House of Bonaparte

French imperial dynasty

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"Prince Napoléon" redirects here. For other uses, see Prince Napoléon (disambiguation).

House of Bonaparte

French imperial family

Coat of arms of Napoleon I

Country| First and Second French Empire
Kingdom of Italy
Kingdom of Spain
Kingdom of Holland
Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of Westphalia
Principality of Elba
Principality of Andorra
Grand Duchy of Berg
Principality of Lucca and Piombino
Founded| 18 May 1804 (1804-05-18)[1][2]
Founder| Napoleon Bonaparte
Current head|

* Charles, Prince Napoléon
* Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

Final ruler| Napoleon III
Titles|

* Emperor of the French
(1804–1814; 1815; 1852–1870)
* King of Italy
(1805–1814)
* King of Spain
(1808–1813)
* King of Holland
(1806–1810)
* King of Naples and Sicily
(1806–1808)
* King of Westphalia
(1807–1813)
* Prince of Elba
(1814–1815)
* Co-Prince of Andorra
(1806–1814; 1815; 1852–1870)
* Grand Duke of Berg and Cleves
(1809–1813)
* Prince of Lucca and Piombino
(1804–1814)

* Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Prince of Montfort
* Duke of Guastalla
* Count of Meudon
* Count of Moncalieri
* Prince of Parma
* Prince-President of France
* Noble Patrician of Tuscany
* Duke of Reichstadt
* King of Rome
* Count of Saint-Leu
* Countess of Lipona
* Grand Constable of France
* Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine

Style(s)| Imperial Majesty (France)
Majesty (other Crowns)
Deposition| France:
1814 (1st)
1815 (2nd)
1870 (3rd)
Italy:
1814
Spain:
1813
Westphalia:
1813
Elba:
1815
Cadet branches|

* Bonaparte-Canino-Musignano (extinct)
* Bonaparte-Murat (enatic, extant)

The House of Bonaparte (originally Buonaparte)[a] is a former imperial and royal European dynasty of French and Italian origin. It was founded in 1804 by Napoleon I, the son of Corsican nobleman Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Buonaparte (née Ramolino). Napoleon was a French military leader who rose to power during the French Revolution and who, in 1804, transformed the French First Republic into the First French Empire, five years after his coup d'état of November 1799 (18 Brumaire). Napoleon and the Grande Armée had to fight against every major European power (except for the ones he was allied with, including Denmark-Norway) and dominated continental Europe through a series of military victories during the Napoleonic Wars. He installed members of his family on the thrones of client states, expanding the power of the dynasty.

The House of Bonaparte formed the Imperial House of France during the French Empire, together with some non-Bonaparte family members. In addition to holding the title of Emperor of the French, the Bonaparte dynasty held various other titles and territories during the Napoleonic Wars, including the Kingdom of Italy, the Kingdom of the Spain and the Indies, the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Kingdom of Holland, and the Kingdom of Naples. The dynasty held power for around a decade until the Napoleonic Wars began to take their toll. Making very powerful enemies, such as Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia, as well as royalist (particularly Bourbon) restorational movements in France, Spain, the Two Sicilies, and Sardinia, the dynasty eventually collapsed due to the final defeat of Napoleon I at the Battle of Waterloo and the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty by the Congress of Vienna.

During the reign of Napoleon I, the Imperial Family consisted of the Emperor's immediate relations – his wife, son, siblings, and some other close relatives, namely his brother-in-law Joachim Murat, his uncle Joseph Fesch, and his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais.

Between 1852 and 1870, there was a Second French Empire, when a member of the Bonaparte dynasty again ruled France: Napoleon III, the youngest son of Louis Bonaparte. However, during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the dynasty was again ousted from the Imperial Throne. Since that time, there has been a series of pretenders. Supporters of the Bonaparte family's claim to the throne of France are known as Bonapartists. Current head Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon has a Bourbon mother.

## Italian origins

[edit]

The Bonaparte (originally Italian: Buonaparte) family were patricians in the Italian towns of Sarzana, San Miniato, and Florence. The name derives from Italian: buona ("good") and parte ("part" or "side"). In Italian, the phrase "buona parte" is used to identify a fraction of considerable, but undefined, size in a totum.

Gianfaldo Buonaparte was the first known Buonaparte at Sarzana around 1200. His descendant Giovanni Buonaparte in 1397 married Isabella Calandrini, a cousin of later cardinal Filippo Calandrini. Giovanni became mayor of Sarzana and was named commissioner of the Lunigiana by Giovanni Maria Visconti in 1408. His daughter, Agnella Berni, was the great-grandmother of Italian poet Francesco Berni and their great-grandson Francesco Buonaparte was an equestrian mercenary at the service of the Genoese Bank of Saint George. In 1490, Francesco Buonaparte went to the island of Corsica, which was controlled by the bank. In 1493, he married the daughter of Guido da Castelletto, representative of the Bank of Saint George in Ajaccio, Corsica. Most of their descendants during subsequent generations were members of the Ajaccio town council. Napoleon's father, Carlo Buonaparte, received a patent of nobility from the King of France in 1771.[1]

There also existed a Buonaparte family in Florence; however, its eventual relation with the Sarzana and San Miniato families is unknown. Jacopo Buonaparte of San Miniato was a friend and advisor to Medici Pope Clement VII. Jacopo was also a witness to and wrote an account of the sack of Rome, which is one of the most important historical documents recounting that event.[3] Two of Jacopo's nephews, Pier Antonio Buonaparte and Giovanni Buonaparte, however, took part in the 1527 Medici rebellion, after which they were banished from Florence and later were restored by Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence. Jacopo's brother Benedetto Buonaparte maintained political neutrality.[4] The San Miniato branch extinguished with Jacopo in 1550. The last member of the Florence family was a canon named Gregorio Bonaparte, who died in 1803, leaving Napoleon as heir.[5]

A Buonaparte tomb lies in the Church of San Francesco in San Miniato. A second tomb, the Chapelle Impériale, was built by Napoleon III in Ajaccio 1857.

* Coat of arms of the Buonaparte of Sarzana

* Coat of arms of the Buonaparte of San Miniato

* Coat of arms of the Buonaparte of Florence

## Imperial House of France

[edit]

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This article is part of
a series about

Napoleon

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* * *

Family

* Wives
* Joséphine de Beauharnais
* Marie Louise
* Children
* Charles Léon
* Alexandre Walewski
* Napoleon II
* Parents
* Carlo Maria Buonaparte
* Letizia Ramolino
* Brothers
* Joseph
* Lucien
* Louis
* Jérôme
* Sisters
* Caroline
* Pauline
* Elisa

* * *

Life and career

* Timeline
* First French Empire
* Client states
* Coup of 18 Brumaire
* Consulate
* Assassination attempts
* Constitutions
* 1799
* 1802
* 1804
* 1815
* Napoleonic Wars
* Coronation
* Sale of Louisiana
* Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
* Holland
* Mesures usuelles
* Looting of art
* Tactics
* Weaponry and warfare
* 1st abdication
* 1st exile
* Route Napoléon
* 2nd abdication
* Death
* mask

* * *

Battles and wars

French Revolutionary Wars

* War of the First Coalition

* French Revolution
* Siege of Toulon
* 13 Vendémiaire
* Italian Campaign of 1796-1797
* Montenotte Campaign
* Battle of Lodi
* Battle of Castiglione
* Battle of Bassano
* Battle of Arcole
* Battle of Rivoli
* Siege of Mantua
* Fall of Venice
* French campaign in Egypt and Syria

* Battle of the Pyramids
* Battle of Mount Tabor
* Siege of Acre
* Battle of Aboukir
* War of the Second Coalition

* Marengo campaign
* Battle of Marengo

Napoleonic Wars

* War of the Third Coalition

* Ulm Campaign
* Battle of Ulm
* Battle of Austerlitz
* War of the Fourth Coalition

* Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
* Greater Poland Uprising
* Battle of Eylau
* Battle of Friedland
* Peninsular War

* Battle of Somosierra
* War of the Fifth Coalition

* Battle of Eckmühl
* Battle of Aspern-Essling
* Battle of Wagram
* French invasion of Russia

* Battle of Smolensk
* Battle of Borodino
* Battle of the Berezina
* War of the Sixth Coalition

* German campaign of 1813
* Battle of Lützen
* Battle of Bautzen
* Battle of Dresden
* Battle of Leipzig
* Campaign of France
* Battle of La Rothière
* Six Days' Campaign
* Battle of Vauchamps
* Battle of Montereau
* Battle of Laon
* Battle of Reims
* Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
* Hundred Days

* Waterloo campaign
* Battle of Ligny
* Battle of Waterloo

* * *

Views

* Catholic Church
* Concordat of 1801
* Tiara
* Jewish people
* Grand Sanhedrin
* Infamous Decree
* Protestants
* Organic Articles
* Slavery
* Law of 20 May 1802
* Saint-Domingue expedition

* * *

Homes and honours

* Equestrian statue
* Palace of Fontainebleau
* Les Invalides
* Longwood House
* Maison Bonaparte
* Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
* Milan
* Warsaw monument

* * *

Legacy

* Egyptology
* Rosetta Stone
* Mémoires sur l'Égypte
* Description de l'Égypte
* Institut d'Égypte
* Bank of France
* French Prefecture System
* Legion of Honour
* Napoleonic Code
* Coinage
* Public works
* Pont d'Iéna
* Simplon Pass
* Arc de Triomphe
* Column of the Grande Armée
* Rue de la Victoire
* Cultural depictions
* Propaganda
* Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
* Valentin Vodnik
* Pan Tadeusz
* War and Peace
* Crime and Punishment
* Napoleon complex
* "Red Napoleon" term
* German Romanticism
* Bonapartism
* "China is a sleeping giant" quote
* Tomb
* Retour des cendres
* Penis
* Studies

* v
* t
* e

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

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"The Four Napoleons", 1858 propaganda image depicting Napoleon I, Napoleon II, Napoleon III, and Louis-Napoléon

In 1793 Corsica formally seceded from France and sought protection from the British government, prompting Pasquale Paoli to compel the Bonapartes to relocate to the mainland. Napoleon I is the most prominent name associated with the Bonaparte family because he conquered much of Europe during the early 19th century. Due to his indisputable popularity in France both among the people and in the army, he staged the Coup of 18 Brumaire and overthrew the Directory with the help of his brother Lucien Bonaparte, president of the Council of Five Hundred. Napoleon then oversaw the creation of a new Constitution that made him the First Consul of France on 10 November 1799. On 2 December 1804, he crowned himself Emperor of the French and ruled from 1804 to 1814, and again in 1815 during the Hundred Days after his return from Elba.

Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, Napoleon I made his elder brother Joseph first King of Naples and then of Spain, his younger brother Louis King of Holland (subsequently forcing his abdication in 1810 after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France), and his youngest brother Jérôme as King of Westphalia, a short-lived realm created from several states of northwestern Germany.

Napoleon's son Napoléon François Charles Joseph was made King of Rome and was later styled as Napoleon II by loyalists of the dynasty, though he only ruled for two weeks after his father's abdication.

Louis-Napoléon, son of Louis, was President of France and then Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870, reigning as Napoleon III. His son, Napoléon, Prince Imperial, died fighting the Zulus in Natal, today the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. With his death, the family lost much of its remaining political appeal, though claimants continue to assert their right to the imperial title. A political movement for Corsican independence surfaced in the 1990s which included a Bonapartist restoration in its programme.[citation needed]

## Crowns held by the family

[edit]

### Emperors of the French

[edit]

* Napoleon I (1804–1814, 1815), also King of Italy (1805–1814) and Emperor in Elba (1814–1815) and Co-Prince of Andorra (1804–1814, 1815)
* Napoleon II (1815), styled as King of Rome from birth, but never reigned and also Duke of Reichstadt 1818–1832, but never visited the town
* Napoleon III (1852–1870), also Co-Prince of Andorra (1852–1870)

### Kings of Holland

[edit]

* Louis I (1806–1810)
* Louis II (1810), also Grand Duke of Berg (1809–1813)

### King of Naples

[edit]

* Joseph I (1806–1808)

### King of Westphalia

[edit]

* Jérôme Napoleon I (1807–1813)

### King of Spain

[edit]

* Joseph I (1808–1813)

### Grand Duchess of Tuscany

[edit]

* Elisa Bonaparte (1809–1814), also Princess of Lucca and Piombino (1805–1814)

### Princess and Duchess of Guastalla

[edit]

* Pauline Bonaparte (1806)

## Heads of the House of Bonaparte (since 1852)

[edit]

See also: Line of succession to the French throne (Bonapartist)

* Napoléon III (1852–1873)
* Napoléon IV Eugène (1873–1879), son of Napoléon III
* Napoléon V Victor (1879–1926), grandson of Napoléon I's youngest brother, Jérôme
* Napoléon VI Louis (1926–1997), son of Napoléon V Victor
* Disputed since 1997:
* Napoléon VII Charles (1997–present), son of Napoléon VI Louis
* Napoléon VIII Jean-Christophe (1997–present), grandson of Napoléon VI Louis

## Family tree

[edit]

French monarchy

Bonaparte dynasty
Napoleon I

Children
Napoleon II
Siblings
Joseph, King of Spain
Lucien, Prince of Canino
Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Louis, King of Holland
Pauline, Princess of Guastalla
Caroline, Queen of Naples
Jérôme, King of Westphalia
Nephews and nieces
Princess Zénaïde
Princess Charlotte
Charlotte, Princess Gabrielli
Prince Charles Lucien
Prince Louis Lucien
Prince Pierre Napoléon
Prince Napoléon Charles
Prince Napoléon Louis
Napoleon III
Prince Jérôme Napoléon
Prince Jérôme Napoléon Charles
Prince Napoléon
Princess Mathilde
Grandnephews and -nieces
Prince Joseph
Prince Lucien Cardinal Bonaparte
Augusta, Princess Gabrielli
Prince Roland
Princess Jeanne
Prince Jerome
Prince Charles
Napoléon (V) Victor
Maria Letizia, Duchess of Aosta
Great grandnephews and -nieces
Princess Marie
Princess Marie Clotilde
Napoléon (VI) Louis
Great great grandnephews and -nieces
Napoléon (VII) Charles
Princess Catherine
Princess Laure
Prince Jérôme
Great great great grandnephews and -nieces
Princess Caroline
Jean Christophe, Prince Napoléon
Napoleon II
Napoleon III

Children
Napoléon (IV), Prince Imperial

* v
* t
* e

### Family tree list

[edit]

Note: Bold for common names
Carlo-Maria (Ajaccio, 1746–Montpellier, 1785) married Maria Letizia Ramolino (Ajaccio, 1750–Rome, 1836) in 1764. He was a minor official in the local courts. They had eight children:

1. Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte (Corte, 1768–Florence, 1844), King of Naples, then King of Spain, married Julie Clary[group 1]
1. Julie Joséphine Bonaparte (1796–1796)
2. Zénaïde Laetitia Julie Bonaparte (1801–1854)
3. Charlotte Napoléone Bonaparte (1802–1839)
2. Napoléon (I) Bonaparte (1769–1821) Emperor of the French: Married (i) Joséphine de Beauharnais; no issue. Adopted Eugène and Hortense de Beauharnais. Married (ii) Marie Louise of Austria;
1. Napoléon (II) François Joseph Charles Bonaparte (1811–1832), Prince Imperial, King of Rome, Prince of Parma, son of Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria (of the Habsburg dynasty), Empress consort, then Duchess of Parma
3. Lucien Bonaparte (1775–1840) Roman Prince of Canino and Musignano
1. 3 daughters with first wife, Christine Boyer:
1. Charlotte Philistine Bonaparte (1795–1865), married Prince Mario Gabrielli
2. Victoire Gertrude Bonaparte (1797–1797)
3. Christine Charlotte Alexandrine Egypta Bonaparte (1798–1847), married Count Arvid Posse, then married Lord Dudley Stuart
2. 10 children with second wife, Alexandrine de Bleschamp:
1. Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (1803–1857), ornithologist and politician, married Princess Zénaïde Bonaparte (1801–1854)
1. Joseph Lucien Charles Napoléon Bonaparte (1824–1865)
2. Alexandrine Gertrude Zénaïde Bonaparte (1826–1828)
3. Lucien Louis Joseph Napoléon (Cardinal) Bonaparte (1828–1895)
4. Julie Charlotte Pauline Zénaïde Laetitia Désirée Bartholomée Bonaparte (1830–1900)
5. Charlotte Honorine Joséphine Pauline Bonaparte (1832–1901)
6. Léonie Stéphanie Elise Bonaparte (1833–1839)
7. Marie Désirée Eugénie Joséphine Philomène Bonaparte (1835–1890)
8. Augusta Amélie Maximilienne Jacqueline Bonaparte (1836–1900)
9. Napoléon Charles Grégoire Jacques Philippe Bonaparte (1839–1899)
1. Zénaïde Victoire Eugénie Bonaparte (1860–1862)
2. Marie Léonie Eugénie Mathilde Jeanne Julie Zénaïde Bonaparte (1870–1947)
3. Eugénie Laetitia Barbe Caroline Lucienne Marie Jeanne Bonaparte (1872–1949)
10. Bathilde Aloïse Léonie Bonaparte (1840–1861)
11. Albertine Marie Thérèse Bonaparte (1842–1842)
12. Charles Albert Edmond Bonaparte (1843–1847)
2. Laetitia Christine Bonaparte (1804–1871)
3. Joseph Lucien Bonaparte (1806–1807)
4. Jeanne Adélaïde Bonaparte (1807–1829)
5. Paul Marie Bonaparte (1808–1827)
6. Louis Lucien Bonaparte (1813–1891)
7. Pierre Napoléon Bonaparte (1815–1881), married Éléonore-Justine Ruflin
1. Roland Bonaparte (1858–1924), married Marie-Félix Blanc
1. Princess Marie Bonaparte (1882–1962), married Prince George of Greece
2. Princess Jeanne Bonaparte (1861–1910)
8. Antoine Lucien Bonaparte (1816–1877)
9. Alexandrine Marie Bonaparte (1818–1874)
10. Constance Marie Bonaparte (1823–1876)
4. Maria-Anna Elisa Bonaparte (1777–1820), Grand-Duchess of Tuscany, married Felice Baciocchi, Prince of Lucca
1. Marie-Laetitia Bonaparte Baciocchi
5. Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1778–1846), King of Holland, married Hortense de Beauharnais, Napoleon's stepdaughter
1. Napoléon Charles Bonaparte (1802–1807)
2. Napoléon Louis Bonaparte (1804–1831)
3. Charles Louis Napoléon (III) Bonaparte (1808–1873) Emperor of the French, married Maria Eugenia Ignacia Augustina Palafox de Guzmán Portocarrero y Kirkpatrick
1. Napoléon Eugène Louis John Joseph Bonaparte, Prince Imperial (1856–1879)
6. Maria Paola or Marie Pauline Bonaparte (1780–1825) Princess and Duchess of Guastalla, married in 1797 to French General Charles Leclerc and later married Camillo Borghese, 6th Prince of Sulmona.
7. Maria Annunziata Caroline Bonaparte (1782–1839) married Joachim Murat, Marshal of the Empire, Grand Duke of Berg, then King of Naples
1. Prince Achille Murat (1801–1847), married Catherine Willis Gray (1803–1867), great-grandniece of George Washington
2. Prince Napoléon Lucien Charles Murat (1803–1878), married Caroline Georgina Fraser (1810–1879)
1. 5 Children, including:
1. Joachim Joseph Napoléon Murat, 4th Prince Murat (1834–1901), Major-General of the French Army, married firstly Malcy Louise Caroline Berthier de Wagram (1832–1884) and had issue, and secondly Lydia Hervey, without issue
2. Prince Louis Napoléon Murat (1851–1912), married in Odesa, Eudoxia Mikhailovna Somova (1850–1924), had issue now extinct in male line
8. Jérôme-Napoléon Bonaparte (1784–1860), King of Westphalia
1. 1 child from first marriage, to Elizabeth Patterson of Baltimore:
1. Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte (1805–1870), married Susan May Williams and had 2 sons:
1. Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II (1830–1893), married Caroline Le Roy Appleton Edgar
1. Louise-Eugénie Bonaparte (1873–1923), married in 1896 Count Adam Carl von Moltke-Huitfeld (1864–1944); had issue
2. Jerome Napoléon Charles Bonaparte (1878–1945), married Blanche Pierce Stenbeigh, no issue
2. Charles Joseph Bonaparte (1851–1921), United States Secretary of the Navy and United States Attorney General, married Ellen Channing Day, no issue
2. 3 children from second marriage, to Princess Catharina of Württemberg:
1. Jérôme Napoléon Charles Bonaparte (1814–1847), unmarried and childless
2. Mathilde Laetitia Wilhelmine Bonaparte (1820–1904), married Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato: no issue
3. Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon (1822–1891), called Plon-Plon, married Princess Marie Clothilde of Savoy daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
1. Napoléon Victor Jérôme Frédéric Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon (1862–1926), married Princess Clémentine of Belgium
1. Marie Clotilde Eugénie Alberte Laetitia Geneviève Bonaparte (1912–1996), married Count Serge de Witt
2. Louis Jérôme Victor Emmanuel Léopold Marie Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon (1914–1997), married Alix de Foresta
1. Charles Marie Jérôme Victor Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon (born 1950)
1. Two children from first marriage, to Princess Béatrice of Bourbon-Two Sicilies:
1. Caroline Marie Constance Bonaparte (Princess Caroline Napoléon) (born 1980)
2. Jean-Christophe Louis Ferdinand Albéric Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon (born 1986), married Countess Olympia von und zu Arco-Zinneberg
1. Louis Charles Riprand Victor Jérôme Marie Napoléon (born 2022)
2. 1 child and 1 adopted child from second marriage, to Jeanne-Françoise Valliccioni:
1. Sophie Catherine Bonaparte (born 1992)
2. Anh Laëtitia Bonaparte (born 1998, adopted)
2. Catherine Elisabeth Albérique Marie Bonaparte (born 1950)
3. Laure Clémentine Geneviève Bonaparte (born 1952)
4. Jérôme Xavier Marie Joseph Victor Bonaparte (Prince Jérôme Napoléon) (born 1957), married in 2013 with Licia Innocenti
2. Napoléon Louis Joseph Jérôme Bonaparte (1864–1932) Russian general, unmarried and childless
3. Marie Laetitia Eugénie Catherine Adélaïde Bonaparte (1866–1926), married Prince Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta

### Family tree of Bonaparte

[edit]

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Carlo Buonaparte
1746–1785| | Letizia Ramolino
1750–1836

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3| | 4| | | 1| | | | | 2| | | | | | | | 5| 6| 7| | | | | 8
Lucien Bonaparte
1775–1840
m.2 Alexandrine de Bleschamp| | Elisa Bonaparte
1777–1820
m. Félix Baciocchi| | Joseph Bonaparte
1768–1844
m. Julie Clary| | Marie Louise of Austria
1791–1847| | Napoléon I
1769–1821| | Joséphine de Beauharnais
1763–1814| | Alexandre de Beauharnais
1760–1794| | | Pauline Bonaparte
1780–1825
m.1 Charles Leclerc
m.2 Camillo Borghese| | Caroline Bonaparte
1782–1839
m. Joachim Murat| | Catharina of Württemberg
1783–1835| | Jérôme Bonaparte
1784–1860| | Betsy Patterson
1785–1879|
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| | | | | 4 children| | | | | | | Napoléon II
1811–1832| | Eugène de Beauharnais
1781–1824
m. Augusta of Bavaria| | Hortense de Beauharnais
1783–1837| | Louis Bonaparte
1778–1846| | Achille Murat
1801–1847
m. Catherine Willis Gray| | Jérôme Napoléon Charles Bonaparte
1814–1847| | Mathilde Bonaparte
1820–1904
m. Anatoly Demidov, Prince of San Donato| | Prince Napoléon Bonaparte
1822–1891
m. Maria Clotilde of Savoy| | Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte
1805–1870
m. Susan May Williams

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Charles Lucien Bonaparte
1803–1857| | Zénaïde Bonaparte
1801–1854| | Julie Joséphine Bonaparte
1796| | Charlotte Bonaparte
1802–1839| | Napoléon Louis Bonaparte
1804–1831| | Napoléon Charles Bonaparte
1802–1807| | Napoléon III
1808–1873
m.Eugénie de Montijo| | Napoléon V Victor
1862–1926
m. Clémentine of Belgium| | Napoléon Louis Joseph Jérôme Bonaparte
1864–1932| | Maria Letizia Bonaparte
1866–1926
m. Amadeo of Savoy| | Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II
1830–1893
m. Caroline Edgar| | Charles Bonaparte
1851–1921
m. Ellen Channing Day
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Joseph Lucien Bonaparte
1824–1865| | Lucien Cardinal Bonaparte
1828–1895| | Napoléon Charles Bonaparte
1839–1899| | 10 others| | | | | | | | | | Napoléon IV Eugène
1856–1879| | Marie Clotilde Bonaparte
1912–1996| | Napoléon VI Louis
1914–1997
m. Alix de Foresta
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Zénaïde Bonaparte
1860–1862| | Mary Bonaparte
1870–1947| | Eugénie Bonaparte
1872–1949| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Napoléon VII Charles
b. 1950| | Catherine Elisabeth Bonaparte
b. 1950| | Laure Clémentine Bonaparte
b. 1952| | Jérôme Xavier Bonaparte
b. 1957
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Caroline Bonaparte
b. 1980| | Jean-Christophe Napoléon
b. 1986| | Sophie Cathérine Bonaparte
b. 1992
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Louis Charles Bonaparte
b. 2022| |

### Male-line family tree

[edit]

* Charles Buonaparte, 1746–1785
* Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples, then King of Spain, 1768–1844
* Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769–1821, Emperor of the French
* Napoleon II, 1811–1832, Prince Imperial, King of Rome
* Lucien Bonaparte, 1775–1840, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Charles Lucien Bonaparte, 2nd Prince of Canino and Musignano, 1803–1857
* Joseph Lucien Bonaparte, 3rd Prince of Canino and Musignano, 1824–1865
* Lucien Bonaparte (cardinal), 4th Prince of Canino and Musignano, 1828–1895
* Napoleon Charles Bonaparte, 5th Prince of Canino and Musignano, 1839–1899
* Paul Mary Bonaparte, 1808–1827
* Louis Lucien Bonaparte, 1813–1891
* Peter Napoléon Bonaparte, 1815–1881
* Roland Bonaparte, 1858–1924
* Anthony Lucien Bonaparte, 1816–1877
* Louis Bonaparte, 1778–1846, King of Holland
* Napoléon Louis Bonaparte, 1804–1831
* Napoleon III, 1808–1873, Emperor of the French
* Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial, 1856–1879
* Jérôme Bonaparte, 1784–1860, King of Westphalia
* Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte, 1805–1870
* Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II, 1830–1893
* Jerome Napoléon Charles Bonaparte III, 1878–1945
* Charles Joseph Bonaparte, 1851–1921
* Jérôme Napoléon Charles Bonaparte I, 1814–1847
* Prince Napoléon-Jérôme Bonaparte, 1822–1891
* Victor, Prince Napoléon, 1862–1926
* Louis, Prince Napoléon, 1914–1997
* Charles, Prince Napoléon, b. 1950
* Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon, b. 1986
* Louis Charles Napoléon, b. 2022
* Jérôme Xavier, b. 1957
* Louis Bonaparte, 1864–1932

## Bonaparte coat of arms

[edit]

The arms of the Bonaparte family were: Gules two bends sinister between two mullets or. In 1804, Napoleon I changed the arms to Azure an imperial eagle or. The change applied to all members of his family except for his brother Lucien and his nephew, the son from Jérôme's first marriage.

* Arms of Charles-Maria Buonaparte

* Arms of Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of Canino and Musignano

* Arms of Napoleon I and Napoleon II, as Emperor of the French

* Arms of Napoleon I and Napoleon II, as Kings of Italy

* Arms of Napoleon I, as Sovereign of Elba

* Arms of Joseph Bonaparte, as King of Naples

* Arms of Joseph Bonaparte, as King of Spain

* Arms of Louis I and Louis II, as King of Holland

* Arms of Napoléon-Louis Bonaparte (Louis II), as Grand Duke of Berg

* Arms of Jérôme Bonaparte, as King of Westphalia

* Arms of Napoleon III, as Emperor of the French

* Arms of Lucien Louis Joseph Napoléon Bonaparte, as Cardinal

## DNA research

[edit]

According to studies by G. Lucotte and his coauthors based on DNA research since 2011, Napoleon Bonaparte belonged to Y-DNA (direct male ancestry) haplogroup E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*). This 15000-year-old haplogroup has its highest concentration in Ethiopia and in the Near East (Jordan, Yemen). According to the authors of the study, "Probably Napoléon also knew his remote oriental patrilineal origins, because Francesco Buonaparte (the Giovanni son), who was a mercenary under the orders of the Genoa Republic in Ajaccio in 1490, was nicknamed The Maure of Sarzane." The latest study identifies the common Bonaparte DNA markers from Carlo (Charles) Bonaparte to 3 living descendants.[6][7]

Lucotte et al. published in October 2013 the extended Y-STR of Napoleon I based on descendant testing, and the descendants were E-M34, just like the emperor's beard hair tested a year before. The persons tested were the patrilineal descendants of Jérome Bonaparte, one of Napoleon's brothers, and of Alexandre Colonna-Walewski, Napoleon's illegitimate son with Marie Walewska. These three tests all yielded the same Y-STR haplotype (109 markers) confirming with 100% certainty that the first Emperor of the French belonged to the M34 branch of haplogroup E1b1b.

STR strongly suggests that the Bonaparte belong to the Y58897 branch, which means that the ancestor 3000 years ago or a bit more lived in Anatolia, but all relatives in the database with a common ancestor with over 1000 years are found in their own the Massa - La Spezia small area in Italy.[8][9][10] There are at the moment no relatives in the database older than that, which means they are very rare in Europe.[citation needed]

## Living members

[edit]

Charles, Prince Napoléon (born 1950, great-great-grandson of Jérôme Bonaparte by his second marriage), and his son Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon (born 1986 and appointed heir in the will of his grandfather Louis, Prince Napoléon)[citation needed]currently dispute the headship of the Bonaparte family.[11] The only other male members of the family are Charles's recently married (2013) brother, Prince Jérôme Napoléon (born 1957) and Jean-Christophe's son, Prince Louis Napoléon (born 2022). There are no other legitimate descendants in the male line from Napoleon I or from his brothers.

There are, however, numerous descendants of Napoleon's illegitimate, unacknowledged son, Count Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), born from Napoleon I's union with Marie, Countess Walewski. A descendant of Napoleon's sister Caroline Bonaparte was actor René Auberjonois. Recent DNA-matches with living descendants of Jérôme and Count Walewski have confirmed the existence of descendants of Lucien Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, namely the Clovis family.[7]

* Napoleon II \- Napoleon I's only legitimate child

* Charles, Count Léon (1806–1881), son of Napoleon I

* Count Alexandre Colonna-Walewski, Napoleon I's unacknowledged son

* Jérôme Bonaparte, founder of the surviving legitimate Bonapartist line of succession

## See also

[edit]

* Bonapartism
* Bonapartists (political party)
* Succession to the former French throne (Bonapartist)

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ Julie was sister of Napoleon's childhood sweetheart, Désirée, who was to become the wife of General Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte (later Charles XIV, King of Sweden).

1. ^ French: Maison Bonaparte
Italian and Corsican: Casa di Buonaparte

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Raymond Horricks (1995). Napoleon's Elites. Transaction Publishers. p. 11\. ISBN 9781412829281.
2. ^ Frédéric T. Briffault (1846). The Prisoner of Ham: Authentic Details of the Captivity and Escape of Prince Napoleon Louis. T.C. Newby. p. 344. "carlo maria buonaparte nobility 1771."
3. ^ Jacopo Bonaparte: Sac de Rome. Écrit EN 1527 par Jacques Bonaparte. Témoin oculaire, hrsgg. by Bonaparte, Napoléon Louis, Florenz 1850
4. ^ Drake, Joshua F. (October 2005). "The partbooks of a Florentine ex-patriate: new light on Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Ms. Magl. XIX 164–7". Early Music. 33 (4): 639–646\. doi:10.1093/em/cah154. S2CID 191585911.
5. ^ Burke, Sir Bernard (1869). Vicissitudes of Families. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dye.
6. ^ Lucotte, Gerard; Thomasset, Thierry; Hrechdakian, Peter (2011). "Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First". Journal of Molecular Biology Research. 1 (1). doi:10.5539/jmbr.v1n1p12.
7. ^ a b Lucotte, Gerard; Hrechdakian, Peter (2015). "New Advances Reconstructing the Y Chromosome Haplotype of Napoleon the First Based on Three of his Living Descendants". Journal of Molecular Biology Research. 5 (1): 1. doi:10.5539/jmbr.v5n1p1.
8. ^ "Известные представители гаплогруппы R1b".
9. ^ "E-Y58897 YTree".
10. ^ "The Napoleon DNA project".
11. ^ Herbert, Susannah (12 March 1997). "Father and son in battle for the Napoléonic succession". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 5 September 2003. Retrieved 4 June 2007.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to House of Bonaparte at Wikimedia Commons
* (in Italian) The coat of arms of the Tuscan branch of Bonaparte family in State Archives of Florence
* Rose, John Holland (1911). "Bonaparte" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 192–197.

*Royal House*

House of Bonaparte

Vacant

Title last held by

House of Bourbon
as King of France |  Ruling House of the French Empire
1804–1814  | Succeeded by

House of Bourbon

as King of France
Vacant

Title last held by

House of Orléans
as King of the French  |  Ruling House of the French Empire
1852–1870  | Empire Abolished
Third French Republic Declared
Preceded by

House of Habsburg

as Nominal King of Italy |  Ruling House of the Kingdom of Italy
1805–1814  | Succeeded by

House of Habsburg

as King of Lombardy–Venetia
Preceded by

House of Bourbon

as Kings of Spain and Naples |  Ruling House of the Kingdom of Naples
1806–1808  | Succeeded by

House of Murat
Reverted to Spanish Bourbons in 1815)

Ruling House of the Kingdom of Spain
1808–1813  | Succeeded by

House of Bourbon

Preceded by

New Creation
Succeeded the Batavian Republic

|  Ruling House of the Kingdom of Holland
1806–1810  | Kingdom Abolished
Part of the French Empire
Kingdom of the Netherlands created in 1815
Preceded by

New Creation
Formed from the territories ceded by Prussia in Peace of Tilsit

|  Ruling House of the Kingdom of Westphalia
1807–1813  | Kingdom Abolished
Dissolved after Battle of Leipzig
Status quo of 1806 restored

* v
* t
* e

Bonaparte family

1st generation|

* Joseph I of Spain
* Napoléon I
* Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
* Louis I of Holland
* Pauline, Princess of Guastalla
* Caroline, Queen of Naples
* Jérôme I of Westfalia

2nd generation|

* Zénaïde, Princess of Canino and Musignano
* Princess Charlotte
* Napoléon II
* Charlotte, Princess Mario Gabrielli
* Charles Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Prince Louis Lucien
* Prince Pierre Napoléon
* Napoléon Charles, Prince Royal of Holland
* Louis II of Holland
* Napoléon III
* Dermide Leclerc
* Prince Jérôme Napoléon
* Prince Jérôme
* Mathilde, Princess of San Donato
* Napoléon, Prince of Monfort

3rd generation|

* Joseph Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Augusta, Princess Placido Gabrielli
* Napoléon Charles, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Roland, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Jeanne, Marchioness of Villeneuve-Escaplon
* Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France
* Prince Jerome Napoleon II
* Prince Charles
* Victor, Prince Napoléon
* Prince Louis Bonaparte
* Princess Marie Letizia, Duchess of Aosta
* William Bonaparte-Wyse
* Marie Bonaparte-Wyse
* Lucien Bonaparte-Wyse

4th generation|

* Princess Mary, Mrs. Enrico Gotti
* Eugénie, Princess of La Moskowa
* Marie, Princess George of Greece and Denmark
* Marie Clotilde, Countess Serge de Witt
* Louis, Prince Napoléon
* Andrew Bonaparte-Wyse
* Eugenia Rasponi

5th generation|

* Charles, Prince Napoléon

6th generation|

* Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

* v
* t
* e

Napoleon

* Napoleonic era
* timeline
* First French Empire

Life and career|

* Stay in Auxonne [fr]
* Coup of 18 Brumaire
* Consulate
* Assassination attempts
* Le souper de Beaucaire
* Constitutions
* 1799
* 1802
* 1804
* 1815
* Napoleonic Wars
* Coronation
* Sale of Louisiana
* Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
* Holland
* Mesures usuelles
* Looting of art
* Tactics
* Weaponry and warfare
* 1st abdication
* 1st exile
* Route Napoléon
* 2nd abdication
* 2nd exile
* Death [fr]
* mask

Battles and wars|

* French Revolutionary Wars
* Siege of Toulon
* French Revolution
* 13 Vendémiaire
* Battle of Lodi
* Battle of Arcole
* Battle of Rivoli
* French campaign in Egypt and Syria
* Battle of the Pyramids
* Siege of Jaffa
* Battle of Marengo
* War of the Third Coalition
* Battle of Austerlitz
* War of the Fourth Coalition
* Battle of Jena
* War of the Fifth Coalition
* Battle of Wagram
* French invasion of Russia
* Battle of Borodino
* War of the Sixth Coalition
* Battle of Leipzig
* Battle of Vauchamps
* Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
* Hundred Days
* Battle of Ligny
* Battle of Waterloo

Views|

* Catholic Church
* Concordat of 1801
* Tiara
* Jewish people
* Grand Sanhedrin
* Infamous Decree
* Protestants
* Organic Articles
* Slavery
* Law of 20 May 1802
* Saint-Domingue expedition

Homes and honours|

* Arc de Triomphe
* Hôtel Bonaparte
* Château de Malmaison
* Column of the Grande Armée
* Emperor Napoleon I Monument
* Equestrian statue
* Palace of Fontainebleau
* Hôtel des Invalides
* Longwood House
* Maison Bonaparte
* Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
* Milan
* Rue de la Victoire
* Vendôme Column

Legacy and memory|

* Bank of France
* Bonapartism
* Conseil d'État
* Cultural depictions
* "China is a sleeping giant" quote
* German Romanticism
* Memorial of Saint Helena
* Napoleonic Code
* Propaganda
* Tomb
* Retour des cendres
* Penis
* Studies
* Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)

Family|

* Joséphine de Beauharnais (first wife)
* Marie Louise (second wife)
* Charles Léon (son)
* Alexandre Walewski (son)
* Napoleon II (son)
* Carlo Maria Buonaparte (father)
* Letizia Ramolino (mother)
* Joseph Bonaparte (brother)
* Lucien Bonaparte (brother)
* Louis Bonaparte (brother)
* Jérôme Bonaparte (brother)
* Caroline Bonaparte (sister)
* Pauline Bonaparte (sister)
* Elisa Bonaparte (sister)

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