Kraemer 334 U.S. 1 (1948),[a] ruled invalid exclusionary racial covenants, which almost always barred black citizens from owning a home but often extended to American Jews, Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, and non-citizens and other ethnic groups and could be used by white real estate owners to enforce or introduce racial segregation, threats of legal action allowed them to remain effective for some time afterwards.[18] Racial steering practices later on also affected patterns of home ownership among non-whites[19] and the cumulative effects of exclusionary covenants, racial steering, and other segregation measures have resulted in lower property values, less capital accumulation, lower municipal tax revenues, and disinvestment in black communities.[20] Despite the fact that the Shelley v. Kraemer decision found exclusionary covenants to be unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution's Equal Protection Clause 75 years ago, and hence unenforceable, the clauses are still present in many deeds well into the twenty-first century.[18]

Hispanics had the lowest homeownership rate in the country in all years, except for 2002, up until 2005. For the last half of the decade of the 2000s the homeownership rate for Hispanics exceeded that of African Americans. Temporal fluctuations were slight for all races, with rates commonly not changing more than two percentage points per year.[16]

The strongest increase in the percentage of homeowners in the first half of the decade of the 2000s was among non-white minorities. The homeownership rate for minorities approached the sixty percent mark in 2006, which was a significant change because less than half of all minority households owned homes as recently as 1994. The ownership rate for minorities increased by 25.6%, from 47.7% in 1993 to 59.9% in 2006. This rate fell after the 2006 peak, consistent with overall homeownership rates.[16]

The increase among white Americans was less substantial. In 2005, 75.8% of white Americans owned their own homes, compared to 70% in 1993, and the rate fell during the last half of the decade of the 2000s, slightly more slowly than for the rest of the population. Thus one can conclude that despite a large remaining discrepancy between the homeownership rates among different racial groups, the gap had been closing up until the peak, with ownership rates increasing more substantially for minorities than for whites, but subsequently began slightly widening.[16]

Race  | 1994  | 1995  | 1996  | 1997  | 1998  | 1999  | 2000  | 2001  | 2002  | 2003  | 2004  | 2005  | 2006  | 2007  | 2008  | 2009  | 2010  | 2011  | 2012  | 2013  | 2014  | 2015  | % change

since '94

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White (non-Hispanic) | 70.0 | 70.9 | 71.7 | 72.0 | 72.6 | 73.2 | 73.8 | 74.3 | 74.5 | 75.4 | 76.0 | 75.8 | 75.8 | 75.2 | 75.0 | 74.8 | 74.4 | 73.8 | 73.5 | 73.3 | 72.6 | 71.9 | +2.71%
Asian American | 51.3 | 50.8 | 50.8 | 52.8 | 52.6 | 53.1 | 52.8 | 53.9 | 54.7 | 56.3 | 59.8 | 60.1 | 60.8 | 60.0 | 59.5 | 59.3 | 58.9 | 58.0 | 56.6 | 57.4 | 57.3 | 56.1 | +9.35%
Native American | 51.7 | 55.8 | 51.6 | 51.7 | 54.3 | 56.1 | 56.2 | 55.4 | 54.6 | 54.3 | 55.6 | 58.2 | 58.2 | 56.9 | 56.5 | 56.2 | 52.3 | 53.5 | 51.1 | 51.0 | 52.2 | 50.3 | (-2.08%)
African American | 42.3 | 42.7 | 44.1 | 44.8 | 45.6 | 46.3 | 47.2 | 47.7 | 47.3 | 48.1 | 49.1 | 48.2 | 47.9 | 47.2 | 47.4 | 46.2 | 45.4 | 44.9 | 43.9 | 43.1 | 43.0 | 42.3 | 0.00%
Hispanic or Latino | 41.2 | 42.1 | 42.8 | 43.3 | 44.7 | 45.5 | 46.3 | 47.3 | 48.2 | 46.7 | 48.1 | 49.5 | 49.7 | 49.7 | 49.1 | 48.4 | 47.5 | 46.9 | 46.1 | 46.1 | 45.4 | 45.6 | +10.68%

SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2016[16]

## Type of household[edit]

Homeownership rate according to type of household.[21]

There is a strong correlation between the type and age of a household's family structure and homeownership.[21] As of 2006, married couple families, which also have the highest median income of any household type, were most likely to own a home. Age played a significant role as well with homeownership increasing with the age of the householder until age 65, when a slight decrease becomes visible. While only 43% of households with a householder under the age of thirty-five owned a home, 81.6% of those with a householder between the ages of 55 and 64 did.[21]

This means that households with a middle-aged householder were nearly twice as likely to own a home as those with a young householder. Overall married couple families with a householder age 70 to 74 had the highest homeownership rate with 93.3% being homeowners. The lowest homeownership rate was recorded for single females under the age of twenty-five of whom only 13.6%, were homeowners. Yet, single females had an overall higher homeownership rate than single males and single mothers.[21]

## Income[edit]

Housing characteristics according to income in 2002.

Main article: Income in the United States

There are considerable correlations between income, homeownership rate and housing characteristics. As income is closely linked to social status, sociologist Leonard Beeghley has made the hypothesis that "the lower the social class, then the fewer amenities built into housing." According to 2002, US Census Bureau data housing characteristics vary considerably with income. For homeowners with middle-range household incomes, ranging from $40,000 to $60,000, the median home value was $112,000, while the median size was 1,700 square feet (160 m2) and the median year of construction was 1970. A slight majority, 54% of homes occupied by owners in this group had two or more bathrooms.[22]

According to a 2004 report, among homeowners with household incomes in the top 10%, those earning more than $120,000 a year, home values were considerably higher while houses were larger and newer. The median value for homes in this demographic was $256,000 while median square footage was 2,500 and the median year of construction was 1977. The vast majority, 80%, had two or more bathrooms. Overall, houses of those with higher incomes were larger, newer, more expensive with more amenities.[22]

U.S. home prices are rising significantly faster than incomes. After accounting for inflation, home prices jumped 118% from 1965 to 2021, while income has only increase by 15%.[23] High demand and low supply in most cities will likely continue to keep home prices outpacing income increases.[24]

## Political influence[edit]

Homeownership influences the political participation of individuals, with homeowners more likely to participate in local elections.[25] Owning a home increases the likelihood of participating in local primaries by 35%. Voter turnout probability increases with the value of the home. Becoming a homeowner influences an individual's political outlook, as they are more likely to vote in ways they perceive as protecting their investment. Being a homeowner increases the likelihood of political participation by 75% when issue of zoning are decided. For national elections, homeowners are more likely than renters to participate in primaries and general elections; their turnout is about 10 points higher than renters for general elections.[26]

For those who use private mortgages to finance homeownership, their party affiliation polarizes towards one of the two major political parties. Individuals who buy homes through Federal Housing Administration-supported mortgages are much more likely to become Democrats.[26]

## Historical[edit]

Figure from 2016 U.S. Census Bureau Press Release[27]

Quarterly U.S. homeownership rates, showing recessions colored by percentage point changes of homeownership rate during each recession[28]

Year  | Home ownership rate[29]

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1960  | 62.1
1961  | 62.4
1962  | 63.0
1963  | 63.1
1964  | 63.1
1965  | 63.3
1966  | 63.4
1967  | 63.6
1968  | 63.9
1969  | 64.3
1970  | 64.2
1971  | 64.2
1972  | 64.4
1973  | 64.5
1974  | 64.6
1975  | 64.6
1976  | 64.7
1977  | 64.8
1978  | 65.0
1979  | 65.6
1980  | 65.6
1981  | 65.4
1982  | 64.8
1983  | 64.6
1984  | 64.5
1985  | 63.9
1986  | 63.8
1987  | 64.0
1988  | 63.8
1989  | 63.9
1990  | 63.9
1991  | 64.1
1992  | 64.1
1993  | 64.0
1994  | 64.0
1995  | 64.7
1996  | 65.4
1997  | 65.7
1998  | 66.3
1999  | 66.8
2000  | 67.4
2001  | 67.8
2002  | 67.9
2003  | 68.3
2004  | 69.0
2005  | 68.9
2006  | 68.8
2007  | 68.1
2008  | 67.8
2009  | 67.4
2010  | 66.9
2011  | 66.1
2012  | 65.4
2013  | 65.1
2014  | 64.5
2015  | 63.7

## International comparison (2002)[edit]

Main article: List of countries by home ownership rate

Country  | Austria | Belgium | China | Denmark | France | Germany | Ireland | Norway | Spain | Portugal | UK | US | Slovenia | Israel | Canada

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Home ownership rate[4] | 56% | 71% | 90% | 51% | 55% | 42% | 77% | 77% | 85% | 64% | 69% | 68% | 82% | 71% | 67%

## See also[edit]

* Housing portal

* List of countries by home ownership rate
* Household income in the United States
* Real estate pricing
* Economy of the United States
* Housing insecurity in the United States
* Eviction in the United States
* Poverty in the United States
* Homelessness in the United States

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ^ Works related to Shelley v. Kraemer at Wikisource; Text of Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948) is available from: CourtListener Justia Library of Congress Oyez (oral argument audio) WorldLII

## References[edit]

1. ^ "US Census Bureau, Homeownership by Area". Census.gov. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
2. ^ a b "US Census Bureau, Homeownership in the United States, 1960-2004". Census.gov. Retrieved October 5, 2006.
3. ^ "What is homeownership rate? definition and meaning". BusinessDictionary.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
4. ^ a b "EU homeownership rates, 2002" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2007. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
5. ^ "QUARTERLY RESIDENTIAL VACANCIES AND HOMEOWNERSHIP, FIRST QUARTER 2018" (PDF). Census.gov. April 26, 2018.
6. ^ Federal Reserve report shows homeowner equity dipping below 50 percent, lowest on record, SignOnSanDiego.com, URL accessed 28 December 2008
7. ^ "Why Has Home Ownership Fallen Among the Young?" (PDF). Chicagofed.org. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
8. ^ "US Census Bureau, distribution of homeowners among the income quitniles". Archived from the original on July 7, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2006.
9. ^ "A Note on the Benefits of Homeownership, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago" (PDF). Chicagofed.org. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
10. ^ "American homeowners are making headway on mortgage debt, report finds". WashingtonPost.com. August 23, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
11. ^ Martin, Emmie (June 23, 2017). "MONEY Here's how much housing prices have skyrocketed over the last 50 years". CNBC. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
12. ^ "Median home price in the U.S. 2022 and forecast until 2023".
13. ^ "U.S. Housing Shortage: Everything, Everywhere, All at Once | Fannie Mae".
14. ^ "The US housing shortage is 'awful' and will likely get worse with no apparent end in sight". USA Today.
15. ^ a b "US Census Bureau, homeownership by race". Census.gov. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
16. ^ a b c d e f "US Census Bureau, homeownership by race". Retrieved October 29, 2017.
17. ^ "Shelley House". We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement. National Park Service. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
18. ^ a b Watt, Nick; Hannah, Jack (February 15, 2020). "Racist language is still woven into home deeds across America. Erasing it isn't easy, and some don't want to". CNN. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
19. ^ Pearce, Diana M. (February 1979). Colvard, Richard (ed.). "Gatekeepers and Homeseekers: Institutional Patterns in Racial Steering". Processes Maintaining Sexual and Racial Inequality. Social Problems. Buffalo, New York: Society for the Study of Social Problems. 26 (3): 325−342. doi:10.2307/800457. ISSN 0037-7791. JSTOR 800457.
20. ^ Perry, Andre (December 7, 2018). "Homeowners have lost $156 billion by living in a 'black neighborhood'". Perspectives. CNN Business. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
21. ^ a b c d "US Census Bureau, homeownership according to age and type of household". Retrieved October 5, 2006.
22. ^ a b Beeghley, Leonard (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson.
23. ^ Dickler, Jessica. "Home prices are now rising much faster than incomes, studies show". CNBC. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
24. ^ Arnold, Chris; Benincasa, Robert; GaNun, Jaqueline; Chu, Haidee (July 14, 2022). "There's a massive housing shortage across the U.S. Here's how bad it is where you live". Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
25. ^ Warshaw, Christopher (2019). "Local Elections and Representation in the United States". Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 461–479. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-071108.
26. ^ a b Florida, Richard (August 28, 2018). "The Politics of Homeownership". Bloomberg CityLab. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
27. ^ "QUARTERLY RESIDENTIAL VACANCIES AND HOMEOWNERSHIP, FOURTH QUARTER 2016" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
28. ^ "US Census Bureau, Housing Vacancies and Homeownership". Census.gov. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
29. ^ "US Census Bureau, homeownership rate by area". Census.gov. Retrieved October 24, 2016.

## Further reading[edit]

* Kwak, Nancy H. A World of Homeowners: American Power and the Politics of Housing Aid ( University of Chicago Press, 2015). 328 pp.
* Thurston, Chloe N. (2018). At the Boundaries of Homeownership: Credit, Discrimination, and the American State. Cambridge University Press.

## External links[edit]

* U.S. Census Bureau's Housing Vacancy Survey

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|

By event|

* Pre-colonial era
* Colonial era
* Stamp Act Congress
* Thirteen Colonies
* Continental Congress
* Continental Association
* United Colonies
* military history
* Founding Fathers
* Halifax Resolves
* Lee Resolution
* Declaration of Independence
* American Revolution
* War
* Treaty of Paris
* Articles of Confederation
* Perpetual Union
* Confederation period
* American frontier
* Constitution
* drafting and ratification
* Bill of Rights
* Federalist Era
* War of 1812
* Territorial evolution
* Mexican–American War
* Civil War
* Reconstruction era
* Indian Wars
* Gilded Age
* Progressive Era
* Women's suffrage
* Civil rights movement
* 1865–1896
* 1896–1954
* 1954–1968
* Spanish–American War
* Imperialism
* World War I
* Roaring Twenties
* Great Depression
* World War II
* home front
* American Century
* Cold War
* Korean War
* Space Race
* Feminist Movement
* LGBT Movement
* Vietnam War
* Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
* September 11 attacks
* War on Terror
* War in Afghanistan
* Iraq War
* Great Recession
* COVID-19 pandemic

By topic|

* Outline of U.S. history
* Demographic
* Discoveries
* Economic
* debt ceiling
* Inventions
* before 1890
* 1890–1945
* 1946–1991
* after 1991
* Military
* Postal
* Technological and industrial

Geography|

* Territory
* Contiguous United States
* counties
* federal district
* federal enclaves
* Indian reservations
* insular zones
* minor outlying islands
* populated places
* states
* Earthquakes
* Extreme points
* Islands
* Mountains
* peaks
* ranges
* Appalachian
* Rocky
* Sierra Nevada
* National Park Service
* National Parks
* Regions
* East Coast
* West Coast
* Great Plains
* Gulf
* Mid-Atlantic
* Midwestern
* New England
* Pacific
* Central
* Eastern
* Northern
* Northeastern
* Northwestern
* Southern
* Southeastern
* Southwestern
* Western
* Longest rivers
* Arkansas
* Colorado
* Columbia
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Red (South)
* Rio Grande
* Yukon
* Time
* Water supply and sanitation
* World Heritage Sites

Politics|

| Federal|

| Executive|

* Cabinet
* Civil service
* Executive departments
* Executive Office
* Independent agencies
* Law enforcement
* President of the United States
* powers
* Public policy

|

Legislative|

* House of Representatives
* current members
* Speaker
* Senate
* current members
* President pro tempore
* Vice President

Judicial|

* District courts
* Courts of appeals
* Supreme Court

Law|

* Bill of Rights
* civil liberties
* Code of Federal Regulations
* Constitution
* federalism
* preemption
* separation of powers
* civil rights
* Federal Reporter
* United States Code
* United States Reports

Intelligence|

* Central Intelligence Agency
* Defense Intelligence Agency
* Federal Bureau of Investigation
* National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
* National Reconnaissance Office
* National Security Agency
* Office of the Director of National Intelligence

Uniformed|

* Armed Forces
* Army
* Marine Corps
* Navy
* Air Force
* Space Force
* Coast Guard
* National Guard
* NOAA Corps
* Public Health Service Corps

* 51st state
* Political status of Puerto Rico
* Puerto Rico statehood movement
* District of Columbia statehood movement
* Elections
* Electoral College
* Foreign relations
* foreign policy
* Secession movements
* Hawaiian sovereignty movement
* Ideologies
* Anti-Americanism
* exceptionalism
* nationalism
* Local government
* Parties
* Democratic
* Republican
* Third parties
* Red states and blue states
* Scandals
* State government
* governor
* state legislature
* state court
* Imperial presidency
* Corruption

Economy|

* By sector
* Agriculture
* Banking
* Communications
* Companies
* Energy
* Insurance
* Manufacturing
* Mining
* Science and technology
* Tourism
* Trade
* Transportation
* by state
* Currency
* Exports
* Federal budget
* Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
* Federal Reserve System
* Financial position
* Labor unions
* Public debt
* Social welfare programs
* Taxation
* Unemployment
* Wall Street

Society|

| Culture|

* Americana
* Architecture
* Cinema
* Crime
* Cuisine
* wine
* Dance
* Death care
* Cremation
* Women
* Demographics
* Economic issues
* affluence
* eviction
* home-ownership
* household income
* income inequality
* labor unions
* middle class
* personal income
* poverty
* standard of living
* wealth
* Education
* attainment
* literacy
* Family
* Fashion
* Flag
* Folklore
* Great American Novel
* Health
* healthcare
* health insurance
* Holidays
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* Housing
* Human rights
* Languages
* American English
* Indigenous languages
* ASL
* Black American Sign Language
* HSL
* Plains Sign Talk
* Arabic
* Chinese
* French
* German
* Italian
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* Literature
* Media
* journalism
* internet
* newspapers
* radio
* television
* Music
* Names
* National symbols
* Columbia
* Mount Rushmore
* Statue of Liberty
* Uncle Sam
* People
* Philosophy
* Political ideologies
* Race
* Religion
* Sexuality
* adolescent
* Social class
* Society
* Sports
* Theater
* Transportation
* Video games
* Visual art

|

Social class|

* Affluence
* American Dream
* Educational attainment
* Homelessness
* Home-ownership
* Household income
* Income inequality
* Middle class
* Personal income
* Poverty
* Standard of living

Issues|

* Ages of consent
* Capital punishment
* Crime
* incarceration
* Criticism of government
* Discrimination
* affirmative action
* antisemitism
* hair texture
* intersex rights
* Islamophobia
* LGBT rights
* racism
* same-sex marriage
* Drug policy
* Energy policy
* Environmental issues
* Environmental movement
* Climate change
* Environmental education
* Gun politics
* Healthcare
* abortion
* health insurance
* hunger
* obesity
* smoking
* Human rights
* Immigration
* illegal
* International rankings
* National security
* Mass surveillance
* Terrorism
* Separation of church and state

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Real estate

* Property
* Tertiary sector of the economy

By location|

* Bangladesh
* Canada
* China
* Indonesia
* Italy
* Turkey
* Kenya
* Pakistan
* Panama
* Puerto Rico
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* United Arab Emirates
* United Kingdom

Types|

* Commercial property
* Commercial building
* Corporate Real Estate
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* International real estate
* Lease administration
* Niche real estate
* Garden real estate
* Healthcare real estate
* Vacation property
* Arable land
* Golf property
* Luxury real estate
* Off-plan property
* Private equity real estate
* Real estate owned
* Residential property

Sectors|

* Property management
* Real estate development
* Real estate investing
* Real estate flipping
* Relocation

Law and regulation|

* Adverse possession
* Chain of title
* Closing
* Concurrent estate
* Conditional sale
* Conveyancing
* Deed
* Eminent domain
* Encumbrance
* Foreclosure
* Land law
* Land registration
* Leasehold estate
* Lease
* Property abstract
* Real estate transaction
* Real estate contract
* Real property
* Rent regulation
* Severance
* Torrens title
* Zoning

Economics, financing
and valuation|

* Asset-based lending
* Capitalization rate
* Effective gross income
* Gross rent multiplier
* Hard money loan
* Highest and best use
* Home equity loan
* Investment rating for real estate
* Mortgage insurance
* Mortgage loan
* Real estate derivative
* Real estate economics
* Real estate bubble
* Real estate valuation
* Remortgage
* Rental value

Parties|

* Appraiser
* Buyer agent
* Buyer broker
* Chartered Surveyor
* Exclusive buyer agent
* Land banking
* Landlord
* Moving company
* Property manager
* Real estate broker
* Real estate investment club
* Real estate investment trust
* Real property administrator
* Tenant

Other|

* Companies
* Eviction
* Gentrification
* Graduate real estate education
* Green belt
* Indices
* Industry trade groups
* Investment firms
* Land banking
* People
* Property cycle
* Real estate trends
* Undergraduate real estate programs
* Urban decay
* Urban planning
* List of housing markets by real estate prices

* Category
* Commons
* List of topics

* v
* t
* e

* Social class

* Status
* Stratum
* Economic classes

| Theories|

* Gilbert model
* Marxian
* Mudsill theory
* New class
* Spoon class theory
* Weberian (three-component)

|

Related​ topics|

* Caste
* Chattering classes
* Class conflict
* Class discrimination
* Class society
* Classicide
* Classless society
* Euthenics
* Nouveau riche / Parvenu
* Poverty
* Ranked society
* Snobbery
* Social cleansing
* Social exclusion
* Social mobility
* Social orphan
* Social position
* Social stigma
* Subaltern

By demographic

| By status|

* Administrative detainee
* Alien
* illegal immigrant
* refugee
* Citizen
* dual or multiple
* native-born
* naturalized
* second-class
* Clique
* adolescent
* Convicted
* Migrant worker
* Political prisoner
* Stateless

|

By "collar"|

* Blue
* Green
* Grey
* New
* Pink
* White

By type|

| Ruling|

* Aristocracy
* Hanseaten
* Patrician
* Political
* Family
* List
* Hereditary
* Royal family

|

Intellectual|

* Clergy
* Priest
* Knowledge worker
* Professor

Warrior|

* Chhetri
* Cossacks
* Cuāuh
* Harii
* Hashashin
* Knight
* Kshatriya
* Nair
* Ocēlōtl
* Samurai
* Spartiate
* Vanniyar/Vanniar (Chieftain)

Upper|

* Bourgeoisie
* Business magnate
* Elite
* Gentry
* Lord
* Nobility
* Old money
* Overclass
* Robber baron
* Russian oligarch
* Seigneur
* Superclass

Creative|

* Bohemians

Middle|

* Petite bourgeoisie
* Lower middle class
* Upper middle class

Working|

* Lumpenproletariat
* Proletariat
* Working poor

Under|

* Ant tribe
* Commoner
* Outcast
* Outlaw / Prisoner
* Peasant / Serf
* Plebeian
* Rat tribe
* Slave / Freedman
* Untouchable

By country or region

| United States|

* Affluence
* American Dream
* History
* Mobility

Classes|

* Upper
* Black
* Donor
* Gentry
* Middle
* Black
* Mexican-American
* Upper Middle
* Underprivileged
* Lower
* Under

Income|

* Household
* Inequality
* Personal
* Poverty

Standard of living|

* Education
* Homelessness
* Home-ownership

Other regions​ or countries|

* Africa
* Cambodia
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Haiti
* India
* Iran
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Nepal
* New Zealand
* Nigeria
* Romania
* Sri Lanka
* Tibet
* United Kingdom
* United States

Historic|

* 18th-century Spain
* Ancient Greece
* Ancient Rome
* Aztec
* Ottoman Empire
* Pre-industrial East Asia
* Pre-industrial Europe
* Soviet Union

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Home-ownership in North America

Sovereign states|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Canada
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States

Dependencies and
other territories

* Anguilla
* Aruba
* Bermuda
* Bonaire
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Curaçao
* Greenland
* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Montserrat
* Puerto Rico
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius
* Sint Maarten
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* United States Virgin Islands

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