Hymn to Liberty

National anthem of Greece and Cyprus

Hýmnos is tin Eleftherían
Hýmnos pros tin EleftheríanEnglish: Hymn to Liberty

Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν
Ὕμνος πρὸς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν

* * *

National anthem of Greece and Cyprus

* * *

Lyrics| Dionysios Solomos, 1823
Music| Nikolaos Chalikiopoulos Mantzaros, 1865
Adopted| 1864 (by Greece)[1]
1966 (by Cyprus)[2]
Audio sample

U.S. Navy Band instrumental version

* file
* help

The "Hymn to Liberty", or "Hymn to Freedom" (Greek: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν,[a] also Ὕμνος πρὸς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν),[b] is a poem written by Dionysios Solomos in 1823 that consists of 158 stanzas and is used as the national anthem of Greece and Cyprus.

It was set to music by Nikolaos Mantzaros in 1828 and is the longest national anthem in the world by length of text.[3]

It officially became the national anthem of Greece in 1864 and Cyprus in 1966.

## History[edit]

Dionysios Solomos, author of the lyrics

Dionysios Solomos wrote "Hymn to Liberty" in 1823 in Zakynthos, and one year later it was printed in Messolonghi.[1] In October 1824 it was published in London by the Philhellenic Committee, and an Italian translation was published in the Messolonghi newspaper Ellinika Chronika at about the same time.[1]

It was set to music in 1828 by the Corfiot operatic composer Nikolaos Mantzaros, who composed a choral versions, in 24 parts, and dedicated it to the first King of Greece, Otto.[1] Otto awarded Mantzaros with the Silver Cross of the Order of the Redeemer as a token of appreciation, but during Otto's reign (1832–1862), an anthem based on God Save the King was used, with a text glorifying Otto.[1]

After Otto's ouster in 1862, the first part of Mantzaros' "Hymn to Liberty" was adopted as the national and royal anthem of Greece in 1864.[1] The "Hymn to Liberty" was also adopted as the national anthem of Cyprus by order of the Council of Ministers in 1966.[4]

## Lyrics[edit]

Execution of Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople by Nikiforos Lytras Siege of Tripolitsa by Peter von Hess

Inspired by the Greek War of Independence, Solomos wrote the hymn to honour the struggle of Greeks for independence after centuries of Ottoman rule.[5][6][7]

"Hymn to Liberty" recounts the misery of the Greeks under the Ottomans and their hope for freedom. He describes different events of the War, such as the execution of Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople, the reaction of the Great Powers, extensively the Siege of Tripolitsa and the Christian character of the struggle.

### Greek original[edit]

The following are the first 8 verses of the anthem. Only the first two constitute the de facto national anthem of Greece.[8]

Greek original[1] | Transliteration  | IPA transcription[c] | Poetic English translation[8][9]
(Rudyard Kipling, 1918) | Literal English translation[10]

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1.Σε γνωρίζω από την κόψη
Του σπαθιού την τρομερή,
Σε γνωρίζω από την όψη,
Που με βιά μετράει τη γη.

2.Απ’ τα κόκκαλα[d] βγαλμένη
Των Ελλήνων τα ιερά,
𝄆 Και σαν πρώτα ανδρειωμένη,
Χαίρε, ω χαίρε, ελευθεριά! 𝄇

3.Εκεί μέσα εκατοικούσες
πικραμένη, εντροπαλή,
κι ένα στόμα ακαρτερούσες,
«έλα πάλι», να σου πει.

4.Άργειε να 'λθει[e] εκείνη η μέρα,
Και[f] ήταν όλα σιωπηλά,
𝄆 γιατί τά 'σκιαζε η φοβέρα
και τα πλάκωνε η σκλαβιά. 𝄇

Δυστυχής! Παρηγορία
μόνη σου έμενε να λες
περασμένα μεγαλεία
και διηγώντας τα να κλαις.

Και ακαρτέρει, και ακαρτέρει
φιλελεύθερη λαλιά,
𝄆 ένα εκτύπαε τ’ άλλο χέρι
από την απελπισιά. 𝄇

Κι έλεες: «πότε, α! πότε βγάνω
το κεφάλι από τσ' ερμιές;»
Και[f] αποκρίνοντο από πάνω
κλάψες, άλυσες, φωνές.

Τότε εσήκωνες το βλέμμα
μες στα κλάιματα[g] θολό,
𝄆 και εις το ρούχο σου έσταζ’ αίμα,
πλήθος αίμα Ελληνικό. 𝄇

Se gnorízo apó tin kópsi
Tu spathiú tin tromerí,
Se gnorízo apó tin ópsi,
Pu me viá metrái ti gi.

Ap’ ta kókkala vgalméni
Ton Hellínon ta hierá,
𝄆 Ke san próta andrioméni,
Khére, o khére, eleftheriá! 𝄇

Ekí mésa ekatikúses
pikraméni entropalí,
ki héna stóma akarterúses,
"éla páli", na su pi.

Árgie ná ’lthi ekíni hi méra,
ke ítan hóla siopilá,
𝄆 giatí tá 'skiaze hi fovéra
ke ta plákone hi sklaviá. 𝄇

Dystykhís! Parigoría
móni su émene na les
perasména megalía
ke diigóntas ta na kles.

Ke akartéri ke akartéri
fileléftheri laliá,
𝄆 Héna ektýpae t’ állo héri
apó tín apelpisiá. 𝄇

Ki élees: póte, á! póte vgáno
to kefáli apó ts' ermiés;
ke apokrínonto apó páno
klápses, hályses, fonés.

Tóte esíkones to vlémma
mes sta kláimata tholó,
𝄆 ke is to rúcho su éstaz’ héma,
plíthos héma hellinikó. 𝄇

[se‿ɣno.ˈɾi.zo‿a.ˈpo tiŋ‿ˈɡop.si]
[tu spaθ.ˈçu tin dɾo.me.ˈɾi |]
[se‿ɣno.ˈɾi.zo‿a.ˈpo tin ˈop.si |]
[pu me ˈvja me.ˈtɾai̯ ti ˈʝi ‖]

[ap ta ˈko.ka.la‿vɣal.ˈme.ni]
[ton e.ˈli.non da‿i̯.e.ˈɾa |]
𝄆 [ˈce sam‿ˈbɾo.ta anð.ɾjo.ˈme.ni |]
[ˈçe.ɾe‿o ˈçe.ɾe | e.lef.θeɾ.ˈja ‖] 𝄇

[e.ˈci ˈme.sa‿e.ka.ti.ˈku.ses]
[pi.kra.ˈme.ni‿en.tɾo.pa.ˈli |]
[ˈc‿e.na ˈsto.m‿a.kaɾ.te.ˈɾu.ses |]
[ˈe.la ˈpa.li | na su pi ‖]

[ˈaɾ.ʝe ˈnal.θ(i)‿e.ˈci.n‿i ˈme.ra |]
[ˈce‿i.tan ˈo.la sjo.pi.ˈla |]
𝄆 [ʝa.ˈti ta 'scja.ze‿i fo.ˈve.ɾa]
[ce ta ˈpla.ko.ne‿i sklav.ˈja ‖] 𝄇

[ðis.ti.ˈçis ‖ pa.ɾi.ɣo.ˈɾi.a]
[ˈmo.ni ˈsu‿e.me.ne na les]
[pe.ɾa.ˈzme.na me.ɣa.ˈli.a]
[ce di.ˈɣon.tas ta na kles ‖]

[c‿a.kar.ˈte.ɾi | c‿a.kar.ˈte.ɾi]
[fi.le.ˈlef.θe.ɾi la.ˈlja |]
𝄆 [ˈe.na‿ek.ˈti.pae̯ ˈt‿a.lo ˈçe.ɾi]
[a.ˈpo tin a.pel.pi.ˈsja ‖] 𝄇

[ˈc‿e.les | ˈpo.te‿a ‖ ˈpo.te‿ˈvɣa.no]
[to ce.ˈfa.li‿a.ˈpo ts‿er.ˈmjes |]
[c‿a.po.ˈkri.non.to‿a.ˈpo ˈpa.no]
[ˈklap.ses | ˈa.li.ses | fo.ˈnes ‖]

[ˈto.t‿e.ˈsi.ko.nes to ˈvle.ma]
[mes sta ˈklaj.ma.ta ˈθo.lo |]
𝄆 [c(e)‿is to ˈru.xo ˈsu‿es.taz ˈe.ma |]
[ˈpli.θos ˈe.ma(‿)e.li.ni.ˈko ‖] 𝄇

We knew thee of old,
O, divinely restored,
By the lights of thine eyes,
And the light of thy Sword.

From the graves of our slain,
Shall thy valor prevail,
𝄆 as we greet thee again,
Hail, Liberty! Hail! 𝄇

Long time didst thou dwell
Mid the peoples that mourn,
Awaiting some voice
That should bid thee return.

Ah, slow broke that day
And no man dared call,
𝄆 For the shadow of tyranny
Lay over all: 𝄇

Yet, behold now thy sons
With impetuous breath
𝄆 Go forth to the fight
Seeking Freedom or Death. 𝄇

And we saw thee sad-eyed,
The tears on thy cheeks
𝄆 While thy raiment was dyed
In the blood of the Greeks. 𝄇

I know you from the blade
Of the sword, the terrifying [blade],
I know you from the appearance,
Which, with force, measures the earth.

From the bones taken out,
the sacred (bones) of Greeks
𝄆 And as first brave again,
Rejoice, oh rejoice, liberty! 𝄇

There in you were living
bitter, ashamed,
And a mouth you were awaiting,
"Come again", should it tell you.

Late came that day,
And it was all silent,
𝄆 Because the bullying was overshadowing them
And the slavery was oppressing them. 𝄇

Unhappy one! Consolation
Alone was staying to tell you
Past greatnesses
And narrating them to mourn.

And it was awaiting, and it was awaiting
Freedom-loving speech.
𝄆 One hand strikes the other
Out of the hopelessness. 𝄇

And you were saying: when, oh when do I get
My head out of these lonely places?
And answering from above were
Cries, chains, voices.

Then you were raising your glance
Into the tears, blurry.
𝄆 And into the clothing of yours was dripping blood,
A lot of Greek blood. 𝄇

## Uses[edit]

An adapted version was used during the short-lived Cretan State as the Cretan Anthem. The "Hymn to Liberty" had been the Greek royal anthem after 1864.

"Hymn to Liberty" has been the national anthem of Cyprus since 1966.[2]

"Hymn to Liberty" has been performed at every closing ceremony of the Olympic Games, to pay tribute to Greece as the birthplace of the Olympic Games.

The version commonly played by military bands is an arrangement composed by Lieutenant Colonel Margaritis Kastellis (1907–1979), former director of the Greek Music Corps.[20]

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Hýmnos is tin Eleftherían, pronounced [ˈimnos is tin elefθeˈri.an].
2. ^ Hýmnos pros tin Eleftherían, pronounced [ˈimnos pros tin elefθeˈri.an].
3. ^ See Help:IPA/Greek and Modern Greek phonology.
4. ^ Sometimes written κόκαλα,[11] a more modern form.
5. ^ Written variously, including as να 'λθη[12] and νάλθη.[13] Έλθει is the modern formal third person singular perfective, also used in subjunctive compounds with να.
6. ^ a b Occasionally, the abbreviated variant κι is used.[14][15]
7. ^ Also written κλάυματα,[16] κλάηματα[17] and κλάματα.[18][19]

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g Sklavos, G. (1934). "Ἐθνικός ὔμνος" [National anthem]. Μεγάλη Ἐλληνικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεῖα, Τόμος Δέκατος. Ἑλλάς – Ἑλληνισμὸς (in Greek). Athens: Pyrsos Co. Ltd. pp. 244–247.
2. ^ a b "Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus – The National Anthem". Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
3. ^ "Greece: Hymn to Liberty". NationalAnthems.me. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
4. ^ "National Anthem". Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
5. ^ "Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν". stixoi. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
6. ^ "Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν". sansimera. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
7. ^ Papaloizos, Theodore (2009). Greek language, Modern. ISBN 978-0-932416-02-5. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
8. ^ a b "The National Anthem". Presidency.gr. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
9. ^ "Poem of the Day: Hymn to Liberty by Rudyard Kipling". HeraldScotland. 30 July 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
10. ^ "National Anthems & Patriotic Songs - Greek & Cypriot National Anthem - Ýmnos is tin Eleftherían (long version) lyrics + English translation". lyricstranslate.com. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
11. ^ "Orthodoxy in Modern Greek Poetry". www.myriobiblos.gr. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
12. ^ Moleas, Wendy (25 March 2004). The Development of the Greek Language. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 84\. ISBN 978-1-85399-675-7.
13. ^ Kolias, Nina K. (1997). The Greeks in Alberta, 1903–1995. N.K. Kolias. p. 13\. ISBN 978-0-9681616-0-9.
14. ^ "Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν". Sansimera.
15. ^ "Διονύσιος Σολωμός, "Ο Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν"". ebooks.edu.gr. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
16. ^ "Υμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν" (PDF). digital.mmb.org.gr. 1918. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
17. ^ Genikē anthologia: poiēseōs & pezographias (in Greek). S.D. Dēmētrakos. 1965. p. 219.
18. ^ "Σπουδαστήριο Νέου Ελληνισμού - Σολωμός Διονύσιος - Solomos". www.snhell.gr. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
19. ^ "Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν". Stixoi.
20. ^ "National Anthem". Hellenic Army Academy. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.

## External links[edit]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Hymn to Liberty

Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Ύμνος είς την Ελευθερίαν

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hymn to Liberty.

* Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
* Short 30 min Version Full version Versions of the Hymn at YouTube
* The Greek Presidency – The website for the Presidency of the Hellenic Republic has a page about the National Anthem, including an instrumental file.
* Michał Bzinkowski, Eleuthería ē Thánatos!: The idea of freedom in modern Greek poetry during the war of independence in 19th century. Dionysios Solomos’ “Hymn to Liberty”
* Neugriechische Volksgesänge, Johann Matthias Firmenich
* The Hymn with all 158 stanzas (in Greek & English)
* From the Official Website of the Greek Presidential Guard
* The Greek national Anthem (in mp3)

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* Panagiotis Rodios
* Dionysios Romas
* Georgios Sachtouris
* Georgios Sekeris
* Theofanis Siatisteus
* Georgios Sisinis
* Ioannis Skandalidis
* Zisis Sotiriou
* Nikitas Stamatelopoulos
* Georgios Stavros
* Joseph Stephanini
* Ioannis Stratos
* Sotirios Theocharopoulos
* Zafeirakis Theodosiou
* Emmanouil Tombazis
* Iakovos Tombazis
* Ioannis Trikoupis
* Anastasios Tsamados
* Melchisedek Tsouderos
* Kitsos Tzavellas
* Theodoros Tzinis
* Loukas Vagias
* Thanasoulas Valtinos
* Dimitrios Varis
* Meletis Vasileiou
* Domna Visvizi
* Alexakis Vlachopoulos
* Konstantinos Vlachopoulos
* Pieros Voidis
* Liolios Xirolivaditis
* Demetrios Ypsilantis
* Christoforos Zachariadis
* Andreas Zaimis
* Germanos Zapheiropoulos
* Evangelos Zappas
* Marigo Zarafopoula
* Nikolaos Zervas

Philhellenes|

* António Figueira d'Almeida
* Joseph Balestra
* Samuel Barff
* Paul Marie Bonaparte
* Karl Rudolf Brommy
* Lord Byron
* François-René de Chateaubriand
* Richard Church
* Giuseppe Chiappe
* Lord Cochrane
* Giacinto Collegno
* Charles Fabvier
* Adam Friedel
* Vincenzo Gallina
* Thomas Gordon
* Constantin Guys
* Emmanuel Han
* Frank Abney Hastings
* Carl von Heideck
* Samuel Gridley Howe
* George Jarvis
* Karl Krazeisen
* Henrik Nikolai Krøyer
* Ludwig I of Bavaria
* Ernst Michael Mangel
* Sophie de Marbois-Lebrun, Duchess of Plaisance
* Vasos Mavrovouniotis
* Johann Jakob Meyer
* Ellinika Chronika
* Jonathan Miller
* Julius Michael Millingen
* August Myhrberg
* Karl von Normann-Ehrenfels
* Hadži-Prodan
* Maurice Persat
* Theobald Piscatory
* Maxime Raybaud
* Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
* Giuseppe Rosaroll
* Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa
* Friedrich Thiersch
* Auguste Hilarion Touret
* Edward John Trelawny
* German Legion [el]
* Serbs
* David Urquhart
* Olivier Voutier
* James Jakob Williams

Moldavia and Wallachia
(Danubian Principalities)
Sacred Band|

* Athanasios Agrafiotis
* Anastasios Christopoulos
* Diamandi Djuvara
* Stefanos Kanellos
* Alexandros Kantakouzinos
* Georgios Kantakouzinos
* Rallou Karatza
* Stamatios Kleanthis
* Georgios Lassanis
* Constantine Levidis
* Dimitrie Macedonski
* Anastasios Manakis
* Giorgakis Olympios
* Yiannis Pharmakis
* Michael Soutzos
* Roxani Soutzos
* Athanasios Tsakalov
* Tudor Vladimirescu
* Konstantinos Xenokratis
* Alexander Ypsilantis
* Demetrios Ypsilantis
* Nikolaos Ypsilantis
* Christoforos Zachariadis

Ottoman Empire, Algeria, and Egypt|

* Sultan Mahmud II
* Hurshid Pasha
* Nasuhzade Ali Pasha
* Ismael Gibraltar
* Omer Vrioni
* Kara Mehmet
* Mahmud Dramali Pasha
* Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
* Reşid Mehmed Pasha
* Yussuf Pasha
* Ibrahim Pasha
* Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi

Britain, France and Russia|

* George Canning
* Stratford Canning
* Edward Codrington
* Henri de Rigny
* Lodewijk van Heiden
* Alexander I of Russia
* Nicholas I of Russia

Financial aid|

* London Philhellenic Committee
* Ludwig I of Bavaria
* Jean-Gabriel Eynard
* Lazaros Kountouriotis
* Ioannis Papafis
* Georgios Stavros
* Ioannis Varvakis
* Rothschild & Co

Morea expedition|

| Military|

* Nicolas Joseph Maison
* Antoine Simon Durrieu
* Antoine Virgile Schneider
* Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
* Camille Alphonse Trézel

|

Scientific|

* Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent
* Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois
* Pierre Peytier
* Stamatis Voulgaris
* Guillaume-Abel Blouet
* Gabriel Bibron
* Prosper Baccuet
* Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval
* Pierre-Narcisse Guérin
* Charles Lenormant
* Edgar Quinet

Historians/Memoirists|

* Dimitrios Ainian
* Fotis Chrysanthopoulos
* Ioannis Filimon
* George Finlay
* Ambrosios Frantzis
* Lambros Koutsonikas
* Konstantinos Metaxas
* Panoutsos Notaras
* Panagiotis Papatsonis
* Anastasios Polyzoidis
* Georgios Tertsetis
* Spyridon Trikoupis

Art|

* Eugène Delacroix
* Louis Dupré
* Peter von Hess
* Victor Hugo
* François Pouqueville
* Alexander Pushkin
* Karl Krazeisen
* Andreas Kalvos
* Dionysios Solomos
* Theodoros Vryzakis
* Hellas
* The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi
* Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi
* Le siège de Corinthe
* The Massacre at Chios
* The Free Besieged
* Hymn to Liberty
* The Archipelago on Fire
* Loukis Laras
* The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos

Remembrance|

* 25 March (Independence Day)
* Hymn to Liberty
* Eleftheria i thanatos
* Pedion tou Areos
* Propylaea (Munich)
* Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi)
* Royal Phalanx
* Evzones (Presidential Guard)

* v
* t
* e

Anthems of Europe

Countries|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark (Der er et yndigt land & Kong Christian stod ved højen mast)
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

Territories,
dependencies,
other areas|

| United
Kingdom|

* Constituent countries
* England
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland
* Wales
* British Overseas Territories
* Gibraltar
* Crown Dependencies
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Counties
* Cornwall
* Lincolnshire
* Sussex
* Wiltshire
* Yorkshire

|

Russia|

* Adygea
* Arkhangelsk Oblast
* Bashkortostan
* Chechen Republic
* Chuvashia
* Dagestan
* Ingushetia
* Kabardino-Balkaria
* Kalmykia
* Karachay–Cherkessia
* Republic of Karelia
* Komi Republic
* Mari El
* Mordovia
* Moscow City
* Nenets Autonomous Okrug
* North Ossetia–Alania
* Rostov Oblast
* Saint Petersburg
* Tatarstan
* Tambov Oblast
* Udmurtia

Spain|

* Andalusia
* Aragon
* Aran Valley
* Asturias
* Canary Islands
* Basque Country
* Cantabria
* Catalonia
* Galicia
* Madrid
* Majorca
* Valencia

Disputed|

* Kosovo
* Abkhazia
* South Ossetia
* Northern Cyprus
* Transnistria
* Crimea
* Donetsk
* Luhansk

Other|

* Flanders (Belgium)
* Wallonia (Belgium)
* Limburg (Belgium)
* Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
* Istria (Croatia)
* Faroe Islands (Denmark)
* Greenland (Denmark)
* Åland (Finland)
* Alsace (France)
* Brittany (France)
* Corsica (France)
* Île-de-France (France)
* Occitania (France–Italy–Spain–Monaco)
* Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (France)
* Bavaria (Germany)
* Franconia (Germany)
* Hesse (Germany)
* Lusatia (Germany)
* Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)
* Macedonia (Greece)
* Aosta Valley (Italy)
* Marche (Italy)
* Sardinia (Italy)
* Sicily (Italy)
* Friesland (Netherlands)
* Groningen (Netherlands)
* Limburg (Netherlands)
* Azores (Portugal)
* Madeira (Portugal)
* Székely Land (Romania)
* Sámi (Norway–Sweden–Finland)
* Gagauzia (Moldova)
* Canton of Bern (Switzerland)

Other|

* Europe and the European Union
* Sovereign Military Order of Malta

* v
* t
* e

Anthems of Asia

National|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China (including Hong Kong and Macau)
* Cyprus
* East Timor
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan (Independence movement)

Regional|

| India|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Chhattisgarh
* Gujarat
* Karnataka
* Madhya Pradesh
* Manipur
* Odisha
* Puducherry
* Tamil Nadu
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal

|

Iraq|

* Iraqi Kurdistan

Japan|

* Nagano Prefecture

Malaysia|

* Federal Territories
* Johor
* Kedah
* Kelantan
* Malacca
* Negeri Sembilan
* Pahang
* Penang
* Perak
* Perlis
* Sabah
* Sarawak
* Selangor
* Terengganu

Pakistan|

* Azad Kashmir

Philippines|

* Albay
* Bangsamoro
* Bohol
* Capiz
* Cebu
* La Union
* Nueva Vizcaya
* Pampanga
* Pangasinan

Russia|

* Altai Republic
* Buryatia
* Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
* Kamchatka Krai
* Khakassia
* Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug
* Sakha Republic
* Tuva
* Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Uzbekistan|

* Karakalpakstan

In exile/
disputed|

* East Turkestan
* Tamil Eelam
* Tibet
* West Papua

Organisations|

* ASEAN

Former|

| Former Russian Empire
or Soviet Union|

* Russian Empire (1791–98)
* Russian Empire (1798–1816)
* Russian Empire (1816–33)
* Russian Empire (1833–1917)
* Russian Republic (then the Russian SFSR, (1917–18)
* Russian State (1918–20)
* Russian SFSR (then the Soviet Union, 1918–44)
* Soviet Union (1944–91)
* Russia (1991–2000)
* Armenian SSR (1944–91)
* Azerbaijan SSR (then Azerbaijan, 1944–92)
* Georgian SSR (1946–90)
* Georgia (1918–21, 1990–2004)
* Kazakh SSR (1945–91)
* Kazakhstan (1991–2006)
* Khakassia (Russia) (2007–15)
* Kirghiz SSR (then Kyrgyzstan, 1946–92)
* Tajik SSR (then Tajikistan, 1946–94)
* Turkmen SSR (then Turkmenistan, 1946–96)
* Uzbek SSR (1946–91)
* Tuva (1921–44)
* Tuva (1944–2011)

|

Other|

* China (1896-1906)
* China (1906-1911)
* China (1911-1912)
* China (1911-1912)
* China (1913-1915, 1921-28)
* China (1915-1921)
* Communist China (1927-1949)
* Republic of China (in the mainland, 1930-1949)
* Khmer Republic (1970–75)
* Democratic Kampuchea (1975–93)
* People's Republic of Kampuchea (then the State of Cambodia, 1979–92)
* Azad Hind (1941–45)
* Korea (1902–10)
* Manchukuo (1932–45)
* Mongolia (1915–24)
* Mongolia (1924–50)
* Philippines (1942–45)
* Siam (1852–71)
* Siam (1871–88)
* Siam (1888—1932, now as royal salute)
* Kingdom of Nepal (1962–2006)
* Travancore (1937–47)
* South Vietnam (1948–75)
* South Vietnam (1975–76)

Islamic world|

* Afghanistan (1926–43)
* Afghanistan (1943–73)
* Afghanistan (1973–78)
* Afghanistan (1978–92)
* Afghanistan (1992–96, 2002—06)
* Afghanistan (2006–21)
* Republic of Mahabad (1946)
* Ottoman Empire 1829–1922
* Persia (1873–1909)
* Persia (1909–33)
* Iran (1933–79)
* Iran (1979–80)
* Iran (1980–90)
* Iraq (1932–58)
* Iraq (1958–1965, 2003–2004)
* Iraq (1965–81)
* Iraq (1981–2003)
* Kuwait (1951–78)
* Palestine (until 1996)
* Qatar (1954–96)
* United Arab Republic (1960–81)
* North Yemen (1978–1990)

* v
* t
* e

Greece topics

* Basic topics
* Alphabetical index of topics

History

| Prehistory (pre-1100 BC)|

* Neolithic Age
* Bronze Age
* Pelasgians
* Cycladic civilization
* Minoan civilization
* Helladic period
* Mycenaean period
* Bronze Age collapse

|

Antiquity (1100 BC-330 AD)|

* Greek Dark Ages
* Iron Age migrations
* Archaic period
* Greco-Persian Wars
* Classical period
* Delian and Peloponnesian League
* Peloponnesian War
* League of Corinth
* Wars of Alexander the Great
* Hellenistic period
* Wars of the Diadochi
* Roman–Greek wars
* Roman era
* Foundation of Constantinople

Middle Ages (330–1453)|

* Byzantine period
* Persecution of paganism
* Migration period
* Plague of Justinian
* Arab–Byzantine wars
* Iconoclasm
* Macedonian Renaissance
* East–West Schism
* Fourth Crusade
* Frankokratia
* Empire of Nicaea, Despotate of Epirus and Despotate of the Morea
* Fall of Constantinople

Early modern
and Modern era (post-1453)|

* Stato da Màr (Venetian Ionian islands, Kingdom of Candia)
* Ottoman Greece
* Modern Greek Enlightenment
* Septinsular Republic
* War of Independence
* First Republic
* Kingdom
* Balkan Wars
* World War I
* National Schism
* Greco-Turkish War
* Second Republic
* 4th of August Regime
* World War II
* Civil war
* Military junta
* Democratization
* Third Republic

By topic|

* Ancient regions and tribes
* Byzantine and Ottoman Greeks
* Christianization
* Colonization
* Coups d'état
* Demographic (Modern)
* Economic
* Geographical name changes
* Greek countries and regions
* Greek Muslims
* Renaissance scholars
* Hellenic languages and Proto-Greek
* Inventions and discoveries
* Language question
* Military
* Monarchy (Kings and royal family)
* Phanariotes
* Polis
* Population exchange of 1923

Geography

| Overview|

* Borders
* Cities (capital and co-capital)
* Extreme points
* Place names

|

Regions|

* Central Greece (Aetolia-Acarnania (Aetolia, Acarnania), Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, Evrytania, Phocis, Phthiotis, Saronic Islands)
* Crete (Chania, Heraklion, Rethymno, Lasithi)
* Cyclades (Andros, Delos, Kea, Kythnos, Milos, Mykonos, Naxos, Paros, Santorini, Syros, Tinos)
* Dodecanese (Agathonisi, Astypalaia, Chalki, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Kos, Leipsoi, Leros, Nisyros, Patmos, Rhodes, Symi, Tilos, Kastellorizo)
* Epirus (Arta, Ioannina, Preveza, Thesprotia)
* Ionian Islands (Corfu, Ithaca, Kefalonia, Kythira, Lefkada, Paxi, Zakynthos)
* Macedonia (Chalkidiki, Drama, Florina, Grevena, Imathia, Kastoria, Kavala, Kilkis, Kozani, Pella, Pieria, Serres, Thasos, Thessaloniki)
* North Aegean islands (Chios, Ikaria, Lemnos, Lesbos, Samos)
* Peloponnese (Arcadia, Argolis, Corinthia, Laconia, Messenia, Achaea, Elis)
* Thessaly (Karditsa, Larissa, Magnesia, Trikala, Sporades)
* Thrace (Evros, Rhodope, Xanthi)

Terrain|

* Canyons and gorges
* Caves
* Geology
* Islands (Aegean, Ionian, Crete)
* Mountains (Olympus, Pindus, Rhodopes)
* Peninsulas
* Plains
* Volcanoes

Water|

* Coasts
* Lakes
* Rivers
* Mediterranean Sea
* Aegean Sea (Sea of Crete, Icarian Sea, Myrtoan Sea, Thracian Sea)
* Ionian Sea
* Libyan Sea

Environment|

* Climate
* Natural disasters (earthquakes)
* Ecoregions
* Environmental issues
* Forests
* Mammals and birds
* National Parks
* Protected areas

Politics

| Constitution|

* Constitutional amendments (1986, 2001, 2008, 2019)
* Constitutions (1822, 1827, 1844, 1864, 1911)
* Supreme Special Court

|

Executive|

* Cabinet
* Government (Government Gazette)
* President (Presidential Mansion)
* Prime Minister (Maximos Mansion)

Legislature|

* Conference of Presidents
* Hellenic Parliament (Speaker)
* Parliamentary Committees
* Presidium

Elections|

* Nationality law
* Parataxis
* Parliamentary constituencies
* Pasokification
* Political parties

Judicial system|

* Council of State
* Court of Audit
* Supreme Court

Security|

* Police
* Capital punishment
* Corruption
* Crime (Greek mafia)
* Life imprisonment
* Terrorism
* Coast Guard

Foreign relations|

* Aegean dispute
* Cyprus dispute
* Council of Europe
* European Union
* Macedonia naming dispute (Language naming dispute)
* NATO
* Passport
* Treaties
* United Nations

Military|

* Air Force
* Alliances
* Army
* Conscription
* Military ranks
* Navy
* Evzones (Presidential Guard)
* National Guard
* Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

Social issues|

* Abortion
* Cannabis
* Education (universities)
* Healthcare (hospitals, obesity, smoking)
* Human rights
* Human rights abuses
* LGBT rights
* Prostitution
* Political scandals
* Racism

Ideologies|

* Conservatism (Monarchism)
* Fascism (Metaxism)
* Liberalism (Republicanism, Venizelism)
* Nationalism (Hellenocentrism, Megali Idea, Enosis)
* New Social Movements (Environmentalism, Feminism, Pacifism)
* Socialism (Laocracy, Trotskyism)
* Anarchism

Administrative divisions|

* Municipalities and communities
* Administrative regions
* Regional units
* Decentralized administrations

Economy

* Agriculture
* Airports
* Athens Stock Exchange (companies)
* Banking (Central bank)
* Central bank
* Brands
* Companies (electric power)
* Debt crisis (Grexit)
* Drachma
* Energy (renewable, nuclear)
* Euro coins
* Greece and the International Monetary Fund
* Greek economic miracle
* Highways
* Laiki agora
* Ports
* Public pensions
* Railways (history)
* Rankings
* Science and technology
* Shipping (Merchant Marine)
* Space Agency
* Subdivisions by GDP
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Thessaloniki International Fair
* Tourism
* Trade unions
* Transportation (Rio–Antirrio bridge, Athens Metro, Thessaloniki Metro)
* Water supply and sanitation

Society

| Demographics|

* Diaspora
* Greeks (names of Greece and the Greeks)
* Immigration
* Minorities (Muslim minority, Jews, Arvanites, Aromanians (Aromanian question), Megleno-Romanians, Slavophones, Roma)
* Women

|

Culture|

* Anastenaria
* Caryatid
* Clean Monday
* Concept of kingship
* Dress (Chiton, Chlamys, Exomis, Fustanella, Himation, Mariner's cap, Peplos, Perizoma, Tsarouchi, Vraka)
* Eastern Party
* Festivals
* Folklore
* Greek East and Latin West
* Greektown
* Hellenization
* Hospitality
* Carols (Christmas, New Year's, Theophany's)
* Mangas
* Mountza
* Naming customs
* Paideia
* Philhellenism and Hellenophobia
* Plate smashing
* Philosophy
* Public holidays (Independence Day, Ohi Day)
* Rouketopolemos
* Souliotic songs
* Theophany
* Tsiknopempti
* Units of measurement
* Worry beads

Art|

* Architecture (Castles)
* Cretan and Heptanese School
* Modern art (19th century)
* Theatre (Ancient)
* Religious art

Cuisine|

* Breads (Daktyla, Kritsini, Lagana, Paximadi, Tsoureki)
* Desserts (Diples, Halva, Koulourakia, Kourabiedes, Loukoumades, Melomakarona, Pasteli, Spoon sweets, Vasilopita)
* List of dishes
* Drinks (Mastika, Metaxa, Ouzo, Rakomelo, Sideritis, Tentura, Tsipouro, Tsikoudia, Frappé coffee)
* Cheeses (Anthotyros, Feta, Graviera, Kasseri, Kefalotyri, Ladotyri, Manouri, Metsovone, Mizithra)
* Filo (Amygdalopita, Bougatsa, Galaktoboureko, Karydopita, Spanakopita, Tiropita)
* Greek salad (Dakos)
* Meze
* Pasta (Gogges, Flomaria, Hilopites)
* Restaurants (Kafenio, Ouzeri, Taverna)
* Sauces (Skordalia, Taramosalata, Tirokafteri, Tzatziki)
* Souvlaki
* Varieties (Heptanesean, Cretan, Epirote, Macedonian)
* Wine (Agiorgitiko, Aidini, Assyrtiko, Athiri, Kotsifali, Lesbian, Limnio, Mavrodafni, Mandilaria, Malagousia, Malvasia, Moschofilero, Retsina, Robola, Savatiano, Vilana, Xinomavro)

Languages|

* Greek alphabet (History, Orthography, Diacritics, Braille, Cyrillization, Romanization (Greeklish) and numerals
* Greek language (Demotic, Katharevousa) and dialects (Cappadocian, Cretan, Cypriot, Greco-Australian, Maniot, Pontic, Tsakonian, Yevanic)
* Greek Sign Language
* History (Mycenaean Greek, Ancient Greek, Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, Modern Greek)
* Literature (Ancient, Medieval, Modern)
* Minority Languages (Albanian language (Arvanitika), Aromanian, Balkan Romani, Bulgarian, Ladino, Macedonian, Turkish)
* Place names and exonyms
* Proverbs
* Words for love

Media|

* Cinema
* Internet
* Newspapers
* Television
* Media freedom
* Corruption

Music|

* Church music
* Dances (Ai Georgis, Angaliastos, Antikristos, Ballos, Dionysiakos, Fisounis, Gaitanaki, Geranos, Hasapiko, Ikariotikos, Kalamatianos, Kangeli, Kastorianos, Kerkiraikos, Kleistos, Koftos, Pidikhtos, Leventikos, Maniatikos, Metsovitikos, Ntames, Palamakia, Partalos, Pentozali, Proskinitos, Pyrrhichios, Rougatsiarikos, Sirtaki, Sousta, Syrtos, Trata, Tsakonikos, Tsamikos, Zeibekiko, Zervos)
* Éntekhno
* Folk music (Cretan, Epirote, Heptanesian, Macedonian, Nisiotika, Peloponnesian, Pontic, Thessalian, Thracian)
* Hip Hop
* Ionian School
* Laïko (Skyladiko)
* Musical instruments (Askomandoura, Aulos, Bouzouki, Byzantine lyra (Cretan, Macedonian, Politiki, Pontic), Crotala, Floghera, Gaida, Harp, Laouto, Lyre, Organo, Pan flute, Phorminx, Psaltery, Salpinx, Santouri, Souravli, Tambouras, Tambourine, Trigono, Tsampouna, Tympano, Zilia)
* Rebetiko
* Rock (Punk)

Religion and lore|

* Ancient religion (Origins, Modern Revival)
* Aerico
* Buddhism
* Catholicism
* Drosoulites
* Eastern Orthodox Church (Timeline: Antiquity, Early Middle Ages, Late Middle Ages, Early Modern Era, 19th century, Early 20th century, Late 20th century, Contemporary)
* Fairy tales
* Gello
* Greek Orthodox Church (Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Church of Greece, Flag)
* Greek Old Calendarists
* Hinduism
* Hypertimos
* Islam
* Judaism (History)
* Kallikantzaros
* Lamia
* Mormo
* Mount Athos
* Mythology (Primordial deities, Titans, Twelve Olympians, Heracles, Odysseus, Jason, Oedipus, Perseus, Daedalus, Orpheus, Theseus, Bellerephon, Satyr, Centaur)
* Nymph
* Protestantism
* Psychai
* Sikhism
* Thymiaterion
* Name days
* Vrykolakas
* Wayside shrine

Sport|

* Ancient Olympics
* Baseball
* Basketball
* Cricket
* Football
* Hockey
* Ice hockey
* Modern Olympics (1896, 1906, 2004)
* Rugby league

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Flag and national colours
* Flags
* Motto
* Orders and decorations
* World Heritage Sites

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Cyprus articles

History|

| Prehistoric|

* Alasiya
* Eteocypriot
* Cypro-Minoan syllabary
* Cypriot syllabary

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Ancient|

* Neo-Assyrian Empire
* Ten city-kingdoms
* Achaemenid Persian Empire
* Ionian Revolt
* Ptolemaic dynasty
* Roman Cyprus
* Kitos War

Medieval|

* Byzantine Cyprus
* Arab Empire
* Crusades
* Kingdom
* Venetian rule

Modern|

* Ottoman rule
* Cyprus Convention
* British Cyprus
* Governors
* Post-1878 overview
* Enosis
* Taksim
* Intercommunal violence
* Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* Turkish invasion
* Refugees
* Cyprus dispute
* Cypriot S-300 crisis
* Annan Plan
* EU accession

Geography|

* Cities, towns and villages
* Climate
* Districts
* Earthquakes
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Rivers
* Wildlife

Politics|

* Chief Justice
* Constitution
* Corruption
* Cyprus dispute
* Northern Cyprus
* UN resolutions
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Human rights
* LGBT rights
* Military
* Chief
* Police
* Political parties
* President

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Banks
* Energy
* Stock Exchange
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Trade unions
* Transport
* 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis

Society|

* Cypriot nationality law
* Languages
* Education
* Health
* COVID-19 pandemic and Deltacron hybrid variant
* Name
* Poverty
* Public holidays
* Religion

Culture|

* Art
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Wine
* Literature
* Media
* Music
* Sport
* World Heritage Sites

Demographics|

* Greek Cypriots
* diaspora
* Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus
* Turkish Cypriots
* Linobambaki
* diaspora
* Settlers from Turkey
* Armenian Cypriots
* Maronite Cypriots

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Flag

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal

Authority control databases |

* MusicBrainz work

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