Imperial Guard Artillery (First Empire)

Imperial Guard Artillery

Imperial Guard horse artillery taking up position, by Alphonse Lalauze. On the right, an officer in full "hussard" regalia, on the left, postilions of the train.

Active| 1806-1815
Country| France
Allegiance| First French Empire
Branch| Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)
Type| Horse regiment, Foot regiment, Artillery train
Role| Artillery
Engagements| Napoleonic Wars
Commanders
Current
commander| Jean Ambroise Baston de Lariboisière , Joseph Christophe Couin, Jean-Barthélemot Sorbier , Charles François Dulauloy, Jean-Jacques Desvaux de Saint-Maurice

Military unit

The Imperial Guard Artillery was made up of the organic units of Napoleon I's Imperial Guard. It comprised a regiment of horse artillery, regiments of foot artillery and a train service responsible for supplying guns with powder and ammunition.

From its creation until 1813, the Guard artillery was commanded by Marshal Mortier, Duc de Treviso, and from November 1813, by Marshal Suchet, Duc d'Albuféra.

Foot gunner and mounted artillery officer, drawing by Lacoste.

## Consular Guard[edit]

The Consular Guard was created by Bonaparte on November 28, 1799, through the amalgamation of various units charged with protecting republican institutions and bodies. It was an "inter-army" corps made up of infantry, cavalry and artillery - in this case, a mounted artillery company of around 100 men drawn from the guides to which it was attached.

In Year XII, the artillery of the Garde Consulaire, under the command of Brigadier General Nicolas Marie Songis des Courbons, included a squadron under Colonel Joseph Christophe Couin, a train under Captain Edmé Devarenne[1] and a park[2].

## The Imperial Guard[edit]

By decree dated Floreal 28, Year XII (May 18, 1804), the former horse artillery company of the Garde Consulaire became the horse artillery regiment of the Imperial Guard, retaining its inter-army character but with considerably increased numbers. Couin remained its artillery commander until he was replaced in 1807 by Jean Ambroise Baston de Lariboisière.

### Horse artillery[edit]

Napoleon giving instructions to the horse artillerymen of the Guard at the Battle of Montmirail.

Heir to the compagnie d'artillerie à cheval de la Garde consulaire, the horse artillery regiment of the Imperial Guard was considered the elite of Napoleon's artillery, and took part in all the campaigns and battles of the Empire's Wars. At the Battle of Wagram, the Garde's horse artillery suffered far more casualties than the foot artillery. Decimated during the retreat from Russia, it was quickly reconstituted. Finally, during the final phase of the Battle of Waterloo, the last major battle of the Napoleonic Wars, the horse artillery took part with four batteries in the attack on the Imperial Guard on the Mont-Saint-Jean plateau.

Trained as an artilleryman, Napoleon placed himself at the head of his guns on several occasions. During the French campaign of 1814, he personally directed the firing of the batteries at the battle of Montmirail[3] and then Montereau[4]. On June 17, 1815, after the Battle of Quatre Bras, he personally led the mounted batteries in pursuit of the British troops retreating to Brussels[5].

### Dismounted artillery[edit]

By imperial decree of April 17, 1808, four companies of foot artillery were incorporated into the artillery of the Guard. These were increased to eight in 1810, and to nine in 1812, all organized into a regiment. On October 11, 1811, Napoleon defined the regiment as part of the Old Guard.

The following year, a second regiment was created and attached to the Jeune Garde.

On May 13, 1814, after Napoleon I's first abdication, the foot artillery of the Imperial Guard was disbanded, but on April 1, 1815, after Napoleon I's return, the foot artillery regiment of the Imperial Guard was reconstituted, albeit with only six companies.

It took part in the Belgian campaign, and was present at the battles of Ligny and Waterloo. On July 16, 1815, following Napoleon I's second abdication, the regiment was definitively disbanded. It was replaced by the foot artillery regiment of the Royal Guard during the Second Restoration, under royal orders dated September 1 and 14, 1815.

Foot artilleryman and Guards artillery train after Hippolyte Bellangé.

To be admitted to this elite corps, one had to be a graduate of the artillerie de ligne, have six years' service and be 5 feet 5 inches (1.76 m) tall[6].

### Train[edit]

The artillery train comprised six companies forming a battalion in 1806. This was increased to eight companies in 1812. During the Hundred Days, the train was reorganized into a squadron of eight companies[7].

## Equipment[edit]

Since the late 1770s, French artillery had been organized according to the system developed by Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. In 1803, following studies carried out by the "Artillery Committee", which he had set up on December 29, 1801 and chaired by General François Marie d'Aboville, Napoleon decided to simplify the Gribeauval system by limiting the number of calibers used[8].

### Horse artillery[edit]

In 1815, the horse artillery fielded four companies, each equipped with four six-pounders and two howitzers.

#### Dismounted artillery[edit]

## Command[edit]

Foot gunners serving a 12-pound gun.

#### Colonel General[edit]

The Colonel General of the artillery and sailors was Marshal Mortier, Duc de Trévise, and from November 1813, General Suchet, Duc d'Albuféra[9].

### Colonel Commanders and Major Commanders[edit]

The Guard artillery was placed under the command of a division general, who held the title of colonel commandant; the horse artillery, the foot artillery of the Old Guard (created in 1808), the Young Guard (created in 1813) and the artillery train regiment were each placed under the command of a brigadier general (or colonel), who held the title of major commandant[10].

On March 9, 1806, Colonel Couin was promoted to brigadier general commanding the Guard artillery. On January 3, 1807, he was promoted to second colonel, with de Lariboisière, made division general the same day by the Emperor, replacing him in command of the corps. In 1811, General de Sorbier succeeded Lariboisière.

On December 15, 1808, Antoine Drouot was appointed by the Emperor to command the foot artillery regiment, which he reorganized the following year.

In 1813, the artillery of the Guard was commanded by Major General Dulauloy (who replaced de Sorbier); the horse artillery by Brigadier General Desvaux; the foot artillery of the Old Guard by Colonel Griois; the foot artillery of the Young Guard by Colonel Henrion; and the train regiment by Colonel de Lignim[10].

During the Belgian campaign of 1815, the artillery of the Guard was under the command of General Desvaux, who was killed during the Battle of Waterloo; the horse artillery was under the command of Duchand de Sancey, and the foot artillery was under the command of Lallemand[11].

## Battles and officer losses[edit]

* May 22, 1809: Essling - battalion commander Boulard and 1 officer wounded
* July 6, 1809: Wagram - 1 officer killed, 1 officer mortally wounded and 6 others wounded - colonel Drouot and battalion chief Boulard were wounded
* September 5, 1812: Battle of Schewardino - 2 officers wounded
* September 7, 1812: Borodino - 1 officer killed, 1 mortally wounded and 8 others wounded
* November 16 and 17, 1812: Krasnoye - 3 officers mortally wounded and 1 other wounded
* November 28, 1812: Berezina - 2 officers wounded
* December 9 - 10 - 11, 1812: Vilna - 3 officers mortally wounded
* May 2, 1813: Lützen - 2 officers killed and 1 wounded
* May 11, 1813: Elbe crossing - battalion commander D'Hautpoul wounded
* August 26, 1813: Dresden - 1 officer wounded
* October 16, 1813: Leipzig - 2 officers killed, 2 officers mortally wounded and 2 others wounded
* January 24, 1814: Bar-sur-Aube - 1 officer wounded
* February 1, 1814: La Rothière - 1 officer wounded
* February 11, 1814: Montmirail - 2 officers wounded
* March 7, 1814: Craonne - 2 officers wounded
* March 13, 1814: Capture of Reims - 1 officer wounded
* March 30, 1814: Paris - 1 officer mortally wounded and 4 others wounded
* June 18, 1815: Waterloo - 1 officer killed, 2 officers mortally wounded and 5 others wounded - battalion commander Raoul is wounded[12]

## Bibliography[edit]

* Palasne de Champeaux, Antoine Julien Pierre (1804). État militaire de la République française pour l'an douze.
* Mané, Diégo (2014). Les régiments d’artillerie de la Garde impériale sous le Premier Empire (1804-1815). Lyon.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Funcken, Liliane; Funcken, Fred (1969). Les uniformes et les armes des soldats du Premier Empire : de la garde impériale aux troupes alliées, suédoises, autrichiennes et russes. Casterman. ISBN 978-2-203-14306-7.
* Boudon, Jacques-Olivier (2014). Napoléon et la campagne de France : 1814 (published 368).
* Lachouque, Henry (1972). Waterloo 1815. Éditions Stock.

### References[edit]

1. ^ "DEVARENNE - Capitaine - Train d'artillerie - GARDE IMPÉRIALE". lesapn.forumactif.fr (in French). Retrieved 2024-04-08.
2. ^ Champeaux, Antoine Julien Pierre Palasne de (1804). État militaire de la République franc̜aise: pour l'an dix [et l'an onze et l'an douze] ... (in French). Chez l'auteur.
3. ^ Boudon (2014, p. 5)
4. ^ "La bataille de Montereau". gustavemar.free.fr. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
5. ^ de Pontécoulant, Gustave (1866). Souvenirs militaires. Napoléon à Waterloo, ou précis rectifié de la campagne de 1815. p. 180.
6. ^ Funcken, Liliane; Funcken, Fred (1969). L'uniforme et les armes des soldats du Premier Empire - Tome 2 "de la garde impériale aux troupes alliées, suédoises, autrichiennes et russes.
7. ^ Funcken & Funcken (1969, p. 54) harvtxt error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFFunckenFuncken1969 (help)
8. ^ "L'artillerie de la Grande Armée de Napoléon". www.histoire-pour-tous.fr (in French). 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
9. ^ Fieffé, Eugène (1859). Napoléon Ier et la garde impériale (in French). Furne.
10. ^ a b Fieffé, Eugène (1859). Napoléon Ier et la garde impériale (in French). Furne.
11. ^ Lachouque (1972, p. 53)
12. ^ Digby Smith (2000) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFDigby_Smith2000 (help)