Ibrahim ibn Abdallah

Leader of revolt against Abbasid Caliphate (716–763)

Ibrahim ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Hasan

إبراهيم بن عبد الله بن الحسن

Personal life
Born| 97 AH
≈ 716 CE

Medina, Hejaz

Died| 145 AH
≈ 763 CE

Basra, Iraq.

Children|

* Ali bin Ibrahim
* Hasan bin Ibrahim

Parents|

* Abd Allah al-Mahd (father)
* Hind bint Abi Ubayda (mother)

Religious life
Religion| Islam

Ibrahim ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Hasan (Arabic: إبراهيم بن عبد الله بن الحسن, romanized: Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Ḥasan; 97 AH \- 145 AH / 716 AD - 763 AD) was an Arab leader, from the lineage of the Prophet's family and from the narrators. He is often mentioned in conjunction with the name of his brother, Imam Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya the Pure Soul. This association is due to their participation in the ordeal and the revolution against Abbasid rule. Therefore, it is remarkably frequent in Islamic sources that they are mentioned together when speaking about rebellion against al-Mansur. He was also a poet and a scholar of Arab history and poetry.

## Biography

[edit]

Ibrahim was the son of the Hasanid Abd Allah al-Mahd and Hind bint Abi Ubayda, a well-known poet who had previously been married to a son of the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. During the caliphate of Abu l-Abbas as-Saffah, he remained in hiding with his brother Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, who aspired to the caliphate. The two brothers behaved in the same way when Al-Mansur assumed the caliphate in June 754.[1] Al-Mansur feared the two brothers because of their political ambitions and searched for them everywhere. In order to get hold of her, from 758 onwards he had several of her relatives, including her father and uncle, imprisoned and mistreated in custody. Meanwhile, Muhammad and Ibrahim traveled around the Arabian Peninsula and gathered followers around them, but without appearing openly anywhere.[2]

On September 22, 762, Muhammad finally appeared in front of Medina and took the city in a surprise attack.[3] A relative, al-Hasan ibn Muʿāwiya, was sent to Mecca as governor and was also able to quickly take control of this city and win the residents over to Muhammad's side.[4] Meanwhile, Ibrahim stayed near Basra and took the city on November 23, 762 with the support of the local governor, who sympathized with the uprising movement. He then sent armed troops to occupy other towns in the area (al-Ahwāz, al-Wāsit, various towns in Fārs). Together with his followers, Ibrahim moved towards Kufa to take the weakly fortified city.

Ibrahim also enjoyed the support of many Iraqi hadith and fiqh scholars in his rebellion. Among those who took his side are the traditionalist al-A'mash and the jurist Abu Hanifa. The latter is said to have corresponded with him and announced financial support of 4,000 dirhams.[5] Another well-known supporter of his uprising was the philologist Al-Mufaddal ad-Dabbi (d. between 781 and 787). He is said to have given Ibrahim temporary shelter before his uprising.[6] After Muhammad an-Nafs az-Zakīya fell in battle against the Abbasid military leader Isa ibn Musa on December 6, 762, his brother's followers also swore an oath of loyalty to him.

The caliph, who was busy with construction work on his new capital Baghdad at the time the uprising broke out, had troops come from Syria and the Jazeera region to fend off the uprising movement, and called on his military commander Isa ibn Musa after the uprising had been suppressed in Medina to immediately go to Iraq with his troops. When Ibrahim heard that Isa ibn Musa was approaching, he gave up the plan of occupying Kufa against the advice of his followers and went to meet Isa ibn Musa. The two armies met on January 21, 763 in Bāchamrā south of Kufa. Ibrahim's troops were initially able to deal a heavy blow to the Abbasid advance guard, but were scattered in the ensuing battles. Ibrahim remained in Bāchamrā with a few followers and seriously wounded. There he died of his wounds on February 14, 763.

Al-Mansūr subsequently took harsh action against some learned supporters of Ibrahim's rebellion. So he had Abu Hanifa taken to Baghdad and thrown into prison, where he died a short time later, allegedly poisoned by the Caliph.[6] The philologist al-Mufaddal ad-Dabbī was also imprisoned, but was soon pardoned by the caliph.[7]

The revolt of the two brothers Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya and Ibrahim in 762/763 was one of the most important political events of the early Abbasid period, so that later various scholars such as Ma'mar ibn al-Muthanna and Umar ibn Shabba created his own collections of reports about it.[8] Although these books themselves have been lost, detailed excerpts from them have been preserved in the Al-Tabari's books and the book Tālibid Fights (“Battles of the Talibids”) by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani. These two works represent the most important sources for the rebellions of the two brothers. A third brother, Idris, later emigrated to the western Maghreb and founded the Idrisid state there in 789 with the support of local Berber tribes, which lasted until the beginning of the 10th century extended over large areas of what is now Morocco.

The comparative genealogy of the Abbasid caliphs with their rival Zaydi imams

| Abbasids

Caliphs of the Abbasid Caliphate
Caliphs of Cairo
Zaydi imams

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib
ibn ʿHāshīm

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | ʾAbū Ṭālib
ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib| | | | | | | | Abū'l-Fādl
al-ʿAbbās ibn
ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib| | ʿAbd Allāh ibn
ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | ʿAlīyyū'l-Murtaḍžā
(1st Imām of Kaysāniyyā, Zaydīyyā, Imāmiyyā)| | | | | | | | | Hibr al-Ummah
ʿAbd Allāh
ibn al-ʿAbbās| | Khātam
al-Nabiyyin
Abū'l-Qāsīm
Muḥammad
ibn ʿAbd Allāh
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Al-Ḥasan al-Mujtabā
(2nd Imām of Kaysāniyyā, Zaydīyyā, Imāmiyyā)| | Hussayn ibn Ali
(3rd Imām of Kaysāniyyā, Zaydīyyā, Imāmiyyā)| | Abū'l-Qāsīm Muḥammad
al-Hānafīyya
(4th Imām of Kaysāniyyā)| | ʿAlī ibn
ʿAbd Allāh
al-Sajjad| | | | |
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā
(5th Imām of Zaydiyyā)| | Ali al-Sajjad
(Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn)
(4th Imām of Zaydiyyā, Imāmiyyā)| | Abū Hāshīm
ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad
(5th Imām of Hāsheemīyyā)| | | Muḥammad
"al-Imām"
(6th Imām of Hāsheemīyyā)
716/7 - 743| | ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī
(Governor of Syria)
750–754| | Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAlī
(Governor of Egypt)
750–751
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā| | Zayd ibn Ali
(6th Imām of Zaydiyyā)| | | Ibrāhim (Ebrāheem)
"al-Imām"
(7th Imām of Hāsheemīyyā)
743 - 749| | Abū Jāʿfar
ʿAbd Allāh
al-Mānṣūr
(2)
r. 754–775| | Abū'l-ʿAbbās
ʿAbd Allāh
as-Saffāh
(1)
r. 750–754| | Mūsā ibn Muḥammad "al-Imām"
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Nafsū'zZakiyya
(First elected caliph by Ibrāhim, Mānṣūr, Saffāh, Imām Mālīk & Abū Ḥanīfa)
(8th Imām of Zaydiyyā)| | | Yahya ibn Zayd
(7th Imām of Zaydiyyā)| | | Abū Muslīm al-Khurāsānī
(Governor of Khurasan)
748–755| | Muḥammad
al-Mahdī
(3)
r. 775–785| | Jāʿfar
(Wali al-Ahd & Governor of Mosul)
762–764| | ʿĪsā ibn Mūsā
(Governor of Kufa)
750–765
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
ʿAbd Allāh
Shāh Ghāzī
(ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad)
(10th Imām of Zaydiyyā)| | | Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā
ibn Ḥasan al-Mujtabā
(9th Imām of Zaydiyyā)| | | Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-ʿĀbid ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thallath
ibn Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā
(12th Imām of Zaydiyyā)| | Hārūn
ar-Rāshīd
(5)
r. 786–809| | ʿMūsā
al-Hādī
(4)
r. 785–786| | (The Governors)

* Mūsā (Kufa, Egypt & Medina)
* Ismā'īl
(Egypt)
* Dā'wūd

(Medina)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Sulaymān
ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl ibn al-Ḥasan II
(Emir of Tlemcen)
(Sulaymanid dynasty of Western Algeria)| | | Yaḥyā
ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā
(14th Imām of Zaydiyyā)| | Ibrāhīm Ṭabāṭabā
ibn Ismāʿīl al-Dībādj ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ghamr ibn
al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā| | Muḥammad
al-Mu'tasim
(8)
r. 833–842| | Abd Allāh
al-Ma'mun
(7)
r. 813–833| | Muḥammad
al-Amin
(6)
r. 809–813
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Sūlaymān
ibn ʿAbd Allāh as-Sālih ibn Mūsā al-Jawn ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā| | | Idrīs the Elder ibn ʿAbd Allāh
(Idrisid dynasty of Morocco)
(15th Imām of Zaydiyyā)| | | Muḥammad ibn IbrāhīmṬabāṭabā
(16th Imām of Zaydiyyā)| | Jāʿfar al-Mutawakkil
(10)
r. 847–861| | Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad
al-Mu'tasim| | Hārūn
al-Wathiq
(9)
r. 842–847
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Mūsā II
ibn ʿAbd Allāh as-Sâlih ibn Mūsā al-Jawn ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl| | | Idrīs ibn Idrīs
(2nd Zaydī Imām of Idrisids in Morocco)| | | Muḥammad
al-Muntasir
(11)
r. 861–862| | | Ṭalḥa al-Muwaffaq
(Regent)
870–891| | | Aḥmad
al-Musta'in
(12)
r. 862–866| | Muḥammad
al-Muhtadi
(14)
r. 869–870|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ismāʿīl ibn Yūsūf
Al-Ukhayḍhir
ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Mūsā al-Jawn ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl ibn Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā| | | Al-Qāsīm
ar-Rassī ibn IbrāhīmṬabāṭabā
(19th Imām of Zaydiyyā)| | Ibrahim al-Mu'ayyad
(Wali al-Ahd & Governor of Syria)
850–861| | Aḥmad
al-Mu'tadid
(16)
r. 892–902| | Muḥammad
al-Mu'tazz
(13)
r. 866–869| | Aḥmad
al-Mu'tamid
(15)
r. 870–892|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Muḥammad ibn Yūsūf
Al-Ukhayḍhir
(1st Zaydī Imām of Ukhaydhirites in Najd and Al-Yamama)| | Abūʾl-Ḥusayn
Al-Hādī ilāʾl-Ḥaqq
Yaḥyā ibn
al-Ḥusayn
(1st Zaydī Imām of Rassids in Yemen)| | | ʿAlī
al-Muktafī
(17)
r. 902–908| | Jāʿfar
al-Muqtadir
(18)
r. 908–929,
929–932| | Muḥammad
al-Qāhir
(19)
r. 929, 932–934| | Jāʿfar al-Mufawwid
(Wali al-Ahd)
875–892

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Zayd ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mujtabā ibn ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib| | ʿAbd Allāh
al-Mustakfī
(22)
r. 944–946| | Al-Faḍl
al-Mutīʿ
(23)
r. 946–974| | Ishāq ibn Jāʿfar al-Muqtadir| | Muḥammad
al-Rādī
(20)
r. 934–940| | Ībrāhīm
al-Muttaqī
(21)
r. 940–944
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ḥasan ibn Zayd ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mujtabā ibn ʿAlīyyū'l-Murtaḍžā| | ʿUmar al-Ashraf ibn ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn ibn al-Ḥusayn| | ʿAbd al-Karīm
al-Ṭāʾiʿ
(24)
r. 974–991| | Aḥmad
al-Qāʿdīr
(25)
r. 991–1031| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ismāʿīl ibn Ḥasan ibn Zayd ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mujtabā| | ʿAlī ibn ʿUmar al-Ashraf ibn ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn| | Al-Ḥusayn Dhu'l-Dam'a ibn Zayd ibn ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn| | ʿAbd Allāh
al-Qāʿīm
(26)
r. 1031–1075
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl ibn Ḥasan ibn Zayd| | Al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿUmar al-Ashraf| | Yaḥyā ibn al-Ḥusayn Dhu'l-Dam'a ibn Zayd| | Muḥammad Dhakīrat ad-Dīn
(Wali al-Ahd)
1039–1056
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Zayd ibn Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl ibn Ḥasan| | | ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿUmar al-Ashraf| | | ʿUmar ibn Yaḥyā ibn al-Ḥusayn Dhu'l-Dam'a| | ʿAbd Allāh
al-Mūqtādī
(27)
r. 1075–1094

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Al-Dāʿī al-Kabīr
Hasan ibn Zayd
(1st Zaydī Imām of Zaydīds in Tabaristan)| | | Al-Dāʿī al-Ṣaghīr
Muhammad ibn Zayd
(2nd Zaydī Imām of Zaydīds in Tabaristan)| | | Yaḥyā ibn ʿUmar
(20th Imām of Zaydiyyā in Samarra)| | | Aḥmad
al-Mūstāzhīr
(28)
r. 1094–1118
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | | Al-Nāṣir liʾl-Ḥāqq
Hasan al-Utrush
(3rd Zaydī Imām of Zaydīds in Tabaristan)| | | | | | Al-Faḍl al-Mūstārshīd
(29)
r. 1118–1135
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | Al-Mānṣūr
al-Rāshīd
(30)
r. 1135–1136| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Muḥammad
al-Mūqtāfī
(31)
r. 1136–1160| | | | Alī ibn al-Faḍl
al-Qabī
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Yūsuf
al-Mūstānjīd
(32)
r. 1160–1170| | | | al-Hāsān
ibn Alī
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Al-Hāssān
al-Mūstādī'
(33)
r. 1170–1180| | | | Abū Bakr
ibn al-Hāsān
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Aḥmad
al-Nāsīr
(34)
r. 1180–1225| | | | Abi 'Alī al-Hāsān ibn Abū Bakr
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Muḥammad
az-Zāhīr
(35)
r. 1225–1226| | Malīka'zZāhīr Rūkn ad-Dīn Baybars
(Mamluk Sultanate Sultan of Egypt)
r. 1260–1277| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | Al-Mānsūr
al-Mūstānsīr
(36)
r. 1226–1242| | Abū'l-Qāsim Aḥmad
al-Mūstānsīr
(1)
r. 1261| | Abū'l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad
al-Hakim I
(2)
r. 1262–1302
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | ʿAbd Allāh
al-Mūstā'sīm
(37)
r. 1242–1258| | | | | | Abū'r-Rabīʿ Sulaymān
al-Mustakfī I
(3)
r. 1302–1340| | | | Aḥmad ibn Aḥmad
al-Ḥākim bi-amr Allāh
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | Abū'l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad
al-Hakim II
(5)
r. 1341–1352| | | | Abū'l-Fatḥ Abū Bakr
al-Mu'tadid I
(6)
r. 1352–1362| | | | Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm
al-Wāṯiq I
(4)
r. 1340–1341
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad
al-Mutawakkil I
(7)
r. 1362–1377,
1377–1383,
1389–1406| | Abū Yāḥyā Zakariyāʾ
al-Musta'sim
(8)
r. 1377,
1386–1389| | Abū Ḥafs ʿUmar
al-Wāṯiq II
(9)
r. 1383–1386
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Abū'l-Faḍl al-ʿAbbās
al-Musta'īn
(10)
r. 1406–1414
Sultan of Egypt
r. 1412| | Abū'l-Fatḥ Dāwud
al-Mu'tadīd II
(11)
r. 1414–1441| | Abū'r-Rabīʿ Sulaymān
al-Mustakfī II
(12)
r. 1441–1451| | Yaʿqūb ibn Muḥammad
al-Mutawakkil ʿalā'Llāh| | Abū'l-Baqāʾ Ḥamza
al-Qāʾim
(13)
r. 1451–1455| | Abū'l-Maḥāsin Yūsuf
al-Mustanjid
(14)
r. 1455–1479
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Abū'l-ʿIzz ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz
al-Mutawakkil II
(15)
r. 1479–1497
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Abū'ṣ-Ṣabr Yaʿqūb
al-Mustamsik
(16)
r. 1497–1508,
1516–1517
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Muḥammad
al-Mutawakkil III
(17)
r. 1508–1516,
1517

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Muth 1988, pp. 62.
2. ^ Muth 1988, pp. 67–69.
3. ^ Muth 1988, pp. 121–122.
4. ^ Muth 1988, pp. 145–150.
5. ^ Arendonk 1919, pp. 188.
6. ^ a b Arendonk 1919, pp. 52.
7. ^ Ilse Lichtenstädter. al-Mufaḍḍal aḍ-Ḍabbī. Encyclopaedia of Islam. pp. 305–306.
8. ^ Tilman, Nagel (1970). "Ein früher Bericht über den Aufstand von Muḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh im Jahr 145 h.". Der Islam (46): 230–234.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Arendonk, Cornelis van (1919). De opkomst van het Zaidietische Imamaat in Yemen. Leiden: Brill.
* Muth, Franz-Christoph (1988). Der Kalif al-Manṣūr im Anfang seines Kalifats (136/754 bis 145/762): aus d. arab. Chronik von aṭ-Tabarī übers. u. mit histor. u. prosograph. Anm. versehen. Frankfurt/Main.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).

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* Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
* Ahmad al-Dardir
* Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
* Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
* Said Nursî

|

Early Sunni|

* Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit (Hanafiyah)
* Malik ibn Anas (Maliki)
* Al-Shafi'i (Shafi‘i)

Maturidism
(Al-Maturidi)|

* Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
* Al-Sarakhsi
* Al-Bazdawi
* Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
* Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
* Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
* Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
* 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
* Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
* Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
* Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
* Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
* Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi
* Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
* Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
* Khidr Bey
* Ibn Kemal
* Ali Qushji
* Ali al-Qari
* Al-Maydani
* Ahmad Sirhindi
* Anwar Shah Kashmiri
* Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
* Shah Abdul Aziz
* Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
* Zakariyya Kandhlawi
* Rahmatullah Kairanawi
* Murtada al-Zabidi
* Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
* Muhammad Abu Zahra
* Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
* Rumi

Mu'attila|

* Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham
* Mu'jbira
* Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī
* Jahmīyya
* Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī

Mu'jassimā|

* Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī al-|Balkhī (Muqātilīyya)
* Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-Juzjanī al-Kūfī
* Jawālikīyya
* Rum Abdals
* Ibn Karram (Karramiyya)

Murji'ah|

* Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-Dimashqī an-Nabati al-Qībtī (Murjī-Qadariyah)

Mu'tazila
(Wasil ibn 'Ata')|

* Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām (Nazzāmīyya)
* Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm
* Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)
* Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)
* Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī
* Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī (Jubbāīyya)
* Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)
* Ja'far ibn Harb
* Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr
* Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī (Jāhizīyya)
* Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar
* Abu al-Husayn al-Basri
* Al-Zamakhshari
* Amr ibn Ubayd
* Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
* Sahib ibn Abbad
* Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)

Najjārīyya|

* Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
* Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard
* Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)
* Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)
* Mustadrakīyya

Salafi Theologians|

* Ibn Taymiyyah
* Ibnul Qayyim
* Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
* Wahhabism
* Al-Shawkani
* Rashid Rida
* Ibn Baz
* Al-Uthaymin
* Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
* Al-Albani
* Saleh Al-Fawzan
* Rabee al-Madkhali
* Madkhalism
* Syed Nazeer Husain
* Ahl-i Hadith
* Siddiq Hasan Khan
* Zubair Ali Zai
* Safar Al-Hawali
* Sahwa movement
* Salman al-Ouda
* Osama bin Laden
* Salafi Jihadism
* Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi
* Hazimism
* Yasir Qadhi
* Post-Salafism

Twelver Shi'ism|

* Twelve Imams
* Ali
* Hasan ibn Ali
* Husayn ibn Ali
* Ali al-Sajjad
* Muhammad al-Baqir
* Ja'far al-Sadiq
* Musa al-Kazim
* Ali al-Rida
* Muhammad al-Jawad
* Ali al-Hadi
* Hasan al-Askari
* Muhammad al-Mahdi
* Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
* Sharif al-Murtaza
* Shaykh Tusi
* Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
* Allamah Al-Hilli
* Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
* Zurarah ibn A'yan
* Hisham ibn Hakam
* Agha Zia ol Din Araghi
* Ja'far Sobhani
* Ruhollah Khomeini
* Wilayat al-faqih

Isma'ili Shi'ism|

* Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
* Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
* Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
* Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
* Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
* Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
* Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine
* Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
* Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
* Idris Imad al-Din
* Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid

Zaydi Shi'ism|

* Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani
* Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd
* Al-Qasim al-Rassi
* Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
* Al-Mansur al-Qasim

Key books|

| Sunni books|

* Asas al-Taqdis
* Al-Baz al-Ashhab
* Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
* Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
* Al-Irshad
* Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah
* Al-Sawad al-A'zam
* Kitab al-Tawhid
* Tabsirat al-Adilla
* Masnavi
* Fihi Ma Fihi
* Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi
* The Moderation in Belief

|

Shia books|

* Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya
* Al-Amali
* Al-Khisal
* Awail Al Maqalat
* Tashih al-I'tiqad
* Tajrid al-I'tiqad

Independent|

* Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
* Kitab al-Majmu of Alawis
* Malfūzāt of Ahmadiyya
* Umm al-kitab of Musta'li Isma'ilism

* Early Muslim scholars
* List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam

Islamic schools and branches

| Sunni Islam|

| Ahl al-Hadith
(Atharism)|

* Kullabiyya
* Ibn Kullab
* Hanbalis
* Ahmad ibn Hanbal
* Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
* Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
* Zahiris
* Dawud al-Zahiri
* Salafism
* Ahl-i Hadith
* Syed Nazeer Husain / Siddiq Hasan Khan
* Wahhabism
* Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
* Ibn Baz
* Al-Uthaymin
* Al-Albani
* Other Salafi trends
* Jihadism
* Madkhalism
* Sahwa
* Salafi Modernism
* Muhammad bin Dawud
* Maqrizi

|

Ahl ar-Ra'y
(Ilm al-Kalam)|

* Ash'arism
* Malikis
* Shafi'is
* Abdullah al-Harari – Al-Ahbash
* Maturidism
* Hanafis
* Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi / Ahmed Raza Khan – Barelvi
* Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi / Rashid Ahmad Gangohi – Deobandi

Shia Islam|

| Zaydism|

* Zayd ibn Ali
* Jarudiyya
* Batriyya
* Imamate
* Alid dynasties of northern Iran
* Hasan al-Utrush
* Yahya ibn Umar
* Imams of Yemen
* Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects
* Dukayniyya
* Khalafiyya

|

Imami
Mahdiist
Shi'ite
Sects in
Islam|

| Imami
Twelver|

* Theology of Twelvers
* Ja'fari
* Akhbari
* Usuli
* Shaykhism
* Qizilbash
* Sheikh Haydar / Shah Ismail / Pir Sultan / Kul Nesîmî – Safavid Islam
* Ghulat
* al-Khaṣībī / ibn Nusayr – Alawites
* Astarabadi (Naimi) / Imadaddin Nasimi – Hurufism / Bektashism
* Baktāshism
* Demir Bābā – Alians
* Bābā Rexheb – Hārābātīs

|

Imami
Isma'ilism|

* Fathite
* Abdallah al-Aftah
* Batiniyyah
* Hamdan Qarmat – Sevener Qarmatians
* Hamza / Baha al-Din al-Muqtana / ad-Darazi – Druzes
* Fatimids
* Musta'li
* Tayyibi
* Alavi
* Dawoodi
* Sulaymani
* Hafizi
* Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani – Badakhshan Alevism
* Nizari
* Hassan-i Sabbah – Assassins
* Aga Khans – Nizaris / Khojas
* Pir Sadardin – Satpanth

Kaysanites
Shia|

* Mukhtār
* Abū ʿAmra Kaysān
* Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah – Hashimiyya
* Hārbīyya
* ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi
* Janāhiyya
* Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
* Hārithīyya
* Riyāhīyya
* Sam‘ānīyya
* Bayān ibn Sam‘ān
* Rezāmīyya
* Abu Muslim
* Sunpadh
* Muḥammirah
* Khurramites
* Babak
* Mazyar
* al-Muqanna
* Ishaq al-Turk
* Khashabiyya Shia

Other Mahdists|

* An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah
* Hurufiyya
* Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī – Nuktawiyya
* Shayki
* Nuqta-yi Ula – Bábīyya
* Tawussite Shia
* ʿAjlan ibn Nawus
* Waqifite Shia

Muhakkima
(Arbitration)|

| Kharijites|

* Ajardi
* Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād
* Maymunīyyah
* Sa'labīyyah
* Azariqa
* Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī
* Bayhasīyyah
* Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir
* Najdat
* Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī
* Sufri
* Abu Qurra
* Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād al-Nukkari

|

Ibadism|

* 'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi
* Jābir ibn Zayd
* Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin al-Ifrani
* Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
* Wahbiyyah
* Azzabas

Murji'ah
(Hasan ibn
Muḥāmmad
ibn al-
Hanafiyyah)|

| Karrāmīyya|

* Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
* ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)
* Dhīmmīyya
* Hakāiqīyya
* Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)
* Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)
* Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)
* Maʿīyya
* Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)
* Nūnīyya
* Razīnīyya
* Sauwāqīyya
* Sūramīyya
* Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)
* Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)
* Wāhidīyya
* Zarībīyya

|

Other sects|

* Gaylānīyya
* Gaylān ibn Marwān
* Yūnusīyya
* Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī
* Gassānīyya
* Gassān al-Kūfī
* Tūmanīyya
* Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī
* Sawbānīyya
* Abū Sawbān al-Murjī
* Sālehīyya
* Sāleh ibn Umar
* Shamrīyya
* Abū Shamr
* Ubaydīyya
* Ubayd al-Mūktaib
* Ziyādīyya
* Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī

Other Murjīs|

* Al-Harith ibn Surayj
* Sa'id ibn Jubayr
* Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān
* Muhārīb ibn Dithār
* Sābit Kutna
* Awn ibn Abdullāh
* Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr
* Umar ibn Zar
* Salm ibn Sālem
* Hālaf ibn Ayyūb
* Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf
* Nusayr ibn Yahyā
* Ahmad ibn Hārb
* Amr ibn Murrah

Mu'shabbiha|

| Tamsīl|

* Jawārībīyya
* Dāwūd al-Jawāribî
* Hāshwīyya
* Hulmānīyya
* Abū Hulmān al-Fārisī ad-Dimashqī
* Qalandariyya
* Barak Baba

|

Tajsīm|

* Khaṭṭābiyya
* Abu al-Khattab
* Bāzīghiyya
* Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā
* Muʿāmmarīyya
* Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar
* ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
* Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī
* Mufaḍḍaliyya
* al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi
* Ghurābīyya
* Mānsūrīyya
* Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī
* Mughīrīyya
* Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī
* Mukhāmmīsa
* Namiriya
* ‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya
* Saba'īyya
* Abdullah ibn Saba'

Qadariyah
(Ma'bad
al-Juhani)|

| Alevism|

* Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar – Malamatiyya / Qalandariyya
* Baba Ishak – Babai revolt
* Balım Sultan – Bektashi Order
* Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu – Galibi Order

|

Muʿtazila
(Rationalism)|

* Mā’marīyya
* Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī
* Bishriyya
* Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī
* Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī
* Bahshamiyya
* Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī
* Huzaylīyya
* Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
* Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī
* Ikhshīdiyya
* Nazzāmīyya
* Ali al-Aswarī
* Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī
* Hābītīyya
* Ahmad ibn Hābīt
* Sumamīyya
* Sumāma ibn Ashras
* Kā‘bīyya
* Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī

Quranism|

* Ahle Qur'an
* Kala Kato
* Tolu-e-Islam
* Muhammad Iqbal
* Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
* United Submitters International
* Rashad Khalifa
* Edip Yüksel

Independent
Muslim
beliefs|

| Messianism|

* Ahmadiyya
* Mirza Ghulam
* Qadiani
* Lahori
* Kabbalist Dönmes
* Sabbatai Zevi – Sabbatean
* Mahdavīyya
* Muhammad Jaunpuri / Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir – Zikris
* Nation of Islam
* Wallace Fard Muhammad's doctrine

|

Modernism|

* Modernist Salafism
* Muhammad Abduh
* Muhammad Asad
* Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
* Rashid Rida
* Other Islamic modernists

Taṣawwuf|

* Tariqah
* Ahmed Raza Khan – Barelvi
* Hilmi Tunahan – Süleymancı
* Ahmad al-Rifa'i – Rifa`i
* Other orders
* Tawassul

Other beliefs|

* Sadaqah
* Sunnah
* Taqwa
* Tawakkul
* Tewafuq
* Thawab

* Other scholars of Sunni schools of jurisprudence:
* Hanafi
* Hanbali
* Maliki
* Shafi'i
* Zahiri

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