Ian Barbour

American academic (1923–2013)

Ian Barbour

Born|

Ian Graeme Barbour

(1923-10-05)October 5, 1923

Beijing, China

Died| December 24, 2013(2013-12-24) (aged 90)

Minneapolis, Minnesota, US

Nationality| American
Spouse|

Deane Kern

(m. 1947; died 2011)​

Awards| Templeton Prize (1999)
Academic background
Alma mater|

* Swarthmore College
* Duke University
* University of Chicago
* Yale University

Thesis| Magnetic Deflection of Cosmic-ray Mesons Using Nuclear Plates (1950)
Academic work
Discipline|

* Physics
* religious studies
* science and technology studies

Sub-discipline| Particle physics[2]
School or tradition|

* Process theology[1]
* theological critical realism

Institutions| Carleton College
Main interests| Relationship between religion and science
Notable works| Issues in Science and Religion (1966)
Notable ideas| Theological critical realism
Influenced|

* Arthur Peacocke[3]
* John Polkinghorne[4]

Ian Graeme Barbour (October 5, 1923 – December 24, 2013) was an American scholar on the relationship between science and religion. According to the Public Broadcasting Service his mid-1960s Issues in Science and Religion "has been credited with literally creating the contemporary field of science and religion."[5]

In the citation nominating Barbour for the 1999 Templeton Prize, John B. Cobb wrote, "No contemporary has made a more original, deep and lasting contribution toward the needed integration of scientific and religious knowledge and values than Ian Barbour. With respect to the breadth of topics and fields brought into this integration, Barbour has no equal."[6]

## Biography

[edit]

Barbour was born on October 5, 1923, in Beijing, China,[7][8] the second of three sons of an American Episcopal mother (who was the daughter of the obstetrician Robert Latou Dickinson) and a Scottish Presbyterian father.[5][9] His family left China in 1931 and Barbour spent the remainder of his youth in the United States and England.[10] A conscientious objector, he served in the Civilian Public Service for three years during the Second World War.[11][12]

He received his Bachelor of Science degree in physics from Swarthmore College and his Master of Science degree in physics from Duke University in 1946.[5] In 1950, he received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in physics from the University of Chicago,[5] where he worked as a teaching assistant to Enrico Fermi.[5][11] He earned a Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1956 from Yale University's Divinity School.[5]

Barbour taught at Carleton College beginning in 1955[citation needed] with a joint appointment in the departments of physics and philosophy.[13] He began teaching religion full-time in 1960, when the university established a religion department.[13] In the 1970s, he co-founded of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy program at Carleton, which later became the Environment and Technology Studies program. He retired in 1986 as the Winifred and Atherton Bean Professor Emeritus of Science, Technology and Society.

Barbour gave the Gifford lectures from 1989 to 1991 at the University of Aberdeen. These lectures led to the book Religion in an Age of Science. He was awarded the Templeton Prize in 1999[5][14] for Progress in Religion in recognition of his efforts to create a dialogue between the worlds of science and religion.

Barbour was married to Deane Kern from 1947 until her death in 2011.[8] They had four children.[15]

Barbour suffered a stroke on December 20, 2013, at his home in Northfield, Minnesota, and remained in a coma at Abbott Northwestern Hospital until his death four days later.[16]

## Philosophy and theology

[edit]

In his efforts to link science and religion in Issues in Science and Religion, Barbour coined the term critical realism. This has been adopted by other scholars. He claimed the basic structure of religion is similar to that of science in some ways but also differs on some crucial points. They are part of the same spectrum in which both display subjective as well as objective features. The subjective include the theory on data, the resistance of comprehensive theories to falsification, and the absence of rules for choice among paradigms. Objective features include the presence of common data, evidence for or against a theory, and criteria which are not paradigm-dependent. The presence of subjective and objective features in both science and religion makes his thinking valuable and original. Barbour's arguments have been developed in significant and diverse ways by a variety of scholars, including Arthur Peacocke, John Polkinghorne, Sallie McFague, and Robert John Russell. His subjective / objective approach is prominent in the evolving paradigm of religious naturalism.[17]

Barbour considered critical realism an alternative to the competing interpretations of scientific theories: classical or naive realism, instrumentalism, and idealism. A critical realist perspective sees scientific theories yielding partial, revisable, abstract, but referential knowledge of the world that can be expressed through metaphors and models.

During the 1970s Barbour presented a program of interdisciplinary courses that dealt with ethical issues in the applications of science, exploring the social and environmental consequences of a variety of technologies. In 2000 in When Science Meets Religion (2000) he used a fourfold typology (Conflict, Independence, Dialogue, Integration) to relate religion and science that he had developed in his earlier writings.[18] In his works, Barbour writes from a Christian perspective.[19][self-published source]

Barbour compared methods of inquiry in science and religion, and has explored the theological implications of the natural and social sciences. He also has lectured widely on ethical issues in such fields as climate change, technology policy, energy, agriculture, computers, and cloning.[6]

Forrest Clingerman ties Barbour to the religious naturalism movement via his theology of nature. His subjective/objective approach to religious is prominent in this evolving paradigm.[20] Michael Dowd calls Barbour the grandfather of the evolutionary Christianity movement.[21]

In his acceptance speech for the 1999 Templeton Prize, Barbour spoke about the need to break down barriers, using cloning as an example of science's ability to say what is possible and of religion to reflect on what is desirable.[12]

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Christianity & the Scientists (1960)
* Issues in Science and Religion (1966)
* Science & Religion (1968)
* Science & Secularity: The Ethics of Technology (1970)
* Review of Science & Secularity with discussion of other books from Journal of Religion
* Myths, Models and Paradigms (1974), ISBN 0-334-01037-3
* Religion in an Age of Science (1990), ISBN 0-06-060383-6
* Ethics in an Age of Technology (1993), ISBN 0-06-060935-4
* Foreword in Religion & Science: History, Method, Dialogue (1996), W. Mark Richardson (ed.) and Wesley J. Wildman (ed.), ISBN 0-415-91667-4
* Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues (1997) ISBN 0-06-060938-9 (revised and expanded version of Religion in an Age of Science)
* When Science Meets Religion, (2000), ISBN 0-06-060381-X
* Nature, Human Nature, and God (2002), ISBN 0-281-05545-9

## See also

[edit]

* List of scholars on the relationship between religion and science

## References

[edit]

### Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ Halverson, Daniel (October 5, 2017). "Science, Religion, and Secularism. Part V: Ian Barbour – The Synthesis Model". The Partially Examined Life. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
2. ^ York 2017, p. 17.
3. ^ Russell 2017, p. 3.
4. ^ Losch 2009, p. 91.
5. ^ a b c d e f g "The PBS Online Newhour May 28, 1999". PBS. Archived from the original on January 22, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.
6. ^ a b "Carleton Professor Emeritus Wins Prestigious Templeton Prize". Northfield, Minnesota: Carleton College. March 10, 1999. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
7. ^ Russell 2014, p. 123.
8. ^ a b Yardley, William (January 13, 2014). "Ian Barbour, Who Found a Balance Between Faith and Science, Dies at 90". The New York Times. p. A19. Archived from the original on January 13, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
9. ^ Barbour 2017, p. 5.
10. ^ Barbour 2017, p. 5; Russell 2014, p. 124.
11. ^ a b Barbour 2017, p. 6.
12. ^ a b Woo, Elaine (January 1, 2014). "Ian Barbour Dies at 90; Academic Who Bridged Science–Religion Divide". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
13. ^ a b Barbour 2017, p. 7.
14. ^ Barbour 2017, p. 9.
15. ^ Russell 2014, p. 124.
16. ^ "Ian Barbour - Carleton College".
17. ^ Russell, Robert John. "Critical Realism: The Original Bridge Between Science and Religion". Seattle, Washington: Counterbalance Foundation. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
18. ^ "Ian G. Barbour". Gifford Lectures. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
19. ^ Taylor, Howard. "Review of When Science Meets Religion, by Ian Barbour". Faith and the Modern World. Howard Taylor. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
20. ^ Clingerman 2009, p. 143.
21. ^ Grandddaddy of Evolutionary Christianity Archived February 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine retrieved April 15, 2011

### Works cited

[edit]

* Barbour, Ian G. (2017). "A Personal Odyssey". Theology and Science. 15 (1): 5–16\. doi:10.1080/14746700.2016.1265215. ISSN 1474-6719. S2CID 151698815.5-16&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151698815#id-name=S2CID&rft.issn=1474-6719&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/14746700.2016.1265215&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Ian+G.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ian+Barbour" class="Z3988">
* Clingerman, Forrest (2009). "Seeking the Depth of Nature in a Scientific World". In Drees, Willem B. (ed.). Technology, Trust, and Religion: Roles of Religions in Controversies over Ecology and the Modification of Life. Leiden, Netherlands: Leiden University Press. pp. 142–156\. ISBN 978-90-485-0792-4.142-156&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-485-0792-4&rft.aulast=Clingerman&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ian+Barbour" class="Z3988">
* Losch, Andreas (2009). "On the Origins of Critical Realism". Theology and Science. 7 (1): 85–106\. doi:10.1080/14746700802617105. ISSN 1474-6719. S2CID 145334914.85-106&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145334914#id-name=S2CID&rft.issn=1474-6719&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/14746700802617105&rft.aulast=Losch&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ian+Barbour" class="Z3988">
* Russell, Robert John (2014). "Ian G. Barbour (1923–2013): In Memoriam to the Pioneer of Science and Religion". Theology and Science. 12 (2): 123–128\. doi:10.1080/14746700.2014.894728. ISSN 1474-6719.123-128&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/14746700.2014.894728&rft.issn=1474-6719&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Robert+John&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14746700.2014.894728&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ian+Barbour" class="Z3988">
* ——— (2017). "Assessing Ian G. Barbour's Contributions to Theology and Science". Theology and Science. 15 (1): 1–4\. doi:10.1080/14746700.2016.1265225. ISSN 1474-6719.1-4&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/14746700.2016.1265225&rft.issn=1474-6719&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Robert+John&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14746700.2016.1265225&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ian+Barbour" class="Z3988">
* York, Carl M. (2017). "Ian Barbour's Contributions as a Scientist". Theology and Science. 15 (1): 17–27\. doi:10.1080/14746700.2016.1265228. ISSN 1474-6719. S2CID 151811763.17-27&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151811763#id-name=S2CID&rft.issn=1474-6719&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/14746700.2016.1265228&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=Carl+M.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ian+Barbour" class="Z3988">

## Further reading

[edit]

* Brewer, Elmer Woodson (1995). The Approaches of John Polkinghorne, Arthur Peacocke, and Ian Barbour for the Integration of Natural Science and Christian Theology (PhD dissertation). Louisville, Kentucky: Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. OCLC 33250762.
* Gregersen, Niels Henrik (2004). "Critical Realism and Other Realisms". In Russell, Robert John (ed.). Fifty Years in Science and Religion: Ian G. Barbour and His Legacy. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. pp. 77–95\. ISBN 978-0-7546-4117-9.77-95&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4117-9&rft.aulast=Gregersen&rft.aufirst=Niels+Henrik&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ian+Barbour" class="Z3988">
* Hallanger, Nathan J. (2012). "Ian G. Barbour". In Stump, J. B.; Padgett, Alan G. (eds.). The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity. Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 600–610\. doi:10.1002/9781118241455.ch52. ISBN 978-1-118-25650-3.600-610&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/9781118241455.ch52&rft.isbn=978-1-118-25650-3&rft.aulast=Hallanger&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ian+Barbour" class="Z3988">
* Russell, Robert John (2004). "Ian Barbour's Methodological Breakthrough: Creating the 'Bridge' Between Science and Theology". In Russell, Robert John (ed.). Fifty Years in Science and Religion: Ian G. Barbour and His Legacy. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. pp. 45–59\. ISBN 978-0-7546-4117-9.45-59&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4117-9&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Robert+John&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ian+Barbour" class="Z3988">

## External links

[edit]

* His biography Archived January 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine at PBS online with links to:
* May 28, 1999 Elizabeth Farnsworth interview
* Templeton Prize press release on Carleton College website.
* Ian Barbour -Introduction to the Teleseries on Evolutionary Christianity, Followed by, “God and Evolution”
* Robert John Russell on Ian Barbour's methodology Archived July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

Academic offices

Preceded by

|  Gifford Lecturer at the University of Aberdeen
1989–1991  | Succeeded by

Jaroslav Pelikan

Awards
Preceded by

Sir Sigmund Sternberg

|  Templeton Prize
1999  | Succeeded by

Freeman Dyson

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* Michael Novak (1994)
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* Bill Bright (1996)
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