Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

1868 impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 17th US president

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Copy of the House resolution to impeach President Johnson, adopted February 24, 1868

Accused| Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States
Date| February 24, 1868 (1868-02-24) to May 26, 1868 (1868-05-26)
Outcome| Acquitted by the U.S. Senate, remained in office
Charges| Eleven high crimes and misdemeanors
Cause| Violating the Tenure of Office Act by attempting to replace Edwin Stanton, the secretary of war, while Congress was not in session and other alleged abuses of presidential power
Key congressional votes
Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives
Accusation| High crimes and misdemeanors
Votes in favor| 126
Votes against| 47
Result| Approved resolution of impeachment
Voting in the U.S. Senate
Accusation| Article XI
Votes in favor| 35 "guilty"
Votes against| 19 "not guilty"
Result| Acquitted (36 "guilty" votes necessary for a conviction)
Accusation| Article II
Votes in favor| 35 "guilty"
Votes against| 19 "not guilty"
Result| Acquitted (36 "guilty" votes necessary for a conviction)
Accusation| Article III
Votes in favor| 35 "guilty"
Votes against| 19 "not guilty"
Result| Acquitted (36 "guilty" votes necessary for a conviction)
The Senate held a roll call vote on only 3 of the 11 articles before adjourning as a court.
|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Andrew Johnson

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* * *

Personal

* Early life
* Slavery
* Legacy
* Bibliography

* * *

15th Governor of Tennessee

* Governorship

* * *

16th Vice President of the United States

* Vice presidency
* Drunk V.P. inaugural address
* Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

* * *

17th President of the United States

* Presidency
* Inauguration
* Foreign policy
* Cabinet appointment
* Judicial appointment
* Conclusion of Civil War
* Reconstruction era
* Reconstruction Acts
* Civil Rights Act (1866)
* Swing Around the Circle
* Impeachment
* First inquiry
* Second inquiry
* Trial
* Managers investigation
* Efforts
* Timeline
* Articles of impeachment

* * *

Vice presidential and Presidential campaigns

* 1864
* National Union national convention
* election
* 1868
* Democratic National Convention

* * *

Post-presidency

* Return to Senate
* Death
* Cemetery
* Historic Site

* * *

Family

* Eliza McCardle Johnson
* Martha Johnson Patterson
* Charles Johnson
* Mary Johnson Stover
* Robert Johnson
* Frank Johnson

* * *

* v
* t
* e

The impeachment of Andrew Johnson for "high crimes and misdemeanors" was initiated by the United States House of Representatives on February 24, 1868. The alleged high crimes and misdemeanors were afterwards specified in eleven articles of impeachment adopted by the House on March 2 and 3, 1868. The primary charge against Johnson was that he had violated the Tenure of Office Act. Specifically, that he had acted to remove Edwin Stanton from the position of Secretary of War and to replace him with Brevet Major General Lorenzo Thomas as secretary of war ad interim. The Tenure of Office Act had been passed by Congress in March 1867 over Johnson's veto with the primary intent of protecting Stanton from being fired without the Senate's consent. Stanton often sided with the Radical Republican faction and had a good relationship with Johnson.

Johnson was the first United States president to be impeached. After the House formally adopted the articles of impeachment, they forwarded them to the United States Senate for adjudication. The trial in the Senate began on March 5, with Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding. On May 16, the Senate voted against convicting Johnson on one of the articles, with its 35–19 vote in favor of conviction falling one vote short of the necessary two-thirds majority. A 10-day recess of the Senate trial was called to before reconvening to convict him on additional articles. On May 26, the Senate voted against convicting the president on two more articles by margins identical to the first vote. After this, the trial was adjourned sine die without votes being held on the remaining eight articles of impeachment.

The impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson had important political implications for the balance of federal legislative-executive power. It maintained the principle that Congress should not remove the president from office simply because its members disagreed with him over policy, style, and administration of the office. It also resulted in diminished presidential influence on public policy and overall governing power, fostering a system of governance which future-President Woodrow Wilson referred to in the 1880s as "Congressional Government".

## Background

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### Presidential Reconstruction

[edit]

President Andrew Johnson

Tensions between the executive and legislative branches had been high prior to Johnson's ascension to the presidency. Following Union Army victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July 1863, President Lincoln began contemplating the issue of how to bring the South back into the Union. He wished to offer an olive branch to the rebel states by pursuing a lenient plan for their reintegration. The forgiving tone of the president's plan, plus the fact that he implemented it by presidential directive without consulting Congress, incensed Radical Republicans, who countered with a more stringent plan. Their proposal for Southern reconstruction, the Wade–Davis Bill, passed both houses of Congress in July 1864, but was pocket vetoed by the president and never took effect.[1][2]

The assassination of Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865, just days after the Army of Northern Virginia's surrender at Appomattox, briefly lessened the tension over who would set the terms of peace. The Radicals, while suspicious of new president Andrew Johnson and his policies, believed based on his record that he would defer or at least acquiesce to their hardline proposals. Though a Tennessee Democrat, Johnson had fiercely criticized Southern secession. After Tennessee joined the states leaving the Union, he chose to stay in Washington, rather than resign his U.S. Senate seat. Later, when Union troops occupied Tennessee, Johnson was appointed military governor. He exercised his powers in that office vigorously, frequently stating that "treason must be made odious and traitors punished".[2]

After Johnson became president, however, he embraced Lincoln's more lenient policies, thus rejecting the Radicals and setting the stage for a showdown with Congress.[3] During the first months of his presidency, Johnson issued proclamations of general amnesty for most former Confederates, both government and military officers, and oversaw creation of new governments in the hitherto rebellious states—governments dominated by ex-Confederate officials.[4] In February 1866, Johnson vetoed legislation extending the Freedmen's Bureau and expanding its powers; Congress was unable to override the veto. Afterward, Johnson denounced Radical Republicans Representative Thaddeus Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner, along with abolitionist Wendell Phillips, as traitors.[5] Later, Johnson vetoed a Civil Rights Act and a second Freedmen's Bureau bill. The Senate and the House each mustered the two-thirds majority necessary to override both vetoes.[5]

At an impasse with Congress, Johnson offered himself directly to the American public as a "tribune of the people". In the late summer of 1866, the president embarked on a national "Swing Around the Circle" speaking tour, where he asked his audiences for their support in his battle against the Congress and urged voters to elect representatives to Congress in the upcoming midterm election who supported his policies. The tour backfired on Johnson, however, when reports of his undisciplined, vitriolic speeches and ill-advised confrontations with hecklers swept the nation. Contrary to his hopes, the 1866 elections led to veto-proof Republican majorities in both houses of Congress.[6][7][8] As a result, Radicals were able to take control of Reconstruction, passing a series of Reconstruction Acts—each one over the president's veto—addressing requirements for Southern states to be fully restored to the Union. The first of these acts divided those states, excluding Johnson's home state of Tennessee, into five military districts, and each state's government was put under the control of the U.S. military. Additionally, these states were required to enact new constitutions, ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, and guarantee voting rights for black males.[2][6][9]

### Previous efforts to impeach Johnson

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Main article: Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson

#### First inquiry

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Main article: First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson

On January 7, 1867, the House of Representatives voted to launch an impeachment inquiry against Johnson, to be run by the House Committee on the Judiciary. Since the resolution only created an inquiry and did not actually directly impeach the president as many Radical Republicans wanted to do, it was seen as offering Republicans a chance to register their displeasure with Johnson without actually formally impeaching him.[10] Many Republicans felt safe in the belief that any impeachment resolution would die a quiet death in the Judiciary Committee.[11] The House Committee on the Judiciary initially sided 4–5 on June 3, 1867, against recommending against forwarding articles of impeachment to the full House.[10] However, on November 25, 1867, the House Committee on the Judiciary, which had not previously forwarded the result of its inquiry to the full House, reversed their previous decision due to a change of mind by one of its member and voted 5–4 to recommend impeachment. In a December 7, 1867, vote, the full House rejected impeachment by a 108–57 vote in which more Republicans voted against impeachment than for it.[12][13][14]

#### Launch of a second inquiry

[edit]

Main article: Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson

On January 27, 1868, Rufus P. Spalding moved that the rules be suspended so that he could present a resolution resolving that the House Select Committee on Reconstruction be authorized to conduct a new impeachment inquiry into Johnson for, "what combinations have been made or attempted to be made to obstruct the due execution of the laws," and that the committee have leave to report at any time.[15][16] The motion to consider the resolution was agreed to by a vote of 103–37,[15][16] and the House voted to approve the resolution by a vote of 99–31.[15][16] No Democrats voted for the resolution, while the only Republicans who cast votes against it were Elihu B. Washburne and William Windom.[16][17] On February 10, 1868, the House voted to transfer any further responsibility over impeachment away from the Committee on the Judiciary and to the Select Committee on Reconstruction.[18][19]

Despite Thadeus Stevens being the chair of the committee,[20] the membership of the House Committee on Reconstruction was not initially favorable to impeachment. It had four (Republican) members that had voted for impeachment in December 1867, and five members (three Republicans and two Democrats) that had voted against it.[21] At a February 13, 1868, committee meeting, a vote on a motion to table consideration of a resolution proposed by Stevens to impeach Johnson had effectively signaled that five of the committee's members still stood opposed to impeachment, unchanged in their position since the December 1867 vote. After the February 13 vote, it momentarily appeared that the prospect of impeachment was dead.[19][22][23]

### Tenure of Office Act

[edit]

Main article: Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Congress' control of the military Reconstruction policy was mitigated by Johnson's command of the military as president. However, Johnson had inherited Lincoln's appointee Edwin M. Stanton as secretary of war. Stanton was a staunch Radical Republican who would comply with congressional Reconstruction policies as long as he remained in office.[24] To ensure that Stanton would not be replaced, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867 over Johnson's veto. The act required the president to seek the Senate's advice and consent before relieving or dismissing any member of his cabinet (an indirect reference to Stanton) or, indeed, any federal official whose initial appointment had previously required its advice and consent.[25][26]

### Johnson's dismissal of Secretary of War Stanton

[edit]

"The Situation", a Harper's Weekly editorial cartoon shows Secretary of War Stanton aiming a cannon labeled "Congress" to defeat Johnson. The rammer is "Tenure of Office Bill" and cannonballs on the floor are "Justice".

The Tenure of Office Act was put in place to prevent the president from dismissing an officer that had been previously appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate without the Senate's approval to remove them.[27] Per the law, if the president dismissed such an officer when the Senate was in recess, and the Senate voted upon reconvening against ratifying the removal, the president would be required to reinstate the individual.[28] Because the Tenure of Office Act did permit the president to suspend such officials when Congress was out of session, after Johnson failed to obtain Stanton's resignation, he instead suspended Stanton on August 5, 1867, which gave him the opportunity to appoint General Ulysses S. Grant, then serving as commanding general of the Army, to serve as the interim secretary of war.[29] When the Senate adopted a resolution of non-concurrence with Stanton's dismissal in December 1867, Grant told Johnson he was going to resign, fearing punitive legal action.[26] Contrary to Johnson's belief that Grant had agreed to remain in office,[30] when the Senate voted and reinstated Stanton in January 1868, Grant immediately resigned, before the president had an opportunity to appoint a replacement.[31] Johnson was furious at Grant, accusing him of lying during a stormy cabinet meeting. The March 1868 publication of several angry messages between Johnson and Grant led to a complete break between the two. As a result of these letters, Grant solidified his standing as the front-runner for the 1868 Republican presidential nomination.[29][32]

Johnson complained about Stanton's restoration to office and searched desperately for someone to replace Stanton who would be acceptable to the Senate. He first proposed the position to General William Tecumseh Sherman, an enemy of Stanton, who turned down his offer.[33] Sherman subsequently suggested to Johnson that Radical Republicans and moderate Republicans would be amenable to replacing Stanton with Jacob Dolson Cox, but he found the president to be no longer interested in appeasement.[34] On February 21, 1868, the president appointed Lorenzo Thomas, a brevet major general in the Army, as secretary of war ad interim. Johnson thereupon informed the Senate of his decision. Thomas personally delivered the president's dismissal notice to Stanton, who rejected the legitimacy of the decision. Rather than vacate his office, Stanton barricaded himself inside and ordered Thomas arrested for violating the Tenure of Office Act.[35] Thomas remained under arrest for several days before being released, and having the charge against him dropped after Stanton realized that the case against Thomas would provide the courts with an opportunity to review the constitutionality of the Tenure of Office Act.[36]

Johnson's opponents in Congress were outraged by his actions; the president's challenge to congressional authority—with regard to both the Tenure of Office Act and post-war reconstruction—had, in their estimation, been tolerated for long enough.[2] In swift response, an impeachment resolution was introduced in the House by Representatives Thaddeus Stevens and John Bingham. Expressing the widespread sentiment among House Republicans, Representative William D. Kelley (on February 22, 1868) declared:

> Sir, the bloody and untilled fields of the ten unreconstructed states, the unsheeted ghosts of the two thousand murdered negroes in Texas, cry, if the dead ever evoke vengeance, for the punishment of Andrew Johnson.[37][38]

## Passage of the impeachment resolution

[edit]

### Presentation of the resolution by John Covode

[edit]

John Covode's single sentence impeachment resolution, presented on February 21, 1868

On February 21, 1868, the day that Johnson attempted to replace Stanton with Lorenzo Thomas, the chair of the Select Committee on Reconstruction, Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, submitted a resolution to the House resolving that the evidence taken on impeachment by the previous (1867) impeachment inquiry run by the Committee on the Judiciary be referred to the Select Committee on Reconstruction, which was overseeing the ongoing second impeachment inquiry. Stevens' resolution also resolved that the Committee on Reconstruction "have leave to report at any time". The resolution was approved by the House.[15] Soon after, a one sentence resolution to impeach Johnson, written by John Covode, was presented to the House. The resolution read,

> Resolved, That Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, be impeached of high crimes and misdemeanors.[39][40][41][42]

No charges were specified in the resolution by Covode.[43] News reports stated that the introduction of the resolution was met with audible laughter by Democratic members of the House.[44] George S. Boutwell made a successful motion to refer the resolution to the Select Committee on Reconstruction.[42][20] Because the resolution had been presented in the late afternoon, the house adjourned without the question being brought to a vote on whether to adopt it. But there was an expectation that it would be debated following day and soon after brought to such a vote.[45]

### Committee approval of the resolution

[edit]

In the morning of February 22, 1868, the Committee on Reconstruction approved an amended version of the impeachment resolution in a 7–2 party-line vote.[46][47] The amended resolution read,

> Resolved, That Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, be impeached of high crimes and misdemeanors in office.[48]

### House debate

[edit]

At 3pm on February 22, 1868, along with the slightly amended version of Covode's impeachment resolution, Stevens presented a majority report from the Select Committee on Reconstruction opining that Johnson should be impeached for high crimes and misdemeanors.[15][20][48][49] The impeachment resolution was debated at length on both February 22 and 24.[15] During the debate on the resolution, Republican members of the House Select Committee on Reconstruction argued that Johnson's effort to dismiss Stanton and appoint Thomas ad interim was a specific violation of the Tenure of Office Act.[15]

Republicans that had voted against the previous impeachment resolution on December 7, 1867, now voiced support for impeaching Johnson, seeing an impeachment of Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act as being grounded in an offense indictable under federal law.[15] James F. Wilson expressed an opinion representative of those expressed during debate by many Republicans that had previously voted against the impeachment resolution brought by the Judiciary Committee at the close of the first impeachment inquiry against Johnson. Ahead of the vote on that previous resolution, Wilson had been tasked by the Judiciary Committee's dissenting members with presenting their argument against impeaching Johnson at that time. Now Wilson expressed support for impeaching Johnson,[15] declaring that,

> The considerations which weighed upon my mind and molded my conduct in the case with which the Committee on the Judiciary of this House was charged are not to be found in the present case.[15]

Wilson opined that in the previous impeachment vote, Johnson had not committed any action that was a crime under either common law or statute. Wilson declared that Johnson had mistakenly been emboldened after he was not impeached in December 1867 and had proceeded to commit an act that constituted clear impeachable conduct,[15] declaring,

> He mistook our judgment for cowardice, and worked on until he has presented to us, as a sequence, a high misdemeanor known to the law and defined by statute.[15]

Thaddeus Stevens expressed his opinion that impeachment was a purely political process. In the closing remarks of formal debate, Stevens expressed his opinion that the case to be brought against Johnson should be broader than just his violation of the Tenure of Office Act.[15] Before the resolution would be voted on by the House, Thaddeus Stevens, who is considered to have been the leader of the forces behind the push for impeachment, gave a final speech that is described as having brought those in the House chamber to "rapt attention".[50] In the speech, Stevens remarked,

> This is not to be the temporary triumph of a political party, but is to endure in its consequence until this whole continent shall be filled with a free and untrammeled people or shall be a nest of shrinking, cowardly slaves.[37][18][15]

### Vote

[edit]

The resolution was put to a vote on February 24, 1868, three days after Johnson moved to dismiss and replace Stanton. Per the record of the Congressional Globe, the House of Representatives voted 126–47 (with 17 members not voting) in favor of a resolution to impeach the president for high crimes and misdemeanors,[37][20][18][51] This marked the first time that a president of the United States had been impeached.[18] There is a record keeping discrepancy, however. While the Congressional Globe recorded the vote as being 126–47 (with Republicans William Henry Koontz and Francis Thomas being absent), the United States House Journal had recorded the vote as being 128–47 (recording Koontz and Thomas as being present and voting in support of the resolution).[18][52][51][53] The Office of the House Historian uses the Congressional Globe tally on its website.[53]

Almost all of the House Republican caucus that was present voted in support of the impeachment resolution. While every vote cast by those that were elected as a member of the Republican Party was in support of the impeachment resolution, Samuel Fenton Cary (an independent Republican from Ohio), and Thomas E. Stewart (a "Conservative Republican" from New York) voted against it. Both Cary and Stewart caucused with the Republicans.[54] Every Democrat present voted against impeachment.[18] Fifteen Republicans and one Democrat were absent for the vote.[17][52] Speaker Schuyler Colfax, a Republican, also did not vote, as House rules do not require the speaker to vote during ordinary legislative proceedings unless their vote would be decisive or if the vote is being cast by ballot.[17][52][55]

All of the 126 votes in favor of impeachment came from members of the Republican caucus (125 from members of the Republican Party, and one from independent Republican Lewis Selye). Of the 47 votes against impeachment, 44 came from members of the Democratic Party, with the other three votes coming from Conservative Charles E. Phelps, Conservative Republican Thomas E. Stewart, and independent Republican Fenton Cary.[17][52]

Resolution providing for the impeachment of
Andrew Johnson, President of the United States[a]
[17][18][51][52][53]

February 24, 1868  | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea Y | 000 | 125 | 000 | 000 | 001 | 126
Nay  | 044  | 000  | 001  | 001  | 001  | 047
Comparative bar chart  Vote  | Vote total

|

"Yea" votes  |

126

"Nay" votes  |

Absent/not voting  |

Votes by member[17][52] District  | Member  | Party  | Vote

|
|
|

Kentucky 8 | George Madison Adams |  | Democrat  | Nay
Iowa 3 | William B. Allison |  | Republican  | Yea
Massachusetts 2 | Oakes Ames |  | Republican  | Yea
Missouri 9 | George Washington Anderson |  | Republican  | Yea
Maryland 2 | Stevenson Archer |  | Democrat  | Nay
Tennessee 6 | Samuel Mayes Arnell |  | Republican  | Yea
Nevada at-large | Delos R. Ashley |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 10 | James Mitchell Ashley |  | Republican  | Yea
California 1 | Samuel Beach Axtell |  | Democrat  | Nay
New York 21 | Alexander H. Bailey |  | Republican  | Yea
Illinois 12 | Jehu Baker |  | Republican  | Yea
Massachusetts 8 | John Denison Baldwin |  | Republican  | Yea
Massachusetts 6 | Nathaniel P. Banks |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 2 | Demas Barnes |  | Democrat  | Nay
Connecticut 4 | William Henry Barnum |  | Democrat  | Nay
Michigan 1 | Fernando C. Beaman |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 8 | John Beatty |  | Republican  | Yea
Kentucky 7 | James B. Beck |  | Democrat  | Nay
Missouri 8 | John F. Benjamin |  | Republican  | Absent
New Hampshire 3 | Jacob Benton |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 16 | John Bingham |  | Republican  | Yea
Maine 3 | James G. Blaine |  | Republican  | Yea
Michigan 3 | Austin Blair |  | Republican  | Yea
Massachusetts 7 | George S. Boutwell |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 6 | Benjamin Markley Boyer |  | Democrat  | Nay
Illinois 7 | Henry P. H. Bromwell |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 8 | James Brooks |  | Democrat  | Nay
Pennsylvania 7 | John Martin Broomall |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 9 | Ralph Pomeroy Buckland |  | Republican  | Yea
Illinois 10 | Albert G. Burr |  | Democrat  | Nay
Massachusetts 5 | Benjamin Butler |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 10 | Henry L. Cake |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 2 | Samuel Fenton Cary |  | Independent Republican  | Nay
New York 7 | John Winthrop Chanler |  | Democrat  | Nay
New York 22 | John C. Churchill |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 6 | Reader W. Clarke |  | Republican  | Yea
Kansas at-large | Sidney Clarke |  | Republican  | Yea
Wisconsin 3 | Amasa Cobb |  | Republican  | Yea
Indiana 6 | John Coburn |  | Republican  | Yea
Indiana 9 | Schuyler Colfax |  | Republican  | Did not vote (speaker)α
Illinois 6 | Burton C. Cook |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 13 | Thomas Cornell |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 21 | John Covode |  | Republican  | Yea
Illinois 8 | Shelby Moore Cullom |  | Republican  | Yea
Massachusetts 10 | Henry L. Dawes |  | Republican  | Yea
Rhode Island 2 | Nathan F. Dixon II |  | Republican  | Absent
Iowa 5 | Grenville M. Dodge |  | Republican  | Yea
Minnesota 2 | Ignatius L. Donnelly |  | Republican  | Absent
Michigan 6 | John F. Driggs |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 17 | Ephraim R. Eckley |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 1 | Benjamin Eggleston |  | Republican  | Yea
New Hampshire 1 | Jacob Hart Ela |  | Republican  | Absent
Wisconsin 4 | Charles A. Eldredge |  | Democrat  | Nay
Massachusetts 1 | Thomas D. Eliot |  | Republican  | Yea
Illinois 2 | John F. Farnsworth |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 16 | Orange Ferriss |  | Republican  | Yea
Michigan 4 | Thomas W. Ferry |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 19 | William C. Fields |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 20 | Darwin Abel Finney |  | Republican  | Absent
New York 4 | John Fox |  | Democrat  | Nay
Ohio 19 | James A. Garfield |  | Republican  | Absent
Pennsylvania 8 | James Lawrence Getz |  | Democrat  | Nay
Pennsylvania 15 | Adam John Glossbrenner |  | Democrat  | Nay
Kentucky 3 | Jacob Golladay |  | Democrat  | Nay
Missouri 4 | Joseph J. Gravely |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 15 | John Augustus Griswold |  | Republican  | Yea
Kentucky 5 | Asa Grover |  | Democrat  | Nay
New Jersey 2 | Charles Haight |  | Democrat  | Nay
New Jersey 5 | George A. Halsey |  | Republican  | Yea
Illinois 4 | Abner C. Harding |  | Republican  | Yea
Tennessee 7 | Isaac Roberts Hawkins |  | Republican  | Absent
California 2 | William Higby |  | Republican  | Yea
New Jersey 4 | John Hill |  | Republican  | Yea
Indiana 4 | William S. Holman |  | Democrat  | Nay
Massachusetts 4 | Samuel Hooper |  | Republican  | Yea
Wisconsin 2 | Benjamin F. Hopkins |  | Republican  | Yea
Connecticut 2 | Julius Hotchkiss |  | Democrat  | Nay
Iowa 6 | Asahel W. Hubbard |  | Republican  | Yea
West Virginia 1 | Chester D. Hubbard |  | Republican  | Yea
Connecticut 1 | Richard D. Hubbard |  | Democrat  | Nay
New York 17 | Calvin T. Hulburd |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 30 | James M. Humphrey |  | Democrat  | Nay
Indiana 3 | Morton C. Hunter |  | Republican  | Yea
Illinois 5 | Ebon C. Ingersoll |  | Republican  | Yea
Rhode Island 1 | Thomas Jenckes |  | Republican  | Yea
California 3 | James A. Johnson |  | Democrat  | Nay
Kentucky 6 | Thomas Laurens Jones |  | Democrat  | Nay
Illinois 1 | Norman B. Judd |  | Republican  | Yea
Indiana 5 | George Washington Julian |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 4 | William D. Kelley |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 25 | William H. Kelsey |  | Republican  | Yea
Indiana 2 | Michael C. Kerr |  | Democrat  | Nay
New York 12 | John H. Ketcham |  | Republican  | Yea
West Virginia 2 | Bethuel Kitchen |  | Republican  | Yea
Kentucky 4 | J. Proctor Knott |  | Democrat  | Nay
Pennsylvania 16 | William Henry Koontz |  | Republican  | Absent
New York 20 | Addison H. Laflin |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 24 | George Van Eman Lawrence |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 4 | William Lawrence |  | Republican  | Yea
Missouri 7 | Benjamin F. Loan |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 26 | William S. Lincoln |  | Republican  | Yea
Illinois at-large | John A. Logan |  | Republican  | Yea
Iowa 4 | William Loughridge |  | Republican  | Yea
Maine 1 | John Lynch |  | Republican  | Yea
Oregon at-large | Rufus Mallory |  | Republican  | Yea
Illinois 11 | Samuel S. Marshall |  | Democrat  | Nay
New York 18 | James M. Marvin |  | Republican  | Yea
Tennessee 2 | Horace Maynard |  | Republican  | Absent
New York 23 | Dennis McCarthy |  | Republican  | Yea
Missouri 5 | Joseph W. McClurg |  | Republican  | Yea
Missouri 3 | James Robinson McCormick |  | Democrat  | Nay
Maryland 1 | Hiram McCullough |  | Democrat  | Nay
Pennsylvania 13 | Ulysses Mercur |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 14 | George Funston Miller |  | Republican  | Yea
New Jersey 1 | William Moore |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 22 | James K. Moorhead |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 13 | George W. Morgan |  | Democrat  | Nay
Pennsylvania 17 | Daniel Johnson Morrell |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 5 | John Morrissey |  | Democrat  | Nay
Tennessee 4 | James Mullins |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 5 | William Mungen |  | Democrat  | Nay
Pennsylvania 3 | Leonard Myers |  | Republican  | Yea
Missouri 2 | Carman A. Newcomb |  | Republican  | Yea
Indiana 1 | William E. Niblack |  | Democrat  | Nay
Delaware at-large | John A. Nicholson |  | Democrat  | Nay
Tennessee 8 | David Alexander Nunn |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 2 | Charles O'Neill |  | Republican  | Yea
Indiana 8 | Godlove Stein Orth |  | Republican  | Yea
Wisconsin 1 | Halbert E. Paine |  | Republican  | Yea
Maine 2 | Sidney Perham |  | Republican  | Yea
Maine 4 | John A. Peters |  | Republican  | Yea
Maryland 3 | Charles E. Phelps |  | Conservative  | Nay
Maine 5 | Frederick Augustus Pike |  | Republican  | Yea
Missouri 1 | William A. Pile |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 15 | Tobias A. Plants |  | Republican  | Yea
Vermont 2 | Luke P. Poland |  | Republican  | Yea
West Virginia 3 | Daniel Polsley |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 24 | Theodore M. Pomeroy |  | Republican  | Absent
Iowa 2 | Hiram Price |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 14 | John V. L. Pruyn |  | Democrat  | Nay
Pennsylvania 1 | Samuel J. Randall |  | Democrat  | Nay
Illinois 13 | Green Berry Raum |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 10 | William H. Robertson |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 3 | William Erigena Robinson |  | Democrat  | Absent
Illinois 9 | Lewis Winans Ross |  | Democrat  | Nay
Wisconsin 5 | Philetus Sawyer |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 3 | Robert C. Schenck |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 19 | Glenni William Scofield |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 28 | Lewis Selye |  | Independent Republican  | Yea
Indiana 11 | John P. C. Shanks |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 7 | Samuel Shellabarger |  | Republican  | Yea
New Jersey 3 | Charles Sitgreaves |  | Democrat  | Nay
Vermont 3 | Worthington Curtis Smith |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 18 | Rufus P. Spalding |  | Republican  | Yea
Connecticut 3 | Henry H. Starkweather |  | Republican  | Yea
New Hampshire 2 | Aaron Fletcher Stevens |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 9 | Thaddeus Stevens |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 6 | Thomas E. Stewart |  | Conservative Republican  | Nay
Tennessee 3 | William Brickly Stokes |  | Republican  | Yea
Maryland 5 | Frederick Stone |  | Democrat  | Nay
New York 1 | Stephen Taber |  | Democrat  | Nay
Nebraska at-large | John Taffe |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 5 | Caleb Newbold Taylor |  | Republican  | Yea
Maryland 4 | Francis Thomas |  | Republican  | Absent
Tennessee 5 | John Trimble |  | Republican  | Absent
Kentucky 1 | Lawrence S. Trimble |  | Democrat  | Nay
Michigan 5 | Rowland E. Trowbridge |  | Republican  | Yea
Massachusetts 3 | Ginery Twichell |  | Republican  | Yea
Michigan 2 | Charles Upson |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 31 | Henry Van Aernam |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 11 | Daniel Myers Van Auken |  | Democrat  | Nay
New York 29 | Burt Van Horn |  | Republican  | Yea
Missouri 6 | Robert T. Van Horn |  | Republican  | Absent
Ohio 12 | Philadelph Van Trump |  | Democrat  | Nay
New York 11 | Charles Van Wyck |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 27 | Hamilton Ward |  | Republican  | Yea
Wisconsin 6 | Cadwallader C. Washburn |  | Republican  | Yea
Indiana 7 | Henry D. Washburn |  | Republican  | Absent
Massachusetts 9 | William B. Washburn |  | Republican  | Yea
Illinois 3 | Elihu B. Washburne |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 14 | Martin Welker |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 23 | Thomas Williams |  | Republican  | Yea
Indiana 10 | William Williams |  | Republican  | Absent
Iowa 1 | James F. Wilson |  | Republican  | Yea
Ohio 11 | John Thomas Wilson |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 18 | Stephen Fowler Wilson |  | Republican  | Yea
Minnesota 1 | William Windom |  | Republican  | Yea
New York 9 | Fernando Wood |  | Democrat  | Nay
Vermont 1 | Frederick E. Woodbridge |  | Republican  | Yea
Pennsylvania 12 | George Washington Woodward |  | Democrat  | Nay
Notes:
^α Schuyler Colfax was serving as Speaker of the House. Per House rules, "the Speaker is not required to vote in ordinary legislative proceedings, except when such vote would be decisive or when the House is engaged in voting by ballot."[55]

## Adoption of the articles of impeachment

[edit]

Main article: Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson

After the House passed the impeachment resolution, its attention turned to the adoption of articles of impeachment which the Senate would try Johnson on. The approach of having the vote to impeach be an entirely separate vote from the adoption of article(s) of impeachment differs from the approach that has been practiced in more recent United States federal impeachments, in which impeachment has occurred directly through the adoption of article(s) of impeachment. However, the manner in which Johnson was impeached appears to have been the standard order of procedure for nineteenth century federal impeachments in the United States, as each of the five previous impeachments of federal officials that had led to a Senate trial had been conducted the same way, with votes to impeach occurring before votes on articles of impeachment.[18]

### Drafting of the articles

[edit]

Illustration of the seven-member committee meeting to draft the articles of impeachment. From left to right: Thaddeus Stevens, James F. Wilson, Hamilton Ward (back of head), John A. Logan, George S. Boutwell, George Washington Julian, John Bingham

After the vote to impeach, Stevens submitted a pair of resolutions that both created a two-person committee tasked with presenting to the Senate bar the impeachment resolution that had been passed and informing the Senate that the House would "in due time" exhibit specific articles of impeachment, and which also created a seven-person committee to prepare and report articles of impeachment. The resolutions gave that seven-person committee the power to subpoena people, papers, and records, and to record sworn testimony. After procedural votes, the House approved both of Stevens' resolutions in a single 124–42 vote. No members of the Republican Party voted against it, while no members of the Democratic Party voted for it.[17][56] Before the House adjourned for the evening, Speaker Schuyler Colfax appointed John Bingham and Thaddeus Stevens to the two-person committee tasked with informing the Senate of Johnson's impeachment, and also appointed John Bingham, George S. Boutwell, and Thaddeus Stevens (all of whom had been members of the Select Committee on Reconstruction) along with George Washington Julian, House Committee on the Judiciary Chairman James F. Wilson, John A. Logan, and Hamilton Ward to the seven-person committee tasked with writing the articles of impeachment.[18]

Illustration of Thaddeus Stevens and John Bingham notifying the Senate bar of the impeachment on February 25, 1868

On the morning of February 25, 1868, the Senate was informed by the two-person committee of Bingham and Stevens that Johnson had been impeached and that articles of impeachment would be created.[57][58] Later that day, Stevens reported to the House that the committee had gone before the bar of the Senate on behalf of the House.[58] Later on February 25, Ellihu B. Washburne moved to suspend the rules and order that, once the special committee tasked with preparing the articles of impeachment reported those articles, the House would immediately hold a full-house vote on the articles, and set the rules for speeches and debate on the articles. The House voted 106–37 to approve Washburne's motion.[59] Later that day, George S. Boutwell presented two resolutions to enable the committee of seven that had been appointed to prepare and report the articles of impeachment to sit during sessions of the House. These resolutions were passed 105–36.[60]

Thaddeus Stevens felt that Radical Republicans on the committee were yielding too much to moderates to limit the scope of the violations of law that the articles of impeachment would charge Johnson with. He wrote Benjamin F. Butler, proposing that, while Stevens worked to add two more additional articles to the seven already written by the committee, Butler would write his own separate article of impeachment from outside of the committee. Butler accepted this proposal.[18]

The committee of seven initially delivered ten proposed articles of impeachment to the House on February 29, 1868.[18] These would be revised and reduced to nine articles before being voted on on March 2.[19]

### Votes on the articles

[edit]

One week after it voted to impeach Johnson, the House adopted eleven articles of impeachment against the president.[20] The first nine articles were approved on March 2, while the last two were approved on March 3, 1868. The third and fourth articles each received a single Democratic vote in support of them (George W. Morgan for the third and Charles Haight for the fourth article).[17][53][61][62] The tenth article was the only to have Republican opposition, with twelve Republicans casting votes against it. However, two other members of the Republican caucus that were not formally part of the Republican Party (Samuel Fenton Cary, an independent Republican from Ohio, and Thomas E. Stewart, a "Conservative Republican" from New York) voted against nearly every article of impeachment (with Stewart having been absent from the vote on the fourth article).[17][63][64][65]

Votes by member[17][63][64][65] District  | Member  | Party  | Votes on articles

|
|
|

1st  | 2nd  | 3rd  | 4th  | 5th  | 6th  | 7th  | 8th  | 9th  | 10th  | 11th
Kentucky 8 | George Madison Adams |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Iowa 3 | William B. Allison |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Massachusetts 2 | Oakes Ames |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Missouri 9 | George Washington Anderson |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Maryland 2 | Stevenson Archer |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Tennessee 6 | Samuel Mayes Arnell |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Nevada at-large | Delos R. Ashley |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Nay  | Yea
Ohio 10 | James Mitchell Ashley |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
California 1 | Samuel Beach Axtell |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Absent
New York 21 | Alexander H. Bailey |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Illinois 12 | Jehu Baker |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Massachusetts 8 | John Denison Baldwin |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea
Massachusetts 6 | Nathaniel P. Banks |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea
New York 2 | Demas Barnes |  | Democrat  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Connecticut 4 | William Henry Barnum |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Michigan 1 | Fernando C. Beaman |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Ohio 8 | John Beatty |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Kentucky 7 | James B. Beck |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Missouri 8 | John F. Benjamin |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
New Hampshire 3 | Jacob Benton |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Ohio 16 | John Bingham |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Maine 3 | James G. Blaine |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea
Michigan 3 | Austin Blair |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Massachusetts 7 | George S. Boutwell |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Pennsylvania 6 | Benjamin Markley Boyer |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Absent
Illinois 7 | Henry P. H. Bromwell |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
New York 8 | James Brooks |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Pennsylvania 7 | John Martin Broomall |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Ohio 9 | Ralph Pomeroy Buckland |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Illinois 10 | Albert G. Burr |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Nay  | Nay
Massachusetts 5 | Benjamin Butler |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Pennsylvania 10 | Henry L. Cake |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Ohio 2 | Samuel Fenton Cary |  | Independent Republican  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
New York 7 | John Winthrop Chanler |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Absent
New York 22 | John C. Churchill |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Ohio 6 | Reader W. Clarke |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea
Kansas at-large | Sidney Clarke |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Wisconsin 3 | Amasa Cobb |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Indiana 6 | John Coburn |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Nay  | Yea
Indiana 9 | Schuyler Colfax |  | Republican  | Did not vote (speaker)α
Illinois 6 | Burton C. Cook |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 13 | Thomas Cornell |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea
Pennsylvania 21 | John Covode |  | Republican  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Illinois 8 | Shelby Moore Cullom |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Massachusetts 10 | Henry L. Dawes |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Rhode Island 2 | Nathan F. Dixon II |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea
Iowa 5 | Grenville M. Dodge |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Minnesota 2 | Ignatius L. Donnelly |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Michigan 6 | John F. Driggs |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Ohio 17 | Ephraim R. Eckley |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Ohio 1 | Benjamin Eggleston |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New Hampshire 1 | Jacob Hart Ela |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Wisconsin 4 | Charles A. Eldredge |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent
Massachusetts 1 | Thomas D. Eliot |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Illinois 2 | John F. Farnsworth |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea
New York 16 | Orange Ferriss |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Michigan 4 | Thomas W. Ferry |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 19 | William C. Fields |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Pennsylvania 20 | Darwin Abel Finney |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
New York 4 | John Fox |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Absent
Ohio 19 | James A. Garfield |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Pennsylvania 8 | James Lawrence Getz |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Nay
Pennsylvania 15 | Adam John Glossbrenner |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Absent
Kentucky 3 | Jacob Golladay |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Missouri 4 | Joseph J. Gravely |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 15 | John Augustus Griswold |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Nay  | Yea
Kentucky 5 | Asa Grover |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
New Jersey 2 | Charles Haight |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Yea  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
New Jersey 5 | George A. Halsey |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Illinois 4 | Abner C. Harding |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Tennessee 7 | Isaac Roberts Hawkins |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
California 2 | William Higby |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea
New Jersey 4 | John Hill |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Indiana 4 | William S. Holman |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Massachusetts 4 | Samuel Hooper |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Wisconsin 2 | Benjamin F. Hopkins |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Connecticut 2 | Julius Hotchkiss |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Iowa 6 | Asahel W. Hubbard |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
West Virginia 1 | Chester D. Hubbard |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Connecticut 1 | Richard D. Hubbard |  | Democrat  | Absent  | Absent  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Nay  | Absent  | Absent
New York 17 | Calvin T. Hulburd |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 30 | James M. Humphrey |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Indiana 3 | Morton C. Hunter |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Illinois 5 | Ebon C. Ingersoll |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Rhode Island 1 | Thomas Jenckes |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea
California 3 | James A. Johnson |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Kentucky 6 | Thomas Laurens Jones |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Illinois 1 | Norman B. Judd |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Indiana 5 | George Washington Julian |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Pennsylvania 4 | William D. Kelley |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 25 | William H. Kelsey |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Indiana 2 | Michael C. Kerr |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Absent  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
New York 12 | John H. Ketcham |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea
West Virginia 2 | Bethuel Kitchen |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea
Kentucky 4 | J. Proctor Knott |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Pennsylvania 16 | William Henry Koontz |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 20 | Addison H. Laflin |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Nay  | Yea
Pennsylvania 24 | George Van Eman Lawrence |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Ohio 4 | William Lawrence |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Missouri 7 | Benjamin F. Loan |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 26 | William S. Lincoln |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Illinois at-large | John A. Logan |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Iowa 4 | William Loughridge |  | Republican  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea
Maine 1 | John Lynch |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Oregon at-large | Rufus Mallory |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Nay  | Yea
Illinois 11 | Samuel S. Marshall |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
New York 18 | James M. Marvin |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Nay  | Yea
Tennessee 2 | Horace Maynard |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 23 | Dennis McCarthy |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Missouri 5 | Joseph W. McClurg |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Missouri 3 | James Robinson McCormick |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Maryland 1 | Hiram McCullough |  | Democrat  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Pennsylvania 13 | Ulysses Mercur |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Pennsylvania 14 | George Funston Miller |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New Jersey 1 | William Moore |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Pennsylvania 22 | James K. Moorhead |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Ohio 13 | George W. Morgan |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Yea  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Pennsylvania 17 | Daniel Johnson Morrell |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 5 | John Morrissey |  | Democrat  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Tennessee 4 | James Mullins |  | Republican  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Ohio 5 | William Mungen |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Pennsylvania 3 | Leonard Myers |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Missouri 2 | Carman A. Newcomb |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Indiana 1 | William E. Niblack |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Delaware at-large | John A. Nicholson |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Nay  | Nay
Tennessee 8 | David Alexander Nunn |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Pennsylvania 2 | Charles O'Neill |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Indiana 8 | Godlove Stein Orth |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Wisconsin 1 | Halbert E. Paine |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea
Maine 2 | Sidney Perham |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Maine 4 | John A. Peters |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Maryland 3 | Charles E. Phelps |  | Conservative  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Maine 5 | Frederick Augustus Pike |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Missouri 1 | William A. Pile |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Ohio 15 | Tobias A. Plants |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent  | Yea
Vermont 2 | Luke P. Poland |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent  | Yea
West Virginia 3 | Daniel Polsley |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 24 | Theodore M. Pomeroy |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Nay  | Yea
Iowa 2 | Hiram Price |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea
New York 14 | John V. L. Pruyn |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Pennsylvania 1 | Samuel J. Randall |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Absent
Illinois 13 | Green Berry Raum |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 10 | William H. Robertson |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea
New York 3 | William Erigena Robinson |  | Democrat  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Illinois 9 | Lewis Winans Ross |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Wisconsin 5 | Philetus Sawyer |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Ohio 3 | Robert C. Schenck |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Pennsylvania 19 | Glenni William Scofield |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 28 | Lewis Selye |  | Independent Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Indiana 11 | John P. C. Shanks |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Ohio 7 | Samuel Shellabarger |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
New Jersey 3 | Charles Sitgreaves |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Vermont 3 | Worthington Curtis Smith |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Nay  | Yea
Ohio 18 | Rufus P. Spalding |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea
Connecticut 3 | Henry H. Starkweather |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New Hampshire 2 | Aaron Fletcher Stevens |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Pennsylvania 9 | Thaddeus Stevens |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 6 | Thomas E. Stewart |  | Conservative Republican  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Tennessee 3 | William Brickly Stokes |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Maryland 5 | Frederick Stone |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Absent
New York 1 | Stephen Taber |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Nebraska at-large | John Taffe |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Pennsylvania 5 | Caleb Newbold Taylor |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Maryland 4 | Francis Thomas |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Tennessee 5 | John Trimble |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Kentucky 1 | Lawrence S. Trimble |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Michigan 5 | Rowland E. Trowbridge |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Massachusetts 3 | Ginery Twichell |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Michigan 2 | Charles Upson |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
New York 31 | Henry Van Aernam |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Pennsylvania 11 | Daniel Myers Van Auken |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Absent
New York 29 | Burt Van Horn |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Missouri 6 | Robert T. Van Horn |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Ohio 12 | Philadelph Van Trump |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
New York 11 | Charles Van Wyck |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea
New York 27 | Hamilton Ward |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Wisconsin 6 | Cadwallader C. Washburn |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea
Indiana 7 | Henry D. Washburn |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Massachusetts 9 | William B. Washburn |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Illinois 3 | Elihu B. Washburne |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Ohio 14 | Martin Welker |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Pennsylvania 23 | Thomas Williams |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea
Indiana 10 | William Williams |  | Republican  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent  | Absent
Iowa 1 | James F. Wilson |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Nay  | Yea
Ohio 11 | John Thomas Wilson |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Nay  | Yea
Pennsylvania 18 | Stephen Fowler Wilson |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Absent
Minnesota 1 | William Windom |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Nay  | Yea
New York 9 | Fernando Wood |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay
Vermont 1 | Frederick E. Woodbridge |  | Republican  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Yea  | Absent  | Nay  | Yea
Pennsylvania 12 | George Washington Woodward |  | Democrat  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Nay  | Absent  | Absent
Notes:
^α Schuyler Colfax was serving as Speaker of the House. Per House rules, "the Speaker is not required to vote in ordinary legislative proceedings, except when such vote would be decisive or when the House is engaged in voting by ballot."[55]

#### March 2, 1868

[edit]

Illustration of Thaddeus Stevens speaking during March 2, 1868, debate Set of illustrations. The illustration on the left depicts Democratic Congressman Albert G. Burr (left) sleeping while Republican Congressman John Winthrop Chanler delivers a loud speech during debate on the adoption of articles of impeachment. The image on right depicts reports rushing to the telegraph office as soon as the articles of impeachment were published.

The House debated the proposed articles on March 1 and 2, 1868.[19] On March 2, the House voted to ratify the nine articles of impeachment referred to it by the committee of seven. These articles were "strictly legalistic" and molded on criminal indictment. Eight concerned the violation of the Tenure of Office Act, while the ninth accused him of violating the Command of Army Act by pressuring General William H. Emory to ignore Acting Secretary of War Grant and instead take orders directly from Johnson.[18]

After a series of speeches during debate, Thaddeus Stevens took the floor to criticize the committee of seven for going too easy on Johnson,[18] declaring,

> Never was so great a malefactor so gently treated as Andrew Johnson. The people have been unwilling to blot the records of their country by mingling his crimes with their shame—shame for endurance for so long a time of his great crimes and misdemeanor.[18]

Stevens argued that the articles put before the house had failed to address just how much Johnson had imperiled the governing structure of the United States.[18]

After Stevens delivered his remarks, which closed out debate, Boutwell brought forward revised articles, with the number of articles proposed by the committee being decreased from ten to nine.[19] Benjamin Butler then submitted his own lengthy impeachment article, inspired by Stevens' request to him. Butlers' proposed article stated no clear violation of law, but instead charged Johnson with attempting, "to bring into disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt, and reproach the Congress of the United States."[18] The article was written in response to speeches that Johnson had made during his "Swing Around the Circle".[66] Butler's remarks on his impeachment resolution were very long, and this frustrated many, even including Stevens. The House quickly rejected Butler's article before approving all nine articles from the committee one by one.[18]

March 2, 1868, vote totals

Article introduced by Benjamin Butler
[18][67] | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea  |

Detailed roll call not reported by the Congressional Globe

| 048
Nay Y | 074
First
article
[17][53][68][67] | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea Y | 000 | 127 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 127
Nay  | 040  | 000  | 000  | 001  | 001  | 042
Second
article
[53][62][67] | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea Y | 000 | 124 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 124
Nay  | 039  | 000  | 000  | 001  | 001  | 041
Third
article
[53][61][67] | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea Y | 001 | 123 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 124
Nay  | 038  | 000  | 000  | 001  | 001  | 040
Fourth
article
[53][69][67] | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea Y | 001 | 116 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 117
Nay  | 039  | 000  | 000  | 000  | 001  | 040
Fifth
article
[53][70][67] | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea Y | 000 | 127 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 127
Nay  | 040  | 000  | 000  | 001  | 001  | 042
Sixth
article
[53][71][67] | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea Y | 000 | 127 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 127
Nay  | 040  | 000  | 000  | 001  | 001  | 042
Seventh
article
[53][72][67] | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea Y | 000 | 127 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 127
Nay  | 040  | 000  | 000  | 001  | 001  | 042
Eighth
article
[53][73][67] | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea Y | 000 | 127 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 127
Nay  | 040  | 000  | 000  | 001  | 001  | 042
Ninth
article
[17][53][74][67] | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea Y | 000 | 108 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 108
Nay  | 039  | 000  | 000  | 001  | 001  | 041

#### March 3, 1868

[edit]

After the March 2 adoption of articles of impeachment, the House appointed the impeachment managers that would serve as prosecutors in the impeachment trial before the Senate. The following day, in hopes of strengthening the case that they would bring before the Senate, the impeachment managers requested that the House consider additional charges.[18] First, the managers reported the article previously proposed by Butler, which they reintroduced as the tenth article. It was approved.[18][15] After this, an eleventh article drafted by Thaddeus Stevens and James F. Wilson was approved.[18] The eleventh article accused Johnson of violating his oath of office to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" by declaring that the 39th United States Congress was unconstitutional because it only represented some of the United States (with unreconstructed states being excluded) and therefore lacked legislative powers or the power to propose amendments to the Constitution of the United States.[57]

March 3, 1868, vote totals

Tenth
article
[17][53][63] | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea Y | 000 | 088 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 088
Nay  | 031  | 012  | 000  | 001  | 001  | 045
Eleventh
article
[17][53][64] | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican | Conservative  | Conservative Republican  | Independent Republican
Yea Y | 000 | 109 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 109
Nay  | 030  | 000  | 000  | 001  | 001  | 032

### Summary of the articles

[edit]

Signature of Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax (upper right) and an attestation of Edward McPherson, clerk of the United States House of Representatives (lower left) on an official copy of the eleven articles of impeachment

Both the first eight articles and the eleventh article adopted in the House related to Johnson violating the Tenure of Office Act by attempting to dismiss Secretary of War Stanton. In addition, several of these articles also accused Johnson of violating other acts, and the eleventh article also accused Johnson of violating his oath of office.[18][20][57][75] The first article specifically alleged that Johnson's February 21, 1868, order to remove Stanton was made with intent to violate the Tenure of Office Act. The second and third articles argued that the appointment of Thomas as secretary of war ad interim was similarly done with intent to violate the Tenure of Office Act. The fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh articles alleged conspiring between Johnson, Thomas, and others to oust Stanton. The sixth article also alleged a conspiracy to forcefully seize the property of the United States Department of War. The eighth article specifically alleged that the appointment of Thomas ad interim was with the intent of unlawfully controlling the property of the Department of War. The eleventh article effectively provided a restatement of the first nine articles.[20][76]

The ninth article focused on an accusation that Johnson had violated the Command of Army Act, a charge reiterated by the eleventh article. The tenth article charged Johnson with attempting, "to bring into disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt, and reproach the Congress of the United States", but did not cite a clear violation of the law.[18][20][57][75]

The eleven articles presented the following charges:

* Article 1: That Johnson had violated the Tenure of Office Act in his February 21, 1868, order to remove Secretary of War Stanton[20]
* Article 2: That Johnson had violated the Tenure of Office Act by sending "a letter of authority" to Lorenzo Thomas regarding his appointment to be acting Secretary of War when there was, in fact, no legal vacancy, because Secretary Stanton had been removed in violation of the Tenure of Office Act[20]
* Article 3: That Johnson had violated the Tenure of Office Act by appointing Lorenzo Thomas to be acting Secretary of War when there was, in fact, no legal vacancy, because Secretary Stanton had been removed in violation of the Tenure of Office Act[20]
* Article 4: That Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act by conspiring with Lorenzo Thomas and others "unlawfully to hinder and prevent Edwin M. Stanton, then and there Secretary of the Department of War" from carrying out his duties[20]
* Article 5: That Johnson had conspired with Lorenzo Thomas and others to "prevent and hinder the execution" of the Tenure of Office Act[20]
* Article 6: That Johnson had violated both the Tenure of Office Act and An Act to Define and Punish Certain Conspiracies by conspiring with Lorenzo Thomas "by force to seize, take, and possess the property of the United States in the Department of War" under control of Secretary Stanton in violation of, thereby committing a high crime in office[20]
* Article 7: That Johnson had violated the Office Act and An Act to Define by conspiring with Lorenzo Thomas "by force to seize, take, and possess the property of the United States in the Department of War" under control of Secretary Stanton, thereby committing a high misdemeanor in office[20]
* Article 8: That Johnson had unlawfully sought "to control the disbursements of the moneys appropriated for the military service and for the Department of War", by moving to remove Secretary Stanton and appoint Lorenzo Thomas[20]
* Article 9: That Johnson had violated the Command of Army Act by unlawfully instructing Major General William H. Emory to ignore as unconstitutional the 1867 Army Appropriations Act language that all orders issued by the President and Secretary of War "relating to military operations ... shall be issued through the General of the Army"[18][20][77]
* Article 10: That Johnson had on numerous occasions, made "with a loud voice, certain intemperate, inflammatory, and scandalous harangues, and did therein utter loud threats and bitter menaces ... against Congress [and] the laws of the United States duly enacted thereby, amid the cries, jeers and laughter of the multitudes then assembled and within hearing"[20]
* Article 11: That Johnson had violated his oath of office to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" by unlawfully and unconstitutionally challenging the authority of the 39th Congress to legislate due to unreconstructed southern states had not been readmitted to the Union; violated the Tenure of Office Act by removing Secretary of War Stanton; contrived to fail to execute the Command of Army Act, which directs that executive orders to the military be issued through the General of the Army; and prevented the execution of an act entitled "An act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel states".[20][57][75]

## Trial

[edit]

Main article: Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson

Illustration of Bingham presenting the articles of impeachment to the Senate

The articles of impeachment were presented to the Senate by John Bingham on March 4, 1868.[26][57][78] As prescribed by the U.S. Constitution, chief justice of the United States Salmon P. Chase presided over the trial.[26] The extent of Chase's authority as presiding officer to render unilateral rulings was a frequent point of contention. Chase maintained that deciding certain procedural questions on his own was his prerogative, but the Senate challenged several of his rulings.[79]

The House appointed seven members to serve as House impeachment managers, equivalent to prosecutors: John Bingham, George S. Boutwell, Benjamin Butler, John A. Logan, Thaddeus Stevens, Thomas Williams, and James F. Wilson.[80] The president's defense team was made up of Benjamin Robbins Curtis, William M. Evarts, William S. Groesbeck, Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson, and Henry Stanbery. On the advice of counsel, the president did not appear at the trial.[26]

### Proceedings

[edit]

Andrew Johnson impeachment trial admission ticket dated March 24, 1868

The Senate trial opened on March 4, 1868,[57][26] and was conducted mostly in open session. The Senate chamber galleries were often filled to capacity. Public interest was so great that the Senate issued admission passes for the first time in its history. For each day of the trial, 1,000 color coded tickets were printed, granting admittance for a single day.[26][81]

Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial as illustrated by Theodore R. Davis in Harper's Weekly

The impeachment managers argued that Johnson had explicitly violated the Tenure of Office Act by dismissing Stanton without the consent of the Senate. They contended that U.S. presidents were obligated to carry out and honor the laws passed by the United States Congress, regardless of whether they believed them to be constitutional, arguing that, otherwise, presidents would be allowed to regularly disobey the will of Congress (which they argued, as elected representatives, represented the will of the American people).[57][19][82]

The defense both questioned the criminality of the alleged offenses and raised doubts about Johnson's intent. One of the points made by the defense was that ambiguity existed in the Tenure of Office Act that left open a vagueness as to whether it was actually applicable to Johnson's firing of Stanton. They also argued that the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional, and that Johnson's intent in firing Stanton had been to test the constitutionality of the law before the Supreme Court of the United States (and that Johnson was entitled to do so). They further argued that, even if the law were constitutional, that presidents should not be removed from office for misconstruing their constitutional rights. They further argued that Johnson was acting in the interest of the necessity of keeping the Department of War functional by appointing Lorenzo Thomas as an interim officer, and that he had caused no public harm in doing so. They also argued that the Republican Party was using impeachment as a political tool. The defense asserted the view that presidents should not be removed from office by impeachment for political misdeeds, as this is what elections were meant for.[57][19][82]

### Verdict

[edit]

Judgment of the Senate Map of the senator votes for Andrew Johnson's impeachment.

The Senate was composed of 54 members representing 27 states (10 former Confederate states had not yet been readmitted to representation in the Senate) at the time of the trial. At its conclusion, senators voted on three of the articles of impeachment. On each occasion the vote was 35–19, with 35 senators voting guilty and 19 not guilty. As the constitutional threshold for a conviction in an impeachment trial is a two-thirds majority guilty vote, 36 votes in this instance, Johnson was not convicted. He remained in office through the end of his term on March 4, 1869, though without influence on public policy.[6] All nine Senate Democrats voted against conviction.[83] Ten Republicans refused to support their party and voted against conviction.[84]

The first vote was taken on May 16 for the eleventh article. Prior to the vote, Samuel C. Pomeroy told Senator Ross that if Ross voted for acquittal that Ross would become the subject of an investigation for bribery.[85] Afterward, in hopes of persuading at least one senator who voted not guilty to change his vote, the Senate adjourned for 10 days before continuing voting on the other articles. During the hiatus, the House passed a resolution to launch an investigation by the impeachment managers of alleged "improper or corrupt means used to influence the determination of the Senate".[86] Despite the Radical Republican leadership's heavy-handed efforts to change the outcome, when votes were cast on May 26 for the second and third articles, the results were the same as the first. After this, the Senate voted to adjourn the trial sine die.[87]

After the trial, Butler conducted hearings on the widespread reports that Republican senators had been bribed to vote for Johnson's acquittal. In Butler's hearings, and in subsequent inquiries, there was increasing evidence that some acquittal votes were acquired by promises of patronage jobs and cash bribes. Political deals were struck as well. Grimes received assurances that acquittal would not be followed by presidential reprisals; Johnson agreed to enforce the Reconstruction Acts, and to appoint General John Schofield to succeed Stanton. Nonetheless, the investigations never resulted in charges, much less convictions, against anyone.[88]

Moreover, there is evidence that the prosecution attempted to bribe the senators voting for acquittal to switch their votes to conviction. Senator Fessenden was offered the ministership to Great Britain. Prosecutor Butler said, "Tell [Senator Ross] that if he wants money there is a bushel of it here to be had."[89] Butler's investigation also boomeranged when it was discovered that Senator Pomeroy, who voted for conviction, had written a letter to Johnson's postmaster general seeking a $40,000 bribe for Pomeroy's acquittal vote along with three or four others in his caucus.[90] Butler was himself told by Wade that Wade would appoint Butler as secretary of state when Wade assumed the presidency after a Johnson conviction.[91] An opinion that Senator Ross was mercilessly persecuted for his courageous vote to sustain the independence of the presidency as a branch of the federal government is the subject of an entire chapter in President John F. Kennedy's book, Profiles in Courage.[92] That opinion has been rejected by some scholars, such as Ralph Roske, and endorsed by others, such as Avery Craven.[93][94]

None of the Republican senators who voted for acquittal ever again served in an elected office.[95] Although they were under intense pressure to change their votes to conviction during the trial, afterward public opinion rapidly shifted around to their viewpoint. Some senators who voted for conviction, such as John Sherman and even Charles Sumner, later changed their minds.[93][96][97]

Articles of Impeachment, U.S. Senate judgment
(36 "guilty" votes necessary for a conviction)

May 16, 1868
Article XI  | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican
Yea (guilty)  | 00  | 35  | 35
Nay (not guilty) Y | 09 | 10 | 19
May 26, 1868
Article II  | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican
Yea (guilty)  | 00  | 35  | 35
Nay (not guilty) Y | 09 | 10 | 19
May 26, 1868
Article III  | Party  | Total votes
Democratic | Republican
Yea (guilty)  | 00  | 35  | 35
Nay (Not guilty) Y | 09 | 10 | 19
| Detail of roll call

Senator | Party–state | Art. XI
vote | Art. II
vote | Art. III
vote
Henry B. Anthony |

R–RI

| Yea | Yea | Yea
James A. Bayard Jr. |

D–DE

| Nay | Nay | Nay
Charles R. Buckalew |

D–PA

| Nay | Nay | Nay
Simon Cameron |

R–PA

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Alexander G. Cattell |

R–NJ

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Zachariah Chandler |

R–MI

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Cornelius Cole |

R–CA

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Roscoe Conkling |

R–NY

| Yea | Yea | Yea
John Conness |

R–CA

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Henry W. Corbett |

R–OR

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Aaron H. Cragin |

R–NH

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Garrett Davis |

D–KY

| Nay | Nay | Nay
James Dixon |

R–CT

| Nay | Nay | Nay
James Rood Doolittle |

R–WI

| Nay | Nay | Nay
Charles D. Drake |

R–MO

| Yea | Yea | Yea
George F. Edmunds |

R–VT

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Orris S. Ferry |

R–CT

| Yea | Yea | Yea
William P. Fessenden |

R–ME

| Nay | Nay | Nay
Joseph S. Fowler |

R–TN

| Nay | Nay | Nay
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen |

R–NJ

| Yea | Yea | Yea
James W. Grimes |

R–IA

| Nay | Nay | Nay
James Harlan |

R–IA

| Yea | Yea | Yea
John B. Henderson |

R–MO

| Nay | Nay | Nay
Thomas A. Hendricks |

D–IN

| Nay | Nay | Nay
Jacob M. Howard |

R–MI

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Timothy O. Howe |

R–WI

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Reverdy Johnson |

D–MD

| Nay | Nay | Nay
Thomas C. McCreery |

D–KY

| Nay | Nay | Nay
Edwin D. Morgan |

R–NY

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Justin S. Morrill |

R–VT

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Lot M. Morrill |

R–ME

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Oliver P. Morton |

R–IN

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Daniel Sheldon Norton |

R–MN

| Nay | Nay | Nay
James W. Nye |

R–NV

| Yea | Yea | Yea
David T. Patterson |

D–TN

| Nay | Nay | Nay
James W. Patterson |

R–NH

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Samuel C. Pomeroy |

R–KS

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Alexander Ramsey |

R–MN

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Edmund G. Ross |

R–KS

| Nay | Nay | Nay
Willard Saulsbury Sr. |

D–DE

| Nay | Nay | Nay
John Sherman |

R–OH

| Yea | Yea | Yea
William Sprague IV |

R–RI

| Yea | Yea | Yea
William M. Stewart |

R–NV

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Charles Sumner |

R–MA

| Yea | Yea | Yea
John Milton Thayer |

R–NE

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Thomas Tipton |

R–NE

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Lyman Trumbull |

R–IL

| Nay | Nay | Nay
Peter G. Van Winkle |

R–WV

| Nay | Nay | Nay
George Vickers |

D–MD

| Nay | Nay | Nay
Benjamin Wade |

R–OH

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Waitman T. Willey |

R–WV

| Yea | Yea | Yea
George Henry Williams |

R–OR

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Henry Wilson |

R–MA

| Yea | Yea | Yea
Richard Yates |

R–IL

| Yea | Yea | Yea

Sources: [98][83]

## Later analysis of Johnson's impeachment

[edit]

In 1887, the Tenure of Office Act was repealed by Congress, and subsequent rulings by the United States Supreme Court seemed to support Johnson's position that he was entitled to fire Stanton without congressional approval. The Supreme Court's ruling on a similar piece of later legislation in Myers v. United States (1926) affirmed the ability of the president to remove a postmaster without congressional approval, and the dictum of the majority opinion stated, "that the Tenure of Office Act of 1867...was invalid".[99]

Lyman Trumbull of Illinois (one of the ten Republican senators whose refusal to vote for conviction prevented Johnson's removal from office) noted in his speech explaining his vote for acquittal, that, had Johnson been convicted, the main source of the American presidency's political power (the freedom for a president to disagree with the Congress without consequences) would have been destroyed, as would Constitution's system of checks and balances.[100] Indeed, the impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson had long-lasting effects on the separation of powers. It established the rule that Congress should not remove the president due to a conflict over the structure of their administration. It also resulted in diminished presidential influence on public policy and overall governing power, fostering a system of governance which future-President Woodrow Wilson referred to in the 1880s as "Congressional Government".[6]

## See also

[edit]

* Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson
* Impeachment process against Richard Nixon
* Impeachment of Bill Clinton
* First impeachment of Donald Trump
* Second impeachment of Donald Trump
* List of federal political scandals in the United States
* Tennessee Johnson, a 1942 film about Andrew Johnson, depicting the events surrounding his impeachment

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ There is a record keeping discrepancy for the February 24, 1868 vote to impeach Johnson. While the Congressional Globe recorded the vote as being 126–47 (with Republicans William Henry Koontz and Francis Thomas both being recorded as absent), the United States House Journal recorded the vote as being 128–47 (with Koontz and Thomas both being recorded present and voting in support of the resolution).[18][52][51][53] The Office of the House Historian favors the Congressional Globe tally on its website,[53] and, therefore, this article and others in Wikipedia also favor that tally.

## References

[edit]

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82. ^ a b "Andrew Johnson's Impeachment". Bill of Rights Institute. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
83. ^ a b "Senate Journal. 40th Cong., 2nd sess., 16 / May 26, 1868, 943–951". A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
84. ^ "40th Congress > Senate > Vote 361". voteview.com. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
85. ^ Curt Anders "Powerlust: Radicalism in the Civil War Era" p. 531
86. ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States Being the Second Session of the Fortieth Congress; Begun and Held at the City of Washington December 2, 1867 In the Ninety-Second Year of the Independence of the United States. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1868. p. May 16, 1868. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
87. ^ Mushkat, Jerome (1967). "The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: A Contemporary View". New York History. 48 (3): 275–286\. ISSN 0146-437X. JSTOR 23162954. Retrieved April 6, 2022.275-286&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23162954#id-name=JSTOR&rft.issn=0146-437X&rft.aulast=Mushkat&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23162954&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Impeachment+of+Andrew+Johnson" class="Z3988">
88. ^ Stewart, David O. (2009). Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy. Simon and Schuster. pp. 240–249, 284–299.240-249,+284-299&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=David+O.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Impeachment+of+Andrew+Johnson" class="Z3988">
89. ^ Gene Davis High Crimes and Misdemeanors (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1977), 266–267, 290–291
90. ^ Curt Anders "Powerlust: Radicalism in the Civil War Era", pp. 532–533
91. ^ Eric McKitrick Andrew Johnson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 507–508
92. ^ John F. Kennedy "Profiles in Courage" (New York: Harper Brothers, 1961), 115–139
93. ^ a b Avery Craven "Reconstruction" (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969), 221
94. ^ Roske, Ralph J. (1959). "The Seven Martyrs?". The American Historical Review. 64 (2): 323–330\. doi:10.2307/1845447. JSTOR 1845447.323-330&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/1845447&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845447#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Roske&rft.aufirst=Ralph+J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Impeachment+of+Andrew+Johnson" class="Z3988">
95. ^ Hodding Carter, The Angry Scar (New York: Doubleday, 1959), 143
96. ^ Kenneth Stampp, Reconstruction (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), 153
97. ^ Chester Hearn, The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2000), 202
98. ^ Ross, Edmund G. (1896). History of the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, President of The United States By The House Of Representatives and His Trial by The Senate for High Crimes and Misdemeanors in Office 1868 (PDF). pp. 105–107. Retrieved April 26, 2018 - via Project Gutenberg 2000.105-107&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Edmund+G.&rft_id=http://www.public-library.uk/ebooks/47/98.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Impeachment+of+Andrew+Johnson" class="Z3988">
99. ^ "Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926)". Findlaw. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
100. ^ White, Horace. The Life of Lyman Trumble. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1913, p. 319.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Benedict, Michael Les. "A New Look at the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson", Political Science Quarterly, Sep 1973, Vol. 88 Issue 3, pp. 349–67 in JSTOR
* Benedict, Michael Les. The impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson (1973), 212 pp; the standard scholarly history online edition
* Brown, H. Lowell. High Crimes and Misdemeanors in Presidential Impeachment (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2010). pp. 35–61 on Johnson.
* DeWitt, David M. The impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson (1903), old monograph online edition
* Hearn, Chester G. The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (2000) popular history
* McKitrick, Eric L. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (1960) influential analysis
* Rable, George C. "Forces of Darkness, Forces of Light: The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson and the Paranoid Style", Southern Studies (1978) 17#2, pp. 151–73
* Sefton, James E. "The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: A Century of Writing", Civil War History, June 1968, Vol. 14 Issue 2, pp. 120–47
* Sigelman, Lee, Christopher J. Deering, and Burdett A. Loomis. "'Wading Knee Deep in Words, Words, Words': Senatorial Rhetoric in the Johnson and Clinton Impeachment Trials". Congress & the Presidency 28#2 (2001) pp. 119–39.
* Stathis, Stephen W. "Impeachment and Trial of President Andrew Johnson: A View from the Iowa Congressional Delegation", Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. 24, No. 1, (Winter, 1994), pp. 29–47 in JSTOR
* Stewart, David O. Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy (2009)
* Trefousse, Hans L. "The Acquittal of Andrew Johnson and the Decline of the Radicals", Civil War History, June 1968, Vol. 14 Issue 2, pp. 148–61
* Trefousse, Hans L. Andrew Johnson: A Biography (1989) major scholarly biography excerpt and text search
* Trefousse, Hans L. Impeachment of a President: Andrew Johnson, the Blacks, and Reconstruction (1999)
* Wineapple, Brenda (2019). The Impeachers: The Trial of Andrew Johnson and the Dream of a Just Nation. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0812998368.
* Zelizer, Julian E., ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (Houghton Mifflin. 2004) pp. 239–249, on the press. online

## External links

[edit]

* Andrew Johnson Impeachment Trial (1868) Archived April 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, essay and other resources, www.famous-trials.com, University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School
* The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, excerpts from 1865 to 1869 Harper's Weekly articles along with other information (a HarpWeek website)
* Interview with William Rehnquist on Grand Inquests: The Historic Impeachments of Justice Samuel Chase and President Andrew Johnson, 1992, Booknotes, C-SPAN
* Research guide, Library of Congress

* v
* t
* e

Impeachment and impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson

* Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson
Timeline

Inquiries|

* First inquiry
* Second inquiry

Impeachment|

* Articles of impeachment
* Dismissal of Edwin Stanton
* Tenure of Office Act
* Lorenzo Thomas
* Ulysses S. Grant
* Command of Army Act
* Swing Around the Circle
* John Covode
* Hamilton Ward Sr.

Impeachment trial|

Presiding officer: Salmon P. Chase

* House managers
* John Bingham
* George S. Boutwell
* Benjamin Butler
* John A. Logan
* Thaddeus Stevens
* Thomas Williams
* James F. Wilson

* President's counsel
* William M. Evarts
* Benjamin R. Curtis
* William S. Groesbeck
* Thomas A. R. Nelson
* Henry Stanbery

* Witnesses for the prosecution
* Foster Blodgett
* Walter A. Burleigh
* William E. Chandler
* James O. Clephane
* William H. Emory
* Thomas W. Ferry
* Burt Van Horn
* James K. Moorhead

* Witnesses for the defense
* William W. Armstrong
* Walter Smith Cox
* Richard T. Merrick
* Alexander Randall
* Frederick W. Seward
* William Tecumseh Sherman
* Lorenzo Thomas
* Gideon Welles

Other|

* Impeachment managers investigation
* Vinnie Ream
* Profiles in Courage
* Tennessee Johnson

* v
* t
* e

Andrew Johnson

* 17th President of the United States (1865–1869)
* 16th Vice President of the United States (1865)
* Senator from Tennessee (1857–1862, 1875)
* 15th Governor of Tennessee (1853–1857, 1862–1865)

Pre-presidency|

* Homestead Acts
* Southern Unionist
* War Democrat
* 1864 U.S. presidential election
* 1864 National Union Convention
* Drunk vice-presidential inaugural address
* Kirkwood House

Presidency|

* Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
* Foreign policy
* Judicial appointments
* Reconstruction era
* Pardons for ex-Confederates
* State of the Union, 1865
* 1866
* 1867
* 1868
* Colorado Territory
* Alaska Purchase
* Reconstruction Acts
* Judicial Circuits Act
* Civil Rights Act of 1866
* Southern Homestead Act of 1866
* Tenure of Office Act
* Command of Army Act
* Vetoes
* Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
* Trial
* First impeachment inquiry
* Second impeachment inquiry
* Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson
* 1868 impeachment managers investigation
* Politics: National Union Party
* 1866 National Union Convention
* Swing Around the Circle
* 1866 & 1867 U.S. House elections
* 1868 Democratic Convention

Public image|

* Andrew Johnson National Cemetery
* Andrew Johnson National Historic Site
* President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library
* Andy's Trip (1866)
* Southern Justice (1867)
* Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum (1867)
* Tennessee Johnson (1942)

Family|

* Eliza McCardle Johnson (wife)
* Martha Johnson Patterson (daughter)
* David T. Patterson (son-in-law)
* Charles Johnson (son)
* Mary Johnson Stover (daughter)
* Daniel Stover (son-in-law)
* Robert Johnson (son)
* Frank Johnson (son)

Slaves|

* Andrew Johnson and slavery
* Henry Brown
* Elizabeth J. Forby
* Dolly Johnson
* Henry Johnson
* Sam Johnson
* William A. Johnson
* Florence J. Smith

Related|

* Bibliography of Andrew Johnson
* Alcoholism debate
* Mrs. Harold
* Ledger-removal allegation
* Buell Commission records
* Treason must be made odious

* ← Abraham Lincoln
* Ulysses S. Grant →

* ← Hannibal Hamlin
* Schuyler Colfax →

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Federal impeachment in the United States

Federal impeachment in the United States • Federal impeachment trial in the United States
Article I of the United States Constitution (Impeachment Clause · Trial of Impeachment Clause)

Formal impeachments|

| Presidents|

* Andrew Johnson
* first inquiry
* second inquiry
* impeachment
* trial
* articles of impeachment
* impeachment managers investigation
* timeline
* Bill Clinton
* inquiry
* impeachment
* trial
* Donald Trump
* resolutions
* inquiry
* first impeachment
* first trial
* second impeachment
* second trial
* proposed expungements

|

Supreme Court Justice|

* Samuel Chase
* impeachment and trial

Other judges|

* John Pickering
* James H. Peck
* West Hughes Humphreys
* Mark W. Delahay
* Charles Swayne
* Robert W. Archbald
* George W. English
* Harold Louderback
* Halsted L. Ritter
* Harry E. Claiborne
* Alcee Hastings
* Walter Nixon
* Samuel B. Kent
* Thomas Porteous

Members of Cabinet|

* William W. Belknap
* Alejandro Mayorkas (impeachment and trial)

Congressperson|

* William Blount

Efforts to impeach|

| Presidents|

* List of efforts
* Buchanan
* A. Johnson
* Nixon
* Clinton
* G. W. Bush
* Obama
* Trump
* Biden

|

Other|

* Vice presidents
* Cheney
* Unsuccessful efforts to impeach federal officials

Impeachment inquiries|

* Officials
* Judges
* Samuel Chase
* House Judiciary Task Force on Judicial Impeachment
* Presidents
* Buchanan
* A. Johnson 1st
* A. Johnson 2nd
* Clinton
* Nixon
* Trump
* Biden

In bold, impeachments leading to conviction. In italics, impeachments or attempts leading to resignation.

* v
* t
* e

Reconstruction era

Participants|

Federal government

* Presidents
* Abraham Lincoln
* Andrew Johnson
* Ulysses S. Grant
* Rutherford B. Hayes

* Congress
* 38
* 39
* 40
* 41
* 42
* 43
* 44
* 45
* Radical Republicans
* Moderate Republicans
* Conservative Republicans
* African-American senators
* African-American representatives
* Reconstruction Amendments
* United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction
* United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction

* Federal judiciary
* Taney Court
* Chase Court
* Waite Court

* Federal bureaucracy
* Edwin Stanton
* Freedmen's Bureau
* Justice Department

|

State governments

* Southern United States
* Confederate States of America

Others|

* African Americans
* Free people of color
* Freedman
* Politicians
* Carpetbaggers
* Ku Klux Klan
* Scalawag
* Redeemers
* White League
* Red Shirts
* Democratic Party
* Bourbon Democrat
* Horatio Seymour
* Samuel J. Tilden
* Republican Party
* Stalwarts
* Charles Sumner
* Thaddeus Stevens
* Lyman Trumbull
* Benjamin Wade
* John Bingham
* James Mitchell Ashley
* Freedman's Savings Bank
* Women during the Reconstruction era

Elections|

Presidential

* 1864
* DNC
* National Union Convention
* Radical Democracy Party

* 1868
* DNC
* RNC

* 1872
* DNC
* RNC
* Liberal Republican Party
* Straight-Out Democratic Party
* Victoria Woodhull

* 1876
* DNC
* RNC
* Greenback Convention
* Prohibition Convention
* Electoral Commission
* Compromise of 1877

|

U.S. Senate|

* 1864–65
* 1866–67
* 1868–69
* 1870–71
* 1872–73
* 1874–75
* 1876–77

U.S. House|

* 1864–65
* 1866–67
* 1868–69
* 1870–71
* 1872–73
* 1874–75
* 1876–77

Gubernatorial|

* 1863
* Alabama
* California
* Connecticut
* Kentucky
* Massachusetts
* Minnesota
* New Hampshire
* Ohio
* Pennsylvania
* Virginia
* Vermont
* Wisconsin
* West Virginia

* 1864
* Connecticut
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Louisiana
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Missouri
* New Hampshire
* Vermont
* West Virginia

* 1865
* Connecticut
* Florida
* Louisiana
* Massachusetts
* Minnesota
* New Jersey
* Ohio
* South Carolina
* Vermont
* Wisconsin

* 1866
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Massachusetts
* Maine
* Michigan
* North Carolina
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Texas
* Vermont
* West Virginia

* 1867
* California
* Connecticut
* Massachusetts
* Maryland
* Maine
* Minnesota
* Ohio
* Vermont
* Wisconsin

* 1868
* Alabama
* Connecticut
* Florida
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Louisiana
* Massachusetts
* Maine
* Michigan
* Missouri
* North Carolina
* New Jersey
* South Carolina
* Vermont
* West Virginia

* 1869
* Connecticut
* Iowa
* Massachusetts
* Maine
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Ohio
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* Virginia
* Vermont
* Wisconsin

* 1870
* Alabama
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Massachusetts
* Maine
* Michigan
* Missouri
* Oregon
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* Vermont
* West Virginia

* 1871
* California
* Connecticut
* Iowa
* Kentucky
* Massachusetts
* Maryland
* Maine
* Minnesota
* New Jersey
* Ohio
* Rhode Island
* Wisconsin

* 1872
* Alabama
* Connecticut
* Florida
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Louisiana
* Massachusetts
* Maine
* Michigan
* Missouri
* North Carolina
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* Vermont
* West Virginia

* 1873
* Connecticut
* Iowa
* Massachusetts
* Maine
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Ohio
* Texas
* Virginia
* Wisconsin

* 1874
* Alabama
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Kansas
* Massachusetts
* Maine
* Michigan
* Missouri
* New Jersey
* Nevada
* Oregon
* South Carolina
* Vermont

* 1875
* California
* Connecticut
* Iowa
* Kentucky
* Massachusetts
* Maryland
* Maine
* Minnesota
* Ohio
* Ohio
* Wisconsin

* 1876
* Alabama
* Colorado
* Connecticut April
* Connecticut November
* Florida
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Kansas
* Louisiana
* Massachusetts
* Maine
* Michigan
* Missouri
* North Carolina
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* Vermont
* West Virginia

U.S. elections|

* 1864
* 1866
* 1868
* 1870
* 1872
* 1874
* 1876

Key events|

| Prelude|

* American Indian Wars
* Slavery in the United States
* A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
* The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (1838)
* Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1839)
* Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
* National Women's Rights Convention (1850)
* American Civil War
* Confiscation Act of 1861
* Confiscation Act of 1862
* District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act (1862)
* Militia Act of 1862

|

1863|

* Emancipation Proclamation
* General Order No. 143
* Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
* Ten percent plan
* National Bank Act
* Women's Loyal National League
* New York City draft riots
* 1863 State of the Union Address

1864|

* Wade–Davis Bill
* 1864 elections
* 1864 State of the Union Address

1865|

* 13th Amendment
* Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
* Address
* Black Codes
* Special Field Orders No. 15
* Freedmen's Bureau
* Freedmen's Bureau bills
* Confederates surrender at Appomattox
* Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
* Shaw University
* New Departure
* 1865 State of the Union Address
* Founding of the Ku Klux Klan

1866|

* Civil Rights Act of 1866
* Memphis massacre of 1866
* New Orleans Massacre of 1866
* Swing Around the Circle
* Southern Homestead Act of 1866
* Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866
* Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866
* Tennessee readmitted to Union
* Petition for Universal Freedom
* National Labor Union
* Ex parte Garland
* Ex parte Milligan
* Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866

* 1866 elections

1867|

* Tenure of Office Act
* Command of Army Act
* Indian Peace Commission
* Knights of the White Camelia
* Pulaski riot
* Reconstruction Acts
* Reconstruction military districts
* Constitutional conventions of 1867
* Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
* Peonage Act of 1867
* First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
* 1867 State of the Union Address

1868|

* 14th Amendment
* Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
* Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
* Timeline
* Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
* Impeachment managers investigation
* Articles of impeachment
* Arkansas readmitted to Union
* Florida readmitted to Union
* North Carolina readmitted to Union
* South Carolina readmitted to Union
* Louisiana readmitted to Union
* Alabama readmitted to Union
* Opelousas massacre
* Fourth Reconstruction Act
* Georgia v. Stanton
* 1868 elections
* 1868 State of the Union Address

1869|

* National Woman Suffrage Association
* American Woman Suffrage Association
* Alabama Claims
* Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
* Board of Indian Commissioners
* Public Credit Act of 1869
* Black Friday (1869)
* Ex parte McCardle
* First transcontinental railroad
* 1869 State of the Union Address

1870|

* 15th Amendment
* Enforcement Act of 1870
* Justice Department
* Naturalization Act of 1870
* Kirk–Holden war
* Shoffner Act
* 1870 elections
* 1870 State of the Union Address

1871|

* Ku Klux Klan hearings
* Second Enforcement Act
* Ku Klux Klan Act
* Alcorn State University
* Meridian race riot of 1871
* Treaty of Washington
* New York custom house ring
* Civil service commission
* United States expedition to Korea
* 1871 State of the Union Address

1872|

* General Mining Act of 1872
* Crédit Mobilier scandal
* Modoc War
* Star Route scandal
* Salary Grab Act
* Amnesty Act
* 1872 elections
* 1872 State of the Union Address

1873|

* Panic of 1873
* Colfax massacre
* Timber Culture Act
* Slaughter-House Cases
* Virginius Affair
* Coinage Act of 1873
* Long Depression
* Comstock laws
* 1873 State of the Union Address

1874|

* Brooks–Baxter War
* Battle of Liberty Place
* Coushatta massacre
* Red River War
* Timber Culture Act
* White League
* Election Massacre of 1874
* Vicksburg massacre
* Black Hills Gold Rush
* Sanborn incident
* Anti-Moiety Acts
* 1874 elections
* 1874 State of the Union Address

1875|

* United States v. Cruikshank
* Civil Rights Act of 1875
* Red Shirts
* Mississippi Plan
* Clifton Riot of 1875
* Yazoo City Riot of 1875
* Specie Payment Resumption Act
* Whiskey Ring
* Wheeler Compromise
* Delano affair
* Pratt & Boyd
* 1875 State of the Union Address

1876|

* Hamburg massacre
* South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
* Ellenton massacre
* Great Sioux War of 1876
* Battle of the Little Bighorn
* United States v. Reese
* Trader post scandal
* Centennial Exposition
* Cattellism
* Safe burglary conspiracy
* 1876 elections
* 1876 State of the Union Address

1877|

* Electoral Commission
* Compromise of 1877
* Nez Perce War
* Desert Land Act
* Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Aftermath|

* Posse Comitatus Act (1878)
* Civil Rights Cases (1883)
* United States v. Harris (1883)
* Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
* Williams v. Mississippi (1898)
* Wilmington insurrection of 1898
* Giles v. Harris (1903)
* Disenfranchisement

Aspects|

| Historiography|

* Bibliography of the Reconstruction era
* James Shepherd Pike
* The Prostrate State (1874)
* James Bryce
* The American Commonwealth (1888)
* Claude G. Bowers
* The Tragic Era (1929)
* Columbia University
* John Burgess
* Walter Lynwood Fleming
* Dunning School
* William Archibald Dunning
* Charles A. Beard
* Howard K. Beale
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Black Reconstruction in America (1935)
* C. Vann Woodward
* Joel Williamson
* William R. Brock
* The American Crisis (1963)
* John Hope Franklin
* From Slavery to Freedom (1947)
* After Slavery (1965)
* Leon Litwack
* Been in the Storm So Long (1979)
* Eric Foner
* Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988)
* Kenneth M. Stampp
* Steven Hahn
* A Nation Under Our Feet (2003)
* The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (2019)

|

Memory|

* Winslow Homer
* A Visit from the Old Mistress (1876)
* Thomas Dixon Jr.
* The Leopard's Spots (1902)
* The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (1905)
* D. W. Griffith
* The Birth of a Nation (1915)
* United Daughters of the Confederacy
* Gone with the Wind (1939)
* David W. Blight
* Race and Reunion (2001)

Legacy|

* Women's suffrage in the United States
* Labor history of the United States
* Gilded Age
* Jim Crow era
* Civil rights movement
* American frontier

Other topics|

* African American founding fathers of the United States
* Forty acres and a mule
* Habeas corpus
* History of the United States (1865–1917)
* Paramilitary
* Race (human categorization)
* Reconstruction Treaties
* Suffrage
* Technological and industrial history of the United States
* White supremacy
* Whitecapping

* Category

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template