Housing

Living spaces

"Living space" redirects here. For the German foreign policy, see Lebensraum. For the Isaac Asimov short story, see Living Space.

For the type of container, see Housing (engineering). For the Chinese TV series, see Housing (TV series).

"Living spaces" redirects here. For the American furniture brand, see Living Spaces.

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Part of a series on

Housing

Types

* House (detached
* semi-detached
* terraced)
* Apartment
* Bungalow
* Cottage
* Ecohouse
* Executive
* Green home
* Human outpost
* I-house
* Ranch
* Tenement
* Luxury
* Mixed-use development
* Hotel
* Hostel
* Castle
* Flophouse
* Shack
* Slum
* Shanty town
* Villa

Ownership

* Community land trust
* Condominium
* Cooperative
* Informal
* Owner-occupancy
* Public housing
* Squat

Issues

* Environmental
* Design
* Planning
* Racism
* Security
* Healthiness
* Crisis
* Affordability
* By country
* Index
* Subsidized
* Home mortgage interest deduction
* Inequality
* Housing discrimination
* Redlining
* Development
* Building code
* Economics
* Permit
* Planning
* Participatory
* Conflict
* Impact fee
* NIMBY
* YIMBY
* Zoning
* Rent
* Control
* Regulation
* Strike
* Tenants union
* Investing
* Appraisal
* Bubble
* Price index
* Subprime lending
* Sustainable
* Architecture
* Development
* Living
* City

Homelessness

* Eviction
* Just cause
* Tenant right to counsel
* Housing First
* Stress
* Rapid Re-Housing
* Right to housing

Other

* 15-minute city
* Alternative lifestyle
* Assisted living
* Boomtown
* Cottage homes
* Eco-cities
* Ecovillage
* Foster care
* Green building
* Group home
* Halfway house
* Healthy community design
* Homeless shelter
* Hospital
* Local community
* Log house
* Natural building
* Nursing home
* Orphanage
* Prison
* Psychiatric hospital
* Residential care
* Residential treatment center
* Retirement community
* Retirement home
* Supportive housing
* Supported living

Housing portal

* v
* t
* e

Industrialization brought mass migration to cities. This one-room worker home from Helsinki from 1911 represents an attempt by the city government to improve the conditions of workers; for example, electricity and running water were installed in this row house.

Housing refers to a property containing one or more shelter as a living space. It is intended for dwelling or lodging and is a place to reside. Housing spaces are inhabited either by individuals or a collective group of people. Housing is also referred to as a human need and human right, playing a critical role in shaping the quality of life for individuals, families, and communities.[1] As a result, the quality and type of housing an individual or collective inhabits plays a large role in housing organization and housing policy.

## Overview

[edit]

This overview section duplicates the intended purpose of the article's lead section, which should provide an overview of the subject. Please merge it with the introduction, move its content to other sections, or retitle the section to give it a clear scope. (May 2025)

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Housing includes a wide range of sub-genres from apartments and houses to temporary shelters and emergency accommodations.[2] Access to safe, affordable, and stable housing is essential for a person to achieve optimal health, safety, and overall well-being. Housing affects economic, social, and cultural opportunities as it is directly linked to education, employment, healthcare, and social networks.[citation needed] In many countries, housing policies and programs have been developed to address housing issues related to affordability, quality, and availability.[citation needed] These programs and policies are referred to as housing authorities, also known as a housing ministry or housing department.

Generally, there are two types of housing, market housing and non-market housing. Market housing refers to housing that is bought and sold on the open market, with prices and rent determined by supply and demand.[citation needed] Market housing is owned by private individuals or corporations and consists of apartments, condominiums, private housing, etc.[citation needed] Non-market housing refers to housing that is provided and managed by the government or non-profit organizations.[citation needed] The goal of non-market housing is to provide affordable housing for individuals or families considered low-income.[citation needed] Non-market housing is subsidized, meaning that rent is lower than the market rate, and tenants may be eligible for rent assistance programs.[3] Non-market housing consists of public, social, and cooperative housing among others.

## Macroeconomy and housing price

[edit]

See also: Real estate appraisal

Housing prices are affected by the macroeconomy.[4] Research conducted in 2018 indicates that a 1% increase in the Consumer Price Index leads to a $3,559,715 increase in housing prices. As a result this raises the property price per square foot by $119.3387.[citation needed] Money Supply (M2) has a positive relationship with housing prices. A study conducted in Hong Kong reported that as M2 increased by one unit, housing prices rose by 0.0618.[citation needed] When there is a 1% increase in the best lending rate, housing prices drop between $18,237.26 and $28,681.17 in the HAC[which?] model.[citation needed] Mortgage repayments lead to a rise in the discount window base rate. A 1% rise in the rate leads to a $14,314.69 drop in housing prices, and an average selling price drop of $585,335.50.[citation needed] In the United States, when there is a 1% increase in the US real interest rate, the property prices decrease from $9302.845 to $4957.274, and sellable area drops by $4.955206 and $14.01284. When there is a 1% rise in overnight Hong Kong Interbank Offered Rate, the housing prices drop to about 3455.529, and the price per ft2 will drop by $187.3119.[5][need quotation to verify]

### Housing affordability index

[edit]

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Housing affordability index.[edit]

A housing affordability index (HAI) is an index that measures housing affordability, usually the degree to which the median person or family in a particular country or region can afford housing/housing-related costs.[6][7][8]

### Housing crisis

[edit]

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Housing crisis.[edit]

An affordable housing crisis or housing crisis is either a widespread housing shortage in places where people want to live or a financial crisis in the housing market. Housing crises can contribute to homelessness and housing insecurity. They are difficult to address, because they are a complex "web of problems and dysfunctions" with many contributing factors,[9] but generally result from housing costs rising faster than household income.[10][11][12]

## Health and housing

[edit]

Housing is recognized as a social determinant of health.[13] While high-quality housing environments positively contribute to an individual's health, poor housing or a complete lack thereof leads to negative health effects. Lack of housing or poor-quality housing can negatively affect an individual's physical and mental health. Housing attributes that negatively affect physical health include dampness, mold, inadequate heating, and overcrowding. Mental health is also affected by inadequate heating, overcrowding, dampness, and mold, in addition to a lack of personal space.[14] Another factor that negatively impacts mental health is housing instability.[15] Negative health effects that impact children include potential exposure to asthma triggers or lead, and injuries caused by structural deficiencies (e.g. lack of window guards or radiator covers).[16]

Family members with poor health reduce debt to avoid risks. Data from the China House Finance Survey used a partial least squares structural equation model for results that indicated family member's poor health and individuals with uninsured endowment insurance have an adverse impact on housing debt and family assets.[17]

## By region

[edit]

* Housing in Azerbaijan
* Housing in Barbuda
* Housing in China
* Housing in Hong Kong
* Housing in Egypt
* Housing in Ethiopia
* Housing in Europe
* Housing in India
* Housing in Israel
* Housing in Japan
* Housing in New Zealand
* Housing in Pakistan
* Housing in Portugal
* Housing in Senegal
* Housing in South Korea
* Housing in the United Kingdom
* Housing in Scotland
* Housing in the United States

## See also

[edit]

* Affordable housing
* Category:Housing ministries
* Homeowner association
* Housing association
* Housing estate
* Housing First
* Informal housing
* List of housing statutes
* List of human habitation forms
* NIMBY
* Right to housing
* Subsidized housing
* Urban planning
* US Federal Housing Administration
* YIMBY
* Zoning

* Housing portal

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "housing". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
2. ^ Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America (MIT press, 1983)
3. ^ Haffner, Marietta E. A. (2009). Bridging the Gap Between Social and Market Rented Housing in Six European Countries?. IOS Press. pp. 4+. ISBN 978-1-60750-035-3.
4. ^ Dept, International Monetary Fund Research (22 December 2005). "Research Summaries: Housing Prices and Macroeconomics". IMF Research Bulletin. 2005 (4). doi:10.5089/9781451929980.026.A001 (inactive 1 July 2025).`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
5. ^ Li, R.Y.M. (2018). "Have Housing Prices Gone with the Smelly Wind? Big Data Analysis on Landfill in Hong Kong". Sustainability. 10 (2): 341. Bibcode:2018Sust...10..341L. doi:10.3390/su10020341. S2CID 158813714.
6. ^ National Association of Realtors (1 January 2022). "Housing Affordability Index (Fixed)". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
7. ^ "Real estate market: Definitions, graphs and data". www.bankofcanada.ca. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
8. ^ Kenton, Will (30 September 2022). "Affordability Index". Investopedia. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
9. ^ Menendian, Stephen (30 November 2022). "Deconstructing the 'Housing Crisis'". Othering and Belonging Institute (UC Berkeley). Retrieved 30 December 2023.
10. ^ Potts, Deborah Helen (2020). Broken cities inside the global housing crisis. London: Zed books. ISBN 978-1-78699-054-9.
11. ^ Wetzstein, Steffen (1 November 2017). "The global urban housing affordability crisis" (PDF). Urban Studies. 54 (14): 3159–3177\. doi:10.1177/0042098017711649. ISSN 0042-0980.
12. ^ "What has caused the global housing crisis - and how can we fix it?". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 23 January 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
13. ^ Swope, Carolyn B.; Hernández, Diana (December 2012). "Housing as a determinant of health equity: A conceptual model". Social Science & Medicine (1982). 243 112571\. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112571. ISSN 1873-5347. PMC 7146083. PMID 31675514.
14. ^ Rolfe, Steve; Garnham, Lisa; Godwin, Jon; Anderson, Isobel; Seaman, Pete; Donaldson, Cam (2020). "Housing as a social determinant of health and wellbeing: Developing an empirically-informed realist theoretical framework". BMC Public Health. 20 (1): 1138. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09224-0. PMC 7370492. PMID 32689966.
15. ^ Li, Ang; Baker, Emma; Bentley, Rebecca (2022). "Understanding the mental health effects of instability in the private rental sector: A longitudinal analysis of a national cohort". Social Science & Medicine. 296 114778\. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114778. PMID 35151148. S2CID 246614891.
16. ^ Dunn, James R. (2020). "Housing and Healthy Child Development: Known and Potential Impacts of Interventions". Annual Review of Public Health. 41: 381–396\. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094050. PMID 31874071.
17. ^ Chen, S. et al Health, Insurance, and Social Capital’s Impact on Housing Debt and Assets Using a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling Technique. Buildings 2024, 14, 3540. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113540

## External links

[edit]

The dictionary definition of housing at Wiktionary

Scholia has a topic profile for Housing.

* Media related to Housing at Wikimedia Commons
* Media related to Housing at Wikimedia Commons
* Shadwell, Arthur (1911). "Housing" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 814–827.

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Euthenics

the philosophy of and activism for Euthenics

Concepts|

* Accountability
* Agency
* Assisted living
* Autonomy
* Choice
* Consumerism
* Consumer protection
* Critical thinking
* Desire
* Ecology
* Education
* Environment
* Food safety
* Goal
* Happiness
* Health
* Homeless shelter
* Household
* Housekeeping
* Housing First
* Human right to water and sanitation
* Life skills
* Personal life
* Preference
* Rescue
* Right to an adequate standard of living
* Right to education
* Right to a healthy environment
* Right to food
* Right to housing
* Right to property
* Right to rest and leisure
* Right to sit
* Safety
* Sanitation
* Security of person
* Social responsibility
* Subsidized housing
* Supported living
* Supportive housing
* Universal basic income
* Universal basic services
* Want
* Wish

Activism|

* Consumer activism
* Consumer education
* Consumer movement
* Environmentalism
* Social movements

Fields of study|

* Air quality
* Bioethics
* Botany
* Chemistry
* Child development
* Cleaning
* Ecology
* Economics
* Education
* Employment
* Food science
* Health
* Health education
* Health policy
* Health promotion
* Health research
* Health sciences
* Home
* Home economics
* Housing
* Hygiene
* Industrial relations
* Life
* Nutrition
* Organisms
* Prevention
* Psychology
* Public health
* Quality of life
* Sanitation
* Self care
* Social programs
* Social sciences
* Society
* Water treatment
* Well-being

Key players|

* Ellen Swallow Richards
* Julia Lathrop
* Minnie Cumnock Blodgett
* Melvil Dewey

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
* NARA
* Yale LUX

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