Hook (diacritic)

Diacritical mark

For the Vietnamese diacritic, see Hook above.

For other uses, see Hook (disambiguation).

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This article contains Latin text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Latin letters.

◌̡ ◌̢ ◌˞

Hook

In Unicode

* U+0321  ̡  COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW
* U+0322  ̢  COMBINING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW
* U+02DE  ˞  MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK

In typesetting, the hook or tail is a diacritic mark attached to letters in many alphabets. In shape it looks like a hook and it can be attached below as a descender, on top as an ascender and sometimes to the side. The orientation of the hook can change its meaning: when it is below and curls to the left it can be interpreted as a palatal hook, and when it curls to the right is called hook tail or tail and can be interpreted as a retroflex hook. It should not be mistaken with the hook above, a diacritical mark used in Vietnamese, or the rhotic hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Letter ⟨Z⟩ with tophook - became letter ⟨⟩.

Letter ⟨X⟩ with two high hooks - became letter ⟨⟩.

Different types of hook diacritics

## Letters with hook

[edit]

It could be argued that the hook was used to derive the letter ⟨J⟩ from the letter ⟨I⟩, or the letter Eng ⟨ŋ⟩ from the letter ⟨N⟩. However, these letters are usually not identified as being formed with the hook.

Most letters with hook are used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and many languages use them (along with capitals) representing the same sounds.

The hook often attaches to the top part of the letter, curling to the left or to the right, finishing the ascender if present. It may then be referred to as a crook, in some languages like French[1] more commonly than in English that is less successful in mitigating the semantic overload of the hook term.

If the hook attaches to the bottom part of the letter, it is often called a palatal hook if it curls to the left, or a retroflex hook if it curls to the right.

In some fonts, a retroflex hook on a vowel letter may be attached to the bottom serif. However, in IPA publications, as here, the hook is continuous with the right stroke without a serif in letters such as ⟨ᶏ⟩, ⟨ᶐ⟩, ⟨ᶖ⟩, ⟨𝼚⟩ and ⟨ᶙ⟩.

The retroflex hook occurs on alveolar and post-alveolar IPA letters; it also occurs on vowel letters, which currently indicates the effect of a retroflex consonant on the vowel, but formally was an option for writing rhotic vowels.

Note that the "fishhook r", ɾ, is shaped like a fishhook. It does not have a hook diacritic despite its misleading Unicode name "R with fishhook".

Latin alphabet

Letters | [Unicode] name | Hook position
| ᶏ |  | A with retroflex hook | bottom
| ᶐ |  | Script a or alpha with retroflex hook | bottom
Ɓ | ɓ | 𐞅 | B with hook[2] | top
Ꞗ | ꞗ |  | B with flourish | left
| ᶀ |  | B with palatal hook | bottom
Ƈ | ƈ  |  | C with hook | top
Ꞔ | ꞔ |  | C with palatal hook | bottom
| 𝼝 |  | C with retroflex hook[3] | bottom
Ɗ | ɗ | 𐞌 | D with hook[2] | top
Ɖ | ɖ | 𐞋 | African d or d with tail[4] | bottom
| ᶑ | 𐞍 | D with hook and tail[2] | top and bottom
| ᶁ |  | D with palatal hook | bottom
| 𝼥 |  | D with left hook | left
| 𝼙 |  | Dezh with retroflex hook | bottom
| ꬴ |  | E with flourish | left
| ᶒ |  | E with retroflex hook | bottom
| ɚ |  | Schwa with hook | right
| ᶕ |  | Schwa with retroflex hook | bottom
| ᶓ |  | Open e or epsilon with retroflex hook | bottom
| ɝ |  | Reversed open e or epsilon with hook | right
| ᶔ |  | Reversed open e or epsilon with retroflex hook | bottom
Ƒ | ƒ |  | F with hook | bottom
| ᶂ |  | F with palatal hook | bottom
Ɠ | ɠ | 𐞓 | G with hook[2] | top
| ʛ | 𐞔 | Small capital g with hook[2] | top
| ᶃ |  | G with palatal hook | right
| ꬶ |  | Script g with crossed-tail | bottom
Ɦ | ɦ | ʱ | H with hook | top
| ꞕ |  | H with palatal hook | bottom right
| ɧ | 𐞗 | Heng with hook[4] | top
| ʮ |  | Turned h with fishhook | top
| ʯ |  | Turned h with fishhook and tail | top and bottom
| ᶖ |  | I with retroflex hook | bottom
Ʝ | ʝ | ᶨ | J with crossed-tail | bottom
| ʄ | 𐞘 | Dotless j with stroke and hook[2] | top
Ƙ | ƙ |  | K with hook | top
| ᶄ |  | K with palatal hook | bottom
| 𝼑 |  | L with fishhook[5] | right
| ᶅ | ᶅ | L with palatal hook | bottom
| 𝼦 |  | L with left hook | left
| ɭ | ᶩ | L with retroflex hook | bottom
| ꞎ | 𐞝 | L with retroflex hook and belt[6][7] | bottom
Ɱ | ɱ | ᶬ | M with hook | bottom
| ᶆ |  | M with palatal hook | bottom
| ꬺ |  | M with crossed-tail | bottom
Ɲ | ɲ | ᶮ | N with left hook | bottom left
| ᶇ |  | N with palatal hook | bottom right
| 𝼧 |  | N with left hook | left
| ɳ | ᶯ | N with retroflex hook | bottom right
| ꬻ |  | N with crossed-tail | bottom
| ꬼ |  | Eng with crossed-tail | bottom
| 𝼔 |  | Eng with palatal hook[5] | bottom
| 𝼛 |  | O with retroflex hook[5] | bottom
| ᶗ |  | Open o with retroflex hook | bottom
Ƥ | ƥ |  | P with hook | top
| ᶈ |  | P with palatal hook | right
Ꝓ | ꝓ |  | P with flourish | left middle
Ꝕ | ꝕ |  | P with squirrel tail | left top
| ʠ |  | Q with hook | top
Ɋ | ɋ |  | Small q with hook tail | bottom
Ɽ | ɽ | 𐞨 | R with tail[4] | bottom left
| ᶉ |  | R with palatal hook | bottom
| 𝼨 |  | R with left hook | left
| ɻ | ʵ | Turned r with hook | bottom
| 𝼕 |  | Turned r with palatal hook[5] | bottom
| ⱹ |  | Turned r with tail | top
| ꭉ |  | R with crossed-tail | bottom
| ꭊ |  | Double r with crossed-tail | bottom
| ᶊ |  | S with palatal hook | bottom right
| 𝼩 |  | S with left hook | left
Ʂ | ʂ | ᶳ | S with retroflex hook | bottom left
Ȿ | ȿ |  | S with swash tail | bottom right
| ᶋ |  | Esh with palatal hook | right
| ᶘ |  | Esh with retroflex hook | bottom
Ƭ | ƭ |  | T with hook | top
| ƫ | ƫ | T with palatal hook | bottom
| 𝼪 |  | T with left hook | left
Ʈ | ʈ | 𐞯 | T with retroflex hook[4] | bottom
| 𝼜 |  | Tesh with retroflex hook | bottom
| ꭒ | ꭟ | U with left hook | top left
| ᶙ |  | U with retroflex hook | bottom
| ᶌ |  | V with palatal hook | bottom
| ⱱ | 𐞰 | V with right hook[8][4] | top
Ʋ | ʋ | ᶹ | Script v or v with hook | top
Ⱳ | ⱳ |  | W with hook | top right
| ᶍ |  | X with palatal hook | bottom right
Ƴ | ƴ |  | Y with hook | top right
Ȥ | ȥ |  | Z with hook | bottom
Ᶎ | ᶎ |  | Z with palatal hook | bottom
| ʐ | ᶼ | Z with retroflex hook | bottom
|  |  | Z with top hook | top right or top left
Ɀ | ɀ |  | Z with swash tail | bottom
| 𝼘 |  | Ezh with palatal hook[5] | right
| ᶚ |  | Ezh with retroflex hook | bottom
| ƺ |  | Ezh with tail | bottom
| 𝼅 | 𐞟 | Lezh with retroflex hook[7] | bottom
| 𝼊 | 𐞹 | Retroflex click with retroflex hook[9][2] | bottom
Ꜭ | ꜭ |  | Cuatrillo tail | bottom
Ꜯ | ꜯ |  | Cuatrillo hook | bottom
Cyrillic alphabet
Ӷ | ӷ |  | Ghe with hook | bottom
Ӻ | ӻ |  | Ghe with stroke and hook | bottom
Ҋ | ҋ |  | Short i with tail | bottom right
Ӄ~Қ | ӄ~қ |  | Ka with hook | bottom right
Ԓ | ԓ |  | El with hook | bottom right
Ӆ | ӆ |  | El with tail | bottom right
Ӎ | ӎ |  | Em with tail | bottom right
Ӈ~Ң | ӈ~ң |  | En with hook | bottom right
Ԩ | ԩ |  | En with left hook | bottom left
Ӊ | ӊ |  | En with tail | bottom right
Ҭ | ҭ |  | te with hook | bottom right
Ӽ~Ҳ | ӽ~ҳ |  | Ha with hook | bottom right
Ҷ | ҷ |  | che with hook | bottom right

* Hook ◌̡ ◌̢
Latin: ᶏ
* ᶐ
* Ɓ ɓ 𐞅 ᶀ
* Ꞗ ꞗ
* Ƈ ƈ Ꞔ ꞔ 𝼝
* Ɗ ɗ 𐞌 ᶁ
* Ɖ ɖ 𐞋 ᶑ 𐞍
* ᶒ ꬴ
* ᶕ ɚ
* ᶓ
* ᶔ ɝ
* Ƒ ƒ ᶂ
* Ɠ ɠ 𐞓 ʛ 𐞔
* ᶃ ꬶ
* Ɦ ɦ ʱ ꞕ
* ɧ 𐞗 ʮ ʯ
* ᶖ
* Ʝ ʝ ᶨ ʄ 𐞘
* Ƙ ƙ ᶄ
* ᶅ ᶪ
* ɭ ᶩ ꞎ 𐞝 𝼑
* Ɱ ɱ ᶬ ᶆ
* ꬺ
* Ɲ ɲ ᶮ
* ɳ ᶯ ᶇ
* ꬻ 𝼔 ꬼ
* 𝼛
* ᶗ
* Ƥ ƥ ᶈ
* Ꝓ ꝓ Ꝕ ꝕ
* ʠ
* Ɋ ɋ
* Ɽ ɽ 𐞨 ᶉ
* ⱹ ɻ ʵ 𝼕
* ꭉ ꭊ
* Ȿ ȿ  ᶊ
* Ʂ ʂ ᶳ
* ᶋ ᶘ
* Ƭ ƭ
* Ʈ ʈ 𐞯 ƫ ᶵ
* ᶙ ꭒ ꭟ
* ᶌ ⱱ 𐞰
* Ʋ ʋ ᶹ
* Ⱳ ⱳ
* ᶍ
* Ƴ ƴ
* Ȥ ȥ ʐ ᶼ
* Ɀ ɀ Ᶎ ᶎ
* 𝼘
* ᶚ ƺ
* 𝼅 𐞟
* 𝼊 𐞹
Cyrillic: Ӻ ӻ
* Ҋ ҋ
* Ӄ ӄ
* Ԓ ԓ
* Ӆ ӆ
* Ӎ ӎ
* Ӈ ӈ
* Ԩ ԩ
* Ӊ ӊ
* Ӽ ӽ
In IPA: palatal hook

## Unicode

[edit]

Unicode has the combining diacritics U+0321  ̡  COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW and U+0322  ̢  COMBINING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW but these are not recommended to be used with letters, and should be used to illustrate the hooks themselves. Instead Unicode recommends the use of characters that already include the hook.[10]

The U+02DE ˞ MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK is used to mark an r-colored vowel.[11]

## See also

[edit]

* Hook above
* Palatal hook
* Ogonek

## References

[edit]

1. ^ As in the non-standard French translation of the UCS ListeNoms.
2. ^ a b c d e f g Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-253R: Unicode request for IPA modifier letters (b), non-pulmonic" (PDF).
3. ^ Miller, Kirk (2021-01-11). "L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters" (PDF).
4. ^ a b c d e Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
5. ^ a b c d e Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).
6. ^ Priest, Lorna (2008-07-28). "L2/08-182: Proposal to Encode Additional Latin and Cyrillic Characters" (PDF).
7. ^ a b Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11). "L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS" (PDF).
8. ^ Priest, Lorna; Constable, Peter (2005-08-09), N2945: Proposal to Encode Additional Latin Phonetic and Orthographic Characters (PDF)
9. ^ Miller, Kirk; Sands, Bonny (2020-07-10). "L2/20-115R: Unicode request for additional phonetic click letters" (PDF).
10. ^ Constable, Peter (1 February 2004). "Revised Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Retroflex Hook in the UCS" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. pp. 8–9\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2024.
11. ^ "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2015)" (PDF). IPA Association. Retrieved 13 May 2024.

* v
* t
* e

Diacritics

In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek|

*   ◌́   ◌̋  acute and Roman apex, double acute
*   ◌̆   ◌̑  breve, inverted breve
*   ◌̌  caron, háček
*   ◌̧  cedilla
*   ◌̂  circumflex
*   ◌̈  diaeresis, umlaut, other
*   ◌̇   ◌̣  dot
*   ◌̀   ◌̏  grave, double grave
*   ◌̉  hook above
*   ◌̡   ◌̢  palatal hook, retroflex hook
*   ◌̛  horn
*   ◌ͅ  iota subscript
*   ◌̄  macron
*   ◌̨  ogonek, nosinė
*   ◌̊   ◌̥  overring, underring
*   ◌͂  perispomene
*   ◌͗  sicilicus
*   ◌̃  tilde
*   ◌᷃  Vietnamese tilde
*   ◌῾   ◌᾿  rough breathing, smooth breathing

In Early Cyrillic|

*   ◌҄  palatalization mark
*   ◌҇  pokrytie
*   ◌҃  titlo

In Indic|

*   ं   ং   ଂ   ം  anusvara
*   ऽ   ঽ   ଽ   ఽ   ഽ   ྅  avagraha
*   ँ   ఁ   ྃ  chandrabindu
*   ़  nuqta
*   ्   ്   ్   ್   ්   ်  virama
*   ः   ঃ   ଃ   ஃ  visarga

In other scripts|

* Arabic diacritics
* Greek diacritics
* Gurmukhī diacritics
* Hebrew diacritics
* diacritics in IPA
* Japanese kana diacritics
*   ◌゙   ◌゚  dakuten, handakuten

* Khmer diacritics
* Syriac diacritics
* Thai diacritics

Marks used as diacritics|

*   ’  apostrophe
*   /  bar
*   :  colon
*   ,  comma
*   .  full stop/period
*   ˗  hyphen
*   ′  prime

Non-diacritic uses|

*   ^  caret (computing)
*   °  degree symbol
*   ~  tilde § Mathematics

In Unicode|

*   ◌  dotted circle (placeholder glyph character)
* combining character § Unicode ranges

See also:

* English terms with diacritical marks
* Metal umlaut
* Punctuation marks
*  Category: Diacritics

* v
* t
* e

Latin script

* History
* Spread
* Romanization
* Roman numerals
* Ligatures

Alphabets (list)|

* Classical Latin alphabet
* ISO basic Latin alphabet
* Phonetic alphabets
* International Phonetic Alphabet
* X-SAMPA
* Spelling alphabet

Letters (list)|

Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet

Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm  | Nn | Oo | Pp | Qq | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz

Additional Latin letters

Æ æ | Ɑ ɑ | Ʌ ʌ | Ꞵ ꞵ | Ð ð | Ɛ ɛ | Ə ə | Ǝ ə | Ɣ ɣ | Ƣ ƣ | Ɩ ɩ | Ɥ ɥ | Ꟛ ꟛ | Ŋ ŋ  | Œ œ | Ɔ ɔ | Ɤ ɤ | Kʼ ĸ | Ʀ ʀ | ẞ ß | Ʃ ʃ | Ɯ ɯ | Ʊ ʊ | Ꞷ ꞷ | Ʋ ʋ | Ƿ ƿ
Ȝ ȝ | ϴ θ | Ʒ ʒ | Ƹ ƹ | Þ þ | Ȣ ȣ | Ꭓ ꭓ | Ɂ ʔ ɂ | ʕ | ǀ | ǁ | ǂ | ǃ | ʘ | ʻ | ˀ | ʼ | Ꞌ ꞌ | ᴬ | ᴮ | ꟲ | ᴰ | ᴱ | ꟳ | ᴳ | ᴴ
ᴵ | ᴶ | ᴷ | ᴸ | ᴹ | ᵃ | ᵉ | ᵋ | ʰ | ⁱ | ᶤ | ⁿ | ᵒ | ᵓ | ᵘ | ᶶ | ᵛ | ʷ | ʸ | ᶻ | ᶿ | Ꜣ ꜣ | Ꜥ ꜥ | 3 | Ꜫ ꜫ | Ꜭ ꜭ
7 | ⁷ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Letters using hook or tail ( ◌̡, ◌̢ )

ᶏ | Ɓɓ  | Ꞗꞗ  | ᶀ  | Ƈƈ  | ɕ  | 𝼏  | 𝼝  | Ꞔꞔ  | Ɗɗ  | ȡ  | ᶁ  | ᶑ  | 𝼥  | ᶒ  | ⱸ  | ꬴ  | Ƒƒ  | ᶂ  | Ɠɠ  | ᶃ  | ꬶ  | Ɦɦ  | Ꜧꜧ  | ꞕ  |
ʮ  | ᶖ  | Ʝʝ  | Ƙƙ  | ᶄ  | ȴ  | ɭ  | ᶅ  | 𝼑  | 𝼦  | Ɱɱ  | ᶆ  | ꬺ  | Ɲɲ  | ȵ  | ɳ  | ᶇ  | 𝼔  | 𝼧  | ꬻ  | ꬼ  | Ꝍꝍ  | 𝼛  | Ƥƥ  | Ꝓꝓ  | Ꝕꝕ
ᶈ  | ʠ  | Ɽɽ  | ᶉ  | 𝼨  | ꭉ  | 𝼞  | 𝼩  | Ȿȿ  | Ʂʂ  | ᶊ  | Ƭƭ  | Ʈʈ  | ȶ  | 𝼪  | ᶙ  | ꭒ  | Ʋʋ  | ᶌ  | ⱱ  | ⱴ  | Ⱳⱳ  | ᶍ  | Ƴƴ  | Ỿỿ  | Ȥȥ
Ɀɀ  | ʐ  | ʑ  | Ᶎᶎ  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Letters using retroflex hook sign ( ◌̢ )

ᶏ  | 𝼝  | Ɖɖ  | ᶒ  | ᶖ  | ɭ  | ɳ  | 𝼛  | Ʈʈ  | ᶙ  | ʐ  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Multigraphs|

| Digraphs|

* Ch
* Dz
* Dž
* Gh
* IJ
* Lj
* Ll
* Ly
* Nh
* Nj
* Ny
* Sh
* Sz
* Th

|

Trigraphs|

* dzs
* eau

Tetragraphs|

* ough

Pentagraphs|

tzsch

Keyboard layouts (list)|

* QWERTY
* QWERTZ
* AZERTY
* Dvorak
* Colemak
* BÉPO
* Neo

Historical Standards|

* ISO/IEC 646
* Western Latin character sets

Current Standards|

* Unicode
* DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe

Lists|

* Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode
* Letters used in mathematics
* List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks

* Diacritics
* Palaeography

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