Illustrating Tolkien

Depicting Tolkien's fictional world

Gandalf fighting the Balrog on the bridge of Khazad-dûm. Scraperboard by Alexander Korotich, 1981

Since the publication of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit in 1937, artists including Tolkien himself have sought to capture aspects of Middle-earth fantasy novels in paintings and drawings. He was followed in his lifetime by artists whose work he liked, such as Pauline Baynes, Mary Fairburn, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and Ted Nasmith, and by some whose work he rejected, such as Horus Engels for the German edition of The Hobbit. Tolkien had strong views on illustration of fantasy, especially in the case of his own works. His recorded opinions range from his rejection of the use of images in his 1936 essay On Fairy-Stories, to agreeing the case for decorative images for certain purposes, and his actual creation of images to accompany the text in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Commentators including Ruth Lacon and Pieter Collier have described his views on illustration as contradictory, and his requirements as being as fastidious as his editing of his novels.

After Tolkien's death in 1973, many artists have created illustrations of Middle-earth characters and landscapes, in media ranging from Alexander Korotich's scraperboard depictions to Margrete II of Denmark's woodcut-style drawings, Sergey Yuhimov's Russian Orthodox icon-style representations, and Donato Giancola's neoclassical oil paintings. Peter Jackson's 2001-2003 film trilogy of The Lord of the Rings, and later of The Hobbit, made use of concept art by John Howe and Alan Lee; the resulting images of Middle-earth and the story's characters have strongly influenced subsequent representations of Tolkien's work. Jenny Dolfen has specialised in making watercolour paintings of The Silmarillion, winning three awards from The Tolkien Society. Graham A. Judd has illustrated his father's book on the Flora of Middle-earth with woodcuts showing both the flowers and the scenes associated with them in the legendarium.

## Tolkien's artwork[edit]

Main article: Tolkien's artwork

J. R. R. Tolkien accompanied his Middle-earth fantasy writings with a wide variety of non-narrative materials, including paintings and drawings, calligraphy, and maps.[1] In his lifetime, some of his artworks were included in his novels The Hobbit[1] and The Lord of the Rings; others were used on the covers of different editions of these books,[1] and later on the cover of The Silmarillion.[T 1] Posthumously, collections of his artworks have been published, and academics have begun to evaluate him as an artist as well as an author.[1][2]

## Tolkien's views on illustration[edit]

Tolkien held strong opinions on illustrating fantasy, especially of his own works, but his statements made at different times are not easy to reconcile into a single point of view.[3][4]

### That illustrations destroy useful ambiguity[edit]

Further information: Tolkien's ambiguity

In his 1936 essay On Fairy-Stories, Tolkien wrote that "However good in themselves, illustrations do little good to fairy-stories."[4][T 2] He argued that by giving somewhat generic descriptions in words, the author leaves freedom for the reader's imagination. The Tolkien scholar Nils Agøy suggests that in The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien makes frequent use of ambiguity for exactly this reason.[4] Tolkien's illustrations for The Hobbit provide, in the words of the Tolkien scholars Wayne Hammond and Christina Scull, "backgrounds on which readers can paint their own mental pictures, directed by a text but not constrained by too specific an image".[5]

### That well-drawn illustrations could work[edit]

The 1938 American edition of The Hobbit was illustrated with five of Tolkien's own watercolour paintings.[1] Tolkien was at that time willing to have images in the actual text of the novel, illustrating specific episodes of the narrative. He commented in a 1938 letter to his American publishers, Houghton Mifflin, who were looking for illustrations for their forthcoming edition of The Hobbit, that they should seek an artist "who can draw [human figures]" as his own drawings of hobbits were "an unsafe guide", some of them "very ill-drawn".[T 3][a] He mentions, too, that there could be "special illustrations of episodes" in the story where the hobbit Bilbo might appear wearing boots, which he says Bilbo acquired in Rivendell, but in the other illustrations he should be drawn with bare feet.[T 3]

### That illustrations should be in keeping with the text[edit]

Tolkien thought that Milein Cosman's illustrations unhelpfully resembled the fashionable Edward Ardizzone's work (example pictured).[T 4]

In 1946, Tolkien voiced his objections to Horus Engels's illustrations for a German edition of The Hobbit. He described the work as having "certain merits", but "too 'Disnified' for my taste: Bilbo with a dribbling nose, and Gandalf as a figure of vulgar fun rather than the Odinic wanderer that I think of".[T 5][b]

Tolkien felt that the requirements of a good illustration were not the same as for being a respected or fashionable artist. When Allen & Unwin were working with the artist Milein Cosman on illustrations for Farmer Giles of Ham in 1948, Tolkien described the sample drawings as resembling the work of Feliks Topolski or Edward Ardizzone, commenting that he wasn't "much interested in [their] fashionableness".[T 4] That did not make up, in his opinion, for "their lack of resemblance to their text".[T 4] He stated, among more detailed objections, that the artist should have located the illustrations in or near Oxfordshire; that the trees were poorly drawn; and that the dragon was "absurd. Ridiculously coy, and quite incapable of performing any of the tasks laid on him by the author."[T 4] In short, he found Cosman's samples "wholly out of keeping with the style or manner of the text".[T 4]

By 1949, Allen & Unwin had found another artist to illustrate Farmer Giles of Ham, Pauline Baynes. Tolkien expressed delight at the result, writing that the images were "more than illustrations, they are a collateral theme", explaining that they "they reduced my text to a commentary on the drawings."[T 6]

### That illustrations of Middle-earth should "depict the noble and the heroic"[edit]

Tolkien met the Dutch artist Cor Blok in 1961.[6] He liked the five paintings that he saw enough to purchase two of them. "Battle of the Hornburg II" hung in the front hall of his house to welcome visitors.[7] "The Dead Marshes" too found a place in his house; Blok later gave Tolkien a third painting, "Dunharrow", out of his 149 The Lord of the Rings works.[8] Tolkien wrote to his publisher, Rayner Unwin, that he found Blok's paintings "most attractive", especially the Hornburg image. He thought the other works "attractive as pictures but bad as illustrations"; he doubted whether any living "artist of talent ... would even try to depict the noble and the heroic", elements that he felt central to his work.[9] All the same, when asked in December 1962 who might be able to illustrate a deluxe edition of The Lord of the Rings (as a set of six volumes), Tolkien proposed Blok and Pauline Baynes.[10] Blok added in 2011 that the 20th century had created two stereotypes of "the noble and the heroic": totalitarian hero-figures such as the "Heroes of Labour" of Stalinist Art, or the "bulging muscles (and breasts)" of the superheroes of comic books. He commented that neither are suitable for illustrating Tolkien, and that the two approaches had made it hard for artists of other sorts to represent heroism, even on "a small scale".[11]

Detail of Cor Blok's painting "Battle of the Hornburg II" that Tolkien liked enough to purchase. It was the only one of Blok's Middle-earth images that worked for Tolkien as an illustration, as opposed to a stand-alone painting.[9]

### That freedom should be left for the reader's imagination[edit]

Tolkien told Blok that "he was not in favour of illustrated editions".[6] However, they agreed that an illustrator should omit anything non-essential from an image.[4] In a letter to Baynes, who had by then illustrated several of his minor works, Tolkien similarly mentioned his objections to illustration, but stated that a case could be made for "illustration (or decoration!) applied to small things".[T 7] Agøy comments that Tolkien's remarks to these artists are "not unambiguous", but taken together suggest that he believed that freedom should be left for the reader.[4]

### Contradictory opinions[edit]

The artist Ruth Lacon argues that Tolkien's actions, preparing illustrations for his own works, conflict with what he wrote about their use. She suggests that images are especially useful in complex texts like The Silmarillion.[3] Pieter Collier, who edited a book of Cor Blok's illustrations for The Lord of the Rings, commented that "Tolkien's criteria for excellence in illustration were as fastidious" as those for selecting "le mot juste in his writing."[9] The scholar of literature Aurore Noury comments that one of the paradoxes around Tolkien is that he hoped his subcreated world would live on after him, but that he imposed strict requirements on anyone who sought to illustrate his novels.[12]

Some of Tolkien's views on illustration[13][4] Style  | Application  | Example artists

|
|

Inaccurate
failing to match text, tone wrong  | Unusable  | Horus Engels[T 5]
Milein Cosman[T 4]
Decorative
attractive but without heroic tone  | Minor (non-Middle-earth) tales, vistas, maps  | Pauline Baynes
Tolkien's own artwork
Illustrative
with "noble or awe-inspiring" quality  | In or alongside the text  | Margrethe II of Denmark[14]
Mary Fairburn

## In dialogue with Tolkien: 1937–1973[edit]

### Tove Jansson, 1962[edit]

Tove Jansson is better known for her Moomin characters.

The Swedish-speaking Finnish author, novelist, painter and illustrator Tove Jansson, who had written and illustrated the Moomin books, illustrated Swedish and Finnish translations of The Hobbit. Among these is a very large Gollum for the 1962 Swedish translation.[15] Tolkien was surprised to see a giant monster towering above Bilbo, but realised that the book did not say how small Gollum was.[c] He edited the second edition to state explicitly that Gollum was "a small, slimy creature".[16]

The scholar of literature Björn Sundmark states that Jansson's work helped to define how Middle-earth fantasy could be depicted visually.[17] He adds that the edition with her illustrations was not reprinted for many years,[d] even though reviewers and "Tolkienists" liked Jansson's "expressive"[18] images. Sundmark suggests that the reason was that in the 1960s, a new, more realistic style became the norm for fantasy art.[18]

### Mary Fairburn, 1968[edit]

In May 1968, the English artist Mary Fairburn sent Tolkien several illustrations of The Lord of the Rings, mostly in coloured ink. He replied that they were "splendid. They are better pictures in themselves and also show far more attention to the text than any that have yet been submitted to me".[13] He added "I am beginning to ... think that an illustrated edition [of The Lord of the Rings] might be a good thing."[13]

The project went no further, as Tolkien, aged 76, injured his leg and was in the process of moving house from Oxford to Bournemouth; and the removals team seriously disorganised his papers. In October 1968 he wrote to Fairburn that his publisher Rayner Unwin would take "some months" to decide whether to publish an illustrated edition of The Lord of the Rings, mentioning that black-and-white illustrations were more likely. She states that she created black-and-white versions of 26 of her paintings, one for each chapter of The Fellowship of the Ring and the first four chapters of The Two Towers, the last being "Treebeard". Fairburn lost many of the illustrations in repeated house moves; nine survive,[e] of which one, a coloured painting of "Galadriel at the Well in Lórien" came into Tolkien's possession.[13] Fairburn's illustrations remained unknown to scholars until 2012;[19][13] her work was finally published in the Tolkien Calendar 2015.[20]

Detail of "The Pass on Mount Caradhras", Mary Fairburn's 1968 image for "The Ring Goes South".[f] Tolkien called her work "splendid", liking it enough to think of an illustrated The Lord of the Rings.[13]

### Pauline Baynes[edit]

Further information: A Map of Middle-earth

Pauline Baynes created the illustrations for some of Tolkien's minor works, such as the 1949 Farmer Giles of Ham and the 1962 The Adventures of Tom Bombadil.[21] In 1969, Tolkien's publisher Allen & Unwin commissioned her to paint "A Map of Middle-earth". Tolkien supplied her with copies of his draft maps for The Lord of the Rings, and annotated her copy of his son Christopher's 1954 map for The Fellowship of the Ring. Allen & Unwin published Baynes's map as a poster in 1970. It was decorated with a header and footer showing some of Tolkien's characters, and vignettes of some of his stories' locations. The poster map became "iconic" of Middle-earth.[22][23][24][25]

The scholar of English literature Paul Tankard comments that "Tolkien clearly admired Pauline Baynes' work, in certain ways and for certain purposes: for illustrations to his slighter and non-Middle-earthly tales, for vistas and for maps—but not for inside and alongside of the narrative of The Lord of the Rings."[13] In short, Tolkien liked her work and found it usefully decorative, but felt that it lacked the "noble or awe-inspiring" quality that Middle-earth illustrations needed, giving as an instance "her ridiculous picture of the dragon" in Farmer Giles of Ham.[13][26]

Tolkien liked Pauline Baynes's decorative illustrations for his minor works such as Farmer Giles of Ham, but thought her style unsuitable for use inside his major fantasy works, as it was not "noble or awe-inspiring"; he found her dragon (pictured) "ridiculous".[13]

### Margrethe II of Denmark[edit]

Crown Princess Margrethe (later Queen Margrethe II of Denmark), an accomplished and critically acclaimed painter, was inspired to create illustrations to The Lord of the Rings in the early 1970s. Tolkien liked her woodcut-style drawings, seeing in them a resemblance to the style of some of his own artwork.[27][28][14] In 1977, Queen Margrethe's drawings were published in the Danish translation of the book, redrawn by the British artist Eric Fraser.[T 8]

Woodcut-style illustration of Éowyn fighting the Nazgul's fell beast at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, by Margrethe II of Denmark. Tolkien liked her work, seeing in it a style resembling his own.[14]

### Ted Nasmith[edit]

While still in high school, Ted Nasmith painted some illustrations for The Hobbit, and in 1972 mailed photographs of a selection of his artworks to Tolkien, including a gouache of The Unexpected Party at the start of The Hobbit.[g] Tolkien responded by letter a few weeks later, both praising the work and commenting that the rendition of Bilbo Baggins seemed a little too childlike. This encouraged Nasmith to strive for a more literal interpretation of Tolkien's works.[29] He later created the illustrations for some editions of The Silmarillion.[30]

## Independent views[edit]

### A Japanese view, 1965[edit]

The Japanese artist Ryûichi Terashima [ja] (寺島竜一) made a set of drawings to illustrate Teiji Seta's 1965 translation of The Hobbit.[31] Robert Ellwood, writing in Mythlore, admired the work, with the characters treated "with the seriousness to which the epic dimensions of Tolkien's work entitles them."[32] In his view, the characters "emerge in these sensitive line drawings as real, discrete personalities".[32]

Ryûichi Terashima's drawing of Gandalf and Bilbo at Bag End. His representations of these characters has been praised for making them "real, discrete personalities".[32]

### An unrealised Maurice Sendak set, 1967[edit]

The children's book author Maurice Sendak was invited to illustrate a deluxe edition of The Hobbit in 1967. He created one surviving sample drawing, of Gandalf with Bilbo smoking outside Bag End.[33] According to the artist Tony DiTerlizzi in the Los Angeles Times, Sendak sent two drawings to Tolkien, the one that survives and one of Mirkwood's wood-elves dancing by moonlight. DiTerlizzi finds the work subtle and masterly, with "heavy crosshatching used to weigh down a world-weary Gandalf contrasted with the open, airy line work that renders the jovial Bilbo."[34] In DiTerlizzi's version of events, the editor accidentally labelled Sendak's wood-elves as "hobbits", which annoyed Tolkien, and he rejected the drawings, angering Sendak. A meeting was arranged to resolve the matter, but Sendak had a heart attack and the publisher cancelled the project. DiTerlizzi offers another possible explanation, namely that Tolkien did not want The Hobbit to be thought of as a children's story.[34][h]

Drawing by Maurice Sendak of Gandalf and Bilbo at Bag End, 1967. The contrasting treatment of the two characters has been described as subtle and masterly.[34]

### Through Slavic eyes, 1976 onwards[edit]

Soviet era Russian illustrations of The Hobbit were according to Open Culture "traditionally stylized ... angular, friendlier, almost cartoonish". Mikhail Belomlinsky [ru]'s (Беломлинский, Михаил Самуилович) illustrations for Natalya Rakhmanova [ru]'s (Рахманова, Наталия Леонидовна) 1976 translation include the three Trolls with full beards, dark clothes, and bare feet, holding tankards and arguing over how to cook Bilbo.[35] The Hobbit is shown with hairy legs rather than just hairy feet; the Russian word нога ("noga") can mean either "leg" or "foot".[36] Belomlinsky stated that his Bilbo character was based on the actor Yevgeny Leonov, who he described as "good-natured, plump, with hairy legs."[37]

Mikhail Belomlinsky [ru]'s somewhat cartoonish Soviet-era Russian illustration of the three Trolls arguing over how to cook Bilbo, 1976[35]

In 1981, the Russian artist Alexander Korotich, known for his "Zuza" series of fairy tales, made a series of scraperboard engravings of The Lord of the Rings. Many were lost; those that survived were eventually exhibited in 2013.[38]

* Scraperboard illustrations by Alexander Korotich
* Frodo and Sam guided by Gollum through the Dead Marshes

* Gwaihir the Eagle rescues Gandalf from Orthanc

* Tom Bombadil frees the Hobbits from Old Man Willow

In 1979, the Czech artist and animator Jiří Šalamoun [cz], known for his children's television series Maxipes Fík starring a cartoon dog,[39] illustrated Frantisek Vrba's translation of The Hobbit. Šalamoun adapted his usual children's style to what he thought would suit the book; Janka Kaščáková comments that the result is "rather far ... from Tolkien's original."[40]

Detail of Jiří Šalamoun's rather wayward illustration of "An Unexpected Party" for the 1979 Czech translation of The Hobbit.[40]

The Russian artist Sergey Yuhimov (Сергей Юхимов) illustrated a 1993 edition of The Lord of the Rings[41] in the style of the icons of the Russian Orthodox Church. This use of symbolism may have added layers of meaning to those already intended by Tolkien.[42] Open Culture has described the work as "vivid, stylistically Medieval, religious-icon-saturated".[43]

Sergei Yuhimov illustrated a 1993 Russian translation of The Lord of the Rings in the style of the icons of the Russian Orthodox Church.[43]

### Covers and calendars, 1978 onwards[edit]

Further information: Tolkien Calendars

Paul R. Gregory's Middle-earth paintings, created from 1978 onwards, have appeared on the covers of some 30 rock music albums;[44][45] the artist Ruth Lacon has however described his work as inaccurate, departing from Tolkien's text.[46] Tim and Greg Hildebrandt, usually called the Brothers Hildebrandt, were known especially for their Tolkien Calendars, which appeared between 1976 and 2006.[47][i] The illustrator John Howe said he got "a real spark" from the Hildebrandts' calendars, as they showed him that Tolkien's novels could be illustrated.[48]

### Tom Loback's calligraphy and illumination, 1990[edit]

Tom Loback contributed to the appreciation of Tolkien's legendarium both through his artwork and with scholarly study.[49] The Tolkien scholar Bradford Lee Eden commented that Loback's work was "unique" in featuring both Tolkien's scripts (Cirth and Tengwar) and Elvish languages (both Quenya and Sindarin[50]) in his art, and in his imitation of the style of medieval illuminated manuscripts.[51] His artistic vision of The Silmarillion has been celebrated alongside that of other Tolkien illustrators: in 1990, Mythlore set Loback and three others the task of illustrating the confrontation between the maker of the Silmarils, Fëanor, and his half-brother Fingolfin.[52]

* Medieval-style Silmarillion images with Elvish calligraphy by Tom Loback
* Ulmo, Lord of Waters, saves Voronwë.

* Fëanor, maker of the Silmarils, confronts his half-brother Fingolfin.

* The Fall of Turgon's Tower during the Fall of Gondolin

### Fantasy and botany, 2017[edit]

Further information: Plants in Middle-earth

Tolkien stated that he had a "special fascination" for illustrated botany books, and for the "unfamiliar flora[s]" of new areas. He said he had not seen anything quite like Niphredil, because "those imagined flowers are lit by a light" of another world; the flower would be "simply a delicate kin of a snowdrop".[T 10] The illustrator Graham A. Judd has prepared woodcut illustrations to support his father, the botanist Walter S. Judd's 2017 Flora of Middle-earth. According to the Tolkien scholar Martin Simonson, the woodcuts "combine accurate representations of the morphological features of most of the plants under study with symbolically rendered scenes from the legendarium, and they thus manage to convey the mixed essence of the book as such: art and science."[53][54]

Detail of woodcut illustration of the fictional Niphredil flower, based on a snowdrop, with inset vignette of Aragorn and Arwen on a lawn of the flowers on Cerin Amroth, for the 2017 Flora of Middle-earth, by Graham A. Judd.[54] The image thus combines fantasy and botany, "art and science".[53]

### Donato Giancola's classical realism, 2019[edit]

The American artist Donato Giancola describes himself as "classical-abstract-realist working with science fiction and fantasy".[55] His many paintings of J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy world have led Jeff LaSala, writing on Tor.com, to label him "the Caravaggio of Middle-earth" and a "Tolkien neoclassicist".[56] LaSala suggests that Giancola's "The Tower of Cirith Ungol", with an Orc tormenting a naked Frodo, could almost be by the Anglo-Swiss artist Henry Fuseli (1741–1825), known for his depictions of the supernatural.[56]

Donato Giancola's neoclassical painting "The Tower of Cirith Ungol" has being likened to the dramatic works of Caravaggio or Henry Fuseli.[56]

## The effect of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy: 2001–2003 and after[edit]

Peter Jackson's films of The Lord of the Rings created a stereotyped image of Middle-earth and its peoples (the cosplay fans here are dressed as the Elf Galadriel, a Nazgul, and the Wizard Gandalf), shared by Tolkien fans and artists alike.[57]

### Concept art[edit]

The Tolkien illustrators John Howe and Alan Lee became well-known by the end of the 20th century for their Middle-earth artwork — Lee for illustrated editions of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings,[58][59] and Howe for the cover artwork to several Tolkien publications. Both men worked as concept artists in the creation of Peter Jackson's 2001–2003 The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, their designs leading directly to those in the films.[58][j] In 2004, Lee won an Academy Award for Best Art Direction on the film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.[60] Nasmith had been invited to work as a concept artist for Peter Jackson's films but he had declined.[61]

### From fan art to recognised artistry[edit]

The films attracted a large audience, making the artistic conception of Jackson's artists influential, indeed creating a stereotyped image of Middle-earth and its races of Elves, Dwarves, Orcs and Hobbits shared by Tolkien fans and artists alike.[57] The German illustrator Anke Eißmann had already become known for her Tolkien artwork, starting out as fan art,[62] such as for the German Tolkien Society's Der Flammifer von Westernis from 1991.[63][64] She made numerous paintings of scenes from The Silmarillion.[65] Eißmann illustrated Timothy Furnish's 2016 book High Towers and Strong Places: A Political History of Middle-earth in a way that, in Mike Foster's opinion, had been influenced by Peter Jackson's films.[66]

Anke Eißmann's painting "The Parting" (of Beren from Lúthien), as narrated in The Silmarillion. Her work has been described as influenced by Peter Jackson's films.[66]

Jenny Dolfen has made a series of watercolour paintings of scenes from The Silmarillion.[67] She has been described as the best-known of the many self-taught Middle-earth artists; Aurore Noury comments that her fame among Tolkien fans has given her a hybrid status, being both a self-taught fan artist and a recognised and published artist.[68] Dolfen has won three awards from The Tolkien Society for her paintings, namely in 2014 for "Eärendil the Mariner", a painting of Eärendil, a character from the first beginnings of Tolkien's legendarium;[k] in 2018 for "The Hunt", a depiction of Finrod Felagund going on a hunt with the Fëanoreans Maedhros and Maglor in Eastern Beleriand; and in 2020 the T-shirt design "The Professor", celebrating 50 years of The Tolkien Society, with Middle-earth characters and places within the outline of a pipe-smoking J. R. R. Tolkien.[67]

## See also[edit]

* The Annotated Hobbit, including numerous covers and illustrations from translations of The Hobbit
* Inger Edelfeldt, who made numerous cover illustrations for Swedish editions of Tolkien's books
* List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works, including astronomical objects, companies, genes, ships, places, and species
* Middle-earth in motion pictures, including animated films of Tolkien's books
* Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien, including films, books, radio plays, music, and games

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ One of Tolkien's drawings of hobbits is in the Bilbo Baggins article.
2. ^ The image can be seen in the Horus Engels article.
3. ^ The image can be seen in the Gollum article.
4. ^ It was reprinted in the same 24 cm format in 1994 by Rabén Prisma, ISBN 978-9-15182-727-8.
5. ^ The surviving images are "The Old Forest"; "The Inn at Bree"; "The Pass on Mount Caradhras"; "The Bridge at Khazad-dûm"; "Galadriel at the Well in Lórien"; "The Great River"; "Treebeard with Pippin and Merry"; "Gandalf on the Tower of Orthanc"; and "The Dead Marshes", also called "Sam and Frodo in Mordor with a Nazgûl". The image of Gollum that she had sent to Tolkien (and which he returned with the other samples) is lost.[13]
6. ^ "The Ring Goes South" is a chapter in The Fellowship of the Ring, namely book 2, chapter 3.
7. ^ The image can be seen in the Ted Nasmith article.
8. ^ DiTerlizzi notes that in 1959, Tolkien wrote in a letter "I am not specially interested in children, and certainly not in writing for them."[T 9]
9. ^ The 1976 calendar is illustrated in the Brothers Hildebrandt article.
10. ^ Lee's Orthanc image is illustrated in that article.
11. ^ The painting can be seen in the Jenny Dolfen article.

## References[edit]

### Primary[edit]

1. ^ Tolkien 1977, Front and back cover
2. ^ Tolkien 1983, "On Fairy-Stories", Note E.
3. ^ a b Carpenter 1981, #27 to Houghton Mifflin, c. March or April 1938
4. ^ a b c d e f Carpenter 1981, #116 to Allen & Unwin, 5 August 1948
5. ^ a b Carpenter 1981, #107 to Sir Stanley Unwin, 7 December 1946
6. ^ Carpenter 1981, #120 to Allen & Unwin, 16 March 1949
7. ^ Carpenter 1981, #235 to Pauline Baynes, 6 December 1961
8. ^ Tolkien 1977, Title page of The Folio Society edition
9. ^ Carpenter 1981, #215 to Walter Allen, New Statesman, April 1959
10. ^ Carpenter 1981, #312 to Amy Ronald, 16 November 1969

### Secondary[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e Holmes 2013, pp. 27–32.
2. ^ MacLeod & Smol 2017, pp. 115–131.
3. ^ a b Lacon, Ruth (14 January 2012). "To Illustrate or Not to Illustrate? That is the Question…". Tolkien Library.
4. ^ a b c d e f Agøy 2013, pp. 51–52.
5. ^ Hammond & Scull 1995, p. 98.
6. ^ a b Blok 2011, p. 15.
7. ^ Collier, Pieter (8 March 2011). "Buy Rare Tolkien Books in the Tolkien Library Rare Book Shop A Tolkien Tapestry: Pictures to accompany The Lord of the Rings". Tolkien Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
8. ^ Blok 2011, p. 8, 27.
9. ^ a b c Blok 2011, pp. Slipcase, Foreword
10. ^ Blok 2011, p. 9.
11. ^ Blok 2011, p. 26.
12. ^ Noury 2020, Note 7.
13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tankard, Paul (2017). ""Akin to my own Inspiration": Mary Fairburn and the Art of Middle-earth". Tolkien Studies. Project Muse. 14 (1): 133–154. doi:10.1353/tks.2017.0010. ISSN 1547-3163.
14. ^ a b c "One Queen to Rule Them All: Margrethe II of Denmark". National Museum of Women in the Arts. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
15. ^ Holownia, Olga (31 December 2014). "'Hell, what a chance to have a go at the classics': Tove Jansson's take on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, The Hunting of the Snark, and The Hobbit". Barnboken - Journal of Children's Literature Research. 37. doi:10.14811/clr.v37i0.191.
16. ^ ""For me it was an adventure to illustrate J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit" – all you need to know about Tove Janssons criticised illustrations". Tove Jansson. 23 February 2023. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
17. ^ Sundmark, Björn (2020). "The Translation and Visualization of Tolkien's The Hobbit into Swedish, the Aesthetics of Fantasy, and Tove Jansson's Illustrations". Translating and Transmediating Children's Literature. Cham: Springer International. p. 117–132. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52527-9_7. ISBN 978-3-030-52526-2.
18. ^ a b Sundmark, Björn (2014). ""En hobbit och ett mumintroll skulle kunna mötas i bästa sämja": Receptionen av Bilbo, en hobbits äventyr (1962)" ["A hobbit and a moomintroll would be able to meet in complete harmony": Reception of 'Bilbo, en hobbits äventyr']. Barnboken (in Swedish). The Swedish Institute for Children's Books. 37. doi:10.14811/clr.v37i0.186. ISSN 0347-772X.
19. ^ Tankard, Paul (14 September 2012). "An Unknown Vision of Middle-earth: Mary Fairburn: Tolkien Illustrator". Times Literary Supplement.
20. ^ Collier, Pieter (26 March 2014). "Tolkien Calendar 2015 features artwork from artist Mary Fairburn from The Lord of the Rings". Tolkien Library. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
21. ^ Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel; Baynes, Pauline (illus.) (1962). The Adventures of Tom Bombadil. London: George Allen & Unwin.
22. ^ McIlwaine 2018, p. 384.
23. ^ Kennedy 2016.
24. ^ Bodleian 2016.
25. ^ Scull & Hammond 2017, pp. 112–113.
26. ^ Hammond & Scull 2006b, volume 2, page 422.
27. ^ Thygesen, Peter (Autumn 1999). "Queen Margrethe II: Denmark's monarch for a modern age". Scandinavian Review. Retrieved 12 March 2006.
28. ^ "Margrethe and Henrik Biography". Royalinsight.net. 16 April 1940. Archived from the original on 30 October 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
29. ^ "Ted Nasmith". Radio Rivendell. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
30. ^ Hoyt, Randy (1 January 2009). "Illustrating Tolkien: Ted Nasmith Interview". Journey to the Sea.
31. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R.; Seta, Teiji (trans.); Terashima, Ryûichi E. (illus.) (1965). ホビットの冒険 (Hobitto no bōken) [Hobbit Adventure] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. OCLC 1267526396.
32. ^ a b c Ellwood, Robert (1969). "The Japanese Hobbit". Mythlore. 1 (3). Article 2.
33. ^ Marshall, Colin (10 March 2014). "The Only Drawing from Maurice Sendak's Short-Lived Attempt to Illustrate The Hobbit". Open Culture. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
34. ^ a b c DiTerlizzi, Tony (25 March 2011). "'The Hobbit' illustrated by Maurice Sendak? The 1960s masterpiece that could have been". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013.
35. ^ a b Blinderman, Ilia (March 2014). "Soviet-Era Illustrations Of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit (1976)". Open Culture. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
36. ^ "нога in English". YourDictionary. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
37. ^ Belomlinsky, Mikhail. "Книжное обозрение: Леонов «играет» Хоббита" [Book Review: Leonov 'plays' the Hobbit]. Russian Bazaar (in Russian) (2 (508)). Archived from the original on 27 April 2014.
38. ^ "Александр Коротич. Иллюстрации к произведениям Дж" [Р. Р. Толкина Alexander Korotich. Illustrations for the works of J. R. R. Tolkien]. Uraic.ru (in Russian). 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2023. "The exhibition presents individual illustrations for 'The Lord of the Rings' by J. R. R. Tolkien, created by artist Alexander Korotich from the second half of the 1980s until mid-1997, when the folder with most of the sheets was lost, as well as a number of illustrations for the book J. R. R. Tolkien. Fairy tales by the publishing house 'Ural market', released in 1993."
39. ^ "Maxipes Fík illustrator Jiří Šalamoun dies at 86". Radio Prague International. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
40. ^ a b Kaščáková, Janka (2023). Kaščáková, Janka; Palatinus, David Levente (eds.). J.R.R. Tolkien in Central Europe. Taylor & Francis. Chapter 3: Mythologia Non Grata: Tolkien and Socialist Czechoslovakia. ISBN 978-1-003-40717-1.
41. ^ Lebedev, Dmitry Leonidovich (2016). "Visualizations of John Tolkien's fantasy world". Yearbook of Eastern European Studies (6): 106–116. Summary
42. ^ Merriner, Joel (2018). The Other Middle-earth: Intertextuality and Iconography in Sergei Iukhimov’s Illustrations for The Lord of the Rings. University of Plymouth.
43. ^ a b Marshall, Colin (4 June 2014). "Illustrations of The Lord of the Rings in Russian Iconography Style (1993)". Open Culture. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
44. ^ "Paul Raymond Gregory – Heavy Metal's Lord Of the Rings". Great Album Covers. Great Album Covers. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
45. ^ Gregory, Paul Raymond (1949). "The Death of Theoden". Peter Nahum at The Leicester Galleries. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
46. ^ Lacon, Ruth (21 January 2013). "Review of Beyond Time and Place - The Art of Paul Raymond Gregory". Tolkien Library. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
47. ^ "The Art of The Brothers Hildebrandt". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011.
48. ^ "Biography". John Howe. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
49. ^ Croft, Janet Brennan (2015). "Notes: In Memoriam: Tom Loback in Mythlore". Mythlore. 33 (2). Article 13.
50. ^ "Tom Loback". Elvish Linguistic Fellowship. Retrieved 5 February 2023. (four pages)
51. ^ Eden, Bradford Lee (2016). "Subcreation at work: the Art of Tom Loback". The C.S. Lewis & Friends Colloquium (10).
52. ^ Wynne, Patrick; Loback, Tom; DiSante, Paula; Beach, Sarah (1990). "'Fëanor Fronts Fingolfin': Artistic Visions of Four Artists". Mythlore. 17 (2). Article 3.
53. ^ a b Simonson, Martin (2017). "[Review] Flora of Middle-earth (2017) by Walter S. Judd and Graham A. Judd". Journal of Tolkien Research. 4 (2). article 9.
54. ^ a b Judd, Walter S.; Judd, Graham A. (2017). Flora of Middle-Earth: Plants of J.R.R. Tolkien's Legendarium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-027631-7.
55. ^ "Interview, 'Behind the Canvas: Donato Giancola'". Magic the Gathering. 10 April 2003.
56. ^ a b c LaSala, Jeff (22 April 2019). "Donato Giancola Is the Caravaggio of Middle-earth". Tor.com. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
57. ^ a b Noury 2020, Note 9.
58. ^ a b Svitil 2007, pp. 75–76.
59. ^ GoodKnight, Glen H. (1992). "Reviews: The Ring Goes Grey". Mythlore. 18 (3): 55, Article 14.
60. ^ "76th Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 19 February 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
61. ^ Shepherd, Wendy (3 February 2004). "Interview With Ted Nasmith, Tolkien Artist". Dreamish.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2004.
62. ^ Manifold, Marjorie C. (2005). "Life as theater and theater as life: Art expressions of information-age youth". Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education. 25: 1.
63. ^ Gand, André (21 November 2009). "Interview with Anke Eißmann". Tolkien Bücher.
64. ^ "Deutsche Tolkien Gesellschaft" (in German). German Tolkien Society. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
65. ^ LaSala, Jeff (14 September 2016). "Lúthien: Tolkien's Badass Elf Princess". Retrieved 11 November 2023.
66. ^ a b Foster, Mike (2016). "Review: 'High Towers and Strong Places'". Mythlore. 35 (1). Article 10.
67. ^ a b "Awards - Previous Winners". The Tolkien Society. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
68. ^ Noury 2020, Note 11.

### Sources[edit]

* Agøy, Nils Ivar (2013). "Vague or Vivid?: Descriptions in 'The Lord of the Rings'". Tolkien Studies. Project Muse. 10 (1): 49–67. doi:10.1353/tks.2013.0011. ISSN 1547-3163. S2CID 170171727.
* Blok, Cor (2011). Collier, Pieter (ed.). A Tolkien Tapestry. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-743798-6.
* Bodleian (13 June 2016). "Rare map of Middle-earth goes on display at the Bodleian Libraries". Bodleian Library. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
* Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981). The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-31555-2.
* Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (1995). J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator. Illustrated by J. R. R. Tolkien. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-74816-X.
* Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (2006b). The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide: Reader's Guide. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-007-14918-2.
* Holmes, John R. (2013) [2007]. "Art and Illustrations by Tolkien". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 27–32. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
* Kennedy, Maev (3 May 2016). "Tolkien annotated map of Middle-earth acquired by Bodleian Library". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
* McIlwaine, Catherine (2018). Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth. Bodleian Library. p. 384\. ISBN 978-1851244850.
* MacLeod, Jeffrey J.; Smol, Anna (2017). "Visualizing the Word: Tolkien as Artist and Writer". Tolkien Studies. 14 (1): 115–131. doi:10.1353/tks.2017.0009. S2CID 171923300.
* Noury, Aurore (2020). Où se trouve la Terre du Milieu? De l’incarnation d’un nouvel imaginaire collectif dans l'espace quotidien [Where is Middle-earth? On the incarnation of a new collective imagination in everyday space]. Actes du colloque 2020 du Laboratoire des Imaginaires (in French). pp. 185–205. ISBN 978-2-9574143-0-7. hal-03884812.
* Scull, Christina; Hammond, Wayne G. (2017). The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-0082-1454-8.
* Svitil, Torene (2007). So You Want to Work in Animation & Special Effects?. Enslow Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7660-2737-4.
* Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Silmarillion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2.
* Tolkien, J. R. R. (1983). The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays. London: Allen & Unwin. OCLC 417591085.

* v
* t
* e

The Lord of the Rings

* J. R. R. Tolkien

About|

* Volumes
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* Stories
* "The Shadow of the Past"
* "The Council of Elrond"
* "The Scouring of the Shire"
* "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
* Translations
* Russian
* Swedish
* Reception
* Literary
* Fandom
* Oxonmoot
* Tolkienmoot
* Works inspired
* Tolkien's impact on fantasy

Analysis|

| Elements|

* Artwork
* Family trees
* Heraldry
* Languages
* Quenya
* Sindarin
* Maps
* Poetry
* A Elbereth Gilthoniel
* Namárië
* Song of Eärendil
* The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late
* The Road Goes Ever On
* A Walking Song
* Proverbs

|

Themes|

* Addiction to power
* Ancestry as guide to character
* Architecture
* Christianity
* Death and immortality
* Decline and fall
* Economy
* England
* Environmentalism
* Forests
* Heroism
* Luck and fate
* Magic
* Mental illness
* Moral dilemma
* Music
* Naming of weapons
* Northern courage
* Paganism
* Plants
* Psychological journeys
* Quests
* Race
* Sexuality
* Sound and language
* Time
* Trees
* Women

Influences|

* Beowulf
* Celtic
* Classical world
* First World War
* Norse
* Medieval
* Modern sources
* Modernism
* Philology
* Shakespeare

Techniques|

* Character pairing
* Frame stories
* Impression of depth
* Narrative structure
* Interlacing
* Prose style
* Ambiguity

Peoples|

| Maiar|

* Balrogs
* Sauron
* Wizards
* Gandalf
* Radagast
* Saruman

|

Free
peoples|

* Dwarves
* Balin
* Gimli
* Elves
* Galadriel
* Glorfindel
* Half-elven
* Arwen
* Elrond
* Legolas
* Thranduil
* Ents
* Treebeard
* Hobbits
* Bilbo
* Frodo
* Merry
* Pippin
* Sam
* Men
* Beornings
* Drúedain
* Dúnedain
* Aragorn
* of Gondor
* Boromir
* Denethor
* Faramir
* of Rohan
* Éomer
* Éowyn
* Théoden
* Wormtongue

Monsters|

* Barrow-wight
* Gollum
* Nazgûl
* Witch-king of Angmar
* Old Man Willow
* Orcs
* Shelob
* Trolls
* Wargs
* Watcher in the Water

Other|

* Eagles
* Goldberry
* Tom Bombadil

World|

| Geography|

* Eriador
* Bree
* Old Forest
* Rivendell
* The Shire
* Bag End
* Gondor
* Harad
* Lothlórien
* Mirkwood
* Moria
* Mordor
* Rohan
* Isengard

|

Battles|

* Helm's Deep
* Pelennor Fields
* Morannon

Objects|

* Mithril
* Palantírs
* Rings of Power
* One Ring
* List of weapons and armour

Related
works|

* The Hobbit
* The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
* Errantry
* Fastitocalon
* The Sea-Bell
* The Road Goes Ever On
* Bilbo's Last Song
* The Silmarillion
* Unfinished Tales
* The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
* The History of Middle-earth
* The Children of Húrin
* The History of The Hobbit
* Beren and Lúthien
* The Fall of Gondolin
* The Nature of Middle-earth

Adaptations and derivative works

Books|

* Bored of the Rings (1969)
* The Last Ringbearer (1999)
* Muddle Earth (2003)

Illustrations|

* A Map of Middle-earth
* Pauline Baynes
* Barbara Remington
* John Howe
* Alan Lee
* Margrethe II of Denmark
* Ted Nasmith

Theatre|

* Fellowship! (2005)
* Lord of the Rings (2006)

Music|

* Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (1972)
* Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings" (1988)
* Led Zeppelin
* "Ramble On" (1969)
* "Misty Mountain Hop" (1971)
* "The Battle of Evermore" (1971)

Radio|

* The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1955)
* The Lord of the Rings (NPR, 1979)
* Hordes of the Things (1980)
* The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1981)
* Der Herr der Ringe (1992)

Film|

| Animated|

* The Lord of the Rings (Bakshi, 1978)
* The Return of the King (Rankin/Bass, 1980)
* The War of the Rohirrim (2024)

|

Peter Jackson
series|

* The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
* The Two Towers (2002)
* The Return of the King (2003)

Music|

* "Concerning Hobbits"
* "Into the West"
* "May It Be"

Approach|

* Production
* Peter Jackson's interpretation
* Picturing Tolkien

Other|

* Sagan om ringen (1971)
* Khraniteli (1991)
* Hobitit (1993)
* The Rings of Power (2022)
* music

Fan-made|

* The Hunt for Gollum (2009)
* Born of Hope (2009)

Video games|

* Journey to Rivendell
* Game One
* Game Two: Shadows of Mordor
* War in Middle Earth
* Vol. I (1990)
* Vol. I (SNES)
* Riders of Rohan
* Elendor
* Vol. II: The Two Towers
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* War of the Ring
* The Third Age
* The Battle for Middle-earth
* Tactics
* The Battle for Middle-earth II
* The Rise of the Witch-king
* Conquest
* Aragorn's Quest
* War in the North
* Lego The Lord of the Rings
* Guardians of Middle-earth
* Shadow of Mordor
* Shadow of War
* Gollum
* Return to Moria

| The Lord of the Rings Online|

* Mines of Moria
* Siege of Mirkwood
* Rise of Isengard
* Riders of Rohan
* Helm's Deep
* Mordor
* Minas Morgul
* War of Three Peaks
* Fate of Gundabad
* Before the Shadow

|

Tabletop role-
playing games|

* Middle-earth Role Playing
* The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game
* The One Ring Roleplaying Game
* Adventures in Middle-earth

Board games|

* Middle Earth
* War of the Ring
* Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith
* Sauron
* Lord of the Rings
* Risk: The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition
* War of the Ring

Card games|

* Middle-earth Collectible Card Game
* The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game
* The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game

Other games|

* Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game
* Lego The Lord of the Rings

* v
* t
* e

Middle-earth

* J. R. R. Tolkien
* Bibliography
* Canon
* Legendarium
* Outline

Works|

* The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
* Beren and Lúthien
* Bilbo's Last Song
* The Children of Húrin
* The Fall of Gondolin
* The Fall of Númenor
* The Hobbit
* The Lord of the Rings
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* "The Shadow of the Past"
* "The Council of Elrond"
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* "The Scouring of the Shire"
* "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
* The Silmarillion
* "Ainulindalë"
* Round World version
* Unfinished Tales
* The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien

History of
composition|

* John D. Rateliff
* The History of The Hobbit
* Christopher Tolkien
* The History of Middle-earth
* 1–2 The Book of Lost Tales
* Ælfwine
* 3 The Lays of Beleriand
* 4 The Shaping of Middle-earth
* 5 The Lost Road and Other Writings
* 6–9 The History of The Lord of the Rings
* The Notion Club Papers
* 10 Morgoth's Ring
* 11 The War of the Jewels
* 12 The Peoples of Middle-earth
* Carl F. Hostetter
* The Nature of Middle-earth

Fictional
universe|

| Peoples,
Monsters|

* Ainur
* Maiar
* Balrogs
* Wizards
* Valar
* Dragons
* Dwarves
* Eagles
* Elves
* Half-elven
* Noldor
* Sundering
* Ents
* Hobbits
* Men
* Beornings
* Drúedain
* Dúnedain
* Orcs
* Trolls

|

Characters|

* First and Second Ages
* Celebrimbor
* Eärendil and Elwing
* Elendil
* Fëanor
* Fingolfin
* Finwë and Míriel
* Gil-galad
* Húrin
* Isildur
* Lúthien and Beren
* Melian
* Morgoth
* Thingol
* Tuor and Idril
* Túrin Turambar
* Ungoliant
* Third Age
* Elrond
* Galadriel
* Gandalf
* Glorfindel
* Goldberry
* Gollum
* Saruman
* Sauron
* Tom Bombadil

Places|

* First and Second Ages
* Beleriand
* Númenor
* Valinor
* Third Age
* Bree
* Esgaroth
* Gondor
* Harad
* Isengard
* Lonely Mountain
* Lothlórien
* Mirkwood
* Mordor
* Moria
* Rivendell
* Rohan
* The Shire
* Bag End

Objects|

* Mithril
* Palantír
* Red Book of Westmarch
* Rings of Power
* One Ring
* Silmarils
* Two Trees of Valinor
* List of weapons and armour

Analysis|

| Elements|

* Artwork
* Family trees
* Heraldry
* Languages
* Adûnaic
* Black Speech
* Khuzdul
* Quenya
* Sindarin
* Maps
* Poetry
* Scripts
* Cirth
* Sarati
* Tengwar

|

Themes|

* Ancestry as guide to character
* Architecture
* Christianity
* Cosmology
* Death and immortality
* Decline and fall
* Economy
* England
* Environmentalism
* First World War
* Forests
* Frame stories
* Heroism
* Luck and fate
* Magic
* Mental illness
* Modernism
* Moral dilemma
* Music
* Naming of weapons
* Northern courage
* Paganism
* Plants
* Psychological journeys
* Quests
* Sound and language
* Time
* Trees

Literary|

* Tolkien's impact on fantasy
* Influences
* Beowulf
* Celtic
* Classical world
* Finnish language and literature
* Medieval
* Modern
* Norse
* Philology
* Shakespeare
* Prose style
* Ambiguity

Geographic|

* The Atlas of Middle-earth
* Journeys of Frodo
* A Map of Middle-earth

Adaptations,
legacy|

| Artists|

* Pauline Baynes
* The Brothers Hildebrandt
* Cor Blok
* Anke Eißmann
* Brothers Hildebrandt
* Jenny Dolfen
* Mary Fairburn
* Donato Giancola
* John Howe
* Tove Jansson
* Alexander Korotich
* Alan Lee
* Tom Loback
* Margrethe II of Denmark
* Ted Nasmith

|

Composers|

* Bo Hansson
* Johan de Meij
* Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings
* Howard Shore
* Music of The Lord of the Rings film series
* Music of The Hobbit film series
* Bear McCreary
* Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power television series
* Blind Guardian
* Nightfall in Middle-Earth

Settings|

* Donald Swann
* The Road Goes Ever On
* Poems and Songs of Middle Earth
* The Tolkien Ensemble
* An Evening in Rivendell
* A Night in Rivendell
* At Dawn in Rivendell
* Leaving Rivendell

Other media|

* Middle-earth Enterprises
* Film
* Video games
* Tolkien Calendars
* Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien
* Things named after Tolkien and his works

Literary
criticism|

* The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
* A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
* Master of Middle-Earth
* Picturing Tolkien
* J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
* The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
* The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
* The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
* Perilous Realms
* The Road to Middle-Earth
* Splintered Light
* Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
* Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings
* A Tolkien Compass
* Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
* Tolkien's Legendarium
* Tolkien and the Great War
* The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
* The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary

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