Human rights in Syria

For human rights under Assad, see Human rights in Ba'athist Syria.

Politics of Syria

Member State of the Arab League

* * *

Constitution

* 2025 Interim Constitution
* Human rights

Executive

* President (list)

Ahmed al-Sharaa
* Council of Ministers
* Syrian transitional government

Legislature

* People's Assembly

Speaker: Vacant

Judiciary

* Supreme Judicial Council
* Supreme Constitutional Court

Subdivisions

* Governorates
* Districts
* Subdistricts (Nahiyas)
* Cities
* Villages

Elections

* Recent elections

* Presidential: 2014
* 2021
* Next

* Parliamentary: 2020
* 2024
* 2025

* Political parties

Foreign relations

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates

Minister: Asaad al-Shaibani

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Syria

* * *

* Syrian nationality law
* Passport
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy

* * *

* UN resolutions on Syria
* Status of the Golan Heights
* Syrian civil war

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

There has been a varying nature of human rights under various governments that ruled Syria since the French colonial rule in Syria starting in the 1920s.

## History of human rights

[edit]

### French rule (1920–1946)

[edit]

Three Syrian rebels hanged in Marjeh Square during Syrian Revolt of 1925–1927

From the early 1920s until 1946, Syria and Lebanon were under the control of a French Mandate, officially ratified by the League of Nations on 29 September 1923.[1] Human rights concerns during this period included the colonialist treatment of the Druze within their autonomous state in the southern portion of the mandate, as prisoners and peasants there were often used for forced labor.[2]

During the Great Revolt, French military forces sieged much of Damascus and the countryside,[3] killing at least 7,000 rebels and displacing over 100,000 civilians. Authorities would publicly display mutilated corpses in central squares within Damascus and villages throughout Syria as a means of intimidating opponents of the government.[4] In 1926, the Damascus military court executed 355 Syrians without any legal representation.[5] Hundreds of Syrians were sentenced to death in absentia, prison terms of various lengths, and life imprisonment with hard labour.

Additionally, it was during this period that Syrian Women's Rights groups began to assert themselves, led by individuals like Naziq al-Abid.[6][7]

### Post–1948

[edit]

Jews in Syria have been discriminated against, especially since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. In 1948, Jews were banned from leaving the country and from selling their property. In 1953, all Jewish bank accounts were frozen and Jewish property confiscated. In 1954, Jews were temporarily permitted to emigrate, but they had to leave all their property to the government [8]

### Ba'athist era (1963–2024)

[edit]

Main article: Human rights in Ba'athist Syria

The coup d'etat in 1963 staged by the Military Committee of the Syrian Ba'ath party overthrew the Second Syrian Republic headed by President Nazim al-Qudsi, ushering in decades-long Baathist rule. The new regime implemented social engineering policies such as large-scale confiscation of properties, state directed re-distribution of lands and wealth, massive censorship, elimination of independent publishing centres, nationalization of banks, education system and industries. A state of emergency was declared which abolished all other political parties and bestowed sweeping powers upon the military; effectively ruling the country as police state. Purges were carried out throughout the civil society, bureaucracy; and the army was packed with party loyalists. Syrian Ba'athists were highly influenced by Akram Hawrani's Arab Socialist party which adhered to Marxism.[9]

In March 1964, Jews were banned from traveling more than 5 kilometres (3 mi) from their hometowns.[10] Jews were not allowed to work for the government or banks, could not acquire drivers' licenses, and were banned from purchasing property. Although Jews were prohibited from leaving the country, they were sometimes allowed to travel abroad for commercial or medical reasons. Any Jew granted clearance to leave the country had to leave behind a bond of $300–$1,000 and family members to be used as hostages to ensure they returned. An airport road was paved over the Jewish cemetery in Damascus, and Jewish schools were closed and handed over to Muslims. The Jewish Quarter of Damascus was under constant surveillance by the secret police, who were present at synagogue services, weddings, bar mitzvahs, and other Jewish gatherings. The secret police closely monitored contact between Syrian Jews and foreigners and kept a file on every member of the Jewish community. Jews also had their phones tapped and their mail read by the secret police.[11][12] After Israel's victory in the 1967 Six-Day War, restrictions were further tightened, and 57 Jews in Qamishli may have been killed in a pogrom. The communities of Damascus, Aleppo, and Qamishli were under house arrest for eight months following the war. Many Jewish workers were laid off following the Six-Day War.

After purging rival Baathist factions through a coup in 1970, General Hafez al-Assad established total dominance over the Ba'ath party and established a dictatorship centred around his personality cult. Structure of Assad's police state revolved around the Ba'ath party organization, Syrian military establishment packed with Ba'athist elites and Assad family's Alawite loyalists. Hafez ruled Syria for three decades, deploying repressive measures ranging from censorship to violent methods of state terror such as mass murders, deportations and practices such as torture, which were unleashed collectively upon the civilian population.[13] SS-Haupsturmfuhrer Alois Brunner, who played a significant role in the implementation of the Holocaust as the right-hand man of Adolf Eichmann, assisted al-Assad in organizing the Ba'athist secret police and trained them on Nazi Germany's torture practices.[14][15] Such practices remained in use by 2021.[14]

A Syrian army tank rolls over the ruins of the city suburbs shortly after the 1982 Hama massacre, which killed an estimated 40,000 civilians

In 1982, Hafez al-Assad responded to an insurrection led by the Muslim Brotherhood in the city of Hama by sending a paramilitary force that indiscriminately killed between 10,000 and 55,000 civilians including children, women, and the elderly during the Hama massacre.[16][17] State-violence perpetrated by Assad's reign have targeted women extensively, subjecting them to discrimination and gender-based violence.[18] Between 1980 and 2000, more than 17,000 Syrian civilians were subjected to forced disappearance from the Syrian regime. During Baathist occupation of Lebanon, numerous Lebanese, Palestinian and other Arab civilians went missing. More than 35 torture techniques were reported to be employed in Syrian prisons and military detention centres during this time.[19] A 1983 report published by Amnesty International revealed that Assad regime routinely committed mass-executions of alleged dissidents and engaged in the extensive torture of prisoners of conscience. Various torture methods in Syrian prisons include electrocutions, ablazing, sexual violence, castration, etc.[20]

In 2000, Bashar al-Assad inherited the totalitarian system of Ba'athist Syria following the death of his father. His regime was characterized by even more systemic violence and repression than that of Hafez al-Assad. This has been widely attributed to Bashar's inexperience in security and political affairs, in addition to personal insecurities regarding the survival of his family regime.[21] 2006 Freedom House report listed Syria amongst the worst countries to restrict civil liberties and political freedoms; giving it the lowest possible scores in both measures.[22] In 2023, Freedom House rated people's access to political rights in Syria as the lowest on its Freedom in the World annual report on 210 countries. Syria ranked "-3" in political rights – lower than its scale of 1 to 7, alongside South Sudan and Western Sahara – and Syria was given a rating of "Not Free."[23][24] Since 2022, Syria has the lowest ranked country in report.[25]

According to the 2008 report on human rights by the U.S. State Department, the Syrian government's "respect for human rights worsened". Members of the security forces arrested and detained individuals without providing just cause, often held prisoners in "lengthy pretrial and incommunicado detention", and "tortured and physically abused prisoners and detainees". The government imposed significant restrictions on freedom of speech, press, assembly, and association, amid an atmosphere of government corruption.[26] According to Arab Press Network, "despite a generally repressive political climate", there were "signs of positive change," during the 2007 elections.[27] According to a 2008 report by Reporters without Borders, "Journalists have to tightly censor themselves for fear of being thrown into Adra Prison."[28]

In 2009 Syria was included in Freedom House's "Worst of the Worst" section and given a rating of 7 for Political Rights: and 6 for Civil Liberties.[29] According to Human Rights Watch, as of 2009 Syria's poor human rights situation had "deteriorated further". Authorities arrested political and human rights activists, censored websites, detained bloggers, and imposed travel bans. Syria's multiple security agencies continue to detain people without arrest warrants. No political parties were licensed and emergency rule, imposed in 1963, remained in effect.[30] Various torture techniques deployed in Syrian detention centres and prisons include routine beatings, rapes, sexual violence, "Bisat al-rih" (flying carpet), etc.[31]

The scale of the brutal violence and state terrorism unleashed by the Assad regime and his foreign backers across the country after the eruption of the 2011 Syrian revolution was unprecedented, far outstripping the actions of other Arab autocrats who repressed the Arab Spring. It even exceeded the brutal violence unleashed by Hafez al-Assad during the Hama Massacre. By pursuing scorched-earth policies to crush the armed resistance, Bashar had destroyed the majority of Syria's civilian, cultural and economic infrastructure. Unlike his father, Bashar killed far more Syrian civilians and has also lost significant amount of his political independence to foreign actors like Russia and Iran.[32]

In April 2017, the U.S. Navy carried out a missile attack against a Syrian air base[33] which had been used to conduct a chemical weapons attack on Syrian civilians.[34] This attack is also known as the 2017 Shayrat missile strike. In 2018, coalition forces including United States, France, and the United Kingdom also carried out a series of military strikes in Syria.

### After the Assad regime (2024–present)

[edit]

In March 2025, following the fall of the Assad regime, jihadis aligned with the provisional government massacred thousands of Alawites and Christians in sectarian violence that has been described as ethnic cleansing. According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, more than 2,000 Alawites, including women, children, and the elderly, were summarily executed in March, and many thousands more were forced to flee their homes. While the majority of these executions have taken place along the Mediterranean coast, there are reports of Alawite civilians being murdered in Damascus, just a few kilometers from the Presidential Palace.[35] Despite Syrian president Ahmed al-Sharaa's denial of complicity and repeated promises to investigate and punish those responsible, regional experts and some Western governments have argued that the new Sunni Islamist government is responsible for the jihadist groups and voiced increasing concerns that Assad's autocracy is being replaced by a Sunni theocracy intolerant of minorities.[36][37]

## Human rights in the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

[edit]

Main article: Human rights in the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

Further information: People's Defense Units § Allegations concerning violations of international law and war crimes, Syrian Democratic Forces § War crimes, and Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War § Syrian Democratic Forces

Human rights violations against Kurds included depriving ethnic Kurdish citizens of their citizenship; suppressing Kurdish language and culture; discrimination against citizens based on Kurdish ethnicity; confiscation of Kurdish land and settlement by Arabs.[38][39][40] In the course of the Syrian Civil War, parts of North and East Syria gained de facto autonomy within the Kurdish-led Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.

In a 2015 report "'We Had Nowhere Else to Go': Forced Displacement and Demolition in Northern Syria", Amnesty International documented allegations of forced evictions of Arabs, Turkmens and Kurds and the destruction of their homes. According to Amnesty International, People's Defense Units (YPG) accused them of having links with ISIL and other Islamist groups. The report said that "in some cases, entire villages have been demolished", and that villagers were "ordered to leave at gunpoint, their livestock shot at". Some persons claimed to Amnesty that "they told us we had to leave or they would tell the United States coalition that we were terrorists and their planes would hit us and our families. Threats by the YPG of calling in US airstrikes against villagers were reported. Amnesty International claimed that "these instances of forced displacement constitute war crimes".[41][42][43][44] Some Arab and Turkmen claimed that YPG militias have stolen their homes and livestock, burned their personal documents and claimed the land as theirs, and that Turkmen "are losing lands where they have been living for centuries".[45] During the Syrian civil war, several attacks by Arab or Kurdish Muslims have targeted Syrian Christians, including the 2015 Qamishli bombings. In January 2016, YPG militias conducted a surprise attack on Assyrian checkpoints in Qamishli, in a predominantly Assyrian area, killing one Assyrian and wounding three others.[46][47][48]

In October 2015, Amnesty International reported that the YPG had driven civilians from northern Syria and destroyed their homes in retaliation for perceived links to ISIL. The majority of the destroyed homes belonged to Arabs, but some belonged to Turkmens and Kurds.[49] Turkish "Daily Sabah" claimed that Amnesty International has said that Kurdish PYD conducted ethnic cleansing against Turkmens and Arabs after seizing Tal Abyad.[50] However, Amnesty International has published only one report about the Syrian Kurdish forces and it is related to destroying villages and homes, not ethnic cleansing at all.[51] The Amnesty International report concluded that there are documented cases of forced displacement that constitute war crimes.[52] In 2015, Assyrian and Armenian organizations protested the enforcement of Kurdish self-administration in the Hasaka province, including expropriation of private property by the PYD and interference in church school curricula and also criticized illegal seizure of property, and targeted killings[53][54][55] Assyrians have also criticized the enforcement of revisionist curricula in private and public schools with a Kurdish-nationalist bias. They have claimed that in textbooks the Kurds "alter historical and geographical facts", including Assyrian place names which are changed to Kurdish names, and students are taught that King Nebuchadnezzar from the Old Testament married a Kurdish woman.[56][57] Of particular concern are the "harassment and arbitrary arrests of the PYD's Kurdish political rivals" and of civil society leaders noted by human rights organizations.[58] The Y.P.G. is accused of having arrested hundreds of political prisoners. It is claimed that about 150 people were abducted by the YPG in 2013 alone. Human Rights Watch reported in 2014 that "there have been numerous cases of maltreatment in prisons in Rojava". Some dissidents were tortured and killed[59] Amnesty International reported in 2015 that the PYD "is using a crackdown against terrorism...as a pretext to unlawfully detain and unfairly try peaceful critics and civilians."[60][61][62] The PYD has also shot demonstrators, arrested political opponents, and shut down media outlets.[63][64][65] Ethnic tensions between Kurds and Arabs have been at the forefront of the conflicts in Syria and Iraq. In Syria, there are widespread reports of Kurdish abuses against Arab civilians,[63] including arbitrary arrests, forced displacement,[66] and reports of YPG forces razing villages.[67] Similar reports of Kurdish forces destroying Arab homes have emerged in the fight for Mosul.[68][65]

## See also

[edit]

* Freedom of speech portal
* Asia portal

* Al-Marsad
* Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act
* Human rights in Muslim-majority countries
* Human rights in the Middle East
* Human trafficking in Syria
* Wissam Tarif

## References and footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ League of Nations Official Journal, Vol 3, August 1922, p1013
2. ^ Miller, Joyce Laverty (1977). "The Syrian Revolt of 1925". International Journal of Middle East Studies. pp. 550–555.
3. ^ Provence, Michael (2005). "The Spread of Rebellion". The Great Syrian Revolt: And the Rise of Arab Nationalism. University of Texas Press. pp. 87–107.
4. ^ Michael Provence; Jamal Wakim (4 October 2011). "Colonial Origins of the Syrian Security State". Al Akhbar English. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
5. ^ Christoph Schumann (31 October 2008). Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean: Late 19th Century Until the 1960s. Brill. pp. 70–71\. ISBN 978-90-04-16548-9. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
6. ^ Thompson, Elizabeth (1 May 2011). "Le mouvement féminin et l'essor de l'État-providence colonial en Syrie (1920-1946)". Clio. Femmes, genre, histoire (in French) (33): 107–124\. doi:10.4000/clio.10030. ISSN 1252-7017.
7. ^ Moubayed, Sami (2006). Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900-2000. Cune Press. p. 360\. ISBN 978-1-885942-40-1.
8. ^ Thank God there are almost no Jews in Syria now
9. ^ "This day in history: The Ba'ath Party comes to power in Syria". Al Majalla. 8 March 2023. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023.
10. ^ "Jews of Syria". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
11. ^ "Jews in Islamic Countries: Syria". Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
12. ^ Congressional Record, V. 146, Part 10, July 10 to July 17, 2000
13. ^ Ma'oz, Moshe (2022). "15: The Assad dynasty". In Larres, Klaus (ed.). Dictators and Autocrats: Securing Power across Global Politics. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158: Routledge. pp. 249–250, 252. doi:10.4324/9781003100508. ISBN 978-0-367-60786-9. S2CID 239130832.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
14. ^ a b Taub, Ben (13 September 2021). "How a Syrian War criminal and Double Agent Disappeared in Europe". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023.
15. ^ Chandler, Adam (1 December 2014). "Eichmann's Best Man Lived and Died in Syria". The Atlantic. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
16. ^ Ghadry, Farid N. (Winter 2005). "Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath". The Middle East Quarterly. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
17. ^ Syrian Human Rights Committee, The Massacre of Hama, 19 February 2004, reporting 30,000-40,000 massacred and 10,000-15,000 disappeared.
18. ^ "Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria". Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
19. ^ Human Slaughterhouse: Mass Hangings and Extermination at Sednaya Prison, Syria (PDF). Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street, London WC1X 0DW, UK: Amnesty International. 2017. p. 11\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2022.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
20. ^ Ma'oz, Moshe (2022). "15: The Assad dynasty". In Larres, Klaus (ed.). Dictators and Autocrats: Securing Power across Global Politics. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158: Routledge. p. 257\. doi:10.4324/9781003100508. ISBN 978-0-367-60786-9. S2CID 239130832.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
21. ^ Ma'oz, Moshe (2022). "15: The Assad dynasty". In Larres, Klaus (ed.). Dictators and Autocrats: Securing Power across Global Politics. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158: Routledge. pp. 249–250, 258. doi:10.4324/9781003100508. ISBN 978-0-367-60786-9. S2CID 239130832.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
22. ^ "Freedom in the World 2006" (PDF). Freedom House. 16 December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2006.See also Freedom in the World 2006, List of indices of freedom
23. ^ "Freedom in the World 2006" (PDF). Freedom House. 16 December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2006.
See also Freedom in the World 2006, List of indices of freedom
24. ^ "Countries and Territories". Freedom House. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
25. ^ "Syria: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
26. ^ 2008 Human Rights Report: Syria, US Department of State
27. ^ "The Arab Press Network". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
28. ^ Syria Reporters without Borders, Published on 7 February 2008
29. ^ Special Report Section Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Freedom House, Worst of the Worst 2009
30. ^ World Report 2010 Human Rights Watch World Report 2010 Archived 22 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, pg. 555.
31. ^ Khan, Azmat (14 March 2012). "Syria One Year Later: Growing Evidence of Torture, Detainee Abuse". PBS News. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015.
32. ^ Ma'oz, Moshe (2022). "15: The Assad dynasty". In Larres, Klaus (ed.). Dictators and Autocrats: Securing Power across Global Politics. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158: Routledge. pp. 249–250, 259–263\. doi:10.4324/9781003100508. ISBN 978-0-367-60786-9. S2CID 239130832.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
33. ^ Griffin, Jennifer (6 April 2017). "US launches missiles into Syria in response to chemical weapons attack". Fox News. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
34. ^ "Deadly nerve agent sarin used in Syria attack, Turkish Health Ministry says". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
35. ^ Reuters (27 March 2025). "Syria's sectarian violence reached capital, terrorizing Alawites, residents say". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 28 March 2025. `{{cite news}}`: `|author=` has generic name (help)
36. ^ Nurit Yonahan (24 March 2025). "Investigating their own killings: Alawites claim the new regime was behind massacre". Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
37. ^ Samia Nakhoul, Timour Azhari (26 March 2025). "'There is no blank check': Syrian leader told to rein in jihadis". Reuters. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
38. ^ "Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria, Report for the 12th session of the UN Human Rights Council" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
39. ^ "SYRIA: The Silenced Kurds; Vol. 8, No. 4(E)". Human Rights Watch. 1996. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
40. ^ Tejel, Jordi; Welle, Jane (2009). Syria's kurds history, politics and society (PDF) (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. X. ISBN 978-0-203-89211-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
41. ^ "Amnesty International accuses Kurdish YPG of war crimes". 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
42. ^ "Document". 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
43. ^ "US-backed Kurdish forces 'committing war crimes against Syrian civilians'". The Guardian. Associated Press. 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
44. ^ Mühlbauer, Peter (13 October 2015). "Amnesty International wirft Kurden Vertreibung von Arabern vor". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
45. ^ "Ethnic cleansing charged as Kurds move on Islamic State town in Syria". Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
46. ^ "Kurdish YPG Forces Attack Assyrians in Syria, 1 Assyrian, 3 Kurds Killed". aina.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
47. ^ Antonopoulos, Paul (12 January 2016). "Revisiting Kurdish Tolerance: YPG Attacks Assyrian Militia". AMN – Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
48. ^ "Syria's Christians pressured by forced PYD assimilation". aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
49. ^ "Syria Kurds 'razing villages seized from IS' -Amnesty- BBC News". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
50. ^ "The PYDs ethnic cleansing". DailySabah. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
51. ^ "The official Amnesty International report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
52. ^ "Document". 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
53. ^ "PYD Impose Kurdish Education Curricula on Assyrians, Arabs in Syria". Aina. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
54. ^ "Assyrian Organizations Issue Joint Statement on Human Rights Violations in North-east Syria". aina.org. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
55. ^ "The Kurds and Assyrians: Everything You Didn't Know". aina.org. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
56. ^ Kamischli (20 May 2016). "Kurden und Christen: Ein Krieg um Schulbücher bestimmt Syriens Zukunft". Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
57. ^ "PYD Impose Kurdish Education Curricula on Assyrians, Arabs in Syria". aina.org. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
58. ^ "HRW, Under Kurdish rule, 2014" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
59. ^ Orton, Kyle W. (6 June 2017). "Opinion | The Error of Arming the Syrian Kurds (Published 2017)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
60. ^ "Syria: Arbitrary detentions and blatantly unfair trials mar PYD fight against terrorism". Amnesty International. 7 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
61. ^ "Four Myths about the Kurds, Debunked". Lawfare. 4 December 2016. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
62. ^ Glioti, Andrea (1 July 2013). "Syrian Kurdish Group Linked to PKK Kills Protesters". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
63. ^ a b "Under Kurdish Rule | Abuses in PYD-run Enclaves of Syria". Human Rights Watch. 19 June 2014. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
64. ^ "PYD-linked Assayish arrests Syrian journalist for reporting to 'hostile channel'". ARA News. 10 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
65. ^ a b "Four Myths about the Kurds, Debunked". Lawfare. 4 December 2016. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
66. ^ "Syrian Kurds Accused of Human Rights Abuses Against Arabs". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
67. ^ "Syria: US ally's razing of villages amounts to war crimes". Amnesty International. 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
68. ^ "Iraqi Kurdistan: Arab Homes Destroyed After ISIS Battles". Human Rights Watch. 13 November 2016. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2019.

* This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division. – Syria profile

## Notes

[edit]

## External links

[edit]

* Syria at Human Rights Watch
* Syria Charter of Rights and Freedoms Is a proposed modern system of human rights for adoption prior to a new Syrian constitution.
* 2010 Human Rights Report: Syria, U.S. Department of State, 8 April 2011
* "Syria rights activist jailed for five years". Middle East Online. April 24, 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
* Uprising against the Assad Regime in Syria: Is This a Second Libya? June 2011, Qantara.de
* Worrall, James; Hightower, Victoria Penziner (2021). "Methods in the madness? Exploring the logics of torture in Syrian counterinsurgency practices". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 49 (3): 418–432\. doi:10.1080/13530194.2021.1916154. S2CID 234872905.

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* Squatting

Culture|

* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Cuisine (wine)
* Films
* Flag
* Media
* State
* television
* Music
* Religion
* Smoking

* Outline

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Syrian civil war

Overviews

| Main overviews|

* Syria
* Syrian civil war
* Timeline
* Background and causes
* Syrian government reactions
* Belligerents
* Inter-rebel conflict
* Spillover
* Cities and towns
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017 – December 2024)
* 2024 Syrian opposition offensives
* Fall of the Assad regime

|

Effects and ongoing concerns|

* Casualties of the Syrian civil war
* Refugees of the Syrian civil war
* Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war
* Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war

Phases and processes|

* Syrian revolution
* Early insurgency phase
* 2012–2013 escalation
* Ceasefires
* Syrian peace process

World reaction|

* International reactions to the Syrian civil war
* Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
* Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime

Specific groups and countries|

* Russian involvement
* Russian intervention
* Turkish involvement
* Turkish occupation of northern Syria
* Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
* Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
* US intervention in the Syrian civil war
* 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria
* Kurdish Area in Syria
* Syrian Democratic Forces
* Rojava conflict
* U.S. task force

Agreements and dialogues|

* Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
* Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria

Transitional phase|

* Syrian caretaker government
* Syrian transitional government

Timeline

| Background|

* 1963 coup
* 1966 coup
* Corrective Movement
* Islamist uprising
* Latakia protests
* Damascus Spring
* Qamishli riots
* Syrian occupation of Lebanon
* Damascus Declaration
* Human rights in Syria
* 2010s in Syria political history
* Arab Spring

|

2011
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Syrian revolution
* Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
* Siege of Daraa
* Siege of Baniyas
* May Talkalakh siege
* Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh
* June Jisr ash-Shughur operation
* Siege of Hama
* Siege of Homs
* Siege of Latakia
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)
* Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)
* Battle of Zabadani
* Battle of Douma
* Daraa Governorate clashes
* Battle of Rastan
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres

2012
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* January al-Midan bombing
* Battle of Rastan
* First Battle of Idlib
* Battle of al-Qusayr
* Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)
* Battle of Taftanaz
* May Battle of Rastan
* Houla massacre
* Battle of al-Haffah
* Al-Qubeir massacre
* Battle of Tremseh
* Battle of Damascus
* 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing
* Battle of Aleppo
* Battle of Anadan
* Siege of Base 46
* Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)
* Darayya massacre
* Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* First siege of Wadi Deif
* Battle of Harem
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)
* Battle of Darayya
* Aqrab massacre
* Hama offensive
* Halfaya massacre
* Battle of Darayya
* Quneitra Governorate clashes
* Talbiseh bakery massacre

2013
Jan–Apr
May–Dec|

* Battle of Safira
* Battle of Shadadeh
* Damascus offensive
* Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)
* Battle of Raqqa (Mar)
* Daraa offensive
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)
* Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl
* Ghouta chemical attack
* Al-Qusayr offensive
* Battle of al-Qusayr
* Bayda and Baniyas massacres
* Hama offensive
* Hatla massacre
* Khan al-Assal chemical attack
* Khan al-Assal massacre
* Adra massacre
* Battle of Ras al-Ayn
* Battle of Tell Abyad
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)
* Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
* Battle of al-Yaarubiyah
* Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)

2014
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* First Inter-rebel conflict
* Battle of Markada
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Morek
* Daraa offensive (Feb–May)
* Maan massacre
* Al-Otaiba ambush
* Idlib offensive
* Battle of Hosn
* Latakia Offensive
* Battle of Al-Malihah
* Kafr Zita chemical attack
* Second siege of Wadi Deif
* Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Battle of Arsal
* First Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Eastern Syria offensive
* Battle of Tabqa Airbase
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)
* Hama Offensive
* Quneitra offensive
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)
* Siege of Kobanî
* Homs school bombing
* Daraa offensive (Oct)
* Al-Safira offensive
* Idlib Raid
* Second Inter-Rebel Conflict
* Second Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)

2015
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* Air Force An-26 crash
* Daraa Offensive (Jan)
* Southern Syria Offensive
* Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
* Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)
* Battle of Bosra
* Idlib Offensive
* Second Battle of Idlib
* Battle of Nasib Border Crossing
* Battle of Yarmouk Camp
* Western al-Hasakah offensive
* Palmyra offensive (May)
* Qamishli bombings
* Tell Abyad offensive
* Kobanî massacre
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
* Al-Hawl offensive
* Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)
* East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)
* 2015–2016 Latakia offensive
* Tishrin Dam offensive
* Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown

2016
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)
* January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)
* Al-Shaddadi offensive
* February Homs bombings
* February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Khanasir offensive
* Battle of Tel Abyad
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Mar)
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)
* Northern Raqqa offensive (May)
* May Jableh & Tartous bombings
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)
* Manbij offensive
* Tokhar massacre
* Southern Aleppo campaign
* Battle of al-Rai (Aug)
* Operation Euphrates Shield
* Aleppo summer campaign
* Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)
* 5 September bombings
* September Deir ez-Zor air raid
* September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack
* Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)
* Dabiq offensive
* Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Raqqa campaign
* Battle of al-Bab
* Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)
* Palmyra offensive (Dec)

2017
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)
* January Azaz bombing
* Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)
* Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)
* Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)
* Qaboun offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)
* March Damascus bombings
* Al-Jinah airstrike
* Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Tabqa
* Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
* Shayrat missile strike
* Aleppo bombing
* April Turkish airstrikes
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Desert campaign (May–Jul)
* Maskanah Plains offensive
* East Hama offensive
* Battle of Raqqa
* Daraa offensive (Jun)
* Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Idlib clashes (Jul)
* Central campaign
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)
* Hama offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)
* Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
* Battle of Harasta
* Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)
* Euphrates Crossing offensive
* Mayadin offensive
* Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)
* Abu Kamal offensive
* Beit Jinn offensive

2018
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Operation Olive Branch
* Battle of Khasham
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
* Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)
* Douma chemical attack
* Missile strikes (Apr)
* Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)
* Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)
* As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)
* Southern offensive
* As-Suwayda attacks
* As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)
* Qamishli clashes (Sep)
* Missile strikes (Sep)
* Northern border clashes

2019
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* Manbij bombing
* Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
* ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor
* Dêrik prison escape attempt
* Tell Rifaat clashes
* Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)
* June bombings
* Hass refugee camp bombing
* Missile strikes (Aug)
* Turkish offensive into northeast
* Barisha raid
* November bombings
* Israeli missile strikes (Nov)
* Qah missile strike
* Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)
* US airstrikes

2020
Jan–Dec|

* COVID-19 pandemic
* Afrin bombing
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* Kafr-Takharim airstrike
* Ayn Issa clashes
* Deir ez-Zor ambush

2021
Jan–Dec|

* Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah
* Missile strikes (Jan)
* US airstrike (Feb)
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* US airstrike (Jun)
* Daraa clashes
* Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict

2022
Jan–Dec|

* Battle of al-Hasakah
* Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes
* Jabal al-Bishrī clashes
* Jarqli airstrikes
* Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)
* Operation Claw-Sword
* Northwest clashes (Dec)

2023
Jan-Dec|

* Al-Sukhnah attack
* Damascus airstrike
* Hama attack
* Northern border clashes

2024
Jan–Oct
Nov–present|

* Opposition offensives
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Aleppo
* Aleppo University Hospital airstrike
* Southern offensive
* Operation Dawn of Freedom
* Manbij offensive
* Al-Mustariha strike
* Kobani clashes
* Hama offensive
* Homs offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* Fall of Damascus
* Fall of the Assad regime
* Western Syria clashes
* Massacres of Syrian Alawites
* Hezbollah-Syria clashes
* Lebanon–Syria border clashes
* Rif Dimashq clashes
* Massacres of Syrian Druze
* Turkish offensive
* Israeli invasion

2025
Nov 2024
–present|

* Jaramana clashes
* Daraa clashes
* Southern clashes (April–May)
* Mar Elias Church attack
* Southern clashes (July–present)

Spillover|

| Israel and Golan Heights:|

* March 2017 incident
* February 2018 incident
* May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents

|

Iraq:|

* Akashat ambush
* Operation al-Shabah
* April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike

Jordanian border incidents|

* April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike

Lebanon:|

* Lebanese border clashes
* Battle of Sidon
* Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut
* North Lebanon clashes
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)

Turkey:|

* December 2011 Turkish border clash
* 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown
* 2012 Turkish border clashes
* 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings
* January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria
* Assassination of Andrei Karlov
* Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident
* 2020 Balyun airstrikes
* Operation Spring Shield

Elsewhere:|

* Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)

Belligerents

| Ba'athist regime|

| Politics of Ba'athist Syria|

* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
* Ba'ath Brigades
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Arab Socialist Movement
* Syrian Communist Party
* Syrian Communist Party (Unified)

|

Military and militias|

* Lions of Hussein
* Guardians of the Dawn
* Arab Nationalist Guard
* Jaysh al-Muwahhidin
* Sootoro
* Ba'ath Brigades
* National Defence Forces
* Popular Committees
* Golan Regiment
* Syrian Arab Armed Forces
* Eagles of the Whirlwind
* The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria
* Military Council for the Liberation of Syria
* Syrian Popular Resistance
* Syrian Resistance
* Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region
* PFLP-GC
* Jihad Jibril Brigades
* Galilee Forces
* Free Palestine Movement
* Palestinian People's Party
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* As-Sa'iqa
* al-Quds Brigade
* Palestine Liberation Army

Foreign support|

* Hezbollah involvement
* Iranian involvement
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* Russian involvement
* medical facility targeting
* military intervention
* Wagner Group
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Popular Mobilization Forces

Opposition|

| Interim government|

* National Coalition
* Local Coordination Committees
* Syrian National Council
* Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
* National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
* Syrian Revolution General Commission
* Syrian Support Group
* Adopt a Revolution
* Syrian Patriotic Group

|

Opposition militias|

* Syrian National Army
* Free Syrian Army
* National Front for Liberation
* Army of Glory
* Authenticity and Development Front
* Army of Free Tribes
* Revolutionary Commando Army
* Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
* Grey Wolves
* Syrian Council of Tribes and Clans

Foreign support|

* US intervention
* Jordanian intervention
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Turkey

Autonomous Administration
of North and East Syria|

| DFNS Government|

* Democratic Union Party
* Kurdish National Council
* Smaller political parties

|

SDF militias|

* People's Protection Units
* Women's Protection Units
* Anti-Terror Units
* Al-Sanadid Forces
* Army of Revolutionaries
* SDF military councils
* Syriac Military Council
* Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
* Northern Democratic Brigade

Support|

* Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
* Kurdistan Workers' Party
* International Freedom Battalion
* Sinjar Resistance Units
* Êzîdxan Women's Units

Islamists|

| Islamic State|

* Military activity of ISIL
* Dokumacılar
* Al-Barakah
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
* Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade
* Islamic Muthanna Movement
* Jaysh al-Jihad
* Jund al-Aqsa
* Group of the One and Only
* Liwa Dawud
* Liwa Aqab al-Islami
* Katibah Nusantara
* Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi
* Al-Khansaa Brigade
* Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah

|

al-Qaeda and allies|

* Al-Nusra Front (Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (Khorasan group, Suqour al-Ezz) Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
* Tahrir al-Sham
* Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
* Caucasus Emirate
* Ajnad al-Kavkaz
* Junud al-Makhdi
* Rouse the Believers Operations Room (Ansar al-Tawhid (Firqat al-Ghuraba), Hurras al-Din, Ansar al-Din Front (Harakat Sham al-Islam), Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan)
* Jaish al-Haramoun
* Jaysh al-Sunna
* Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (Green Battalion)
* Mujahideen Shura Council
* Malhama Tactical
* Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Katibat Jabal al-Islam
* Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham
* Ghuraba al-Sham
* Taliban (Pakistani Taliban, Imam Bukhari Jamaat)
* Fatah al-Islam
* Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance (Liwaa al-Umma)

People

* Ammar Abdulhamid
* Ali al-Abdallah
* Adnan al-Aroor
* al-Assad family
* Bashar
* Maher
* Rifaat
* Rami Makhlouf
* Hafez Makhlouf
* Riad al-Asaad
* Hadi al-Bahra
* Anwar al-Bunni
* Fahd Jassem al-Freij
* Suheil al-Hassan
* Haitham al-Maleh
* Moaz al-Khatib
* Kamal al-Labwani
* Hamza al-Khateeb
* Tal al-Mallohi
* Fida al-Sayed
* Riad al-Turk
* Khaled Khoja
* Ammar al-Qurabi
* Suheir Atassi
* Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
* Aref Dalila
* Farid Ghadry
* Burhan Ghalioun
* Razan Ghazzawi
* Ghassan Hitto
* Salim Idris
* Randa Kassis
* Abdul Halim Khaddam
* Michel Kilo
* Bassma Kodmani
* Ali Habib Mahmud
* Ali Mahmoud Othman
* Ibrahim Qashoush
* Dawoud Rajiha
* Yassin al-Haj Saleh
* Bouthaina Shaaban
* Ahmed al-Sharaa
* Abdulbaset Sieda
* Riad Seif
* Fadwa Souleimane
* Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid
* Yaser Tabbara
* Razan Zaitouneh
* Rami Jarrah
* Abdurrahman Mustafa
* Fadlallah al-Haji

Related

| Elections|

* 2011 local elections
* 2012 parliamentary election
* 2014 presidential election
* 2015 Northern local elections
* 2016 parliamentary election
* 2017 Northern local elections
* 2017 Northern regional elections
* 2018 local elections
* 2020 parliamentary election
* 2021 presidential election

|

Issues|

* Casualties
* Cities and towns
* Chemical weapons
* Damaged heritage sites
* Foreign involvement
* Human rights violations
* Humanitarian aid
* International demonstrations and protests
* International reactions
* Massacres
* Mass graves
* Refugees
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Status of the Golan Heights
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Syrian government reactions

Peace process|

* Arab League monitors
* Friends of Syria Group
* Kofi Annan peace plan
* UN supervision mission
* Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan
* U.S.–Russia peace proposals
* 39th G8 summit
* UN Security Council Resolution 2118
* Geneva II conference
* 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement
* Vienna talks
* 2016 Geneva talks
* Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)
* First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Syrian Negotiation Commission
* Syrian Constitutional Committee

Investigations/legal cases|

* Investigations
* International Commission
* Chemical weapons
* War crimes cases
* Germany
* Canada + Netherlands vs Syria

Related topics|

* Exclusive mandate
* Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference
* Syria Files
* Syrian detainee report
* Syrian media coverage
* 2015 European migrant crisis
* Syrian civil war in popular culture

* Category

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Human rights in the Middle East

Middle East|

* Bahrain
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* Egypt
* Iran
* Pahlavi Iran
* Islamic Iran
* Iraq
* Pre-Saddam
* Ba'ath era
* Post-Saddam
* Iraqi Kurdistan
* Israel
* Palestinians
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* Ba'ath era
* Rojava
* Syrian civil war
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Dubai
* Yemen
* Yemeni civil war

Aspects|

* Academic freedom
* Arbitrary arrest and detention
* Capital punishment
* Crimes against humanity
* Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
* Democracy
* Freedom of religion
* Irreligion
* Human right to water and sanitation
* Human trafficking
* Kafala system
* LGBT rights
* Murder
* Racism
* Antisemitism
* Right to a fair trial
* Right to development
* Right to health
* Status of women
* Torture
* Women's suffrage, timeline
* Male guardianship

NGOs|

| Pan-Arab|

* Arabic Network for Human Rights Information
* Arab Commission for Human Rights

|

National|

* Kurdish Human Rights Project
* Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights
* Defenders of Human Rights Center
* B'Tselem
* Al Mezan Center for Human Rights
* Association Najdeh
* al-Marsad
* Saudi Arabia: HRFS (founded 2002)
* APDWRSA (2007)
* ACPRA (2009)
* SDC (2011)
* ESOHR (2013)
* ALQST (2014)

GONGOs|

* Saudi Arabia: NSHR (2004)

See also|

* Collective punishment
* Humanitarian crisis in Gaza
* Human rights in Asia
* Human rights in Muslim-majority countries
* Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel
* Israel and apartheid
* Sahrawi Association of Victims
* Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine

* v
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Human rights in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
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