House of Representatives (Netherlands)

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Lower house of the States General

House of Representatives

Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal

States General of the Netherlands
Type
Type|

Lower house

Leadership

Speaker

Martin Bosma, PVV
since 14 December 2023

First Deputy Speaker

Tom van der Lee, GL–PvdA
since 19 December 2023

Second Deputy Speaker

Thom van Campen, VVD
since 23 May 2025

Structure
Seats| 150

Political groups

| Government (demissionary) (51)

* VVD (24)
* NSC (19)
* BBB (8)

Opposition (99)

* PVV (37)
* GL–PvdA (25)
* D66 (9)
* CDA (5)
* SP (5)
* FvD (3)
* PvdD (3)
* SGP (3)
* CU (3)
* DENK (3)
* Volt (2)
* JA21 (1)

Elections

Voting system

| Open party-list proportional representation (D'Hondt method)

Last election

| 22 November 2023

Next election

| 29 October 2025
Meeting place
Binnenhof, The Hague
(closed due to ongoing renovations)
Bezuidenhoutseweg 67, The Hague
(temporary)
Website
www.houseofrepresentatives.nl

The House of Representatives (Dutch: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal [ˈtʋeːdə ˈkaːmər dɛr ˈstaːtə(ŋ) ɣeːnəˈraːl] ⓘ, literally "Second Chamber of the States General", or simply the Tweede Kamer) is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of the Netherlands, the States General, the other one being the Senate. It has 150 seats, which are filled through elections using party-list proportional representation. The house is located in the Binnenhof in The Hague; it has temporarily moved to the former building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Bezuidenhoutseweg 67 in The Hague while the Binnenhof is being renovated.[1]

## Name

[edit]

Although the body is officially called the "House of Representatives" in English, it is not a direct translation of its official Dutch name, the "Second Chamber of the States General", "Second Chamber" or more colloquially just the "Chamber". Rather than "representative" (afgevaardigde), a member of the House is referred to as (Tweede) Kamerlid, or "member of the (Second) Chamber".

## Functions

[edit]

The House of Representatives is the primary legislative body of the States General, where proposed legislation is discussed and the actions of the cabinet are reviewed. Both the Cabinet and the House of Representatives itself have the right to propose legislation; the House of Representatives discusses it and, if adopted by a majority, sends it on to the Senate.[2] Both individual cabinet ministers and the cabinet as a whole must have parliament’s confidence. Therefore, a minister, or the whole cabinet, must resign if a majority of parliament expresses it no longer has confidence in them.[3] Review of the actions of the cabinet takes the form of formal interrogations in plenary and committee meetings, which may result in motions urging the cabinet to take, or refrain from, certain actions. No individual may be a member of both parliament and cabinet, except in a caretaker cabinet that has not yet been succeeded when a new House is sworn in.

### EU decision making

[edit]

Through functions like the scrutiny and political discussions before meetings of the Council of the European Union, the appointment of EU-rapporteurs, and participation in the Conference of Parliamentary Committees for Union Affairs the House of Representatives also plays a role in EU policy making.[4]

### Appointment of functionaries

[edit]

The House of Representatives is also responsible for the first round of selection for judges to the Supreme Court of the Netherlands. It submits a list of three names for every vacant position to the Government. Furthermore, it elects the Dutch Ombudsman and their deputies.

## Elections

[edit]

The normal term of the House of Representatives is four years. Elections are called when the government loses the parliament's confidence, the governing coalition breaks down, the term of the House of Representatives expires, or when no governing coalition can be formed.

### Registration and eligibility

[edit]

All citizens over the age of 18 are eligible to vote. Eligible citizens residing in the Netherlands are automatically registered through the municipal population register, while expatriates can permanently register at the municipality of The Hague provided they have a current Dutch passport or national ID. Residents of Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten can only vote if they have spent at least ten years residing in the Netherlands or work for the Dutch civil service.[5][a]

Prisoners serving a term of more than one year are not eligible to vote. From 2009 onwards, mentally incapacitated citizens have regained the right to vote.[6]

### Electoral system

[edit]

See also: Political parties in the Netherlands and Elections in the Netherlands

The Netherlands uses a system of party-list proportional representation. Seats are allocated among the parties using the D'Hondt method[7] with an election threshold of 0.67% (a Hare quota).[8] Parties may choose to compete with different candidate lists in each of the country's twenty electoral circles. If a party competes with different candidate lists, the seats allocated to the party are subsequently allocated among its different candidate lists using the largest remainders method.[9] The seats won by a list are first allocated to the candidates who, in preferential votes, have received at least 25% of the Hare quota (effectively ¼ of a seat or 0.17% of the total votes), regardless of their placement on the electoral list. If multiple candidates from a list pass this threshold, their ordering is determined based on the number of votes received. Any remaining seats are allocated to candidates according to their position on the electoral list.[10][11]

From 1973 until 2017, parties were able to form electoral alliances to increase their share of seats in parliament, allowing parties to overcome some of the bias of the D'Hondt method; however, this practice has since been discontinued.[12]

When a vacancy arises, the seat is offered to the next candidate on the candidate list to which the seat was originally allocated.[13]

### Formation of governing coalition

[edit]

Main article: Dutch cabinet formation

After all seats are allocated, a series of negotiations take place in order to form a government that, usually, commands a majority in the chamber. Since 2012, the House of Representatives appoints a "scout" to ask the major party leaders about prospective coalitions. On basis of the scout's interviews, the House of Representatives then appoints an informateur, who checks out possible coalitions, and a formateur, who leads negotiations. Before 2012, the informateur and formateur were appointed by the monarch. It typically takes a few months before the formateur is ready to accept a royal invitation to form a government and become prime minister. All cabinet members must resign from parliament, as the constitution does not allow a cabinet member to simultaneously hold a seat in the House of Representatives.

Due to the nationwide party-list system and the low election threshold, a typical House of Representatives has ten or more parties represented. Such fragmentation makes it nearly impossible for one party to win the 76 seats needed for a majority in the House of Representatives. Since the current party-list proportional representation system was introduced in 1917, no party has approached the number of seats needed for an outright majority. This fragmentation also makes it almost prohibitively difficult to win enough seats to govern alone. The highest number of seats won by a single party since then has been 54 out of 150, by the CDA in 1986 and 1989. Between 1891 and 1897, the Liberal Union was the last party to have an absolute majority of seats in the House of Representatives.[citation needed] All Dutch cabinets since then have been coalitions of two or more parties.

## Composition

[edit]

To be elected to the House of Representatives, a person must be over 18 and hold a Dutch passport.[14]

### Historical compositions

[edit]

Main article: Historic composition of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands

Representation per party, between 1946 and 2025

Historically, there have been 100 seats in the House of Representatives. In 1956, this number was increased to 150, at which it remains today.

To give an overview of the history of the House of Representatives, the figure on the right shows the seat distribution in the House from the first general elections after World War II (1946) to the most recent election. The left-wing parties are located towards the bottom, while the Christian parties are located in the center, and the right-wing parties towards the top. Occasionally, single-issue (or narrow-focus) parties have arisen, and these are shown at the extreme top. Vertical lines indicate general elections. Although these are generally held every four years, the resulting coalition governments do not always finish their term without a government crisis, which is often followed by new elections.

### Current composition

[edit]

Main article: List of members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present

The composition of the House of Representatives as of the 2023 general election is shown in the table below.

Part of the Politics series

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Group  | Leader  | Seats

|
|

| Party for Freedom | Geert Wilders |

37 / 150

| GroenLinks–PvdA | Frans Timmermans |

25 / 150

| People's Party for Freedom and Democracy | Dilan Yeşilgöz |

24 / 150

| New Social Contract | Nicolien van Vroonhoven |

20 / 150

| Democrats 66 | Rob Jetten |

9 / 150

| Farmer–Citizen Movement | Caroline van der Plas |

7 / 150

| Christian Democratic Appeal | Henri Bontenbal |

5 / 150

| Socialist Party | Jimmy Dijk |

5 / 150

| DENK | Stephan van Baarle |

3 / 150

| Party for the Animals | Esther Ouwehand |

3 / 150

| Forum for Democracy | Thierry Baudet |

3 / 150

| Reformed Political Party | Chris Stoffer |

3 / 150

| Christian Union | Mirjam Bikker |

3 / 150

| Volt Netherlands | Laurens Dassen |

2 / 150

| JA21 | Joost Eerdmans |

1 / 150

## Parliamentary committees

[edit]

Main article: Parliamentary committee of the Dutch parliament

Parliamentary committees are set up for a specific substantive or procedural subject. The committees consult in so-called committee meetings. A standing committee is a committee set up to monitor a policy area of a ministry. They are defined in the Rules of Procedure of the House of Representatives [nl]. Standing committees were established in 1953 to relieve the plenary of overly detailed discussions. In the period from the 2023 Dutch general election, there are a total of fifteen standing committees. Except for the Ministry of General Affairs, there is a permanent committee for each ministry that deals with subjects in the field of that ministry. For some ministries, the portfolio is divided over several committees. In addition, there are standing committees without a ministry for European Affairs and Digital Affairs.

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Residents of these countries are eligible to vote for their own parliaments instead.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Renovatie van het Binnenhof en de tijdelijke verhuizing van de Tweede Kamer". www.tweedekamer.nl (in Dutch). 27 February 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
2. ^ "Democracy in the Netherlands". www.houseofrepresentatives.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 July 2024.
3. ^ "The cabinet". www.houseofrepresentatives.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 July 2024.
4. ^ "Europe at The House of Representatives and the Senate". www.houseofrepresentatives.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 July 2024.
5. ^ Kiesgerechtigdheid, Government of the Netherlands, 22 April 2016, retrieved 2 December 2018
6. ^ Uitsluiting kiesrecht, Government of the Netherlands, 22 April 2016, retrieved 3 September 2023
7. ^ "Kieswet, Hoofdstuk P". wetten.nl (in Dutch). 22 February 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
8. ^ "Kiesdrempel, kiesdeler en voorkeurdrempel". Kiesraad.nl (in Dutch). 22 April 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
9. ^ "Kieskringen". Kiesraad.nl (in Dutch). 26 April 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
10. ^ Nederland, Parlementsverkiezingen, 15 maart 2017: Eindrapport (Report). OSCE/ODIHR. 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
11. ^ "Zetelverdeling over kandidaten". Kiesraad (in Dutch). 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
12. ^ Gijs Herderscheê (20 June 2017). "Fenomeen politieke lijstverbinding sneuvelt in Eerste Kamer". Volkskrant.
13. ^ "Tussentijdse benoemingen". Kiesraad.nl (in Dutch). 22 April 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
14. ^ Habben Jansen, Eddy (2021). Nederlandse politiek voor Dummies [Dutch politics for dummies] (in Dutch) (2nd ed.). Amersfoort: BBNC Uitgevers. p. 31\. ISBN 978-90-453-5791-1.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Representatives of the Netherlands (Tweede Kamer).

* Dutch Parliamentary Behaviour Dataset, 1922 to 2024
* Official website
* (in Dutch) Official site

* v
* t
* e

Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands (2023–2025)

House of Representatives
6 December 2023 – 2025

Party for Freedom
(PVV – 37)|

* Wilders
* Aardema
* ‹Agema›
* Blaauw
* Boon
* Van den Born
* Bosma (Speaker)
* Boutkan
* Claassen
* Crijns
* Deen
* Van Dijck
* E. van Dijk
* Esser
* ‹Faber-van de Klashorst›
* Faddegon
* Graus
* Van Haasen
* Heutink
* Van der Hoeff
* De Jong
* Kops
* ‹Madlener›
* ‹Maeijer›
* Markuszower
* Van Meetelen
* Mooiman
* Mulder
* Nijhof-Leeuw
* Pool
* Ram
* Rep
* De Roon
* Smitskam
* Thiadens
* Uppelschoten
* Valize
* Van der Velde
* Vlottes
* Vondeling
* De Vree

GroenLinks–Labour Party
(GL/PvdA – 25)|

* Timmermans
* Bromet
* Bushoff
* Chakor
* Gabriëls
* Haage
* Hirsch
* De Hoop
* Kathmann
* Klaver
* Kröger
* Lahlah
* Van der Lee
* ‹Maatoug›
* Mohandis
* Mutluer
* Nordkamp
* Patijn
* Pijpelink
* Piri
* Slagt-Tichelman
* Stultiens
* Thijssen
* Tseggai
* Westerveld
* White

People's Party for
Freedom and Democracy
(VVD – 24)|

* Yeşilgöz
* ‹Aartsen›
* Becker
* De Beer
* Bevers
* Bikkers
* ‹Brekelmans›
* Buijsse
* Van der Burg
* Van Campen
* Dral
* Van Eijk
* Ellian
* Erkens
* P. de Groot
* Hartsuiker
* ‹Heinen›
* ‹Hermans›
* ‹Van den Hil›
* ‹Kamminga›
* Kisteman
* De Kort
* Martens-America
* Meulenkamp
* Michon-Derkzen
* ‹Paul›
* Rajkowski
* Richardson
* ‹Tielen›
* Veltman
* Verkuijlen
* De Vries
* ‹Van der Wal›

New Social Contract
(NSC – 19)|

* Van Vroonhoven
* Boomsma
* Bruyning
* O. van Dijk
* Heite
* Hertzberger
* ‹Van Hijum›
* Holman
* Idsinga
* ‹D. Jansen›
* Kahraman
* Koops
* De Korte
* Kouwenhoven
* ‹Omtzigt›
* ‹Van Oostenbruggen›
* ‹Palmen›
* Postma
* Saris
* Six Dijkstra
* Soepboer
* ‹Uitermark›
* ‹Veldkamp›
* Van Waveren
* Welzijn
* Wingelaar
* ‹Zeedijk›

Democrats 66
(D66 – 9)|

* Jetten
* Bamenga
* ‹T. de Groot›
* Paternotte
* Paulusma
* Podt
* Rooderkerk
* Sneller
* ‹Synhaeve›
* Vijlbrief
* Van der Werf

Farmer–Citizen Movement
(BBB – 8)|

* Van der Plas
* ‹Helder›
* Joseph
* ‹Keijzer›
* Oostenbrink
* Pierik
* Rikkers
* ‹Tuinman›
* Vermeer
* Wijen-Nass
* Van Zanten

Christian Democratic Appeal
(CDA – 5)|

* Bontenbal
* Boswijk
* I. van Dijk
* Krul
* Vedder

Socialist Party
(SP – 5)|

* Dijk
* Beckerman
* Dobbe
* Van Kent
* ‹Marijnissen›
* Van Nispen

Denk
(Denk – 3)|

* Van Baarle
* El Abassi
* Ergin

Party for the Animals
(PvdD – 3)|

* Ouwehand
* Kostić
* Teunissen

Forum for Democracy
(FVD – 3)|

* Baudet
* ‹Dekker›
* Van Houwelingen
* ‹F. Jansen›
* Van Meijeren
* ‹De Vos›

Reformed Political Party
(SGP – 3)|

* Stoffer
* D. van Dijk
* Flach

Christian Union
(CU – 3)|

* Bikker
* Ceder
* Grinwis

Volt Netherlands
(Volt – 2)|

* Dassen
* Koekkoek

JA21
(JA21 – 1)|

* Eerdmans

Bold indicates the parliamentary leader (first mentioned) and the Speaker;  (Brackets) indicate a temporarily absent member;
Italics indicate a temporary member;  ‹Guillemets› indicate a member who has left the House of Representatives
See also: Members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2023–2027

* v
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Lists of members of the States General of the Netherlands

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| by period|

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|

by group|

* Christian Union
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|

by group|

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See also

Politics of the Netherlands
Political parties in the Netherlands
Elections in the Netherlands
Historic composition of the House of Representatives
Historic composition of the Senate

* v
* t
* e

Political parties in the Netherlands

National parties|

| represented in the
States General and/or
European Parliament|

* 50PLUS
* Christian Democratic Appeal
* Christian Union
* Democrats 66
* Denk
* Farmer–Citizen Movement
* Forum for Democracy
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* GroenLinks
* Labour Party
* Independent Politics Netherlands
* JA21
* New Social Contract
* Party for Freedom
* Party for the Animals
* People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
* Reformed Political Party
* Socialist Party
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|

without representation in
the States General and/or
European Parliament|

* Belang van Nederland
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| European Netherlands|

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* Livable Rotterdam
* Maastricht: Open Eerlijk Democratisch
* Student & Starter
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|

Caribbean Netherlands|

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* Strong Local Drenthe

Water board parties|

* General Water Board Party
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* List of political parties by country
* Politics of the Netherlands

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Netherlands articles

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