Horns of Hattin

Extinct volcano in Israel

Horns of Hattin

View of the Horns of Hattin from the west. Sea of Galilee is in the background.

Highest point
Elevation| 326 m (1,070 ft)
Coordinates| 32°48′00″N 35°27′34″E﻿ / ﻿32.80000°N 35.45944°E﻿ / 32.80000; 35.45944
Naming
Etymology| from Hebrew חִטִּ֨ים (ḥiṭṭîm) 'wheat'
Native name|

* Arabic: قرون حطين, romanized: Qurûn Hattîn
* Hebrew: קרני חיטין, romanized: Karnei Hittin

Geography
Location| Lower Galilee, Israel
The Horns of Hattin, c. 1925

The Horns of Hattin ( Hebrew: קרני חיטין, romanized: Karnei Hittin Arabic: قرون حطين, romanized: Qurûn Hattîn) is an extinct volcano with twin peaks overlooking the plains of Hattin in the Lower Galilee, Israel. Its most famous as the site of the Battle of Hattin (1187).

## History and archaeology[edit]

See also: Hittin § History

Excavations were carried out on the hill in 1976 and 1981.[1]

### Bronze and Iron Age[edit]

The ruined Canaanite hilltop fortress of Tel Qarney Hittin, the site name used by Israeli archaeologists, was identified by Zvi Gal with Meron/Merom of the Hebrew Bible (Joshua 11, "waters of Merom") and with the city mentioned as m-r-m-i-m in a campaign list of Thutmose III (r. 1479-1425), and again by Ramses II (r. 1279–1213 BCE) and Tiglath Pileser III in 733/32 BCE, based on geography, archaeology, text analysis, and logical assumptions.[2]

### Crusader period, aftermath[edit]

Kurûn Hattîn is believed to be the site of the Battle of Hattin, Saladin's victory over the Crusaders in 1187. The Battle of Hattin was fought in summer when the grass was tinder-dry. Saladin's troops set fire to the grass, after cutting off the Crusaders' access to water in the Sea of Galilee.[3] Saladin built a "victory dome," Qubbat al-Nasr, on the hill.[citation needed] Thietmar, a German pilgrim who visited the site in 1217, wrote that the "temple Saladin had erected to his gods after the victory is now desolate." In the early 17th century, ruins were found on the summit that appeared to be those of a church.[4]

### Arab village[edit]

Prior to 1948, an Arab village, Hittin, lay at the foot of the hill.[4]

## Association with Sermon on the Mount[edit]

Some scholars have identified the hill with the Mount of Beatitudes, where Jesus delivered his Sermon on the Mount.[5][6] Writing in 1864, Fergus Ferguson describes it as the "supposed" site, because although "its position corresponds with the particulars of the narrative", no one can declare with any certainty that He gave a sermon at that exact spot."[4]

## References[edit]

1. ^ The Battle of Hattin Revisited Archived 2010-12-29 at the Wayback Machine, Benjamin Kedar "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-03-27. Retrieved 2017-04-05.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
2. ^ Gal, Zvi (1988). "The Late Bronze Age in Galilee: A Reassessment". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (272): 79–84 [81]. doi:10.2307/1356788. Retrieved 12 April 2024 - via JSTOR.
3. ^ https://archive.triblive.com/news/region-lived-through-centuries-of-warfare/
4. ^ a b c Ferguson (1864), p. 297.
5. ^ Livingston, p. 340.
6. ^ Tischendorf and Shuckard, 1847, p. 240.

## Bibliography[edit]

* Ferguson, Fergus (1864), Sacred Scenes, Or, Notes of Travel in Egypt and the Holy Land: Or, Notes of Travel in Egypt and the Holy Land, Thomas Adamson; Jackson, Walford, and Hodder; W.P. Nimmo
* Wilson, Edward Livingston, In Scripture Lands: New Views of Sacred Places, Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN 978-1-4021-5515-4, ISBN 1-4021-5515-8
* Tischendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Constantin; Shuckard, W.E. (1847), Travels in the East, tr. from [Reise in den Orient], Oxford University

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National parks of Israel

Jerusalem District|

* Adullam-France Park
* Bayt 'Itab
* Castel
* Ein Hemed
* Judaean Mountains

Northern District|

* Achziv
* Bar'am
* Beit Alfa Synagogue
* Beit She'an
* Beit She'arim
* Belvoir Fortress
* Capernaum
* Chorazin
* Gan HaShlosha
* Hamat Gader
* Hamat Tiberias
* Ma'ayan Harod
* Horns of Hattin
* Hula Valley
* Hurshat Tal
* Hurvat Minia
* Montfort Castle
* Mount Arbel
* Mount Tabor
* Rosh HaNikra
* Sde Amudim
* Tel Hazor
* Tel Kedesh
* Tel Megiddo
* Tzalmon Stream
* Tzippori
* Yehi'am Fortress

Haifa District|

* Caesarea
* HaSharon Park
* Mount Carmel
* Nahal Me'arot
* Tel Shikmona

Central District|

* Alexander stream
* Hof HaSharon
* Mazor Mausoleum
* Migdal Afek
* Palmachim beach
* Rubin Stream
* Tel Afek
* Tel Gezer
* Tzur Natan

Tel Aviv District|

* Arsuf
* Sidna Ali
* Yarkon

Southern District|

| Ashkelon|

* Ashkelon
* Beit Guvrin
* Semekh caves
* Tel Lachish
* Tel Tzafit

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Beersheba|

* Avdat
* Besor Stream
* Ein Avdat
* Ein Gedi
* Eshkol
* Mamshit
* Masada
* Negev Monument
* Nitzana
* Shivta
* Tel Arad
* Tel Be'er Sheva

See also:  National parks declared by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territories and Nature reserves of Israel

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