Hunting in Australia

Australia has a population of about 26 million[1] while the Commonwealth Government estimating there are 640,000 recreational hunters in the country. There are around 6 million legally owned guns in Australia, ranging from airguns to single-shot, bolt-action, pump-action, lever-action or semi-automatic firearms.[2]

## Game species

[edit]

Hunter and kangaroo in Thylungra, 1924.

Many species of game animals in Australia have been introduced by European settlers since the 18th century.[3] Among these are traditional game species such as deer, red foxes and upland birds (quails, pheasants and partridges), as well as other invasive species including rabbits/hares, cats, dogs, goats, pigs, donkeys, horses, feral cattle (including banteng), water buffaloes and camels. Native waterfowls are also targeted, and the commercial harvest of kangaroos by professional hunters was recorded as 1.6 million in 2012.[4]

The most commonly hunted animals by recreational hunters are rabbits, foxes, ducks, feral pigs, feral cats and feral goats.[5] Hunting of rabbits, in particular, is encouraged across all of Australia, as they are considered a highly invasive pest, and the most common form of hunting is ground shooting.

The recreational hunting of foxes is also commonly done by shooting. However, this usually requires other techniques to lure the animal (e.g. using a fox whistle, which makes a sound mimicking a distressed prey) and then spotlighting the eyeshine to locate and shoot the animal.[6]

Six species of deer can be found in Australia.[7]

* The chital deer (Axis axis) is also known as the Indian spotted deer; they are light to dark brown with permanent white spots which appear as broken lines running along the body. They typically have three tined antlers.
* The hog deer (Axis porcinus) is a close relative of the chital; they range from a uniform dark brown during winter to a rich reddish-brown in summer, at which time light-coloured spots along the sides and on either side of the dark dorsal stripe are visible in individuals. Typically, they have three tined antlers, but extra points are not unheard of.
* The sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) is the largest deer species to be found in Australia. They are normally brown, but individuals of grey to almost black are seen. Typically, they have three tined antlers, but they often sported with a wide variety of styles.
* The rusa deer (Rusa timorensis) is a close relative of the sambar but smaller in size; they are a uniform grey-brown, variable between individuals and season. It typically has three tined antlers.
* The red deer (Cervus elaphus) ranges from a dull brown in winter coat to a rich reddish brown in summer; a permanent straw-coloured rump or caudal patch is retained throughout the year
* The fallow deer (Dama dama) is the most common species of deer in the world. In the summer, they are light to reddish brown with white spots. In the winter, this changes to a greyish brown.

## Waterfowl

[edit]

Duck hunting at Lake Burrumbeet using duck decoys.

Only three states and one territory permits the hunting of waterfowl using firearms. Hunting with a permit is allowed in the Northern Territory, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria.[8] In addition to the native species, the Mallard is a feral species in Australia and is permitted to be hunted.[9] Penalties apply for hunters who kill or injure non-listed species. Waterfowl that are fully protected in all states and territories and therefore must not be shot include: the Cape Barren goose, Black swan, Freckled duck, Blue-billed duck and Burdekin duck.[10]

When hunting with shotguns, there is a risk of accidentally injuring ducks. As ducks often fly in flocks, there is a potential for multiple ducks to be hit when hunters shoot into the flock to target an individual. The duck struck by the central cluster of the shot typically dies and falls to the ground. However, ducks on the periphery of the shot may still be hit by some pellets, which they survive but result in lifelong suffering.[11]

A survey conducted in Victoria on hunting four species of native ducks revealed a significant number of injured birds. Some of these birds survive, while others suffer before eventually dying. Approximately 26% of the shot ducks are either wounded or mutilated. Of these, 12% will be wounded and survive, whereas between 14% and 33% will be mutilated. The likely outcome for mutilated birds is a slow, painful death.[12] An X-ray study of ducks caught using nets in Victoria found that between 6% and 19% of the ducks live with embedded shot pellets in their bodies.[13] This animal cruelty has been mostly neglected by government officials.[14]

Waterfowl species permitted to be hunted in Australia (by region)  Common Name  | Species  | Northern Territory[15] | South Australia[16] | Victoria[17] | Tasmania[18]

|
|
|
|
|

Chestnut teal  | Anas castanea | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Grey teal  | Anas gracilis | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Mallard (introduced species)  | Anas platyrhynchos | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Australasian shoveller  | Anas rhynchotis | No  | No  | Yes  | No
Pacific black duck  | Anas superciliosa | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Magpie goose  | Anseranas semipalmata | Yes  | No  | No  | No
Hardhead  | Aythya australis | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No
Australian wood duck  | Chenonetta jubata | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Wandering whistling duck  | Dendrocygna arcuata | Yes  | No  | No  | No
Plumed whistling duck  | Dendrocygna eytoni | Yes  | No  | No  | No
Pink-eared duck  | Malacorhynchus membranaceus | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No
Mountain duck / Australian shelduck  | Tadorna tadornoides | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes

## Legislation

[edit]

Laws related to hunting vary between each state or territory.[19] Except where otherwise stated, most states and territories allow the hunting of pest species – feral dogs, feral goats, feral pigs, foxes, hares, and rabbits – at any time of year with the landowner's permission. Every state and territory requires those carrying firearms to be licensed to do so. A survey of recreational hunters identified the following usage rates of particular hunting methods: 92% rifles, 16% bow and arrows, 3% black powder muzzleloaders, 56% shotguns, 9% dogs only and 3% others.[5]

### Australian Capital Territory

[edit]

All that is required to hunt in Australian Capital Territory is a valid firearms licence. Individuals between the ages of 12 – 17 can hold a minor's firearms licence, allowing them to hunt under adult supervision. However, hunting is restricted to pest animals on private property and may only be carried out with the landowner's permission.

### New South Wales

[edit]

New South Wales allows the hunting of deer. In NSW game species include ducks, which may be hunted under the New South Wales Game Bird Management Program, as well as wild deer, California quails, partridges, pheasants, peafowl and turkeys. Dogs, cats and hares are classified as both feral and game.[20]

### Northern Territory

[edit]

The Northern Territory freely allows the hunting of feral animals on private land with the landowner's permission as long as the hunter holds a valid firearms licence. This excepts feral pigs and waterfowl, for which a permit is required to hunt on certain reserves. The Northern Territory considers many animals to be feral: Arabian camels, buffaloes, banteng, cane toads, donkeys, feral cats, horses, wild dogs, feral cattle, house sparrows, pigeons, sambar deer, rusa deer, chital and turtle doves. All waterfowl hunters require a permit to hunt and may only do so during the declared open season. Waterfowl includes the following species: magpie geese, Pacific black duck, wandering whistling duck, plumed whistling duck, grey teal, pink-eared duck, hardhead duck, maned duck.

### Queensland

[edit]

In Queensland, some native species (with a permit[21]) and all pest species may be hunted at any time of the year with the landowner's permission. A weapons licence is required to carry firearms. No species are declared as game animals, but many animals are declared pests in Queensland instead. Species commonly hunted include red deer, chital, fallow deer, rusa, dingo, feral dog, rabbits, hares, cats, foxes, goats, pigs, dogs, donkeys, horses and feral cattle.

### South Australia

[edit]

See also: Duck hunting in South Australia

South Australia allows the hunting of game species during open season. Species listed as game are the stubble quail, Pacific black duck, grey teal, chestnut teal, Australian shelduck, pink-eared duck and maned duck. Some native species and all introduced species may be hunted at any time of the year. Namely camels, deer, starling, domestic pigeon, European blackbird and the spotted turtle-dove.

### Tasmania

[edit]

A game licence is required to hunt in Tasmania, pests and feral creatures are eligible to be hunted on private, state and crown land. Tasmania classifies as game species: deer, wild duck, brown quail and pheasant. For non-commercial purposes, muttonbirds and wallabies may also be hunted. Pests can be hunted on crown land at any time, however on private and state land hunts are only carried out with explicit permission from the owner of the private land. Minor permits in both firearms and hunting can be applied for if under the age of 18 years. There are two different grades of minor permits available from 12 years.

### Victoria

[edit]

Hunting of game species is allowed during open seasons under a state licence scheme. In Victoria, state licenses are issued to: 26,200 duck hunters, 29,000 quail hunters, and 32,000 deer hunters.

Victoria allows the hunting of many native and introduced species, including stubble quail, pheasants, partridges, European quail, California quail, Pacific black duck, grey teal, hardhead, Australian shelduck, pink-eared duck, Australian wood duck, chestnut teal, Australasian shoveller, hog deer, red deer, sambar deer and fallow deer.

Victoria makes no restrictions on the hunting of pest or feral animals in state forests, or on private lands as long as the hunter has permission from the landowner. Both hares and feral dogs are classified as pests, and can be hunted at any time throughout the year.

### Western Australia

[edit]

In Western Australia, only feral species may be hunted on private land with the landowner's permission, subject to holding a valid firearms licence. These species include camels, donkeys, feral cattle, wood ducks, feral dogs, feral horse, hares and starling.

## Aboriginal hunting

[edit]

Image of Aboriginal Australian hunters and a wallaby from 1901.

Aboriginal Australians lived on the Australian continent for thousands of years before Europeans settlement in the late 1700s. They had a wealth of animals to hunt and had very refined and sometimes ingenious ways of hunting them.[22]

### Hunting techniques

[edit]

Boomerang
Boomerang

Boomerangs have been used as a hunting tool by Aboriginal Peoples for tens of thousands of years.[citation needed] The way a hunter tends to use a boomerang is to rustle tree branches, causing the birds inside to be startled and fly into nets that the hunter had already set up between trees. Contrary to popular belief, Aboriginal hunting boomerangs are not designed to return to the thrower.

Throwing sticks

Related to the boomerang, a throwing stick is bigger and heavier. These heftier weapons are used to hunt bigger animals such as kangaroos. They were thrown straight at their target and could even break bones on impact. This made it a lethal tool in the hands of an experienced hunter.

Fire

Aboriginals use fire to clear vegetation from patches of land to make it easier to hunt game.[23] Among the animals hunted are monitor lizards. Surprisingly in areas where the technique is used, the lizard population increases by as much as 100%.[citation needed] This is thought to be[by whom?] because burning established vegetation clears land for the growth of new plant species, increasing biodiversity thus improving the lizards' habitat.

### Legal framework

[edit]

The National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975 (Cth) mandates Aboriginal people are not subject to general conservation restrictions so long as they engage in hunting only for food, ceremonial or religious purposes (in all cases must be non-commercial).[24] However, restrictions may be put in place to protect wildlife and must specifically state that such restrictions apply to Aboriginal people.[25] This section does not give an Aboriginal person right of entry onto land. Entry onto private land, state forests, national parks or other kinds of crown land is regulated under State or Territory Legislation and is variable.[26]

### Controversy

[edit]

There has been a number of controversies surrounding indigenous Australians and the Australian government regarding their hunting rights. In 1993, the Australian Government brought in legislation called the Native Title Act. This act meant that the Australian Government recognised that the Aboriginal Australians have rights to and interests to their land that come from their traditional laws and customs. One of the activities that are covered by the Native Title is the right for Aboriginal peoples to hunt otherwise endangered species for food or ceremonial purposes.[citation needed] The killing of endangered is a wide source of outrage with many[who?] calling for a rewrite of the legislation to protect the endangered species.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Australian Bureau of Statistics – Population Clock". Retrieved 23 May 2014.
2. ^ "Economic and social impacts of recreational hunting and shooting" (PDF). health.gov.au. September 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
3. ^ "Feral Feast". Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
4. ^ "Kangaroo Quotas and Harvest" (PDF). Retrieved 29 October 2015.
5. ^ a b "Baxter Finch Murray and Hoy. ATTITUDES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF AUSTRALIAN RECREATIONAL HUNTERS" (PDF). Retrieved 29 October 2015.
6. ^ "Fox hunting and shooting" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
7. ^ "Australia's Wild Deer". Retrieved 12 November 2013.
8. ^ Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions (9 December 2019). "Duck - Game Management Authority". www.gma.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
9. ^ Byrne, Jack (1974). Duck hunting in Australia and New Zealand. Wellington [N.Z.]: Reed. ISBN 978-0-589-00757-7.
10. ^ "Know your birds - SSAA". ssaa.org.au. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
11. ^ Russell, Geoff (1994). "Shotgun Wounding Characteristics". Maple Tech: Maple in Mathematics and the Sciences. December: 17–23.
12. ^ Norman, Fi; Powell, Dgm (1981). "Rates of Recovery of Bands, Harvest Patterns and Estimates for Black Duck, Chestnut Teal, Grey Teal and Mountain Duck Shot during Victorian Open Seasons, 1953-1977". Wildlife Research. 8 (3): 659. doi:10.1071/WR9810659. ISSN 1035-3712.
13. ^ Norman, Fi (1976). "The Incidence of Lead Shotgun Pellets in Waterfowl (Anatidae and Rallidae) Examined in South-Eastern Australia Between 1957 and 1973". Wildlife Research. 3 (1): 61. doi:10.1071/WR9760061. ISSN 1035-3712.
14. ^ Hampton, Jordan O.; Hyndman, Timothy H. (2019). "Underaddressed animal-welfare issues in conservation". Conservation Biology. 33 (4): 803–811. Bibcode:2019ConBi..33..803H. doi:10.1111/cobi.13267. hdl:11343/285334. ISSN 0888-8892.
15. ^ Government, Northern Territory (22 August 2019). "Magpie geese and waterfowl season dates". nt.gov.au. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
16. ^ "Duck Hunting". www.environment.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
17. ^ Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions (9 December 2019). "Game duck species - Game Management Authority". www.gma.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
18. ^ "Species of Game | Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania". dpipwe.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
19. ^ "State and territory hunting regulations – SSAA". Sporting Shooters' Association of Australia. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
20. ^ "Managing feral deer in NSW". 15 August 2023.
21. ^ "Recreational wildlife harvesting licence for macropods under the Nature Conservation Act". Retrieved 29 October 2015.
22. ^ Ross, Anne (19 March 2010). "Traditional Aboriginal Hunting in Australia: A cultural heritage issue". Cultural Survival.
23. ^ Jordan, Rob (29 October 2013). "Stanford research: Aboriginal hunting increases animal populations". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
24. ^ National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975 (Cth) S70(1)
25. ^ National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975 (Cth) S70(2)
26. ^ "Australian Legislation on Hunting, Fishing and Gathering: An Overview".

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hunting in Australia.

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|

Historical|

* Cleveland Amory
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| Groups|

| Contemporary|

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* People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
* Rise for Animals
* Sentience Politics
* Uncaged Campaigns
* United Activists for Animal Rights
* United Poultry Concerns
* UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
* Viva!
* Voice for Animals Humane Society

|

Historical|

* Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
* Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
* Humanitarian League (1891–1919)
* Millennium Guild
* Oxford Group

Parties|

* Animal Justice Party (Australia)
* Animal Politics EU (Europe)
* Animal Protection Party of Canada (Canada)
* Animal Justice Party of Finland (Finland)
* Animals' Party (Sweden)
* Animalist Movement (Italy)
* Animalist Party with the Environment (Spain)
* DierAnimal (Belgium)
* Human Environment Animal Protection Party (Germany)
* Italian Animalist Party (Italy)
* Party for the Animals (Netherlands)
* People Animals Nature (Portugal)
* V-Partei³ (Germany)

Activism|

* Animal Rights National Conference

Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)

| Books|

* On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
* Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
* The Rights of Animals (1838)
* The Ethics of Diet (1883)
* Animals' Rights (1892)
* Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897)
* Better-World Philosophy (1899)
* The Universal Kinship (1906)
* The New Ethics (1907)
* Animals, Men and Morals (1971)
* Animal Liberation (1975)
* The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
* Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)
* Zoos and Animal Rights (1993)
* Animals, Property, and the Law (1995)
* The Lives of Animals (1999)
* Eternal Treblinka (2001)
* Do Animals Have Rights? (2005)
* Striking at the Roots (2008)
* An American Trilogy (2009)
* An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010)
* Animal Rights Without Liberation (2012)
* Political Animals and Animal Politics (2014)
* Animal (De)liberation (2016)
* Sentientist Politics (2018)
* Wild Animal Ethics (2020)
* Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022)
* Making a Stand for Animals (2022)

|

Films|

* The Animals Film (1981)
* A Cow at My Table (1998)
* Shores of Silence (2000)
* The Witness (2000)
* Meet Your Meat (2002)
* Legally Blonde 2 (2003)
* The Meatrix (2003)
* Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
* Earthlings (2005)
* Behind the Mask (2006)
* Your Mommy Kills Animals (2007)
* The Cove (2009)
* Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009)
* Forks Over Knives (2011)
* Vegucated (2011)
* An Apology to Elephants (2013)
* Speciesism: The Movie (2013)
* The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)
* Unlocking the Cage (2016)
* Dominion (2018)
* Seaspiracy (2021)

Periodicals|

| Journals|

* Animal Sentience
* Between the Species
* Cahiers antispécistes
* Etica & Animali
* Journal of Animal Ethics
* Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
* The Animals' Defender

|

Magazines|

* Arkangel
* Bite Back
* Muutoksen kevät
* No Compromise
* Satya

Albums|

* Animal Liberation (1987)
* Tame Yourself (1991)
* Manifesto (2008)
* Salvation of Innocents (2014)
* Onward to Freedom (2014)

Fairs and exhibitions|

* Holocaust on your Plate (2003)

* Category ( 139 )

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