In situ

Latin phrase that translates literally to 'on site'

Not to be confused with Insitu, Inc..

In situ[a] is a Latin phrase meaning 'in place' or 'on site', derived from in ('in') and situ (ablative of situs, lit. 'place').[3] The term refers to the examination or occurrence of a process within its original context, without relocation. The term is widely used across disciplines to denote methods, observations, or interventions carried out in their natural or intended environment. By contrast, ex situ methods involve the removal or displacement of materials, specimens, or processes for study, preservation, or modification in a controlled setting, often at the cost of contextual integrity. The earliest known use of in situ in the English language dates back to the mid-17th century. In scientific literature, its usage increased from the late 19th century onward, initially in medicine and engineering.

The natural sciences use in situ methods to study phenomena in their original context. In geology, field analysis of soil composition and rock formations provides direct insights into Earth's processes. Biological field research observes organisms in their natural habitats, revealing behaviors and ecological interactions that cannot be replicated in a laboratory. In chemistry and experimental physics, in situ techniques allow scientists to observe substances and reactions as they occur, capturing dynamic processes in real time.

In situ methods have applications in many fields of applied science. In the aerospace industry, in situ inspection protocols and monitoring systems assess operational performance without disrupting functionality. Environmental science employs in situ ecosystem monitoring to collect accurate data without artificial interference. In medicine, particularly oncology, in situ refers to early-stage cancers that remain confined to their point of origin. This classification, indicating no invasion of surrounding tissues, plays a crucial role in determining treatment plans and prognosis. Space exploration relies on in situ research methods to conduct direct observational studies and data collection on celestial bodies, avoiding the challenges of sample-return missions.

In the humanities, in situ methodologies preserve contextual authenticity. Archaeology maintains the spatial relationships and environmental conditions of artifacts at excavation sites, allowing for more accurate historical interpretation. In art theory and practice, the in situ principle informs both creation and exhibition. Site-specific artworks, such as environmental sculptures or architectural installations, are designed to integrate seamlessly with their surroundings, emphasizing the relationship between artistic expression and its cultural or environmental context.

## History

[edit]

The term in situ is not found in Classical Latin. Its earliest recorded use is in Late Latin during the 4th century, with the first known instance by Augustine of Hippo. The term became widely used in Medieval Latin.[4]: 1536 The term's earliest known use in the English language dates back to the mid-17th century. The Oxford English Dictionary cites its first appearance in 1648 in the writings of William Molins, author of the anatomical text Myskotomia.[1] The usage of in situ in scientific literature increased from the late 19th century onward, initially in medicine and engineering, including geological surveys and petroleum extraction. During this period, the term described analyses conducted within the living human body or inside oil wells, among other applications.[4]: 1534 The compound term carcinoma in situ, denoting abnormal cells that remain confined to their site of origin without invading surrounding tissue, was first used in 1932 by U.S. surgical pathologist Albert C. Broders.[5]

The concept of in situ in contemporary art emerged as a framework in the late 1960s and 1970s, referring to artworks created specifically for a particular space.[6]: 160–162 By the mid-1980s, in situ was adopted in materials science, particularly in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, where a catalyst in one phase facilitates a chemical reaction in a different phase. Its usage later expanded beyond catalysis and is now applied across various disciplines within materials science.[4]: 1534 As of August 2022[update], the term in situ had been used in more than 910,000 scientific publications since 1874, while ex situ had appeared in over 29,000 scientific publications since 1958.[4]: 1535 In situ remains one of the most widely used and versatile Latin terms in contemporary medical discourse.[7]

## Applications

[edit]

### Natural sciences

[edit]

#### Astronomy

[edit]

In astronomy, in situ measurement involves collecting data directly at or near a celestial object using spacecraft or instruments physically present at the location.[8] For example, the Parker Solar Probe conducts in situ studies of Sun's atmosphere,[9] while the Cassini–Huygens mission similarly analyzed Saturn's magnetosphere.[10] In situ formation refers to astronomical objects that formed at their current locations without significant migration. Some theories propose that planets, such as Earth, formed in their present orbits rather than moving from elsewhere. Star clusters may form within their host galaxy, rather than being accreted from external sources.[11][12]

#### Biology

[edit]

Further information: In situ hybridization

Gene expression of collagen in Iberian ribbed newt, via HCR RNA-FISH (Hybridization Chain Reaction RNA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization)

In cell biology, in situ techniques allow the examination of cells or tissues within their native environment, preserving their natural structure and context. These approaches contrast with techniques requiring the extraction or isolation of cellular components. One example is in situ hybridization (ISH), a technique designed to identify and localize specific nucleic acid sequences within intact cells or tissue sections. ISH employs labeled probes, which are strands of nucleic acids engineered to bind selectively to target sequences. These probes are tagged with detectable markers, such as fluorophores or radioactive isotopes, enabling visualization of the precise spatial distribution of the targeted DNA or RNA. By maintaining the structural integrity of the sample, the technique facilitates mapping of genetic material within its original cellular or tissue framework.[13][14]

In biological field research, the term in situ refers to the study of living organisms within their natural habitat. This includes collecting biological samples, conducting experiments, measuring abiotic factors, and documenting ecological or behavioral observations without relocating the subject.[15][16]

#### Chemistry

[edit]

In organic chemistry, in situ refers to processes that take place within the reaction mixture without isolating intermediates. This approach is useful for handling unstable compounds that decompose rapidly, and enhances laboratory safety by eliminating the need to isolate potentially hazardous intermediates. In one-pot synthetic sequences, in situ work-up modifications enable multiple reaction steps to proceed within a single vessel, reducing exposure to unstable or hazardous substances, such as azide intermediates,[b] which may pose safety risks if isolated.[19]: 872 Another example is the Corey–Chaykovsky reagent, a sulfur ylide, is generated in situ by deprotonating sulfonium halides with a strong base.[20][21] This approach is used because unstablized sulfur ylides are highly reactive. If isolated, the ylide could decompose or lose reactivity, making its direct generation and use in the reaction mixture more practical.[22]

Analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry facilitate real-time monitoring of in situ reactions. These methods enable researchers to detect short-lived substances that form during a reaction, such as intermediates that might not be stable enough to isolate, and adjust conditions to improve the process—all without disturbing the reaction itself.[23][24][25]

In electrochemistry, in situ experiments are performed under the normal operating conditions of an electrochemical cell, with the electrode maintained at a controlled potential (typically by a potentiostat).[26] By contrast, ex situ experiments occur outside those operating conditions, usually without potential control—for example, after the electrode has been removed from the cell or left at open-circuit. Maintaining potential control in in situ measurements preserves the electrochemical environment at the electrode–electrolyte interface, ensuring that the double layer and ongoing electron-transfer reactions remain intact at a given electrode potential.[26][27][28]

### Applied sciences

[edit]

#### Aerospace engineering

[edit]

In aerospace structural health monitoring, in situ inspection involves diagnostic techniques that assess components within their operational environments, avoiding the need for disassembly or service interruptions. The nondestructive testing (NDT) methods commonly used for in situ damage detection include infrared thermography, which measures thermal emissions to identify structural anomalies but is less effective on low-emissivity materials;[29] speckle shearing interferometry (shearography), which analyzes surface deformation patterns but requires carefully controlled environmental conditions;[30] and ultrasonic testing, which uses sound waves to detect internal defects in composite materials but can be time-intensive for large structures.[31] Despite these individual limitations, the integration of these complementary techniques enhances overall diagnostic accuracy.[32]

Another approach involves real-time monitoring using alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) sensor arrays. These systems detect structural degradation, including matrix discontinuities, interlaminar delaminations, and fiber fractures, by analyzing variations in electrical resistance and capacitance within composite laminate structures.[32]

#### Biological and biomedical engineering

[edit]

In biological engineering, in situ describes experimental treatments applied to cells or tissues while they remain intact, rather than using extracts. It also refers to assays or manipulations performed on whole tissues without disrupting their natural structure.[33]: 295–296

In biomedical engineering, in situ polymerization is used to produce protein nanogels, which serve as a versatile platform for the storage and release of therapeutic proteins. This approach has applications in cancer treatment, vaccination, diagnostics, regenerative medicine, and therapies for loss-of-function genetic diseases.[34]

#### Civil engineering

[edit]

In construction engineering, in situ construction refers to building work carried out directly on-site using raw materials, as opposed to prefabrication, where components are manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. In situ concrete is poured at its final location, offering structural stability compared to precast construction.[35]: 117–119 In wall construction, reinforcing bars are assembled first, followed by the installation of formwork to contain the poured concrete. Once the concrete has cured, the formwork is removed, leaving the wall in place.[35]: 117 Prefabrication, by contrast, enhances efficiency by reducing on-site labor and accelerating project timelines, though it requires precise pre-planning and incurs higher manufacturing and transportation costs.[36][37][38]

In geotechnical engineering, the term in situ describes soil in its natural, undisturbed state,[39]: 15 as opposed to fill material, which has been excavated and relocated. The differences between undisturbed soil and fill material affect how well a site can support structures, install underground utilities, and manage water drainage. Proper assessment of soil conditions is necessary to prevent issues such as uneven settling, unstable foundations, and poor water infiltration.[40][41]

#### Computer science

[edit]

In computer science, in situ refers to the use of technology and user interfaces to provide continuous access to situationally relevant information across different locations and contexts.[42][43] Examples include athletes viewing biometric data on smartwatches to improve their performance[44] or a presenter looking at tips on a smart glass to reduce their speaking rate during a speech.[45]

An algorithm is said to be an in situ algorithm, or in-place algorithm, if the extra amount of memory required to execute the algorithm is O(1),[46] that is, does not exceed a constant no matter how large the input. Typically such an algorithm operates on data objects directly in place rather than making copies of them.

For example, heapsort is an in situ sorting algorithm, which sorts the elements of an array in place. Quicksort is an in situ sorting algorithm, but in the worst case it requires linear space on the call stack (this can be reduced to log space). Merge sort is generally not written as an in situ algorithm.

AJAX partial page updates are an example of in situ processing in a web UI/UX context. Web 2.0 introduced AJAX and asynchronous requests, allowing portions of a web page to be updated with new data without requiring a full page reload, unlike the traditional HTML model. More broadly, asynchronous data transfers and background tasks can be considered in situ, as they operate without disrupting the primary user interface and typically notify completion through a callback mechanism.[citation needed]

With big data, in situ data would mean bringing the computation to where data is located, rather than the other way like in traditional RDBMS systems where data is moved to computational space.[47] This is also known as in-situ processing.

#### Earth sciences

[edit]

In Earth sciences, particularly in geomorphology, in situ refers to natural materials or processes occurring at their point of origin without being transported. An example is weathering, in which rocks undergo physical or chemical disintegration in place,[48] in contrast to erosion, which involves the removal and relocation of materials by agents such as wind, water, or ice.[49] Soil formed from the weathering of underlying bedrock is an example of an in situ formation.[50]: 246 In situ measurements, such as those of soil moisture, rock stress, groundwater trends, or radiation levels, are conducted on-site to provide direct data. These measurements are often essential for validating remote sensing data, such as satellite imagery, which is widely used for large-scale environmental monitoring but may require in situ confirmation to ensure accuracy.[51][52][53]

Disassembled CTD device, showing pressure housing, sensor cage, connectors, and internal electronics with sensors for conductivity, temperature, and pressure

In oceanography, in situ observational methods involve direct measurements of oceanic conditions, typically conducted during shipboard surveys. These methods employ specialized instruments, such as the Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) device, which records parameters such as salinity, temperature, pressure, and biogeochemical properties like oxygen saturation.[54] Historically, oceanographers used reversing thermometers, which were inverted at specific depths to trap mercury and preserve temperature readings for subsequent analysis.[55] These instruments have been largely replaced by CTD devices and expendable bathythermographs.[56]

In atmospheric sciences, in situ measurements refer to observations of atmospheric properties obtained using instruments placed within the environment being studied. Aircraft, balloons, and rockets are used to carry some of these instruments, allowing for direct interaction with the air to collect data.[57] For example, radiosondes, carried aloft by weather balloons, measure atmospheric parameters such as temperature, humidity, and pressure as they ascend through the atmosphere,[50]: 396 while anemometers, typically positioned at ground level or on towers, record wind speed and direction at specific locations.[58] In contrast, remote sensing techniques, such as weather radar and satellite observations, collect atmospheric data from a distance by using electromagnetic radiation to infer properties without direct contact with the atmosphere.[59]

#### Materials science

[edit]

By the mid-1980s, the term in situ was adopted in materials science, particularly in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, where a catalyst in one phase facilitates a chemical reaction in a different phase. The term later expanded beyond catalysis and is now applied across various disciplines of materials science, alongside the opposite designation ex situ.[4]: 1534 For example, in situ describes the study of a sample maintained in a steady state[c] condition within a controlled environment, where specific parameters such as temperature or pressure are regulated. This approach allows researchers to observe materials under conditions that replicate their functional states. Examples include a sample held at a fixed temperature inside a cryostat, an electrode material operating within an electric battery, or a specimen enclosed within a sealed container to protect it from external influences.[4]: 1532

In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), in situ refers to the observation of materials as they are exposed to external stimuli within the microscope, under conditions that mimic their natural environments. This enables real-time observation of material behavior at the nanoscale. External stimuli in in situ TEM/STEM experiments include mechanical loading and pressure, temperature changes, electrical currents (biasing), radiation, and environmental factors—such as exposure to gas, liquid, and magnetic field—or any combination of these. These conditions allow researchers to study atomic-level processes such as phase transformations, chemical reactions, or mechanical deformations, providing insights into material behavior and properties essential for advancements in materials science.[60][61]

#### Medicine

[edit]

In medical terminology, in situ belongs to a group of two-word Latin expressions, including in vitro ('within the glass', e.g., laboratory experiments), in vivo ('within the living', e.g., experiments on living organisms), and ex vivo ('out of the living', e.g., experiments on extracted tissues), which facilitate communication of experimental or clinical contexts. Like abbreviations, these terms convey essential information concisely. In situ is a widely employed term in the medical field, used to describe phenomena or processes as they occur in their original location. It is applied in diverse contexts such as oncology, measurement acquisition, medical simulation, and anatomical examination. Because of its versatility across these varied applications, in situ is considered one of the most productive Latin expressions in contemporary medical discourse.[7]

Diagram of an in situ carcinoma, not having invaded beyond the basement membrane

In oncology, in situ is commonly applied in the context of carcinoma in situ (CIS), a term describing abnormal cells confined to their original location without invasion of surrounding tissue.[7][62] The earliest known use of the term dates back to 1932 in the writing of U.S. surgical pathologist Albert C. Broders.[5] CIS is a critical term in early cancer diagnosis, as it signifies a non-invasive stage, allowing for more targeted interventions such as localized excision or monitoring—before potential progression to invasive cancer.[63][64] Similarly, melanoma in situ is an early, localized form of melanoma, a type of malignant skin cancer. In this stage, the cancerous melanocytes—the pigment-producing cells that give skin its color—are confined to the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. The melanoma has not yet penetrated into the deeper dermal layers or metastasized to other parts of the body.[65]

Beyond oncology, in situ is used in fields where maintaining natural anatomical or physiological positions is essential.[7] In orthopedic surgery, the term refers to procedures that preserve the natural alignment or position of bones or joints. For example, orthopedic plates or screws may be placed without altering the bone's original structure, as in "[the patient] was treated operatively with an in situ cannulated hip screw fixation".[66] In cardiothoracic surgery, in situ often describes techniques where blood vessels are utilized in their original anatomical position for surgical purposes. For example, the internal thoracic artery can be left attached to the subclavian artery while rerouting blood flow to bypass occluded coronary arteries and improve heart circulation.[67][68] In organ transplantation, in situ is used to describe procedures performed within the donor's body to preserve organ viability. In situ perfusion is a technique employed during organ retrieval to restore blood flow to organs while they remain in their original location. This method minimizes ischemic injury and preserves organ viability for transplantation. In contrast, ex situ machine perfusion involves perfusing the organ outside the donor's body, typically after it has been removed.[69][70]

#### Space exploration

[edit]

Main article: In situ resource utilization

Future space exploration or terraforming may rely on obtaining supplies in situ, such as previous plans to power the Orion space vehicle with fuel minable on the Moon.[citation needed] The Mars Direct mission concept is based primarily on the in situ fuel production using the Sabatier reaction, which produces methane and water from a reaction of hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

In the space sciences, in situ refers to measurements of the particle and field environment that the satellite is embedded in, such as the detection of energetic particles in the solar wind, or magnetic field measurements from a magnetometer.

#### Urban planning

[edit]

In urban planning, in situ upgrading is an approach to and method of upgrading informal settlements.[71]

### Humanities

[edit]

#### Archaeology

[edit]

A Hohokam arrowhead in situ

In archaeology, the term in situ refers to artifacts and other materials that remain in their original depositional context, undisturbed since their initial placement. Recording the exact spatial coordinates, stratigraphic position, and surrounding matrix of in situ materials is crucial for reconstructing past human activities and historical processes. While artifacts are often removed for analysis, certain archaeological features—such as hearths, postholes, and architectural foundations—must be thoroughly documented in place to preserve their contextual information during excavation.[72]: 121 This documentation relies on various methods, including detailed field notes, scaled technical drawings, cartographic representation, and high-resolution photographic documentation. Current archaeological practice incorporates advanced digital technologies, including 3D laser scanning, photogrammetry, unmanned aerial vehicles, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to capture complex spatial relationships.[73] Artifacts found outside their original context (ex situ), often due to natural disturbances or unrecorded excavations, have less interpretive value. However, these displaced materials can still provide clues about the spatial distribution and typological characteristics of unexcavated in situ deposits, guiding future excavation efforts.[74][75]

The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage sets mandatory guidelines for signatory states regarding the treatment of underwater shipwrecks. One of its key principles is that in situ preservation is the preferred approach.[72]: 558 [76]: 13 This policy is based on the unique conditions of underwater environments, where low oxygen levels and stable temperatures help preserve artifacts over long periods. Removing artifacts from these conditions and exposing them to the atmosphere often accelerates deterioration, particularly the oxidation of iron-based materials.[76]: 5

In mortuary archaeology, in situ documentation involves systematically recording and cataloging human remains in their original depositional positions. These remains are often embedded in complex matrices of sediment, clothing, and associated artifacts. Excavating mass graves presents additional challenges, as they may contain hundreds of individuals. Before identifying individuals or determining causes of death, archaeologists must carefully document spatial relationships and contextual details to preserve forensic and historical information.[77]

#### Art

[edit]

Further information: Site-specific art

Many of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's temporary installations, such as The London Mastaba (pictured), exemplify in situ approach in art.

The concept of in situ in contemporary art emerged as a framework in the late 1960s and 1970s, referring to artworks created specifically for a particular space. These works integrate the site's physical, historical, political, and sociological characteristics as essential elements of their composition.[6]: 160–162 This approach contrasts with autonomous artistic production, where artworks are independent of their eventual display locations.[78] Theoretical discussions, particularly in the writings and practice of French conceptual artist and sculptor Daniel Buren, have emphasized the dynamic relationship between artistic intervention and its surrounding environment.[6]: 161

The site-specific installations of Christo and Jeanne-Claude exemplify the application of in situ principles in art. Their large-scale interventions such as The Pont Neuf Wrapped (1985) and Wrapped Reichstag (1995) involved the systematic wrapping of buildings and landscape elements in fabric, temporarily transforming familiar spaces and altering public perception. The concept of in situ art further evolved with the land art movement, wherein artists such as Robert Smithson and Michael Heizer integrated their works directly into natural landscapes and created an inseparable connection between the artwork and its environment.[78] In contemporary aesthetic discourse, in situ has expanded into a broader theoretical construct, describing artistic practices that reinforce the fundamental unity between a work and its site.[6]: 160–161

#### Law

[edit]

In legal contexts, in situ is often used for its literal meaning. For example, in Hong Kong, in-situ land exchange refers to a mechanism where landowners can swap their existing or expired leases with new grants for the same land parcel. This approach facilitates redevelopment while preserving the property's original location.[79]

In the field of recognition of governments under public international law the term in situ is used to distinguish between an exiled government and a government with effective control over the territory, i.e. the government in situ.

#### Linguistics

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

In linguistics, particularly in syntax, an element is said to be in situ if it is pronounced in the same position where it is interpreted. For example, in languages such as Chinese, wh-elements remain in situ, as in a structure comparable to "John bought what?", where what occupies the same position as the grammatical object in the affirmative counterpart ("John bought bread"). In contrast, English typically employs wh-movement, as seen in "What did John buy?", where the wh-element is displaced from its original position.

### Social sciences

[edit]

#### Economics

[edit]

In economics, in situ is used when referring to the in place storage of a product, usually a natural resource. More generally, it refers to any situation where there is no out-of-pocket cost to store the product so that the only storage cost is the opportunity cost of waiting longer to get your money when the product is eventually sold. Examples of in situ storage would be oil and gas wells, all types of mineral and gem mines, stone quarries, timber that has reached an age where it could be harvested, and agricultural products that do not need a physical storage facility such as hay.

#### Psychology

[edit]

In experimental psychology, in situ typically refers to those experiments done in a field setting as opposed to a laboratory setting.

### Miscellaneous

[edit]

#### Gastronomy

[edit]

In gastronomy, in situ refers to the art of cooking with the different resources that are available at the site of the event. Here a person is not going to the restaurant, but the restaurant comes to the person's home.[80]

#### Mining

[edit]

Main article: In situ leach

In situ leaching or in situ recovery refers to the mining technique of injecting lixiviant underground to dissolve ore and bringing the pregnant leach solution to surface for extraction. Commonly used in uranium mining but has also been used for copper mining.[81]

#### Petroleum industry

[edit]

In petroleum industry, in situ techniques involve the application of heat or solvents to extract heavy crude oil or bitumen from reservoirs located beneath the Earth's surface. Several in situ methods exist, but those that utilize heat, particularly steam, have proven to be the most effective for oil sands extraction. The most widely used in situ technique is steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). This method employs two horizontal wells: the upper well injects steam to heat the bitumen, reducing its viscosity, while the lower well collects the mobilized oil for extraction. SAGD has gained prominence in the Canadian province of Alberta, due to its efficiency in recovering bitumen from deep reservoirs. Approximately 80% of Alberta's oil sands deposits are located at depths that render open-pit mining impractical, making in situ techniques such as SAGD the primary method of extraction.[82]

## See also

[edit]

Look up in situ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* In situ conservation
* Ex situ conservation
* List of colossal sculptures in situ
* List of Latin phrases
* Neoclassical compound – Compound words composed from Latin or ancient Greek
* All pages with titles beginning with In situ

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ UK: /ɪn ˈsɪtjuː/ ⓘ, /ɪn ˈsɪtʃuː/; US: /ˌɪn ˈsaɪtjuː/, /ˌɪn ˈsɪtjuː/;[1] often not italicized in English[2]
2. ^ Sodium azide and its conjugate acid—hydrazoic acid—are both referred to as azide.[17]: 683 Azides are explosophores[18] and respiratory poisons.[17]: 684
3. ^ In sample characterization terminology, a system is in a steady state condition when one or more of its characteristics remain constant over time. This condition does not necessarily correspond to thermodynamic equilibrium.[4]: 1533

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "In situ". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/9767278689. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
2. ^ "4.21 Use of Italics", The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.), Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4338-0562-2
3. ^ Lewis & Short Latin Dictionary
4. ^ a b c d e f g Peterson, Vanessa K.; Bianchini, Matteo; Chapman, Karena W.; Elice, Martina; Hibbert, David Brynn (2024). "Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 96 (11). De Gruyter: 1531–1540\. doi:10.1515/pac-2022-1103.1531-1540&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info:doi/10.1515/pac-2022-1103&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Vanessa+K.&rft.au=Bianchini,+Matteo&rft.au=Chapman,+Karena+W.&rft.au=Elice,+Martina&rft.au=Hibbert,+David+Brynn&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2022-1103&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
5. ^ a b "carcinoma in situ". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/1023159588. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
6. ^ a b c d Verner, Lorraine (2024). "40. Site Specificity". In Barbanti, Roberto; Ginot, Isabelle; Solomos, Makis; Sorin, Cécile (eds.). Arts, Ecologies, Transitions: Constructing a Common Vocabulary. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781003852407. Retrieved 24 October 2024 - via Google Books.
7. ^ a b c d Lysanets, Yuliia V.; Bieliaieva, Olena M. (2018). "The use of Latin terminology in medical case reports: Quantitative, structural, and thematic analysis". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 12 (1): 45. doi:10.1186/s13256-018-1562-x. PMC 5824564. PMID 29471882.
8. ^ Casoli, Fabienne (2011). "10. The Future of Space Astronomy". In Lasota, Jean-Pierre (ed.). Astronomy at the Frontiers of Science. Springer Netherlands. pp. 175–176\. ISBN 978-94-007-1658-2. Retrieved 23 February 2025 - via Google Books.175-176&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-94-007-1658-2&rft.aulast=Casoli&rft.aufirst=Fabienne&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGwTsKteQAkC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
9. ^ Phan, T. D.; Bale, S. D.; Eastwood, J. P.; Larson, D. E.; MacDowall, R. J.; Pulupa, M.; Whittlesey, P.; Mozer, F. S.; Drake, J. F.; Oieroset, M.; Shay, M. A.; Haggerty, C. C.; Halekas, J. S.; McManus, M. D.; Verniero, J. L.; Case, A. W.; Kasper, J. C.; Korreck, K. E.; Stevens, M. L.; Szabo, A.; MacDowall, R. J.; Malaspina, D. M.; Bonnell, J. W.; Dudok de Wit, T.; Goetz, K.; Harvey, P. R.; Horbury, T. S.; Livi, R.; Paulson, K.; Raouafi, N. E.; Velli, M. (February 2020). "Parker Solar Probe In Situ Observations of Magnetic Reconnection Exhausts during Encounter 1". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 246 (2): 34. arXiv:2001.06048. Bibcode:2020ApJS..246...34P. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab55ee.
10. ^ "Cassini Orbiter". NASA Science. NASA. 21 August 2018. Archived from the original on 16 February 2025. Retrieved 23 February 2025. "The fields and particles instruments took "in situ" (on site) direct sensing measurements [...]"
11. ^ Chiang, Eugene; Laughlin, Gregory P. (June 2013). "The minimum-mass extrasolar nebula: in situ formation of close-in super-Earths". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 431 (4): 3444–3455\. arXiv:1211.1673. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.431.3444C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt424.3444-3455&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info:arxiv/1211.1673&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/mnras/stt424&rft_id=info:bibcode/2013MNRAS.431.3444C&rft.aulast=Chiang&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Laughlin,+Gregory+P.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt424&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
12. ^ D'Angelo, Gennaro; Bodenheimer, Peter (September 2016). "In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets". The Astrophysical Journal. 828 (1): 33. arXiv:1606.08088. Bibcode:2016ApJ...828...33D. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/828/1/33.
13. ^ Jensen, Ellen (August 2014). "Technical Review: In Situ Hybridization". The Anatomical Record. 297 (8): 1349–1353\. doi:10.1002/ar.22944. PMID 24810158.1349-1353&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/ar.22944&rft_id=info:pmid/24810158&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
14. ^ Lehmann, Ruth; Tautz, Diethard (1994). Goldstein, Lawrence S. B.; Fyrberg, Eric A. (eds.). Chapter 30 in Situ Hybridization to RNA. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 44\. Academic Press. pp. 575–598\. doi:10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60933-4. ISBN 9780125641456. PMID 7535885. Retrieved 26 February 2025.575-598&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info:pmid/7535885&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60933-4&rft.isbn=9780125641456&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Tautz,+Diethard&rft_id=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091679X08609334&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
15. ^ Ramírez-Castañeda, Valeria; Westeen, Erin P.; Frederick, Jeffrey; Amini, Sina; Wait, Daniel R.; Achmadi, Anang S.; Andayani, Noviar; Arida, Evy (2022). "A set of principles and practical suggestions for equitable fieldwork in biology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 119 (34): e2122667119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11922667R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2122667119. PMC 9407469. PMID 35972961.
16. ^ Brown, Culum; Jones, Felicity; Braithwaite, Victoria A. (November 2005). "In situ examination of boldness–shyness traits in the tropical poeciliid, Brachyraphis episcopi". Animal Behaviour. 70 (5): 1003–1009\. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.12.022.1003-1009&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.12.022&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Culum&rft.au=Jones,+Felicity&rft.au=Braithwaite,+Victoria+A.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
17. ^ a b Tat, John; Heskett, Karen; Satomi, Shiho; Pilz, Renate B.; Golomb, Beatrice A.; Boss, Gerry R. (2021). "Sodium azide poisoning: A narrative review". Clinical Toxicology. 59 (8): 683–697\. doi:10.1080/15563650.2021.1906888. ISSN 1556-3650. PMC 8349855. PMID 34128439.683-697&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8349855#id-name=PMC&rft.issn=1556-3650&rft_id=info:pmid/34128439&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/15563650.2021.1906888&rft.aulast=Tat&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Heskett,+Karen&rft.au=Satomi,+Shiho&rft.au=Pilz,+Renate+B.&rft.au=Golomb,+Beatrice+A.&rft.au=Boss,+Gerry+R.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8349855&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
18. ^ Treitler, Daniel S.; Leung, Simon (2 September 2022). "How Dangerous is too Dangerous? A Perspective on Azide Chemistry". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 87 (17): 11293–11295\. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.2c01402. ISSN 0022-3263. PMID 36052475. S2CID 252009657. Retrieved 27 February 2025.11293-11295&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft.issn=0022-3263&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252009657#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/36052475&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021/acs.joc.2c01402&rft.aulast=Treitler&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rft.au=Leung,+Simon&rft_id=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.joc.2c01402&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
19. ^ Hayashi, Yujiro (2016). "Pot economy and one-pot synthesis". Chemical Science. 7 (2): 866–880\. doi:10.1039/C5SC02913A. PMC 5529999. PMID 28791118.866-880&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5529999#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/28791118&rft_id=info:doi/10.1039/C5SC02913A&rft.aulast=Hayashi&rft.aufirst=Yujiro&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5529999&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
20. ^ "Corey–Chaykovsky reaction". Organic Chemistry Portal. Archived from the original on 13 October 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2025.
21. ^ Xiang, Y.; Fan, X.; Cai, P.-J.; Yu, Z.-X. (2019). "Understanding regioselectivities of Corey–Chaykovsky reactions of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide (DMSOM) and dimethylsulfonium methylide (DMSM) toward enones: A DFT study". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2019 (3): 582–590\. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201801216.582-590&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/ejoc.201801216&rft.aulast=Xiang&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Fan,+X.&rft.au=Cai,+P.-J.&rft.au=Yu,+Z.-X.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
22. ^ Bisag, Giorgiana Denisa; Ruggieri, Silvia; Fochi, Mariafrancesca; Bernardi, Luca (2020). "Sulfoxonium ylides: simple compounds with chameleonic reactivity". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 18 (43): 8793–8809\. doi:10.1039/D0OB01822H. hdl:11585/787170. PMID 33084717.8793-8809&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info:hdl/11585/787170&rft_id=info:pmid/33084717&rft_id=info:doi/10.1039/D0OB01822H&rft.aulast=Bisag&rft.aufirst=Giorgiana+Denisa&rft.au=Ruggieri,+Silvia&rft.au=Fochi,+Mariafrancesca&rft.au=Bernardi,+Luca&rft_id=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/ob/d0ob01822h&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
23. ^ Theerthagiri, Jayaraman; Karuppasamy, K.; Justin Raj, C.; Aruna Kumari, M.L.; John Kennedy, L.; Maia, Gilberto; Vadivel, Neshanth; Murthy, Arun Prasad; Alfantazi, Akram; Kheawhom, Soorathep; Choi, Myong Yong (2025). "In situ Spectroscopy: Delineating the mechanistic understanding of electrochemical energy reactions". Progress in Materials Science. 152. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101451. ISSN 0079-6425.
24. ^ Zhang, Dongao; Liu, Xuan; Zhao, Yu; Zhang, Hua; Rudnev, Alexander V.; Li, Jian-Feng (2025). "In situ Raman spectroscopic studies of CO₂ reduction reactions: from catalyst surface structures to reaction mechanisms". Chemical Science. doi:10.1039/D5SC00569H. PMC 11848642. PMID 40007664.
25. ^ Buser, Jonas Y.; McFarland, Adam D. (2014). "Reaction characterization by flow NMR: quantitation and monitoring of dissolved H₂ via flow NMR at high pressure". Chemical Communications. 50 (32): 4234–4237\. doi:10.1039/C4CC00055B. PMID 24633225.4234-4237&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info:doi/10.1039/C4CC00055B&rft_id=info:pmid/24633225&rft.aulast=Buser&rft.aufirst=Jonas+Y.&rft.au=McFarland,+Adam+D.&rft_id=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/cc/c4cc00055b&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
26. ^ a b Kolb, Dieter M.; Simeone, Felice C. (2009). "Characterization and Modification of Electrode Surfaces by In Situ STM". In Bowker, Michael; Davies, Philip R. (eds.). Scanning Tunneling Microscopy in Surface Science, Nanoscience and Catalysis. Wiley-VCH. pp. 119–122\. ISBN 9783527319824 - via Google Books.119-122&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783527319824&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Dieter+M.&rft.au=Simeone,+Felice+C.&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=5K16aBTAmMYC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
27. ^ Brummel, Olaf; Lykhach, Yaroslava; Ralaiarisoa, Maryline (2022). "A Versatile Approach to Electrochemical In Situ Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Application to a Complex Model Catalyst". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 13 (47): 11015–11022\. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03004. hdl:11311/1229225. PMID 36411106.11015-11022&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info:hdl/11311/1229225&rft_id=info:pmid/36411106&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03004&rft.aulast=Brummel&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft.au=Lykhach,+Yaroslava&rft.au=Ralaiarisoa,+Maryline&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
28. ^ Brimaud, Sylvain; Jusys, Zenonas; Behm, R. Jürgen (2014). "Shape-selected nanocrystals for in situ spectro-electrochemistry studies on structurally well defined surfaces under controlled electrolyte transport: A combined in situ ATR-FTIR/online DEMS investigation of CO electrooxidation on Pt". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. 5: 735–746\. doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.86. PMC 4077536. PMID 24991511.735-746&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4077536#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/24991511&rft_id=info:doi/10.3762/bjnano.5.86&rft.aulast=Brimaud&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rft.au=Jusys,+Zenonas&rft.au=Behm,+R.+Jürgen&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4077536&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
29. ^ "How Does Emissivity Affect Thermal Imaging?". Teledyne FLIR. 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 18 February 2025. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
30. ^ Yang, Lianxiang; Li, Junrui (2019). "Shearography". Handbook of Advanced Nondestructive Evaluation. pp. 383–384\. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26553-7_3. ISBN 978-3-319-26552-0.383-384&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/978-3-319-26553-7_3&rft.isbn=978-3-319-26552-0&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Lianxiang&rft.au=Li,+Junrui&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26553-7_3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
31. ^ Rizzo, P. (2022). "Sensing solutions for assessing and monitoring underwater systems". Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructures. pp. 362–363\. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102706-6.00018-0. ISBN 978-0-08-102706-6.362-363&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/B978-0-08-102706-6.00018-0&rft.isbn=978-0-08-102706-6&rft.aulast=Rizzo&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102706-6.00018-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
32. ^ a b Addepalli, Sri; Roy, Rajkumar; Axinte, Dragoş; Mehnen, Jörn (2017). "'In-situ' Inspection Technologies: Trends in Degradation Assessment and Associated Technologies". Procedia CIRP. 59: 37. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.10.003.
33. ^ Goyal, M. R. (2018). Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering. Apple Academic Press, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351360357.
34. ^ Ye, Yanqi; Yu, Jicheng; Gu, Zhen (2015). "Versatile Protein Nanogels Prepared by In Situ Polymerization". Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics. 217 (3): 333–343\. doi:10.1002/macp.201500296.333-343&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/macp.201500296&rft.aulast=Ye&rft.aufirst=Yanqi&rft.au=Yu,+Jicheng&rft.au=Gu,+Zhen&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
35. ^ a b Collum, Bill (2016). "Chapter 5. Structural". Nuclear Facilities: A Designer's Guide. Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy. Vol. 112\. Netherlands: Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780081019399.
36. ^ Tavares, V.; Soares, N.; Raposo, N.; Marques, P.; Freire, F. (2021). "Prefabricated versus conventional construction: Comparing life-cycle impacts of alternative structural materials". Journal of Building Engineering. 41: 102705. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102705. ISSN 2352-7102.
37. ^ Zhang, Wei; Lee, Ming Wai; Jaillon, Lara; Poon, Chi-Sun (2018). "The hindrance to using prefabrication in Hong Kong's building industry". Journal of Cleaner Production. 204: 70–81\. Bibcode:2018JCPro.204...70Z. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.190. ISSN 0959-6526.70-81&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.190&rft_id=info:bibcode/2018JCPro.204...70Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft.au=Lee,+Ming+Wai&rft.au=Jaillon,+Lara&rft.au=Poon,+Chi-Sun&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
38. ^ Chen, Ying; Okudan, Gül E.; Riley, David R. (2010). "Decision support for construction method selection in concrete buildings: Prefabrication adoption and optimization". Automation in Construction. 19 (6): 665–675\. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2010.02.011. ISSN 0926-5805.665-675&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.autcon.2010.02.011&rft.issn=0926-5805&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Ying&rft.au=Okudan,+Gül+E.&rft.au=Riley,+David+R.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
39. ^ New Zealand Geotechnical Society Inc. (December 2005). Burns, David; Farqhuar, Geoffrey; Mills, Mandy; Williams, Ann (eds.). "Field Description of Soil and Rock: Guideline for the Field Classification and Description of Soil and Rock for Engineering Purposes" (PDF). geoengineer.org. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
40. ^ Nimmo, John R.; Shillito, Rose M. (2023). "Infiltration of Water Into Soil". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.768. ISBN 978-0-19-938941-4.
41. ^ Cardarelli, Ettore; Cercato, Michele; Di Filippo, Gerardina (December 2007). "Assessing foundation stability and soil-structure interaction through integrated geophysical techniques: a case history in Rome (Italy)". Near Surface Geophysics. 5 (2): 141–147\. Bibcode:2007NSGeo...5..141C. doi:10.3997/1873-0604.2006026.141-147&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info:doi/10.3997/1873-0604.2006026&rft_id=info:bibcode/2007NSGeo...5..141C&rft.aulast=Cardarelli&rft.aufirst=Ettore&rft.au=Cercato,+Michele&rft.au=Di+Filippo,+Gerardina&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
42. ^ Ens, Barrett; Irani, Pourang (March 2017). "Spatial Analytic Interfaces: Spatial User Interfaces for In Situ Visual Analytics". IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 37 (2): 66–79\. doi:10.1109/MCG.2016.38. PMID 28113834.66-79&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109/MCG.2016.38&rft_id=info:pmid/28113834&rft.aulast=Ens&rft.aufirst=Barrett&rft.au=Irani,+Pourang&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
43. ^ Willett, Wesley; Jansen, Yvonne; Dragicevic, Pierre (January 2017). "Embedded Data Representations" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 23 (1): 461–470\. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2016.2598608. PMID 27875162. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.461-470&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109/TVCG.2016.2598608&rft_id=info:pmid/27875162&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft.au=Jansen,+Yvonne&rft.au=Dragicevic,+Pierre&rft_id=https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01377901/file/embedded-data-representations.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
44. ^ Amini, Fereshteh; Hasan, Khalad; Bunt, Andrea; Irani, Pourang (2017). "Data representations for in-situ exploration of health and fitness data". Proceedings of the 11th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare. pp. 163–172\. doi:10.1145/3154862.3154879. ISBN 978-1-4503-6363-1.163-172&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info:doi/10.1145/3154862.3154879&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-6363-1&rft.aulast=Amini&rft.aufirst=Fereshteh&rft.au=Hasan,+Khalad&rft.au=Bunt,+Andrea&rft.au=Irani,+Pourang&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
45. ^ Tanveer, M. Iftekhar; Lin, Emy; Hoque, Mohammed (Ehsan) (2015). "Rhema: A Real-Time In-Situ Intelligent Interface to Help People with Public Speaking". Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. pp. 286–295\. doi:10.1145/2678025.2701386. ISBN 978-1-4503-3306-1.286-295&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info:doi/10.1145/2678025.2701386&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-3306-1&rft.aulast=Tanveer&rft.aufirst=M.+Iftekhar&rft.au=Lin,+Emy&rft.au=Hoque,+Mohammed+(Ehsan)&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
46. ^ Munro, J. Ian; Raman, Venkatesh; Salowe, Jeffrey S. (June 1990). "Stable in situ sorting and minimum data movement". BIT. 30 (2): 220–234\. doi:10.1007/BF02017344.220-234&rft.date=1990-06&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/BF02017344&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=J.+Ian&rft.au=Raman,+Venkatesh&rft.au=Salowe,+Jeffrey+S.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
47. ^ Alves, Vladimir (August 2014). "In-Situ Processing Presentation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
48. ^ Twidale, C.R. (1968). "Weathering". In Fairbridge, R.W. (ed.). Geomorphology. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Nature. p. 1228\. doi:10.1007/3-540-31060-6_405. ISBN 0-442-00939-9. "Weathering may be defined as the disintegration or decomposition of rocks in situ. [...] But the main mass of the rock remains in situ and is not transported."
49. ^ Thornbury, William David (1954). "3. An Analysis of the Geomorphic Processes". Principles of Geomorphology. Wiley. pp. 36–37\. OCLC 1036826231 - via Google Books.36-37&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1036826231&rft.aulast=Thornbury&rft.aufirst=William+David&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ywtAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
50. ^ a b Troeh, F.R.; Donahue, R.L. (2003). Dictionary of Agricultural and Environmental Science. Iowa State Press. ISBN 9780813802831 - via Google Books.
51. ^ Pause, Marion; Schweitzer, Christian; Rosenthal, Michael; Keuck, Vanessa; Bumberger, Jan; Dietrich, Peter; Heurich, Marco; Jung, András; Lausch, Angela (2016). "In Situ/Remote Sensing Integration to Assess Forest Health—A Review". Remote Sensing. 8 (6): 471. Bibcode:2016RemS....8..471P. doi:10.3390/rs8060471.
52. ^ Babaeian, E.; Sadeghi, M.; Jones, S. B.; Montzka, C.; Vereecken, H.; Tuller, M. (2019). "Ground, proximal, and satellite remote sensing of soil moisture". Reviews of Geophysics. 57 (2): 530–616\. Bibcode:2019RvGeo..57..530B. doi:10.1029/2018RG000618.530-616&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info:doi/10.1029/2018RG000618&rft_id=info:bibcode/2019RvGeo..57..530B&rft.aulast=Babaeian&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Sadeghi,+M.&rft.au=Jones,+S.+B.&rft.au=Montzka,+C.&rft.au=Vereecken,+H.&rft.au=Tuller,+M.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018RG000618&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
53. ^ Xiao, R.; He, X.; Zhang, Y.; Ferreira, V. G.; Chang, L. (2015). "Monitoring Groundwater Variations from Satellite Gravimetry and Hydrological Models: A Comparison with in-situ Measurements in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States". Remote Sensing. 7 (1): 686–703\. Bibcode:2015RemS....7..686X. doi:10.3390/rs70100686.686-703&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/rs70100686&rft_id=info:bibcode/2015RemS....7..686X&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=He,+X.&rft.au=Zhang,+Y.&rft.au=Ferreira,+V.+G.&rft.au=Chang,+L.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs70100686&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
54. ^ "Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD)". NOAA Ocean Explorer. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Archived from the original on 7 February 2025. Retrieved 21 February 2025.
55. ^ Affholder, M.; Valiron, F. (2001). "Oceanographic Instruments and Methods". Descriptive Physical Oceanography. CRC Press. pp. 61–63\. ISBN 9780203969274. Retrieved 21 February 2025 - via Google Books.61-63&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780203969274&rft.aulast=Affholder&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Valiron,+F.&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=2NC3JmKI7mYC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
56. ^ "History: Timeline". NOAA Ocean Explorer. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved 21 February 2025.
57. ^ Robinson, Rod (2003). "Atmospheric Monitoring Techniques". In Jackson, Andrea V.; Hewitt, C. Nick (eds.). Handbook of Atmospheric Science: Principles and Applications (1st illustrated ed.). Wiley. p. 464\. ISBN 9780632052868. Retrieved 21 February 2025 - via Google Books.
58. ^ Strahler, Alan H. (2013). "Chapter 5. Winds and Global Circulation". Introducing Physical Geography (6th ed.). Wiley. p. 156\. ISBN 978-111-839620-9.
59. ^ Bluestein, H. B.; Carr, F. H.; Goodman, S. J. (2022). "Atmospheric Observations of Weather and Climate". Atmosphere-Ocean. 60 (3–4). Taylor & Francis: 149–187\. Bibcode:2022AtO....60..149B. doi:10.1080/07055900.2022.2082369.3–4&rft.pages=149-187&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/07055900.2022.2082369&rft_id=info:bibcode/2022AtO....60..149B&rft.aulast=Bluestein&rft.aufirst=H.+B.&rft.au=Carr,+F.+H.&rft.au=Goodman,+S.+J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
60. ^ Sharma, Renu (2023). "Chapter 1. In-Situ TEM". In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Experiments. p. 3\. doi:10.1002/9783527834822.ch1. ISBN 978-3-527-34798-8.
61. ^ Sharma, Renu; Yang, Wei-Chang David (8 April 2024). "Perspective and prospects of in situ transmission/scanning transmission electron microscopy". Microscopy. 73 (2): 79. doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfad057. PMID 38006307.
62. ^ "carcinoma in situ". NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. National Cancer Institute. Archived from the original on 15 October 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
63. ^ Allred, D. C. (2010). "Ductal carcinoma in situ: terminology, classification, and natural history". Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs (41): 134–138\. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq035. PMC 5161057. PMID 20956817.134-138&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161057#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/20956817&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq035&rft.aulast=Allred&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161057&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
64. ^ Wang, Jing; Li, Baizhou; Luo, Meng; Huang, Jia; Zhang, Kun; Zheng, Shu; Zhang, Suzhan; Zhou, Jiaojiao (2024). "Progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: Molecular features and clinical significance". Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 9 (1): 83. doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01779-3. PMC 10991592. PMID 38570490.
65. ^ Massi, Guido; LeBoit, Philip E. (2013). "Chapter 28. Melanoma in Situ". Histological Diagnosis of Nevi and Melanoma. Springer. p. 421\. ISBN 9783642373114 - via Google Books.
66. ^ Kelly, Douglas W.; Kelly, Brian D. (2012). "A novel diagnostic sign of hip fracture mechanism in ground level falls: Two case reports and review of the literature". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 6: 136. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-6-136. PMC 3423009. PMID 22643013.
67. ^ Fukui, Toshihiro; Takanashi, Shuichiro; Hosoda, Yasuyuki; Suehiro, Shigefumi (August 2006). "In situ bilateral skeletonized internal thoracic arterial grafting for left-side myocardial revascularization using an off-pump technique". Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery. 5 (4): 413–417\. doi:10.1510/icvts.2006.128512. PMID 17670604. Retrieved 23 February 2025.413-417&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info:doi/10.1510/icvts.2006.128512&rft_id=info:pmid/17670604&rft.aulast=Fukui&rft.aufirst=Toshihiro&rft.au=Takanashi,+Shuichiro&rft.au=Hosoda,+Yasuyuki&rft.au=Suehiro,+Shigefumi&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1510/icvts.2006.128512&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
68. ^ Kawajiri, Hidetake; Grau, Juan B; Fortier, Jacqueline H; Glineur, David (September 2018). "Bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting: in situ or composite?". Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 7 (5): 673–680\. doi:10.21037/acs.2018.05.16. PMC 6219951. PMID 30505752.673-680&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6219951#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/30505752&rft_id=info:doi/10.21037/acs.2018.05.16&rft.aulast=Kawajiri&rft.aufirst=Hidetake&rft.au=Grau,+Juan+B&rft.au=Fortier,+Jacqueline+H&rft.au=Glineur,+David&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6219951&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
69. ^ Jochmans, I.; Akhtar, M. Z.; Nasralla, D.; Kocabayoglu, P.; Boffa, C.; Kaisar, M.; Brat, A.; O'Callaghan, J.; Pengel, L. H. M.; Knight, S.; Ploeg, R. J. (September 2016). "Past, Present, and Future of Dynamic Kidney and Liver Preservation and Resuscitation". American Journal of Transplantation. 16 (9): 2545–2555\. doi:10.1111/ajt.13778. PMID 26946212.2545-2555&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/ajt.13778&rft_id=info:pmid/26946212&rft.aulast=Jochmans&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Akhtar,+M.+Z.&rft.au=Nasralla,+D.&rft.au=Kocabayoglu,+P.&rft.au=Boffa,+C.&rft.au=Kaisar,+M.&rft.au=Brat,+A.&rft.au=O'Callaghan,+J.&rft.au=Pengel,+L.+H.+M.&rft.au=Knight,+S.&rft.au=Ploeg,+R.+J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
70. ^ Reznik, O.; Skvortsov, A.; Loginov, I.; Ananyev, A.; Bagnenko, S.; Moysyuk, Y. (July–August 2011). "Kidney from uncontrolled donors after cardiac death with one hour warm ischemic time: resuscitation by extracorporal normothermic abdominal perfusion "in situ" by leukocytes-free oxygenated blood". Clinical Transplantation. 25 (4): 511–516\. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2010.01333.x. PMID 20626704.511-516&rft.date=2011-07/2011-08&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2010.01333.x&rft_id=info:pmid/20626704&rft.aulast=Reznik&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Skvortsov,+A.&rft.au=Loginov,+I.&rft.au=Ananyev,+A.&rft.au=Bagnenko,+S.&rft.au=Moysyuk,+Y.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
71. ^ Huchzermeyer, Marie (2009). "The struggle for in situ upgrading of informal settlements: A reflection on cases in Gauteng". Development Southern Africa. 26 (1): 59–74\. doi:10.1080/03768350802640099. S2CID 153687182.59-74&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/03768350802640099&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153687182#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Huchzermeyer&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
72. ^ a b Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (2020). Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice (8th ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-29424-6.
73. ^ Dimara, Asimina; Tsakiridis, Sotirios; Psarros, Doukas; Papaioannou, Alexios; Varsamis, Dimitrios; Anagnostopoulos, Christos-Nikolaos; Krinidis, Stelios (24 May 2024). "An Innovative System for Enhancing Archaeological In Situ Excavation through Geospatial Integration". Heritage. 7 (5): 2586–2619\. doi:10.3390/heritage7050124.2586-2619&rft.date=2024-05-24&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/heritage7050124&rft.aulast=Dimara&rft.aufirst=Asimina&rft.au=Tsakiridis,+Sotirios&rft.au=Psarros,+Doukas&rft.au=Papaioannou,+Alexios&rft.au=Varsamis,+Dimitrios&rft.au=Anagnostopoulos,+Christos-Nikolaos&rft.au=Krinidis,+Stelios&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fheritage7050124&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
74. ^ Karl, Raimund (2 January 2019). "An empirical examination of archaeological damage caused by unprofessional extraction of archaeology ex situ ('looting'): A case study from Austria". Archäologische Denkmalpflege. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 24 October 2024 - via Bangor University.1-2&rft.pub=Archäologische+Denkmalpflege&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Raimund&rft_id=https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/researchoutputs/an-empirical-examination-of-archaeological-damage-caused-by-unprofessional-extraction-of-archaeology-ex-situ-looting(142639d2-0c95-4338-8775-4c5e3fb9843e).html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
75. ^ Bynoe, Rachel; Ashton, Nick M.; Grimmer, Tim; Hoare, Peter; Leonard, Joanne; Lewis, Simon G.; Nicholas, Darren; Parfitt, Simon (24 February 2021). "Coastal curios? An analysis of ex situ beach finds for mapping new Palaeolithic sites at Happisburgh, UK". Journal of Quaternary Science. 36 (2): 191–210\. Bibcode:2021JQS....36..191B. doi:10.1002/jqs.3270.191-210&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/jqs.3270&rft_id=info:bibcode/2021JQS....36..191B&rft.aulast=Bynoe&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Ashton,+Nick+M.&rft.au=Grimmer,+Tim&rft.au=Hoare,+Peter&rft.au=Leonard,+Joanne&rft.au=Lewis,+Simon+G.&rft.au=Nicholas,+Darren&rft.au=Parfitt,+Simon&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.3270&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
76. ^ a b "The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage". UNESCO Digital Library. UNESCO. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 August 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
77. ^ Tuller, Hugh; Đurić’, Marija (January 2006). "Keeping the pieces together: Comparison of mass grave excavation methodology". Forensic Science International. 156 (2–3): 193. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.12.033. PMID 15896937.2–3&rft.pages=193&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.12.033&rft_id=info:pmid/15896937&rft.aulast=Tuller&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Đurić’,+Marija&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:In+situ" class="Z3988">
78. ^ a b Riout, Denys (9 February 2014). "IN SITU (LATIN)". In Cassin, Barbara (ed.). Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon. Princeton University Press. p. 484\. ISBN 9781400849918.
79. ^ "DEVB Press Releases: Revised in-situ land exchange arrangements for Northern Metropolis to enhance speed and efficiency by leveraging market forces". devb.gov.hk. Development Bureau. 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
80. ^ Gillespie, Cailein; Cousins, John A. (2001). European Gastronomy into the 21st Century. Oxford, UK: Elsevier. p. 72\. ISBN 978-0-7506-5267-4. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
81. ^ "In Situ Leach (ISL) Mining of Uranium". World Nuclear Association. world-nuclear.org. March 2008. Archived from the original on 24 April 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
82. ^ "Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage: Facts and Stats" (PDF). open.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. November 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2025.

*[lit.]: literal translation