Hydarnes the Younger

5th-century BCE Persian military commander

Hydarnes II (Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡𐎭𐎼𐎴, romanized: Vidṛna), also known as Hydarnes the Younger (by contrast with his father Hydarnes the Old) was a Persian commander of the Achaemenid Empire in the 5th century BC. He was the son of Hydarnes, satrap of the Persian empire and one of the seven conspirators against Gaumata.

During the reign of Xerxes I, Hydarnes was one of the commanders for the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC. He was appointed as the leader of the 10,000-man contingent of "Immortals", while his brother Sisamnes commanded the levy of the Aryans.[1][2]

On the first day of the Battle of Thermopylae, Hydarnes led the Immortals against the phalanx of Spartans under Leonidas I, but an attempt to break through failed.[3] On the second day, a local resident named Ephialtes betrayed the Greeks by telling the Persians about a hidden goat path around Thermopylae. This enabled Hydarnes and his Immortals to pass behind the Spartans, Thespians and Thebans and, as a result, defeat them.[4]

After the Persians were defeated at the Battle of Salamis, Xerxes I decided to return to Asia leaving a large army under Mardonius which wintered in Thessaly. Hydarnes wanted to stay at the side of the king and go back with him to Asia. So Xerxes tasked Hydarnes with the responsibility of getting the Persian army back over the Hellespont to Asia.[5][6] After this, nothing further is reported about Hydarnes.

Another, Hydarnes, who was active during the reign of Darius II (r. 423 – 404 BC) was a descendant (perhaps grandson) of Hydarnes the Younger.[7]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Georges, Pericles B. (2000). "Persian Ionia under Darius: The Revolt Reconsidered". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 49 (1): 1–39. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4436563.
2. ^ Herodotus:Histories VII, 66 and 83
3. ^ Herodotus: Histories. VII, 211
4. ^ Herodotus: Histories. VII, 215 and 218.
5. ^ Herodotus: Histories. VIII, 113.
6. ^ Herodotus: Histories. VIII, 118
7. ^ Schmitt 2004, pp. 588–590.

## Sources

[edit]

* Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1575060316.
* Schmitt, Rüdiger (2004). "Hydarnes". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XII/6: Human migration II–Illuminationism. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 588–590. ISBN 978-0-933273-80-1.

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Rulers in the Achaemenid Empire

Family tree \- Achaemenid Kingdom

Kings of Kings
of the Achaemenid Empire|

* Achaemenes
* Ariaramnes
* Arsames
* Teispes
* Cyrus I
* Cambyses I
* Cyrus the Great
* Cambyses II
* Bardiya
* Darius the Great
* Xerxes I
* Artaxerxes I
* Xerxes II
* Sogdianus
* Darius II
* Artaxerxes II Mnemon
* Artaxerxes III Ochus
* Artaxerxes IV Arses
* Darius III Codomannus
* Artaxerxes V Bessus

Satraps of Lydia|

* Tabalus
* Mazares
* Harpagus
* Oroetus
* Bagaeus
* Otanes
* Artaphernes I
* Artaphernes II
* Pissuthnes
* Tissaphernes
* Cyrus the Younger
* Tissaphernes
* Tithraustes
* Tiribazus
* Struthas
* Autophradates
* Spithridates

Satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia|

* Mitrobates
* Megabazus
* Megabates
* Oebares II
* Artabazus I
* Pharnabazus I
* Pharnaces II
* Pharnabazus II
* Ariobarzanes
* Artabazus II
* Pharnabazus III
* Arsites

Satraps of Cappadocia|

* Datames
* Ariamnes I
* Mithrobuzanes
* Ariarathes I

Greek Governors of Asia Minor cities|

* Miltiades
* Demaratus
* Gongylos
* Eurysthenes
* Prokles
* Histiaeus
* Aristagoras
* Themistocles
* Archeptolis
* Aridolis
* Amyntas II
* Philiscus

Dynasts of Lycia|

* Kheziga
* Kybernis
* Kuprlli
* Harpagus
* Teththiweibi
* Kheriga
* Kherei
* Arbinas
* Artembares
* Artumpara
* Mithrapata
* Perikle

Dynasts of Caria|

* Lygdamis I
* Artemisia
* Pisindelis
* Lygdamis II
* Adusius (satrap)
* Hecatomnus
* Mausolus
* Artemisia II
* Idrieus
* Ada
* Pixodarus
* Orontobates

Kings of Macedonia|

* Amyntas I of Macedon
* Alexander I of Macedon

Kings of Tyre|

* Mattan IV
* Boulomenus
* Abdemon
* Evagoras
* Azemilcus

Kings of Sidon|

* Eshmunazar I
* Tabnit
* Queen Amoashtart (regent)
* Eshmunazar II
* Bodashtart
* Yatonmilk
* Anysos
* Tetramnestos
* Baalshillem I
* Baana
* Baalshillem II
* Abdashtart I
* Tennes
* Evagoras II
* Abdashtart II
* Abdashtart III

Satraps of Armenia|

* Artasyrus
* Orontes I
* Darius III
* Orontes II

Satraps of Egypt|

* Aryandes
* Pherendates
* Achaemenes
* Arsames
* Pherendates II
* Sabaces
* Mazaces

Satraps of Bactria|

* Hystaspes
* Dadarsi
* Masistes
* Bessus

Satraps of Media|

* Hydarnes
* Hydarnes the Younger
* Atropates

Satraps of Cilicia|

* Syennesis III
* Camisares
* Mazaeus
* Arsames

Other known satraps|

* Megabyzus, Abrocomas, Belesys (Syria)
* Ochus (Hyrcania)
* Satibarzanes (Aria)
* Atizyes (Greater Phrygia)
* Phrataphernes (Parthia)
* Ariobarzanes (Persis)
* Abulites (Susiana)
* Mazaeus (Babylon)

In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by Hellenistic satraps and Hellenistic rulers from around 330 BC

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