Ibn Saud

King of Saudi Arabia from 1932 to 1953

This article is about Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, the first king of Saudi Arabia. For his ancestor who is also called Ibn Saud, see Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin. For the Ottoman ruler of the same name, see Abdulaziz of the Ottoman Empire.

In this Arabic name, the surname is  Al Saud.

Abdulaziz

Imam of Nejd

Official portrait, 1940s

King of Saudi Arabia
Reign| 23 September 1932 – 9 November 1953
Bay'ah| 23 September 1932
Predecessor| Post established
Successor| Saud
Emir/Sultan/King of Nejd
Reign| 13 January 1902 – 23 September 1932[note 1]
Predecessor| Abdulaziz bin Mutaib (as Emir of Jabal Shammar)
Successor| Himself (as King of Saudi Arabia)
King of Hejaz
Reign| 8 January 1926 – 23 September 1932[note 1]
Predecessor| Ali bin Hussein
Successor| Himself (as King of Saudi Arabia)

Born| (1875-01-15)15 January 1875
Riyadh, Emirate of Nejd
Died| 9 November 1953(1953-11-09) (aged 78)
Shubra Palace, Ta'if, Saudi Arabia
Burial|

Al Oud cemetery, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Spouses|

See list

* Wadha bint Muhammad Al Orair
* Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh
* Luluwah bint Salih Al Dakhil
* Al Jawhara bint Musaed Al Saud
* Lajah bint Khalid bin Hithlain
* Bazza I
* Jawhara bint Saad Al Sudairi
* Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi
* Shahida
* Fahda bint Asi Al Shammari
* Bazza II
* Haya bint Saad Al Sudairi
* Bushra
* Munaiyir
* Mudhi
* Nouf bint Nawwaf bin Nuri Al Shaalan
* Saida Al Yamaniyah
* Khadra
* Baraka Al Yamaniyah
* Futayma
* Mudhi bint Abdullah Almandeel Al Khalidi
* Possibly other wives

Issue
among others...|

See list

* Prince Turki I
* King Saud
* King Faisal
* Prince Muhammad
* Prince Nasser
* King Khalid
* Prince Saad
* Princess Sara
* Prince Mansour
* King Fahd
* Prince Bandar
* Prince Musa'id
* King Abdullah
* Prince Abdul Muhsin
* Prince Mishaal
* Princess Qumash
* Prince Sultan
* Princess Al Bandari
* Princess Sultana
* Princess Luluwah
* Princess Haya
* Princess Seeta
* Prince Abdul Rahman
* Prince Mutaib
* Prince Talal
* Prince Mishari
* Prince Badr
* Prince Turki II
* Prince Nawwaf
* Prince Nayef
* Prince Fawwaz
* King Salman
* Prince Majid
* Prince Thamir
* Prince Abdul Illah
* Princess Madawi
* Prince Mamdouh
* Prince Sattam
* Prince Ahmed
* Prince Abdul Majeed
* Prince Hathloul
* Prince Mashour
* Prince Muqrin
* Prince Hamoud
* Princess Al Jawhara
* Princess Latifa
* Princess Nouf

| Names

Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud
House| Al Saud
Father| Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud
Mother| Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi
Occupation|

* Tribal chieftain
* religious leader
* politician[note 2]

Military career
Allegiance| Saudi Arabia
Battles / wars|

* Battle of Riyadh
* First Saudi—Rashidi War
* Conquest of al-Hasa
* Battle of Kanzan
* Al-Khurma dispute
* Second Saudi—Rashidi War
* Saudi conquest of Hejaz
* Ikhwan Revolt
* Saudi–Yemeni border skirmish
* Najran conflict
* Idrisid Emirate Rebellion
* Saudi–Yemeni War
* World War II
* First Arab–Israeli War
* Buraimi dispute

Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Arabic: عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود; 15 January 1875[note 3] – 9 November 1953), known in the Western world mononymously as Ibn Saud (Arabic: ابن سعود; Ibn Suʿūd),[note 4] was the founder and first king of Saudi Arabia, reigning from 23 September 1932 until his death in 1953. He had ruled parts of the kingdom since 1902, having previously been Emir, Sultan, and King of Nejd, and King of Hejaz.[1]

Ibn Saud was the son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd, and Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. The family were exiled from their residence in the city of Riyadh in 1890. Ibn Saud reconquered Riyadh in 1902, starting three decades of conquests that made him the ruler of nearly all of central and north Arabia. He consolidated his control over the Nejd in 1922, then conquered the Hejaz in 1925. He extended his dominions into what later became the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Ibn Saud's victory and his support for Islamic revivalists would greatly bolster pan-Islamism across the Islamic world.[2] Concording with Wahhabi beliefs, he ordered the demolition of several shrines, the Al-Baqi Cemetery and the Jannat al-Mu'alla.[3] As King, he presided over the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after World War II. He fathered many children, including 45 sons, and all of the subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia as of 2025.

## Early life and family origins

[edit]

Ibn Saud's father, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud, last Emir of Nejd

The Al Saud family had been a power in central Arabia for the previous 130 years. Under the influence and inspiration of Wahhabism, the Saudis had previously attempted to control much of the Arabian Peninsula in the form of the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State, until its destruction by an Ottoman army in the Ottoman–Wahhabi War in the early nineteenth century.[4]

Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, also known as Ibn Saud, was born on 15 January 1875 in Riyadh.[5][6] He was the fourth child and third son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal,[7] one of the last rulers of the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State, a tribal sheikhdom centered on Riyadh.[8] Ibn Saud's mother was Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi[9] of the Sudairi family.[10] She died in 1910.[11] His full-siblings were Faisal, Noura, Bazza, Haya and Saad.[12] He also had a number of half-siblings from his father's other marriages,[13] including Muhammad, Abdullah, Ahmed, and Musaid, who all had roles in the Saudi government.[14] Ibn Saud was taught Quran by Abdullah Al Kharji in Riyadh.[15]

## Exile and recapture of Riyadh

[edit]

In 1891, the House of Saud's long-term regional rivals led by Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid conquered Riyadh. Ibn Saud was 15 at the time.[16] He and his family initially took refuge with the Al Murrah, a Bedouin tribe in the southern desert of Arabia. Later, the Al Sauds moved to Qatar and stayed there for two months.[17] Their next stop was Bahrain where they stayed briefly. The Ottoman State allowed them to settle in Kuwait[18] where they settled and lived for nearly a decade.[17] Ibn Saud developed a rapport with the Kuwaiti ruler Mubarak Al Sabah and frequently visited his majlis. His father, Abdul Rahman, did not endorse these visits, perceiving Mubarak's lifestyle as immoral and unorthodox.[7]

On 14 November 1901 Ibn Saud and some relatives, including his half-brother Muhammad and several cousins (amongst them Abdullah bin Jiluwi), set out on a raiding expedition into the Nejd, targeting mainly tribes associated with the Rashidis.[19] On 12 December they reached Al Ahsa and then proceeded south towards the Empty Quarter with the support from various tribes.[19] Upon this Abdulaziz Al Rashid sent messages to Qatari ruler Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani and to the Ottoman governor of Baghdad asking their help to stop Ibn Saud's raids on the tribes loyal to Al Rashid.[19] These events led to a decrease in the number of Ibn Saud's raiders, and his father also asked him to cancel his plans to capture Riyadh.[19] However, Ibn Saud did not cancel the raid and managed to reach Riyadh. On the night of 15 January 1902, he led 40 men over the city walls on tilted palm trees and took the city.[19][20] The Rashidi governor of the city, Ajlan, was killed by Abdullah bin Jiluwi[19] in front of his own fortress. The Saudi recapture of the city marked the beginning of the third Saudi State.[21]

Following Ibn Saud's victory the Kuwaiti ruler Mubarak Al Sabah sent him an additional seventy warriors commanded by Ibn Saud's younger brother Saad.[19] Upon settling in Riyadh, Ibn Saud took up residence in the palace of his grandfather, Faisal bin Turki.[22]

## Rise to power

[edit]

See also: Unification of Saudi Arabia

Territorial evolution of the Third Saudi State (1902–1932) Ibn Saud's signature in a document to Eqab bin Muhaya of Otaibah Ibn Saud with Percy Cox and Gertrude Bell during the Arab Revolt, Basrah, 1916 Ibn Saud alongside captured weapons from the Rashidi Emirate after its surrender during the Ha'il campaign of 1921

Following the capture of Riyadh, many former supporters of the House of Saud rallied to Ibn Saud's call to arms. He was a charismatic leader and kept his men supplied with arms. Over the next two years, he and his forces recaptured almost half of the Nejd from the Rashidis.[23]

In 1904, Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid appealed to the Ottoman Empire for military protection and assistance. The Ottomans responded by sending troops into Arabia. On 15 June 1904, Ibn Saud's forces suffered a major defeat at the hands of the combined Ottoman and Rashidi forces. His forces regrouped and began to wage guerrilla warfare against the Ottomans. Over the next two years, he was able to disrupt their supply routes, forcing them to retreat. However, in February 1905 Ibn Saud was named qaimmaqam of southern Nejd by the Ottomans[24] which he held until 1913 when an Anglo-Ottoman agreement was signed.[25] Ibn Saud's victory in Rawdat Muhanna, in which Abdulaziz Al Rashid died, ended the Ottoman presence in Nejd and Qassim by the end of October 1906. This victory also weakened the alliance between Mubarak Al Sabah, ruler of Kuwait, and Ibn Saud due to the former's concerns about the increase of Saudi power in the region.[26]

Ibn Saud completed his conquest of the Nejd and the eastern coast of Arabia in 1912.[17] He then founded the Ikhwan, a military-religious brotherhood, which was to assist in his later conquests, with the approval of local Salafi ulema.[17] In the same year, he instituted an agrarian policy to settle the nomadic pastoralist bedouins into colonies and to replace their tribal organizations with allegiance to the Ikhwan.[17]

In May 1914, Ibn Saud made a secret agreement with the Ottomans as a result of his unproductive attempts to get protection from the British.[27] However, due to the outbreak of World War I, this agreement which made Ibn Saud the wali or governor of Najd was not materialized, and because of the Ottomans' attempt to develop a connection with Ibn Saud the British government soon established diplomatic relations with him.[27] The British agent, Captain William Shakespear, was well received by the Bedouin.[28] Similar diplomatic missions were established with any Arabian power who might have been able to unify and stabilize the region. The British entered into the Treaty of Darin in December 1915, which made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate and attempted to define the boundaries of the developing Saudi state.[29] In exchange, Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans.

Ibn Saud as a guest of Shaikh Khaz'al in Mohammerah. The image includes Sheikh Khaz'al, Emir of Arabistan, Ibn Saud, Sir Percy Cox, along with Saudi Arabia dignitaries and other British officials

During this period, Ibn Saud also sought to strengthen his position through regional alliances. Sheikh Khaz'al Emir of Arabistan advised the Ottoman authorities that Ibn Saud was more valuable to them than Al-Ahsa and Qatif, urging them to support him as a strategic asset.[30]As part of his diplomatic engagements, Ibn Saud traveled to Mohammerah as a guest of Sheikh Khaz'al. The two leaders arrived in Basra on the evening of November 26. The next morning, the British senior political officer, accompanied by two high-ranking British military representatives of the stationed army commander in Basra, boarded Sheikh Khaz’al’s ship and presented Ibn Saud with the Sword of Honor along with a welcome letter from the army commander. He spent the day inspecting the British military base camps, their organization, and the latest military equipment, including warplanes, which he showed great interest in.[31]

Sheikh Khaz'al, Ibn Saud, and Sir Percy Cox visiting the British army in Basra, during the Arab revolt, 1916

The British Foreign Office had previously begun to support Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and Emir of the Hejaz, by sending T. E. Lawrence to him in 1915. The Saudi Ikhwan began to conflict with Hussein in 1917, just as his sons Abdullah and Faisal entered Damascus. The Treaty of Darin remained in effect until superseded by the Jeddah conference of 1927 and the Dammam conference of 1952, during both of which Ibn Saud extended his boundaries past the Anglo-Ottoman Blue Line. After Darin, he stockpiled the weapons and supplies which the British provided him, including a 'tribute' of £5,000 per month.[32] After World War I Ibn Saud received further support from the British, including a glut of surplus munitions. He launched his campaign against the Al Rashidi in 1920; by 1922 they had been all but destroyed.

The defeat of the Al Rashidi doubled the size of Saudi territory because, after the war of Ha'il, Ibn Saud sent his army to occupy Al Jouf and the army led by Eqab bin Mohaya, the head of the Talhah branch of the Otaibah tribe. This allowed Ibn Saud the leverage to negotiate a new and more favorable treaty with the British in 1922, signed at Uqair. He met Percy Cox, British High Commissioner in Iraq, to draw boundaries[33] and the treaty saw Britain recognize many of Ibn Saud's territorial gains. In exchange, Ibn Saud agreed to recognize British territories in the area, particularly along the Persian Gulf coast and in Iraq. The former of these were vital to the British, as merchant traffic between British India and the United Kingdom depended upon coaling stations on the approach to the Suez Canal.[33]

Ibn Saud sitting with Abdullah Ali Reda on the day he entered Jeddah in 1925

In 1925, Ibn Saud's forces captured the holy city of Mecca from Sharif Hussein, ending 700 years of Hashemite rule. Following this he issued the first decree which was about the collection of zakat.[34] On 8 January 1926, the leading figures in Mecca, Medina and Jeddah proclaimed Ibn Saud the King of Hejaz[35] and the bayaa (oath of allegiance) ceremony was held in the Great Mosque of Mecca.[36]

Ibn Saud raised Nejd to a kingdom as well on 29 January 1927.[37] On 20 May 1927, the British government signed the Treaty of Jeddah, which abolished the Darin protection agreement and recognized the independence of the Hejaz and Nejd, with Ibn Saud as their ruler. For the next five years, Ibn Saud administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units. He also succeeded his father, Abdul Rahman, as Imam.[38]

Letter of Ibn Saud to Shaikh Khaz'al the Emir of Arabistan in 1923

With international recognition and support, Ibn Saud continued to consolidate his power. By 1927, his forces had overrun most of the central Arabian Peninsula, but the alliance between the Ikhwan and the Al Saud collapsed when Ibn Saud forbade further raiding. The few portions of central Arabia that had not been overrun by the Saudi-Ikhwan forces had treaties with London, and Ibn Saud was sober enough to see the folly of provoking the British by pushing into these areas. This did not sit well with the Ikhwan, who had been taught that all non-Wahhabis were infidels. In order to settle down the problems with the Ikhwan leaders, including Faisal Al Duwaish, Sultan bin Bajad and Dhaydan bin Hithlain, Ibn Saud organized a meeting in Riyadh in 1928, but none of them attended the meeting.[39] Tensions finally boiled over when the Ikhwan rebelled. After two years of fighting, they were suppressed by Ibn Saud in the Battle of Sabilla in March 1929.[40]

The Ikhwan army during their revolt against the alliance of the British Empire, Kuwait and Ibn Saud

On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud formally united his realm into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with himself as its king.[41] He transferred his court to Murabba Palace from the Masmak Fort in 1938[42] and the palace remained his residence and the seat of government until his death in 1953.[43]

Ibn Saud had to first eliminate the right of his own father in order to rule, and then distance and contain the ambitions of his five brothers, particularly his brother Muhammad, who had fought with him during the battles and conquests that gave birth to the state.[23]

## Oil discovery and his rule

[edit]

Ibn Saud with a foreigner in the 1930s

Petroleum was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938 by SoCal, after Ibn Saud granted a concession in 1933.[44] Through his advisers St John Philby and Ameen Rihani, Ibn Saud granted substantial authority over Saudi oil fields to American oil companies in 1944. Beginning in 1915, he signed a "friendship and cooperation" pact with Britain to keep his militia in line and cease any further attacks against their protectorates for whom they were responsible.[citation needed]

Ibn Saud's newly found oil wealth brought a great deal of power and influence that he would use to advantage in the Hejaz. He forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He began widespread enforcement of the new kingdom's ideology, based on the teachings of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab. This included an end to traditionally sanctioned rites of pilgrimage, recognized by the orthodox schools of jurisprudence, but at odds with those sanctioned by al-Wahhab. In 1926, after a caravan of Egyptian pilgrims on the way to Mecca were beaten by his forces for playing bugles, he was impelled to issue a conciliatory statement to the Egyptian government. In fact, several such statements were issued to Muslim governments around the world as a result of beatings suffered by the pilgrims visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.[citation needed] With the uprising and subsequent suppression thereafter of the Ikhwan in 1929, the 1930s marked a turning point. With his rivals eliminated, Ibn Saud's ideology was in full force, ending nearly 1,400 years of accepted religious practices surrounding the Hajj, the majority of which were sanctioned by a millennium of scholarship.[45]

Ibn Saud established a Shura Council of the Hejaz as early as 1927. This council was later expanded to 20 members and was chaired by Ibn Saud's son Prince Faisal.[46]

## Foreign wars

[edit]

Ibn Saud was able to gain loyalty from tribes near Saudi Arabia, such as those in Jordan. For example, he built very strong ties with Rashed Al-Khuzai from the Al Fraihat tribe, one of the most influential and royally established families during the Ottoman Empire. Prince Rashed and his tribe had dominated eastern Jordan before the arrival of Sharif Hussein. Ibn Saud supported Rashed and his followers in rebellion against Hussein.[47]

In 1934 Saudi Arabia defeated Yemen in the Saudi-Yemeni War.[48] This was the first modern war – the Saudis had British Rolls-Royce armoured cars and French Renault FT-17 tanks – between Arab states.[48][49]

In 1935 Prince Rashed supported Izz ad-Din al-Qassam's defiance, which led him and his followers into rebellion against Abdullah I of Jordan. In 1937, when they were forced to leave Jordan, Prince Rashed Al Khuzai, his family, and a group of his followers chose to move to Saudi Arabia where Prince Rashed lived for several years under Ibn Saud's hospitality.[47][50][51][52]

## Charity works

[edit]

Ibn Saud's charity earned him respect among his people. The King would direct money to be handed to the impoverished whenever he saw them. This is why the poor would eagerly anticipate his appearance in villages, towns, and even the desert.[53][54]

"O Abdul-Aziz, may Allah give you in the Hereafter as He has given you in the world!" an elderly woman once said to Ibn Saud's procession. The King ordered that she be given ten bags of money from his car. Ibn Saud noticed the old woman having trouble bringing the money back to her home, so he had his aid service deliver the money and accompany her back to her home.[55] Ibn Saud was on a picnic outside of Riyadh when he came across an elderly man dressed in rags. The old man proceeded to stand up in front of the King's horse and said, "O Abdul-Aziz, it is terribly cold, and I have no clothes to protect me". Ibn Saud, saddened by the man's condition, removed his cloak and gave it to him. He also offered the elderly man a stipend to help him with his everyday costs.[11]

Due to the abundance of the poor, Ibn Saud established a guest house known as the "Thulaim" or "The Host", where rice, meat, and several types of porridge were distributed to the poor. As the economy deteriorated, Ibn Saud began to increase his aid to the needy. He gave them "royal kits" of bread and "waayid", which were monetary gifts given to them on an annual basis.[56] The King said, "I haven't obtained all this wealth by myself. It is a blessing from Allah, and all of you have a share in it. So, I want you to guide me to whatever takes me nearer to my Lord and qualifies me for His forgiveness."[57]

## Later years

[edit]

Ibn Saud converses with U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (right) in 1945 through interpreter Colonel Bill Eddy, on board the USS Quincy, after the Yalta Conference. Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy (left) watches. King Farouk of Egypt and Sudan alongside Ibn Saud checking an Egyptian army unit in 1946.

Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II, but was generally considered to favor the Allies.[58] However, in 1938, when an attack on a main British pipeline in the Kingdom of Iraq was found to be connected to the German Ambassador, Fritz Grobba, Ibn Saud provided Grobba with refuge.[59] It was reported that he had been disfavoring the British as of 1937.[60]

In the last stage of the war, Ibn Saud met significant political figures. One of these meetings, which lasted for three days, was with U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt on 14 February 1945.[61] The meeting took place on board USS Quincy in the Great Bitter Lake segment of the Suez Canal.[61] The meeting laid down the basis of the future relations between the two countries.[62] The other meeting was with British prime minister Winston Churchill in the Grand Hotel du Lac on the shores of the Fayyoun Oasis, fifty miles south of Cairo, in February 1945.[63] Saudis report that the meeting heavily focused on the Palestine problem and was unproductive in terms of its outcomes, in contrast to that with Roosevelt.[63]

After naming his son Saud as crown prince, the King left most of his duties to him, and he spent most of his time in Taif.[64] His first flight was between Afif and Taif in September 1945.[65] Ibn Saud met with King Farouk during his ten-day state visit to Egypt from 10 to 22 January 1946.[65] Ibn Saud's first official visit to the Saudi Arabia's oil fields occurred between 21 and 29 January 1947 which was organized by the Arabian American Oil Company.[65]

Ibn Saud participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, but Saudi Arabia's contribution was generally considered token.[58] The Saudis deployed 800 to 1,200 troops against Israel, including volunteers, who were attached to the Egyptians.[66] He actively attempted to resolve the dispute between the Kingdom of Egypt and the United Kingdom in the early 1952 and developed a proposal for a settlement between two countries.[67]

While most of the royal family desired luxuries such as gardens, splendid cars, and palaces, Ibn Saud wanted a royal railway from the Persian Gulf to Riyadh and then an extension to Jeddah. His advisors regarded this as an old man's folly. Eventually, ARAMCO built the railway, at a cost of $70 million, drawn from the King's oil royalties. It was completed in 1951 and was used commercially after the King's death. It enabled Riyadh to grow into a relatively modern city. But when a paved road was built in 1962, the railway lost its traffic.[68]

## Personal life

[edit]

Further information: House of Saud, Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne, and Descendants of Ibn Saud

Ibn Saud (seated) with his sons Prince Faisal (left) and Prince Saud in the early 1950s Ibn Saud (seated left) with his brother-in-law Mubarak Al Sabah[69] in Kuwait, 1910

Ibn Saud was very tall for a Saudi man of his time,[70] his height reported as between 1.85m (6 ft 1 in)[71][72] and 1.88m (6 ft 2 in).[73] He was known to have a charming and charismatic personality that earned him respect among his people and some foreign diplomats. His family and others described Ibn Saud as an affectionate and caring man.[11]

Ibn Saud had twenty-two consorts.[74] Many of his marriages were contracted in order to cement alliances with other clans, during the period when the Saudi state was founded and stabilized. Aside from his legal wives, he also had concubines in his harem,[75] who by definition were slaves (slavery in Saudi Arabia being legal). These included Baraka Al Yamaniyah. He was the father of almost one hundred children, including 45 sons. Mohammed Leopold Weiss reported in 1929 that one of Ibn Saud's spouses had poisoned the King in 1924, causing him to have poor sight in one eye.[70] He later forgave her, but divorced her.[70]

One of the significant publications about Ibn Saud in the Western media was a comprehensive article by Noel Busch published in Life magazine in May 1943 which introduced him as a legendary monarch.[76]

Ibn Saud had a kennel for salukis, a dog breed originated in the Middle East.[77] He gave two of his salukis, a male and a mate, to British Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson who brought them to Washington D.C., USA.[77] The male, named Ch Abdul Farouk, won a championship in the USA.[77]

### Relations with family members

[edit]

Ibn Saud was said to be very close to his paternal aunt, Jawhara bint Faisal. From a young age, she ingrained in him a strong sense of family destiny and motivated him to regain the lost glory of the House of Saud. During the years when the Al Saud family were living almost as refugees in Kuwait, Jawhara bint Faisal frequently recounted the deeds of his ancestors to Ibn Saud and exhorted him not to be content with the existing situation. She was instrumental in making him decide to return to Nejd from Kuwait and regain the territories of his family. She was well educated in Islam, in Arab custom and in tribal and clan relationships. She remained among the King's most trusted and influential advisors all her life. Ibn Saud asked her about the experiences of past rulers and the historical allegiance and the roles of tribes and individuals. Jawhara was also deeply respected by the King's children. The King visited her daily until she died around 1930.[78]

Ibn Saud was also very close to his sister Noura, who was one year older. On several occasions, he identified himself in public with the words: "I am the brother of Noura."[11][78] Noura died a few years before her brother, and the King was deeply saddened by her death.[11]

### Assassination attempts

[edit]

On 15 March 1935, three armed men from Oman attacked and tried to assassinate Ibn Saud during his performance of Hajj.[79][80][81] He survived the attack unhurt, and the three attackers were arrested.[80][81] Another assassination attempt occurred in 1951 when Captain Abdullah Al Mandili, a member of Royal Saudi Air Force, tried to bomb the King's camp from an airplane.[82] The attempt was unsuccessful, and Al Mandili escaped to Iraq with the help of tribes.[82]

### Successor

[edit]

Ibn Saud's eldest son Turki, who was the crown prince of the Kingdoms of Nejd and Hejaz, died at age 18, predeceasing his father. Had Turki not died, he would have been the crown prince.[5] Instead, Ibn Saud appointed his second son, Prince Saud, heir to the Saudi throne in 1933. He had many quarrels with his brother Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman as to who should be appointed heir. Muhammad wanted his son Khalid to be designated the heir.[58]

When the King discussed succession before his death, he favoured Prince Faisal as a possible successor over Crown Prince Saud due to Faisal's extensive knowledge, as well as his years of experience. Since Faisal was a child, Ibn Saud recognised him as the most capable of his sons and often tasked him with responsibilities in war and diplomacy. In addition, Faisal was known to embrace a simple Bedouin lifestyle. "I only wish I had three Faisals", Ibn Saud once said when discussing who would succeed him.[83] However, he made the decision to keep Prince Saud as crown prince for fear that doing otherwise would lead to decreased stability.[23]

## Views

[edit]

Ibn Saud said, "Two things are essential to our state and our people ... religion and the rights inherited from our fathers."[84] He also remarked, "We know what to avoid, and we know what to accept for our own benefit."[85]

Amani Hamdan argues that the King's attitude towards women's education was encouraging since he expressed his support in a conversation with St John Philby in which he stated, "It is permissible for women to read."[86]

Ibn Saud kept slaves,[87][88] and regulated slavery in his kingdom in 1936.[89] It was only his son, King Faisal, who abolished slavery in Saudi Arabia in 1967.[90]

Ibn Saud repeated the following views about the British authorities many times: "The English are my friends, but I will walk with them only so far as my religion and honor will allow."[91][92] He had much more positive views about the United States, including finance, and in 1947 when the World Bank was suggested to him as the source of development loans instead of the US Export-Import Bank, Ibn Saud reported that Saudi Arabia would do business with and be indebted to the United States instead of other countries and international agencies.[93]

Shortly before his death, the King stated, "Verily, my children and my possessions are my enemies."[94] and "In my youth and manhood, I made a nation. Now, in my declining years, I make men for it."[76] His last words to his two sons, the future King Saud and the next in line Prince Faisal, who were already battling each other, were "You are brothers, unite!"[23]

A staunch opponent of Zionism,[95] Ibn Saud had a highly ambivalent opinion of the Jews. On the one hand he often expressed his dislike for the Jews by referring to the Quran and the Hadith.[96] In 1937 he called them "a race accursed by God" who are "destined to final destruction and eternal damnation".[97] For him they were "enemies of Islam and prophet Muhammad"[96] and "enemies of the Muslims until the end of the world."[98] In some instances he made use of antisemitic tropes, calling the Jews a "dangerous and hostile race" with an "exaggerated love of money",[96] accusing them of "making trouble wherever they exist" or igniting conflicts between Muslims and Christians.[99]

On the other hand he thought of the Jews, at least those who were not Zionists, as "[g]ood friends of the Arabs", opposed declaring an anti-Jewish jihad and fiercely condemned the anti-Jewish 1929 Hebron massacre, which he considered a clear violation of Islamic principles.[100] According to a Najrani Jew David Shuker now living in Israel, the King also had an associate, Yosef ben Aavetz, a Jew and the Jews of Najran were treated well.[101]

## Death and funeral

[edit]

Ibn Saud experienced heart disease in his final years and also, was half blind and racked by arthritis.[64] In October 1953, his illness became serious.[102] Before Ibn Saud slept on the night of 8 November, he recited the shahada several times, which were his last words.[11] He died in his sleep of a heart attack in Shubra Palace in Ta'if[103] on 9 November 1953 at the age of 78, and Prince Faisal was at his side.[5][104]

The funeral prayer was performed at Al Hawiyah in Ta'if.[5] Ibn Saud's body was brought to Riyadh where he was buried in Al Oud cemetery[5][105] next to his sister Noura.[106]

U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower issued a message on Ibn Saud's death on 11 November 1953.[107] U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles stated after the King's death that he would be remembered for his achievements as a statesman.[108]

## Honors

[edit]

Styles of
Ibn Saud

Reference style| His Majesty
Spoken style| Your Majesty

* Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (18 September 1936)[109]
* Spain: Grand Cross with White Decoration of the Cross of Military Merit (22 April 1952)[110]
* United Kingdom:
* Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, 1 January 1935)[111]
* Knight Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE, 1 January 1920)[112]
* Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (KCSI, 23 November 1916)[113]
* Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE, 23 November 1916)[113]
* United States: Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit (18 February 1947)[114]

## See also

[edit]

* List of things named after Saudi kings#Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman
* King of the Sands (2012 film) – a biopic film on Ibn Saud directed by Najdat Anzour

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b Ibn Saud incorporated the kingdoms of Nejd and Hejaz into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on 23 September 1932. Thereafter, he reigned as King of Saudi Arabia until his death in 1953.
2. ^ In addition to their political role, the rulers of the Al Saud family also held religious authority over their subjects, holding the title of imam.
3. ^ Ibn Saud's birth year has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 1876, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author Robert Lacey's book The Kingdom, a leading Saudi historian found records that show Ibn Saud in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a 10 or 11-year-old child (as given by the 1880 birth date) would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 15 or 16 (as given by the 1876 date) would likely have been allowed. When Lacey interviewed one of Ibn Saud's sons prior to writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birth date to be 1880. Ibn Saud's response to such records was reportedly that "I swallowed four years of my life." p. 561"
4. ^ Ibn Saud, meaning "son of Saud" (see Arabic name), was a sort of title borne by previous heads of the House of Saud, similar to a Scottish clan chief's title of "the MacGregor" or "the MacDougal". When used without comment it refers solely to Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, although prior to the capture of Riyadh in 1902 it referred to his father, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal (Lacey 1982, pp. 15, 65).

## References

[edit]

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* The political relationship between Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai, Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, and Saudi Arabia Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Arab News Network, London – United Kingdom
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Francis R. Nicosia (1985). The Third Reich and the Palestine Question. London: I. B. Taurus & Co. Ltd. p. 190\. ISBN 978-1-85043-010-0.

## External links

[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Ibn Saud.

Media related to Ibn Saud at Wikimedia Commons

* "Ibn Sa'ud" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922.
* Newspaper clippings about Ibn Saud in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Ibn Saud

House of Saud

Born: 1875 Died: 1953

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid

|  Emir of Nejd
1902–1921  | Succeeded by

Himself as Sultan of Nejd

Preceded by

Himself as Emir of Nejd

|  Sultan of Nejd
1921–1927  | Succeeded by

Himself as King of Nejd

Preceded by

Himself as Sultan of Nejd

|  King of Nejd
1927–1932  | Succeeded by

Himself as King of Saudi Arabia

Preceded by

Ali bin Hussein

|  King of Hejaz
1926–1932
Preceded by

Himself as King of Hejaz and Nejd

|  King of Saudi Arabia
1932–1953  | Succeeded by

Saud bin Abdulaziz

Preceded by

Abdul Rahman bin Faisal

|  Head of the House of Saud
1901–1953

Ibn Saud

* v
* t
* e

Arab–Israeli conflict

* v
* t
* e

* Countries
* Authorities
* Organizations

Primary countries
and authorities|

* All-Palestine
* Egyptian Kingdom and Republic
* Hamas Gaza
* Iraqi Kingdom and Ba'athist Iraq
* Israel
* Jordan
* Palestinian Authority
* Saudi Arabia
* Syrian Republic and Ba'athist Syria

Organizations|

| Active|

* Amal
* al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
* Arab League
* Arab Liberation Front
* Army of Islam
* DFLP
* Fatah
* Guardians of the Cedars
* Hamas
* Hezbollah
* Kataeb
* Lebanese Forces
* al-Mourabitoun
* Muslim Brotherhood
* PIJ
* PLF
* PLO
* Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
* PFLP
* PFLP-GC
* Popular Resistance Committees
* as-Sa'iqa
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party

|

Former|

* Abu Nidal Organization
* Arab Higher Committee
* Arab Liberation Army
* Black September Organization
* Haganah
* Holy War Army
* Irgun
* Japanese Red Army
* Lehi
* Palmach
* Revolutionary Cells
* South Lebanon Army

Other countries|

* France
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* North Korea
* United Arab Emirates
* United Kingdom
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* Yemen

Transnational|

* European Union
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Former states|

* Soviet Union
* United Arab Republic

* v
* t
* e

Armed engagements

1947–1959|

* 1948 Palestine war
* Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949)
* Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency (1949–1956)
* Suez Crisis (1956)

1960–1979|

* Samu incident (1966)
* Six-Day War (1967)
* War of Attrition (1967–1970)
* Battle of Karameh (1968)
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* Gift (1968)
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* Sabena Flight 571 (1972)
* Lod Airport massacre (1972)
* Munich massacre (1972)
* Bayonet (1972–1979)
* Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 (1973)
* Ma'alot massacre (1974)
* Savoy Hotel attack (1975)
* Entebbe (1976)
* Coastal Road massacre (1978)
* Litani (1978)

1980–1999|

* Misgav Am hostage crisis (1980)
* Opera (1981)
* Lebanon War (1982)
* Bus 300 affair (1984)
* South Lebanon conflict (1985)
* Wooden Leg (1985)
* First Intifada (1987–1993)
* Mothers' Bus attack (1988)
* Tunis raid (1988)
* Iraqi missile attacks against Israel (1991)
* Bramble Bush (1992)
* Palestinian suicide attacks (1993–2008; list)
* Accountability (1993)
* Grapes of Wrath (1996)

2000–2021|

* Second Intifada (2000–2005)
* Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel (2001–)
* Ain es Saheb airstrike (2003)
* Bringing Home the Goods (2006)
* Summer Rains (2006)
* Autumn Clouds (2006)
* Lebanon War (2006)
* Gaza–Israel conflict (2006–)
* Hot Winter (2007–2008)
* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* Palestinian militancy campaign (2010)
* Southern Israel cross-border attacks (2011)
* Returning Echo (2012)
* Pillar of Defense (2012)
* Gaza War (2014)
* Wave of violence (2015–2016)
* Gaza border protests (2018)
* Gaza–Israel clashes (2018)
* Gaza–Israel clashes (2019)
* Black Belt (2019)
* Israel–Palestine crisis (2021)
* Breaking Dawn (2022)
* Shield and Arrow (2023)
* Gaza war (2023–)

* v
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Diplomacy and peace proposals

Background|

* 1914 Damascus Protocol
* 1915 McMahon–Hussein Correspondence
* 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement
* 1917 Balfour Declaration
* 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo-French Declaration
* 1919 Faisal–Weizmann agreement
* 1920 San Remo conference
* 1922 Churchill White Paper
* 1937 Peel Commission
* 1939 White Paper
* 1939 London Conference
* 1946 Morrison–Grady Plan
* 1947 Bevin Plan
* 1946–47 London Conference
* 1947 UN Partition Plan
* 1948 American trusteeship proposal

1948–1983|

* 1948 UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194
* 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference
* 1950 Tripartite Declaration
* 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242
* 1971 UNSC Resolution 298
* 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339
* 1974 Israel–Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350
* 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords
* 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt–Israel peace treaty Palestinian autonomy talks / UNSC Resolution 452
* 1980 UNSC Resolution 478
* 1981 UNSC Resolution 497
* 1981–1982 Fahd Plan
* 1982 Reagan peace plan
* 1983 Israel–Lebanon agreement
* 1987 Peres–Hussein London Agreement

1991–2016|

* 1991 Madrid Conference
* 1993 Oslo Accords
* Letters of recognition
* Middle East Peace Facilitation Act
* 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement / Israel–Jordan peace treaty
* 1995 Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement
* 1998 Wye River Memorandum
* 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum
* 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters
* 2000 Isratin
* 2001 Taba Summit / Mitchell Report
* 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map / Elon Plan
* 2003 Geneva Initiative
* 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566
* 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm El Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access / Valley of Peace initiative
* 2006 UNSC Resolution 1850 / Quartet Principles
* 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701
* 2007 Annapolis Conference
* 2010 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
* 2013 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
* 2016 John Kerry Parameters

2019–present|

* 2019 Trump peace plan
* 2020 Abraham Accords
* Israel–UAE normalization agreement
* Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement
* Israel–Sudan normalization agreement
* Israel–Morocco normalization agreement
* 2022 Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement

* v
* t
* e

Kings of Saudi Arabia

* Ibn Saud
* Saud
* Faisal
* Khalid
* Fahd
* Abdullah
* Salman

* v
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* e

Saudi Arabia articles

History|

* Pre-Islamic Arabia
* First Islamic state
* Rashidun Caliphate
* Umayyad Caliphate
* Abbasid Caliphate
* Emirate of Diriyah
* Emirate of Nejd
* Kingdom of Hejaz
* Unification
* Modern history

Geography|

* Borders
* Cities and towns
* Climate
* Earthquakes
* Governorates
* Mountains
* Provinces
* Wadis
* Wildlife

Politics|

* Allegiance Council
* Cabinet
* Consultative Assembly
* Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
* Foreign relations
* King
* Crown Prince
* Mabahith (secret police)
* National Security Council
* Nuclear program
* Prime Minister

Law|

* Basic Law
* Capital punishment
* Elections
* Freedom of religion
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Rape
* Women
* Judiciary
* Mutaween (religious police)
* Passport
* Visa policy

Military|

* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Air Defense
* Strategic Missile Force
* National Guard
* Chairman of the General Staff
* General Staff Presidency
* General Intelligence Presidency
* Military ranks

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Companies
* Capital Market Authority
* Council of Economic and Development Affairs
* Energy
* Oil reserves
* History of the oil industry
* Foreign workers
* Irrigation
* OPEC
* Riyal (currency)
* Saudi Central Bank
* Supreme Economic Council
* Tadawul (stock exchange)
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transport
* rail

Society|

* Abortion
* Censorship
* Crime
* Demographics
* youth
* Discrimination
* Education
* libraries
* universities
* Health care
* Human trafficking
* Obesity
* Polygamy
* Prostitution
* Terrorism
* response to ISIL
* Water supply and sanitation

Culture|

* Art
* Visual arts
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Language
* Media
* television
* Music
* Public holidays
* Religion
* Islam
* Sport
* football
* Theatre
* Heritage

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Dance
* Emblem
* Flag
* Motto

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Sons of Ibn Saud

* Turki I (1900–1919)
* King Saud (1902–1969)
* King Faisal (1906–1975)
* Muhammad (1910–1988)
* Nasser (1911–1984)
* King Khalid (1913–1982)
* Sa'ad (1915–1993)
* Mansour (1921–1951)
* King Fahd (1921–2005)
* Bandar (1923–2019)
* Musa'id (1923–2013)
* King Abdullah (1924–2015)
* Abdul Muhsin (1925–1985)
* Mishaal (1926–2017)
* Sultan (1928–2011)
* Abdul Rahman (1931–2017)
* Mutaib (1931–2019)
* Talal (1931–2018)
* Mishari (1932–2000)
* Badr (1932–2013)
* Nawwaf (1932–2015)
* Nayef (1934–2012)
* Turki II (1934–2016)
* Fawwaz (1934–2008)
* King Salman (born 1935)
* Thamir (1937–1958)
* Majid (1938–2003)
* Abdul Elah (born 1939)
* Mamdouh (1940–2023)
* Sattam (1941–2013)
* Hathloul (1941–2012)
* Abdul Majeed (1942–2007)
* Mashour (born 1942)
* Ahmed (born 1942)
* Muqrin (born 1945)
* Hamoud (1947–1994)
* Jiluwi (1952-1952)

Italics indicates Crown Princes of Saudi Arabia.

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

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