Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

UNESCO World Heritage Site in People's Republic of China

Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing DynastiesUNESCO World Heritage Site

Location| People's Republic of China
Criteria| Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)
Reference| 1004ter
Inscription| 2000 (24th Session)
Extensions| 2003, 2004
Area| 3,434.9 ha (13.262 sq mi)

Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (simplified Chinese: 明清皇家陵寝; traditional Chinese: 明清皇家陵寢; pinyin: Míng Qīng Huángjiā Língqǐn) is the designation under which the UNESCO has included several tombs and burial complexes in the list of World Heritage Sites. These tombs date from the Ming and Qing dynasties of China.

Tombs were included in the list in 2000, 2003 and 2004. Three Imperial tombs in Liaoning Province, all built in the 17th century, were added in 2004: the Yongling tomb, the Fuling tomb and the Zhaoling tomb were constructed for the founding emperors of the Qing dynasty and their ancestors. These tombs feature rich decoration of stone statues and carvings and tiles with dragon motifs, illustrating the development of the funerary architecture of the Qing dynasty. The three tomb complexes, and their numerous edifices, combine traditions inherited from previous dynasties and new features of Manchu culture.[1]

## Ming Tombs

[edit]

Main articles: Ming Tombs and Ming Xiaoling

Hongwu Emperor, the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, made major reforms to the mausoleum. He changed the mounds on the ground from the previous bucket-shaped square to round or oblong, canceled the palace, and enlarged the temple building. The Qing dynasty followed the Ming dynasty system, paying more attention to the combination of the cemetery and the surrounding mountains and rivers, paying attention to the order of the buried people, and forming the matching sequence of the emperor and concubine tombs, and the sacrificial system was more perfect and reasonable.[1] There are 13 tombs in the Ming tombs site near Beijing, but other Ming dynasty tombs are also part of the World Heritage Sites. For example, the Xianling Tomb, located in Hubei Province, was constructed for the 12th emperor of the Ming dynasty from 1519 to 1566. [2]

## Qing Tombs

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Main articles: Eastern Qing Tombs and Western Qing Tombs

In traditional China, the veneration of the dead is very important. After the first emperor of the Qing dynasty conquered the Ming dynasty, he choose to build Qing tombs with the Ming tombs, to assure his new subjects that the traditions of the Han Chinese would still be respected. In addition, the first emperor of the Qing dynasty believed the concept of 'Mandate of Heaven', this is also one of the reasons that he choose to build around the Ming Tombs.

As a feudal ruler, he treated it as an important work related to the prosperity and decline of the country and the length of the emperor's fortune. This concept was pushed to its peak. In the site selection and planning and design of the tomb, the traditional Chinese Feng Shui theory was fully used, and the cosmology of "the harmony between man and nature" was embodied, and the human spirit was cast in nature, creating a lofty, great and eternal Immortal imagery. In terms of the scale and quality of the building, it strives to be magnificent, spectacular and exquisite, in order to embody the idea of the supremacy of imperial power, show off the imperial style and majesty, and become the symbol of the materialization of imperial power.[1]

The Three Tombs of ShengJing ( Chinese: 盛京三陵; pinyin: Shèng Jīng Sān Líng) are the ancestors' tombs that created the foundation of the Manchu and Qing imperial family. The shape of the tombs of the three tombs is imitated as illuminated mausoleums with strong stylized features, which influenced the construction of the tombs of the Qing dynasty after entering the Pass. The three tombs of Shengjing plus the Eastern Tombs of the Qing dynasty and the Western Tombs of the Qing dynasty, constitute a group of Qing imperial tombs, condensing the history of the Qing dynasty.

## Properties included in the World Heritage Site

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WHS No. 1004ter includes the following individual tombs and tomb groups:

Serial ID No. | Tomb or group | Province | Location | Coordinates | Area (m²) | Buffer (m²) | Year inscribed

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1004-001 | Xianling Tomb | Hubei | Zhongxiang | 31°01′N 112°39′E﻿ / ﻿31.017°N 112.650°E﻿ / 31.017; 112.650 | 876,000 | 2,264,000 | 2000
1004-002 | Eastern Qing Tombs | Hebei | Zunhua | 41°11′N 117°38′E﻿ / ﻿41.183°N 117.633°E﻿ / 41.183; 117.633 | 2,240,000 | 78,000,000 | 2000
1004-003 | Western Qing Tombs | Hebei | Yi County | 39°20′N 115°13′E﻿ / ﻿39.333°N 115.217°E﻿ / 39.333; 115.217 | 18,420,000 | 47,580,000 | 2000
1004-004 | Ming Tombs | Beijing | Changping District | 40°16′10″N 116°14′40″E﻿ / ﻿40.26944°N 116.24444°E﻿ / 40.26944; 116.24444 | 8,230,000 | 81,000,000 | 2003
1004-005 | Xiaoling Tomb | Jiangsu | Nanjing | 32°03′37″N 118°50′04″E﻿ / ﻿32.06028°N 118.83444°E﻿ / 32.06028; 118.83444 | 1,160,000 | 1,800,000 | 2003
1004-006 | Tomb of Chang Yuchun | Jiangsu | Nanjing | 32°03′44″N 118°49′54″E﻿ / ﻿32.06222°N 118.83167°E﻿ / 32.06222; 118.83167 | 9,800 |  | 2003
1004-007 | Tomb of Qiu Cheng | Jiangsu | Nanjing | 32°03′51″N 118°49′59″E﻿ / ﻿32.06417°N 118.83306°E﻿ / 32.06417; 118.83306 | 5,500 |  | 2003
1004-008 | Tomb of Wu Liang | Jiangsu | Nanjing | 32°04′00″N 118°49′51″E﻿ / ﻿32.06667°N 118.83083°E﻿ / 32.06667; 118.83083 | 4,000 | 1,800,000 | 2003
1004-009 | Tomb of Wu Zhen | Jiangsu | Nanjing | 32°04′05″N 118°49′57″E﻿ / ﻿32.06806°N 118.83250°E﻿ / 32.06806; 118.83250 | 3,500 |  | 2003
1004-010 | Tomb of Xu Da | Jiangsu | Nanjing | 32°04′30″N 118°50′06″E﻿ / ﻿32.07500°N 118.83500°E﻿ / 32.07500; 118.83500 | 8,500 |  | 2003
1004-011 | Tomb of Li Wenzhong | Jiangsu | Nanjing | 32°04′47″N 118°50′23″E﻿ / ﻿32.07972°N 118.83972°E﻿ / 32.07972; 118.83972 | 8,700 |  | 2003
1004-012 | Yongling Tomb of the Qing dynasty | Liaoning | Fushun | 41°42′36.4″N 124°48′08.8″E﻿ / ﻿41.710111°N 124.802444°E﻿ / 41.710111; 124.802444 | 2,365,900 | 13,439,400 | 2004
1004-013 | Fuling Tomb of the Qing dynasty | Liaoning | Shenyang | 41°49′48.0″N 123°35′26.0″E﻿ / ﻿41.830000°N 123.590556°E﻿ / 41.830000; 123.590556 | 538,600 | 7,023,600 | 2004
1004-014 | Zhaoling Tomb of the Qing dynasty | Liaoning | Shenyang | 41°51′09.1″N 123°25′39.0″E﻿ / ﻿41.852528°N 123.427500°E﻿ / 41.852528; 123.427500 | 478,900 | 3,187,400 | 2004
Total |  |  |  |  | 34,379,400 | 234,294,400 |

## Other Imperial tombs

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The UNESCO World Heritage Site does not include the mausoleum complexes which the Hongwu Emperor built for his ancestors:

* Ming Huangling, the tomb of his parents Zhu Wusi and Lady Chen in Fengyang, Anhui
* Ming Zuling, the tomb of his grandfather, great-grandfather, and great-great-grandfather in Xuyi, Jiangsu

## See also

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* Chinese burial & fengshui
* Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor, a supposed tomb in Huangling, Shaanxi
* Mausoleum of the First Emperor, the tomb of Shi Huangdi in Xi'an, Shaanxi
* Han Changling, the tomb of the first Han emperor in Weicheng, Shaanxi
* Persia's Naqsh-e Rustam, Peru's Sacred Valley, Mongolia's Tomb of Genghis Khan, Egypt's Valley of the Kings, and Tibet's Valley of the Kings

## References

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1. ^ a b c "Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 10 Apr 2021.
2. ^ "Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (PDF). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. The State Administration of Cultural Heritage of the People's Republic of China.

## External links

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* Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties on the World Heritage Sites website
* Advisory Body Evaluation (for the Liaoning Tombs, January 22, 2003)
* Original Decision Document (October 29, 2004 - see p. 38, 39)
* Locational Information: Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (for the sites listed in 2000 and 2003)

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East|

* Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City
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* Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains
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* Chengjiang Fossil Site
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* Mount Wutai
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* Forbidden City
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* Ancient City of Pingyao
* Summer Palace
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* Beijing Central Axis

Northeast|

* Koguryo sites
* Mukden Palace

Northwestern|

* Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
* Mogao Caves
* Xinjiang Tianshan
* Qinghai Hoh Xil

Multiple regions|

* Great Wall
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* Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
* South China Karst
* Grand Canal
* Silk Roads
* Tusi Sites
* Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of Yellow Sea–Bohai Sea of China
* Badain Jaran Desert

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