Hoy, Orkney

Island in the Orkney Islands group

HoyScottish Gaelic name| Hòigh

|

Scots name| Hoy
Old Norse name| Háey
Meaning of name| high island

The Old Man of Hoy, at the western side of the island, seen from the south
Location

Hoy

Hoy shown within Orkney

OS grid reference| ND263961
Coordinates| 58°50′N 3°18′W﻿ / ﻿58.83°N 3.3°W﻿ / 58.83; -3.3
Physical geography
Island group| Orkney
Area| 14,318 ha (55.28 sq mi)[1]
Area rank| 12 [2]
Highest elevation| Ward Hill, 481 m (1,578 ft)
Administration
Council area| Orkney Islands
Country| Scotland
Sovereign state| United Kingdom
Demographics
Population| 392[3][Note 1]
Population rank| 24 [2]
Population density| 2.7/km2 (7.0/sq mi)[1][3]
Largest settlement| Lyness
References| [1][4][5] [6][7]

Hoy (from Old Norse Háey, meaning "high island")[8] is an island in Orkney, Scotland, measuring 143 square kilometres (55 sq mi) – the second largest in the archipelago, after Mainland. A natural causeway, the Ayre, links the island to the smaller South Walls; the two islands are treated as one entity by the UK census.[9][10] Hoy is also the name of a hamlet in the northwest of the island.[11]

## Geography

[edit]

At 14,318 ha (35,380 acres) in extent, Hoy is the 12th largest of Scotland's islands. It is also the "highest and wildest and wettest (1,500 mm or 59 in of annual rainfall) of all the Orkney islands".[1]

The Old Man of Hoy, a sea stack formed from Old Red Sandstone, can be found in the northwest on the Rackwick coast. It is one of the tallest stacks in the United Kingdom at a height of 137 metres (449 ft). The Old Man is popular with climbers, and was first climbed in 1966. Created by the erosion of a cliff through hydraulic action sometime after 1750, the stack is no more than a few hundred years old, and a painting from 1817 shows the stack with an arch at the bottom which has now further eroded and no longer remains. It may soon collapse into the sea.[12]

The dramatic coastline of Hoy can be seen by visitors travelling to Orkney by ferry from the Scottish mainland. It has some of the highest sea cliffs in the UK at St John's Head, which reach 350 metres (1,150 ft).[1]

The name Hoy comes from the Norse word Háey meaning "high island".[4] It is therefore not surprising that the island of Hoy is the most mountainous in the Orkney archipelago. The highest point on the island (and the whole archipelago) is in the north at Ward Hill, which stands at 481 metres (1,578 ft). There is a trig point at the summit.[5]

The main settlements on the island are Lyness, Rackwick and Quoyness.[5] Longhope is a village on neighbouring South Walls. A road linking Hoy to South Walls was constructed towards the end of the 19th century. Prior to that time the latter had only been accessible by land across the shingle beach of the Ayre at low tide.[13] The status of South Walls is now considered by some writers as a peninsula attached to Hoy and by others as still being an island. For example neither the 2001 or 2011 censuses mention South Walls in their lists of inhabited islands[9][10] and Haswell-Smith states that South Walls "was an island" until the causeway over the Ayre was constructed.[1] The Gazetteer for Scotland states that it is "a peninsula, sometimes described as an island."[14]

The island is part of the Hoy and West Mainland National Scenic Area, one of 40 in Scotland.[15]

## History

[edit]

The Dwarfie Stane

### Prehistory

[edit]

The Dwarfie Stane lies in the north of the Rackwick valley and dates back to around 3000 BCE. It is unique in northern Europe, bearing similarity to Neolithic or Bronze Age tombs around the Mediterranean. The tomb has a small rectangular entrance and cleft, hence its name.[16][Note 2]

### 19th century

[edit]

The two most northerly Martello Towers in the UK stand here, built in 1814 to defend merchant shipping in the natural harbour of Longhope against privateers commissioned by United States President James Madison, who declared war in 1812.[citation needed]

### World Wars

[edit]

The main naval base for the British fleet in both the First and Second World Wars, Scapa Flow, was at Lyness in the southeast of the island.

During the early years of the Second World War, up to 12,000 personnel were based in and around Lyness to support the defences of the naval anchorage at Scapa Flow and the ships that used it. To support this huge population, hundreds of accommodation huts were built in a number of camps around Lyness. A large wharf was built (known as the Golden Wharf because of its huge cost) along with a series of piers and slipways. Offices, workshops, stores and recreational buildings were erected, including a cinema, a theatre and several churches. An earlier headquarters building was replaced in 1943 by an imposing concrete HQ and communications centre, also sited high on Wee Fea, which now serves as a hotel.[citation needed]

Lyness Royal Naval Cemetery

Lyness Royal Naval Cemetery is around 1 kilometre (1,100 yd) inland from the naval base and has an area of around 10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft).

## Demographics

[edit]

Although the population of Hoy is now only around 400, there was a much larger population in the past. In 1890 there were four schools on the island and four churches, suggesting a much larger population. Despite the larger population there was no paved road between the north of the island and the south, only a footpath. There was, however, an unsurfaced road between the two villages on the north of the isle; Rackwick and Moaness.[17]

## Transport

[edit]

### Ferry

[edit]

Orkney Ferries operate two services to Hoy:

* A ro-ro vehicle ferry between Houton on Orkney Mainland and Lyness on Hoy. Some crossings are via Flotta. Foot passengers may also travel to Longhope, South Walls where the ferry is berthed overnight.
* A small passenger ferry between Stromness on Orkney Mainland and Moaness on Hoy via the small island of Graemsay.

* MV Hoy Head, the Houton, Lyness, Flotta and Longhope ferry.
* MV Graemsay, the Stromness, Graemsay and Moaness ferry at Moaness pier

### Bus

[edit]

The Hoy and Walls Community Bus provides a regular timetabled bus service across the islands of Hoy and Walls. The buses go from Moaness on Hoy to Hackness on South Walls, via Linksness, Lyness, North Walls, Brims, and Longhope.

### Airport

[edit]

There have been two airfields on South Walls, perhaps due to its connections with the navy. One on the southern coast (Snelsetter) which opened in August 1934 and was closed at the end of World War Two; it was used by military and civil aircraft, and now is open land.[18] Another, just east of the causeway that links the two islands of Hoy and South Walls, opened in November 1972 and closed in 1993. It was used by civilian aircraft solely and was operated by the airline Loganair; it is also now open land, used as an emergency landing strip only.[19] The first flight to a nearby island of Flotta on 1 March 1977 was recorded to have landed at Hoy.

## Longhope lifeboat station

[edit]

Main article: Longhope Lifeboat Station

A lifeboat has been on Hoy since 1874, at first housed in a prominent stone building close to the west end of the causeway that links the two islands of Hoy and South Walls. It was stationed there as it meant that the lifeboat could be dragged over wooden skids into the sea in either North Bay, giving access to Scapa Flow, or in Aith Hope, an offshoot of the notorious Pentland Firth to the south. The shed continued to serve as the base of the Longhope lifeboat until 1906.

The replacement lifeboat station stands slightly to the south of the original station cost £2,700 to build in 1906 and was in use until 1999. On 17 March 1969 whilst based here, the lifeboat T.G.B. (ON 962) capsized while on service to the Liberian vessel Irene. Her entire crew of eight lost their lives.[20] This station is now the home of the Longhope Lifeboat Museum, which has on display lifeboat Thomas McCunn, stationed here from 1933 to 1962.[21]

In 2000 an Arun-class lifeboat, Sir Max Aitken II became the Longhope lifeboat. This class was designed to stay permanently afloat, and the decision was taken to move her to purpose-built moorings at Longhope pier. The lifeboats that have served here since have also been stationed at Longhope, including the current vessel the Helen Comrie (a Tamar-class lifeboat) and her predecessor The Queen Mother, which was based here between 2004 and 2006. A station has been built where the lifeboat is moored at Longhope which is also the main harbour for boats to and from the island.[22][5]

It is one of three lifeboat stations in Orkney, the others being Stromness Lifeboat Station, and Kirkwall Lifeboat Station.

## Mythology

[edit]

In Norse mythology, Hoy hosted Hjaðningavíg, the never-ending battle between Heðin and Högni.

## Wildlife

[edit]

Hoy is an Important Bird Area.[23][24] The northern part of the island is an RSPB reserve due to its importance for birdlife, particularly great skuas and red-throated divers. It was sold to the RSPB by the Hoy Trust for a nominal amount.[25] Anastrepta orcadensis, a liverwort also known as Orkney Notchwort, was first discovered on Ward Hill by William Jackson Hooker in 1808.[26][27]

The northern and western parts of Hoy, along with much of the adjoining sea area, is designated as a Special Protection Area[28] due to its importance for nine breeding bird species: arctic skua, fulmar, great black-backed gull, great skua, guillemot, Black-legged kittiwake, peregrine falcon, puffin and red-throated diver.[29] The area is important for its seabird assemblage, which regularly supports 120,000 individual seabirds during the breeding season.[30]

One of Orkney's few woodlands is found on Hoy, and is among the most northerly areas of woodland in the UK. Patches of the woodland are scattered across the island. There is the remote possibility of locally extant Orkney charr (Salvelinus inframundus) documented in 1908 at Heldale Water.[31]

## In popular culture

[edit]

Hoy is featured prominently in the 1984 music video for "Here Comes The Rain Again" by the Eurythmics.

Hoy has a performing arts theatre, the Gable End Theatre, which opened in 2000 and has a capacity of 75. The theatre is managed by the Hoy and Walls drama community.

Some rather incongruous Art Deco structures nearby date from this period. The Arts and Crafts architect William Lethaby rebuilt Melsetter house for mountaineer Thomas Middlemore at the end of the 19th century, leaving untouched the adjacent barn which is probably mid-18th century.[32][33]

In Poul Anderson's story "The Bitter Bread" the protagonist lives in secluded retirement on Hoy. There is a description of the island: "Steep red and yellow cliffs, sea green in sunlight or gray under clouds until it breaks in whiteness and thunder, gulls riding a cold loud wind, inland the heather and a few gnarly trees across hills where sheep graze, a hamlet of rough and gentle Orkney folk an hour's walk away, my cat, my books, my rememberings."[34]

## Gallery

[edit]

* Cliffs on the Atlantic coast of Hoy, south of Rackwick

* Scapa Flow Visitor Centre

* Hoy High Lighthouse on Graemsay, viewed from Mainland

* Rackwick Valley

* Rackwick

## See also

[edit]

* Scottish islands portal

* List of islands of Scotland

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Including South Walls.
2. ^ Dwarfie is a diminutive of "dwarf", while stane is the Scots form of "stone".

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. pp. 344–6\. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.
2. ^ a b Area and population ranks: there are c. 300 islands over 20 ha in extent. 93 permanently inhabited islands were listed in the 2011 census and 101 such islands in 2022.
3. ^ a b "Scottish Islands Data Dashboard". RESAS/Scottish Government. 2025. p. 6. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
4. ^ a b Orkney Placenames Archived 30 August 2000 at the Wayback Machine. Orkneyjar.Retrieved 15 February 2024.
5. ^ a b c d Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 6 Orkney (Mainland) (Map). Ordnance Survey. 2014. ISBN 9780319228128.
6. ^ Anderson, Joseph (Ed.) (1893) Orkneyinga Saga. Translated by Jón A. Hjaltalin & Gilbert Goudie. Edinburgh. James Thin and Mercat Press (1990 reprint); ISBN 0-901824-25-9
7. ^ Pedersen, Roy (January 1992) Orkneyjar ok Katanes (map, Inverness, Nevis Print)
8. ^ Mills, A. D. (2011). "Hoy". A Dictionary of British Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191739446.
9. ^ a b National Records of Scotland (15 August 2013). "Appendix 2: Population and households on Scotland's Inhabited Islands" (PDF). Statistical Bulletin: 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland Release 1C (Part Two) (PDF) (Report). SG/2013/126. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
10. ^ a b General Register Office for Scotland (28 November 2003) Scotland's Census 2001 – Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
11. ^ "Map of Hoy, Orkney". Streetmap.co.uk. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
12. ^ Hall, Tasha (31 July 2022). "The stunning Scottish landmark that could disappear 'overnight'". scottishdailyexpress. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
13. ^ Muir, Tom "Geology and Landscape" in Omand (2003) p.220.
14. ^ "South Walls". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
15. ^ National Scenic Areas Archived 11 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine. SNH. Retrieved 30 March 2011
16. ^ "Orkneyjar - The Dwarfie Stane, Hoy". orkneyjar.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
17. ^ observations of ordnance survey maps of the time.
18. ^ "Snelsetter (Hoy) - Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust UK". abct.org.uk. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
19. ^ "Hoy (Longhope) - Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust UK". abct.org.uk. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
20. ^ Leach, Nicholas (2013). The lifeboat service in Scotland : station by station. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley. ISBN 9781445613390. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
21. ^ "Longhope Lifeboat Museum Trust". Longhope Lifeboat Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
22. ^ "Our Boats". Longhope Lifeboat Museum. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
23. ^ Important Bird Areas factsheet: Hoy Birdlife.org, Retrieved 24 January 2015
24. ^ Hoy IBA Global Species.org, Retrieved 24 January 2015
25. ^ Haswell-Smith, Hamish (1996). The Scottish Islands. Canongate. p. 283\. ISBN 0-86241-579-9.
26. ^ "Bryology (mosses, liverworts and hornworts)" Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Retrieved 15 May 2008.
27. ^ "West Highland Mosses And Problems They Suggest" (January 1907) Annals of Scottish Natural History 61 p. 46. Edinburgh. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
28. ^ "Sitelink - Map Search". Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
29. ^ "Site Details for Hoy (SPA)". Scottish Natural Heritage. 5 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
30. ^ "SPA Description (Hoy)". Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 21 July 2005. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
31. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
32. ^ Tinniswood, Adrian (1999). The Arts & Crafts House. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. pp. 34–37\. ISBN 0-8230-0364-7.
33. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Walls (Hoy), Melsetter, The Hall, including Gatepiers to West (Category B Listed Building LB48367)". Retrieved 2 April 2019.
34. ^ Poul Anderson, "The Bitter Bread", Analog magazine 1975, Reprinted in Poul Anderson, "Explorations",Tom Deherty Associates, New York, 1981. The story is set centuries in the future, but it assumes that the island of Hoy will have changed little from its present condition.

## References

[edit]

* Irvine, James M. (ed.) (2006) The Orkneys and Schetland in Blaeu's Atlas Novus of 1654. Ashtead. James M. Irvine. ISBN 0-9544571-2-9
* Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) The Orkney Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-254-9
* Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hoy.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hoy, Orkney.

* Island of Hoy website launched December 2008
* Old Man of Hoy picture gallery Archived 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine

58°51′N 3°18′W﻿ / ﻿58.850°N 3.300°W﻿ / 58.850; -3.300

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