Immigration to Russia

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Immigration to Russia involves foreign citizens (or people without any citizenship) seeking permanent residence in the territory of the Russian Federation. Historically, Russian empire was one of the World's leading destination for immigrants starting with the reign of Peter I in ca. 1700, and especially after the ascension of Catherine II to the Russian throne in 1762, until the October Revolution in 1917. Some regions, such as Novorossiya, Slavo-Serbia, Volga Germans' territory and Bessarabia were specifically designated for resettlement of immigrants.

Immigration to Russia was relatively low during the Soviet period (1922–1991) and during early post-Soviet years (1992–2005). Russia experienced a considerable population decline during the latter period due to a decreased birthrate, lowered life expectancy and growing emigration. To combat these demographic problems, the Russian government adopted in 2006 "Program for the return of compatriots to Russia", which was made into a permanent law in 2012.[1][circular reference] According to the law, "compatriots" are individuals, who are direct descendants (in either mother's or father's line) of people, who lived in the past within the current territory of Russia.[2] In February 2024, in order to expedite and to simplify the immigration process the requirement for conversational ability in Russian was waived.[3]

Due to these policy changes Russia has experienced an overall population increase starting in 2012.[4][5] According to Rosstat[6] and United Nations,[7] the number of legal immigrants in Russia during the 2000-2015 period fluctuated between 11 and 12 million, or about 8% of Russia's population. In 2020 Russia held the 4th place among countries with the largest absolute numbers of immigrants in their population after the USA, Germany and Saudi Arabia.[8] At the same time, Russia also scored high (3rd place worldwide) among countries with a high number of emigrants, after India and Mexico.[9]

The majority of recent immigrants to Russia come from the former Soviet republics of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.[10] Although the Russian government actively encourages immigration of ethnic Russians, most immigrants from the former Soviet republics in recent years were not ethnic Russians.[11]

Other statistics are an increased number of immigrants from Ukraine since 2014;[citation needed] by 2018 this number exceeded 2 million people.[12] In 2024, according to Rosstat - Russia's federal agency that compiles statistics on immigration, Russia hosted 8.5 million refugees from Ukraine.[13]

Both legal (according to the laws of the country) and illegal (in violation of Russian laws) immigration are widespread currently. Legal immigrants in Russia receive both grant money and repayable low-interest loans, that are issued by Rossotrudnichestvo.

## Procedure

[edit]

The standard legal immigration status obtaining procedure consists of the following time-divided steps: obtaining a temporary residence permit; obtaining a permanent residence permit and obtaining Russian citizenship.[14] Under current law, one can receive citizenship of Russia after five years of residence and after passing an exam in Russian language, civics and history. Immigration to Russia is regulated by the Main Directorate for Migration Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russian Federation.[15]

Anyone who works in Russia for five years and develops fluency in the Russian language can become a citizen, provided they have not committed a crime. Almost anyone who is hired by a Russian firm can stay in the country and work indefinitely[16] This reflects a policy change, in response to declining birth rates, on the part of the government of Vladimir Putin from the more restrictive policy enacted after the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union.[17] The large non-Slavic immigrant populations arriving in response to Putin's liberal policy have sometimes encountered xenophobia. To counter this, pursuant to Russian hate-speech laws, the Russian state has shut down various anti-immigrant groups, such as the Movement Against Illegal Immigration.

The immigration process usually includes several steps. Firstly, it is required to establish connections with Russia in order to be eligible for temporary or permanent residency. It may be granted on the grounds of having employment, studying, having Russian relatives or ancestry, investing or purchasing a property. The next step is to apply for temporary residency (some applicants may skip this step). After one year of living as a temporary resident it is possible to apply for permanent residency. Finally, after 5 years of living as a permanent resident it is possible to apply for Russian citizenship.[18]

Native speakers of Russian-language, spouses of Russian citizens, highly qualified specialists (e.g. with PhD or MD degrees), investors and refugees are eligible for a simplified immigration procedure. Some categories of applicants may skip temporary residency and apply for citizenship after 1–3 years of living in Russia.[19]

## Statistics

[edit]

### Recent trends

[edit]

Countries with at least 5,000 persons immigrating each year.[20][21][22] Country | Gross immigration

|

2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021  | 2022  | 2023  | 2024
Tajikistan | 11,043 | 4,717 | 18,188 | 47,638 | 52,676 | 63,467 | 67,929 | 89,553 | 93,333 | 126,840 | 186,560 | 171,234  | 219,739
Kyrgyzstan | 15,536 | 15,592 | 20,901 | 26,045 | 28,202 | 41,165 | 44,408 | 53,810 | 45,676 | 61,101 | 62,360 | 54,162  | 146,915
Uzbekistan | 40,810 | 30,436 | 24,100 | 74,242 | 60,977 | 64,073 | 55,378 | 60,796 | 50,188 | 56,808 | 54,035 | 44,536  | 146,090
Armenia | 15,951 | 7,581 | 19,890 | 45,670 | 43,929 | 46,898 | 46,442 | 71,984 | 56,511 | 70,078 | 59,533 | 48,855  | 78,573
Kazakhstan | 124,903 | 51,945 | 27,862 | 65,750 | 69,356 | 71,680 | 72,141 | 86,311 | 64,494 | 72,668 | 64,382 | 48,465  | 71,694
China | 1,121 | 432 | 1,380 | 9,043 | 8,027 | 8,237 | 7,067 | 15,306 | 7,270 | 6,465 | 7,964 | 11,483  | 35,587
Turkmenistan | 6,738 | 4,104 | 2,283 | 6,539 | 7,242 | 8,734 | 10,509 | 14,632 | 12,930 | 10,449 | 12,133 | 13,345  | 34,302
Azerbaijan | 14,906 | 4,600 | 14,500 | 24,326 | 24,109 | 25,602 | 26,690 | 34,619 | 32,135 | 35,209 | 31,773 | 24,340  | 28,108
India | 203 | 54 | 110 | 2,894 | 4,768 | 5,622 | 5,032 | 9,588 | 4,506 | 7,132 | 8,275 | 10,868  | 27,010
Ukraine | 74,748 | 30,760 | 27,508 | 194,810 | 178,274 | 150,182 | 137,776 | 161,351 | 143,988 | 122,669 | 148,846 | 50,929  | 26,791
Belarus | 10,274 | 6,797 | 4,894 | 17,741 | 14,590 | 21,282 | 19,045 | 18,428 | 14,536 | 23,120 | 18,824 | 12,496  | 22,924
Moldova | 11,652 | 6,569 | 11,814 | 34,026 | 32,418 | 31,369 | 30,676 | 26,513 | 22,129 | 27,248 | 23,540 | 22,502  | 20,766
Vietnam | 182 | 114 | 921 | 4,012 | 3,735 | 3,912 | 3,981 | 6,742 | 6,206 | 5,426 | 5,655 | 8,785  | 12,812
Georgia
*Abkhazia (disp. status)
*South Ossetia (disp. status)  | 20,213

– | 5,497

– | 5,245
814
33 | 7,038
2,267
342 | 6,511
2,261
216 | 6,809
2,357
270 | 6,345
1,975
260 | 6,925
1,429
110 | 5,764
1,217
131 | 6,506
1,190
148 | 6,002
1,262
137 | 4,602
1,074
171 | 4,781
737

Total | 359,330 | 177,230 | 191,656 | 598,617 | 575,158 | 589,033 | 565,685 | 701,234 | 594,146 | 667,922  | 730,347  | 560,434  | 958,867
Country  | Net immigration

|

2000  | 2005  | 2010  | 2015  | 2016  | 2017  | 2018  | 2019  | 2020  | 2021  | 2022  | 2023  | 2024
Tajikistan | 9,885 | 4,283 | 17,494 | 11,362 | 27,288 | 34,639 | 31,028 | 48,374 | 39,424 | 96,609 | 87,264 | 81,684  | 128,017
Uzbekistan | 37,724 | 29,841 | 23,266 | −20,668 | 19,672 | 22,167 | 6,807 | 19,129 | 4,927 | 36,009 | −8,455 | 3,639  | 106,901
Kyrgyzstan | 13,679 | 15,119 | 20,260 | 9,935 | 11,043 | 19,355 | 8,978 | 15,106 | 1,402 | 42,549 | −6,824 | 4,956  | 104,645
Armenia | 14,432 | 6,961 | 19,192 | 20,533 | 11,993 | 13,999 | 14,358 | 35,109 | −1,836 | 45,235 | −10,706 | 11,188  | 42,068
Kazakhstan | 106,990 | 39,508 | 20,533 | 34,767 | 37,130 | 32,736 | 26,516 | 39,166 | 8,440 | 48,317 | −4,947 | 11,435  | 36,354
China | 463 | −24 | 1,132 | −778 | −810 | 637 | −477 | 6,679 | −3,764 | 4,248 | −3,018 | 3,971  | 24,252
Turkmenistan | 6,062 | 3,979 | 2,178 | 2,320 | 2,418 | 2,873 | 2,951 | 6,198 | 778 | 7,230 | −3,702 | 4,750  | 23,369
India | − | 41 | 93 | 1,282 | 1,421 | 1,437 | −185 | 4,326 | −4,779 | 5,007 | −851 | 3,051  | 15,631
Belarus | −3,002 | 763 | 1,995 | 4,909 | 2,127 | 11,770 | 7,191 | 6,283 | −1,403 | 15,424 | −161 | –261  | 12,349
Azerbaijan | 11,719 | 3,326 | 13,389 | 10,660 | 10,439 | 8,599 | 8,737 | 17,005 | 10,894 | 23,659 | −3,712 | 3,516  | 7,137
Vietnam | 149 | 69 | 889 | 1,004 | 394 | 1,194 | 684 | 3,461 | 308 | 3,402 | −2,564 | 3,452  | 6,620
Moldova | 9,415 | 5,783 | 11,197 | 17,380 | 14,364 | 9,605 | 7,688 | 5,385 | 3,490 | 16,144 | 2,355 | 8,750  | 6,576
Georgia
*Abkhazia (disp. status)
*South Ossetia (disp. status)  | 18,411

– | 4,806

– | 4,786
732
23 | 3,309
1,272
-282 | 2,294
1,240
83 | 2,586
1,975
180 | 2,031
1,975
96 | 2,840
147
-4 | 1,274

14 | 3,838
245
87 | −196
1,134
39 | 771
343
103 | 1,200

Ukraine | 39,147 | 18,120 | 21,230 | 146,131 | 118,819 | 47,691 | 14,822 | 64,245 | 52,775 | 64,669 | 27,267 | –29,618  | –26,243
Total  | 213,610  | 107,432  | 158,078  | 245,384  | 261,948  | 211,878  | 124,854  | 285,103  | 106,510  | 429,902  | 61,917  | 109,952  | 535,715

### Foreign population

[edit]

As of May 2022, there are 5.99 million foreigners residing in the Russian Federation (up from 5.66 million in 2021 but down from 10.13 million in 2019), with the vast majority (91%) being citizens of CIS countries. Central Asians make up the most numerous group, followed by Ukrainian citizens. Temporary migration from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan increased after a marked decline in 2020–2021. Other CIS countries have steadily demonstrated a decrease in the number of migrants.[23]

According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as of November 2021, there were 5.5 million migrants in Russia. Of these, 819,600 were in the country illegally.[24] In the first quarter of 2021, 1345 migrants were deported, more than in the same period last year. The number of deported migrants increased in Russia.

Foreign residents from the CIS in Russia:[23]

Country of origin  | Population (2022)  | 2021–2022
change

|
|

Uzbekistan | 1,626,308  | +435,674
Tajikistan | 1,262,695  | +453,529
Kyrgyzstan | 681,165  | +58,122
Ukraine | 597,051  | -57,869
Belarus | 428,239  | -134,722
Armenia | 280,520  | -67,160
Kazakhstan | 228,142  | -35,349
Azerbaijan | 215,481  | -83,600
Moldova | 76,645  | -56,230

Foreign residents in Russia:[25] 2019

Country of citizenship  | Number of foreign residents [25]

|

Australia | 97
Austria | 132
Azerbaijan | 96,501
Albania | 35
Algeria | 334
Angola | 13
Argentina | 104
Armenia | 90,659
Aruba | 6
Afghanistan | 4300
Bangladesh | 154
Bahrain | 2
Belarus | 34,748
Belgium | 142
Benin | 29
Bermuda | 2
Bulgaria | 1439
Bolivia | 36
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 529
Brazil | 174
Burkina Faso | 2
Burundi | 10
United Kingdom | 490
Hungary | 151
Venezuela | 56
Vietnam | 13,133
Gabon | 2
Haiti | 5
Guyana | 2
Gambia | 3
Ghana | 57
Guatemala | 7
Guinea | 46
Guinea-Bissau | 12
Germany | 2632
Honduras | 1
Greece | 1336
Georgia | 21,142
Denmark | 70
Dominica | 2
Dominican Republic | 35
Egypt | 1262
Zambia | 14
Zimbabwe | 3
Israel | 1807
India | 1074
Indonesia | 49
Jordan | 434
Iraq | 581
Iran | 359
Ireland | 53
Iceland | 11
Spain | 346
Italy | 1117
Yemen | 328
Cape Verde | 521
Kazakhstan | 86,358
Cambodia | 2
Cameroon | 136
Canada | 155
Kenya | 17
Cyprus | 51
Kyrgyzstan | 24,625
China | 8576
Colombia | 80
Comoros | 2
Congo | 69
DR Congo | 33
North Korea | 143
South Korea | 597
Costa Rica | 6
Ivory Coast | 54
Cuba | 327
Kuwait | 9
Laos | 18
Latvia | 3347
Lesotho | 3
Liberia | 1
Lebanon | 227
Libya | 65
Lithuania | 4025
Luxembourg | 1
Mauritius | 12
Madagascar | 17
North Macedonia | 170
Malawi | 1
Malaysia | 8
Mali | 9
Maldives | 1
Malta | 10
Morocco | 281
Mexico | 66
Mozambique | 9
Moldova | 54,826
Mongolia | 478
Myanmar | 6
Namibia | 1
Nepal | 79
Niger | 11
Nigeria | 287
Netherlands | 209
Nicaragua | 13
New Zealand | 22
Norway | 60
United Arab Emirates | 7
Oman | 5
Pakistan | 324
Palestine | 261
Panama | 13
Paraguay | 6
Peru | 80
Poland | 950
Portugal | 45
Rwanda | 5
Romania | 121
Saudi Arabia | 12
Seychelles | 3
Senegal | 17
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1
Serbia | 2326
Singapore | 4
Syria | 3629
Slovakia | 181
Slovenia | 413
United States | 1153
Somalia | 4
Sudan | 104
Tajikistan | 144,222
Thailand | 133
Taiwan | 20
Tanzania | 12
Togo | 3
Tunisia | 364
Turkmenistan | 7150
Turkey | 4607
Uganda | 12
Uzbekistan | 135,447
Ukraine | 270,400
Uruguay | 5
Philippines | 93
Finland | 205
France | 689
Croatia | 152
Central African Republic | 1
Chad | 9
Montenegro | 240
Czech Republic | 176
Chile | 32
Switzerland | 101
Sweden | 152
Sri Lanka | 69
Ecuador | 56
Estonia | 1410
Ethiopia | 10
South Africa | 57
Jamaica | 4
Japan | 206
Stateless persons | 8157
Total  | 1,046,056

### Naturalisations in Russia

[edit]

2021

Country of origin  | Number of naturalised persons[26]

|

Australia | 19
Austria | 9
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1
Azerbaijan | 30,791
Albania | 13
Algeria | 90
Angola | 9
Argentina | 17
Armenia | 46,931
Afghanistan | 1,411
Bangladesh | 51
Belarus | 24,539
Belgium | 17
Benin | 12
Bulgaria | 309
Bolivia | 9
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 144
Brazil | 45
Burundi | 2
United Kingdom | 99
Hungary | 27
Venezuela | 19
Vietnam | 1,947
Gabon | 2
Haiti | 4
Mauritius | 4
Guyana | 1
Gambia | 1
Cape Verde | 1
Hong Kong | 1
Ghana | 19
Guatemala | 3
Guinea | 9
Costa Rica | 4
Guinea-Bissau | 4
Germany | 481
Madagascar | 9
Malta | 3
Greece | 183
Georgia | 5,076
Denmark | 16
Dominican Republic | 10
Egypt | 414
Iceland | 10
Zambia | 5
Israel | 466
India | 159
Indonesia | 2
Jordan | 127
Iraq | 159
Iran | 137
Spain | 48
Italy | 226
Yemen | 111
South Ossetia | 184
Kazakhstan | 49,862
Cameroon | 55
Cambodia | 1
Canada | 69
Kenya | 5
Cyprus | 6
Kyrgyzstan | 19,241
China | 83
Colombia | 31
Congo | 31
DR Congo | 15
North Korea | 5
Portugal | 11
South Korea | 11
Ivory Coast | 26
Cuba | 98
Laos | 1
Myanmar | 1
Paraguay | 1
Latvia | 375
Lebanon | 107
Libya | 10
Lithuania | 380
North Macedonia | 34
Malaysia | 2
Mali | 9
Morocco | 90
Ireland | 8
Mexico | 14
Mozambique | 6
Moldova | 23,697
Mongolia | 30
Nepal | 6
Nigeria | 128
Niger | 2
Netherlands | 24
New Zealand | 6
Nicaragua | 3
Norway | 7
United Arab Emirates | 3
Abkhazia | 324
Pakistan | 68
Palestine | 89
Panama | 2
Peru | 25
Poland | 163
Rwanda | 2
Uruguay | 2
Bahrain | 1
Romania | 35
Oman | 2
Saudi Arabia | 4
Senegal | 8
Burkina Faso | 3
Serbia | 566
Singapore | 1
Syria | 1,270
Slovakia | 10
Slovenia | 19
United States | 388
Sudan | 35
Tajikistan | 103,681
Thailand | 33
Taiwan | 1
Togo | 1
Tunisia | 122
Turkmenistan | 3,628
Turkey | 1,388
Uganda | 3
Uzbekistan | 31,867
Ukraine | 375,989
Philippines | 19
Finland | 24
France | 167
Croatia | 54
Chad | 5
Montenegro | 56
Czech Republic | 39
Chile | 10
Switzerland | 21
Sweden | 32
Sri Lanka | 11
Ecuador | 19
Estonia | 153
Ethiopia | 5
South Africa | 12
Japan | 3
Stateless persons | 6,118
Total  | 735,385

## See also

[edit]

* Opposition to immigration
* Remigration
* Demographics of Russia
* Illegal immigration to Russia
* Visa policy of Russia

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Программа возвращения соотечественников в Россию".
2. ^ "Федеральный закон от 24.05.1999 г. № 99-ФЗ". Президент России (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
3. ^ "В России упростили условия программы переселения для репатриантов". Ведомости (in Russian). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
4. ^ "Демография". Archived from the original on 20 August 2019.
5. ^ "Demographics". Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
6. ^ "По данным МВД России, число поставленных на миграционный учет по месту пребывания иностранцев, прибывших в Россию с целью работы, превысило за 2022 год 11,8 миллиона человек, а за январь-июнь 2023 года - 3,5 миллиона человек".
7. ^ "United Nations Maintenance Page". Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
8. ^ "Источник" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
9. ^ https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/WMR-2022.pdf [bare URL PDF]
10. ^ "Immigration by country of origin in Russia 2023".
11. ^ "Russia: A Migration System with Soviet Roots". 16 May 2017.
12. ^ rosstat.gov.ru. 2024. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help); Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
13. ^ rosstat.gov.ru. 2024. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help); Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
14. ^ Immigrate to Russia https://www.immigratetorussia.com/russian-residence-permit-2/ Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
15. ^ "На просторах России". Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
16. ^ Malakhov, Vladimir S. (9 August 2014). "Russia as a New Immigration Country: Policy Response and Public Debate" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 66 (7): 1062–1079\. doi:10.1080/09668136.2014.934140. ISSN 0966-8136. S2CID 153983927. Retrieved 3 October 2018.[dead link]
17. ^ Ragozin, Leonid (13 March 2017). "Russia Wants Immigrants the World Doesn't". www.bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
18. ^ Immigrate to Russia // SDV Consulting, Inc. Retrieved on 22.07.2024.
19. ^ Immigrate to Russia Archived 11 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine // SDV Consulting, Inc. Retrieved on 22.07.2024.
20. ^ "Migration of the people Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine" at gks.ru (Russian Statistical Bureau) website.
21. ^ Demography. "International migration Archived 24 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine" at gks.ru (Russian Statistical Bureau) website.
22. ^ "Социально-экономическое положение России" (PDF). Rosstat (in Russian). January 2025. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
23. ^ a b "Мониторинг экономической ситуации в России" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
24. ^ "The Ministry of Internal Affairs estimated the number of illegal migrants from the CIS at 800,000 people". 17 November 2021. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
25. ^ a b "Статистические сведения по миграционной ситуации". Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
26. ^ "Отдельные показатели миграционной ситуации в Российской Федерации за январь - декабрь 2021 года с распределением по странам и регионам". Ministry of Internal Affairs (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2023.

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