Impact events in fiction

Artist's depiction of an apocalyptic impact event

Impact events have been a recurring theme in fiction since the 1800s.

## History

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Impact events have been a recurring theme in fiction since the 1800s.[1] The earliest such stories tended to depict impacts by comets,[a] though other objects such as asteroids and meteoroids became more common in the 1900s.[2] Impact events from more massive celestial objects also appear on occasion.[1] The theme increased in popularity from the 1950s onward, possibly as a result of nuclear anxiety following World War II,[4] and received additional boosts in popularity in 1980 with the publication of the Alvarez hypothesis, which states that the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago was caused by an asteroid impact that created the Chicxulub crater off the coast of Mexico,[5][6][1] and in 1994 with the collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter.[6][7]: 79–82

## Disaster

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Impact events are a common disaster scenario in fiction.[8][9]

## Tunguska event

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Further information: Tunguska event in fiction

Trees felled by the 1908 Tunguska event

The 1908 Tunguska event—an enormous explosion in a remote region of Siberia—has appeared in many works of fiction. It is generally held to have been caused by a meteor air burst, though several alternative explanations have been proposed both in scientific circles and in fiction.[1][10][11] A popular one in fiction is that it was caused by an alien spaceship, possibly first put forth in Ed Earl Repp's 1930 short story "The Second Missile".[10][12] It gained prominence following the publication of Russian science fiction writer Alexander Kazantsev's 1946 short story "Explosion";[10][11][13] inspired by the similarities between the event and the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima, Kazantsev's story posits that a nuclear explosion in the engine of a spacecraft was responsible.[11][14][15] An alien spacecraft is also the explanation in Polish science fiction writer Stanisław Lem's 1951 novel The Astronauts and its 1960 film adaptation The Silent Star,[11][13][16] while a human-made one is to blame in Ian Watson's 1983 novel Chekhov's Journey.[1][10][11] Additional variations on the spaceship theme appear in Donald R. Bensen's 1978 novel And Having Writ... and Algis Budrys's 1993 novel Hard Landing, among others.[10] Another proposed explanation is that the cause was the impact of a micro black hole, as in Larry Niven's 1975 short story "The Borderland of Sol".[11] Some stories nevertheless accept the conventional meteorite explanation, such as the 1996 The X-Files episode "Tunguska" that instead revolves around the impact possibly having introduced alien microbial life to Earth.[11]

## See also

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* Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
* Asteroids in fiction
* Comets in fiction
* Disasters in popular culture

## Notes

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1. ^ Comets have a long history of being associated with disaster, stretching back to at least the year 1200,[2] but the conception of comets as a purely natural—as opposed to supernatural—source of destruction did not emerge until the second half of the 1700s with the work of French astronomer Jérôme Lalande.[3]: 113–114

## References

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1. ^ a b c d e Pringle, David, ed. (1996). "Cosmic collisions". The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Science Fiction: The Definitive Illustrated Guide. Carlton. pp. 39–40\. ISBN 1-85868-188-X. OCLC 38373691.
2. ^ a b Stableford, Brian (2006). "Comet". Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 95–96\. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8.
3. ^ Karam, P. Andrew (2017). "Comets in Literature and Popular Culture". Comets: Nature and Culture. Reaktion Books. pp. 106–136\. ISBN 978-1-78023-858-6.
4. ^ Gohd, Chelsea (2021-11-17). "Why is sci-fi so obsessed with asteroid impact disasters (and how to stop them)?". Space.com. Archived from the original on 2023-09-21. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
5. ^ Stableford, Brian (2006). "Asteroid". Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 40–41\. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8.
6. ^ a b Hampton, Steven (Summer 2000). Lee, Tony (ed.). "Momentos of Creation: Asteroids & Comets in SF". The Planets Project: A Science Fictional Tour of the Solar System. The Zone. No. 9\. pp. 6–7\. ISSN 1351-5217.
7. ^ Hartwell, William T. (2007). "The Sky on the Ground: Celestial Objects and Events in Archaeology and Popular Culture". In Bobrowsky, Peter T.; Rickman, Hans (eds.). Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 71–87\. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32711-0_3. ISBN 978-3-540-32709-7.
8. ^ Ash, Brian, ed. (1977). "Cataclysms and Dooms: Cosmic Causes". The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Harmony Books. pp. 130–131\. ISBN 0-517-53174-7. OCLC 2984418.
9. ^ Seed, David (2011). "Disasters". Science Fiction: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. pp. 113, 115. ISBN 978-0-19-162010-2.
10. ^ a b c d e Stableford, Brian (2006). "Meteorite". Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 301–303\. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8.
11. ^ a b c d e f g May, Andrew (2017). "Tunguska". Pseudoscience and Science Fiction. Science and Fiction. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 32–35\. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42605-1_2. ISBN 978-3-319-42604-4.
12. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1998). "Repp, Ed[ward] Earl (1900 or 1901–1979)". Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936. Kent State University Press. p. 340\. ISBN 978-0-87338-604-3.
13. ^ a b Determann, Jörg Matthias (2020). "Missions and Mars". Islam, Science Fiction and Extraterrestrial Life: The Culture of Astrobiology in the Muslim World. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 68–69\. ISBN 978-0-7556-0129-5.
14. ^ Britt, Robert Roy (2004-08-12). "Russian Alien Spaceship Claims Raise Eyebrows, Skepticism". Space.com. Archived from the original on 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
15. ^ Randles, Jenny (1995). "1908: The Siberian Spacefall". UFO Retrievals: The Recovery of Alien Spacecraft. London: Blandford. p. 21\. ISBN 978-0-7137-2493-6. "Post-World War 2, aerial photos of the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were compared with photos of the flattened Siberian taiga. They were stunningly similar. It took less than six months for someone to draw the obvious conclusion. A. Kasantsev, a science-fiction author, published a short story in January 1946 in which he offered serious speculation that an alien spacecraft powered by nuclear motors had blown up above Tunguska."
16. ^ Westfahl, Gary; Stevens, Geoffrey (2023). "Schweigende Stern, Der". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2024-04-04.

## Further reading

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* Bloom, Steven D. (2016). "Asteroids, Comets, and Impacts". The Physics and Astronomy of Science Fiction: Understanding Interstellar Travel, Teleportation, Time Travel, Alien Life and Other Genre Fixtures. McFarland. pp. 57–60\. ISBN 978-0-7864-7053-2.
* Bly, Robert W. (2005). "Asteroids Colliding with the Earth". The Science in Science Fiction: 83 SF Predictions That Became Scientific Reality. Consulting Editor: James Gunn. BenBella Books. pp. 43–46\. ISBN 978-1-932100-48-8.
* Fraknoi, Andrew (January 2024). "Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics: A Topical Index" (PDF). Astronomical Society of the Pacific (7.3 ed.). pp. 7–8\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-02-10. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
* Gillett, Stephen L. (2005). "Comets and Asteroids". In Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 146–148\. ISBN 978-0-313-32951-7.
* Langford, David (1983). "Natural disasters". In Nicholls, Peter (ed.). The Science in Science Fiction. New York: Knopf. pp. 112–113\. ISBN 0-394-53010-1. OCLC 8689657.
* Langford, David (2022). "Comets". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2024-03-29.
* Lynskey, Dorian (2021-12-20). "Don't Look Up: The stories that reflect our oldest fear". BBC. Archived from the original on 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
* Martens, Bas (2020). "Seven Billion Deer in the Headlights". In Froehlich, Annette (ed.). Outer Space and Popular Culture: Influences and Interrelations. Southern Space Studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 145–157\. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22656-5_13. ISBN 978-3-030-22656-5.
* Nichols, Ian (2005). "Apocalypse". In Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 45–47\. ISBN 978-0-313-32951-7.
* Sawyer, Andy (2005). "Disaster". In Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 200–202\. ISBN 978-0-313-32951-7.
* Stableford, Brian; Langford, David (2023). "Asteroids". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2024-03-29.
* Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Asteroids". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 139–141\. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
* Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Comets and Meteoroids". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 205–207\. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.