Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany

Political party in Germany (1917–1922)

Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany

Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands

Founded| April 1917; 108 years ago (1917-04)
Dissolved| September 1922; 102 years ago (1922-09) (majority)
Split from| SPD
Merged into| KPD (Majority, 1920)[a]
SPD (Faction, 1922)[b]
SAPD (minority, 1931)[c]
Newspaper| Die Freiheit
Membership| 120,000 (January 1918)
750,000 (Spring 1920)
Ideology| Centrist Marxism[1]
Democratic socialism
Pacifism
Political position| Left-wing
International affiliation| International Working Union of Socialist Parties
Colors|  Red

* Politics of Germany
* Political parties
* Elections

1919 USPD election poster On the edge of the Leipzig congress of the USPD in December 1919 recorded group photo with members of the National Executive, other prominent party members and the guest delegates of the SDAP Austrian Friedrich Adler (fourth from left), including Arthur Crispien, Wilhelm Dittmann, Lore Agnes, Richard Lipinski, William Bock, Alfred Henke, Frederick Geyer, Curt Geyer, Fritz Zubeil, Fritz Kunert, Georg Ledebour and Emanuel Wurm

The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, USPD) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. The organization was established in 1917 as the result of a split of anti-war members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), from the left of the party as well as the centre and the right. The organization attempted to chart a course between electorally oriented reformism on the one hand and Bolshevik revolutionism on the other.[citation needed] After several splits and mergers, the last part of the organization was terminated in 1931 through merger with the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD).

## Organizational history

[edit]

### Formation

[edit]

On 21 December 1915, several SPD members in the Reichstag, the German parliament, voted against the authorization of further credits to finance World War I, an incident that emphasized existing tensions between the party's leadership and the pacifists surrounding Hugo Haase and ultimately led to the expulsion of the group from the SPD on 24 March 1916.

To be able to continue their parliamentary work, the group formed the Social Democratic Working Group (Sozialdemokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft, SAG). Concerns from the SPD leadership and Friedrich Ebert that the SAG was intent on dividing the SPD then led to the expulsion of the SAG members from the SPD on 18 January 1917. On 6 April 1917, the USPD was founded at a conference in Gotha, with Hugo Haase as the party's first chairman. The Spartakusbund also merged into the newly founded party, but it retained relative autonomy.[2] To avoid confusion, the existing SPD was typically called the Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (Mehrheits-SPD or MSPD, majority-SPD) from then on. Luise Zietz was one of the main agitators in favor of a split in the party in 1917.[3] She became a leader in the creation of the USPD's women's movement.[3]

Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members. The USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the German Revolution began and even became part of the government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten (Council of the People's Deputies), which was formed on 10 November 1918 and mutually led by Ebert and Haase during the German Revolution.

However, the agreement did not last long as Haase, Wilhelm Dittmann and Emil Barth left the council on 29 December 1918 to protest the SPD's use of military force during the sailors' uprising in Berlin. At the same time, the Spartakusbund, led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, separated from the USPD in order to merge with other left-wing groups and form the Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD).

### Development

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During the elections for the National Assembly on 19 January 1919 from which the SPD emerged as the strongest party with 37.9% of the votes, the USPD only managed to attract 7.6%. Nevertheless, the party's strong support for the introduction of a system of councils (Räterepublik) instead of a parliamentary democracy attracted many former SPD members and in spring 1920 the USPD had grown to more than 750,000 members, managing to increase their share of votes to 17.9% during the parliamentary elections on 6 June 1920 and becoming one of the largest factions in the new Reichstag, second only to the SPD (21.7%). During that period, the USPD briefly published a newspaper, Arbeiterpost.[4]

### Debate over joining the Communist International

[edit]

Cover of the satirical magazine Ulk featuring illustration by Paul Halke depicting the split in the USPD

In 1920, four delegates from the USPD (Ernst Däumig, Arthur Crispien, Walter Stoecker and Wilhelm Dittmann) attended the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern to discuss participating in the Comintern.[5] Whilst Däumig and Stoecker agreed with the International's 21 conditions of entry, Crispien and Dittmann opposed them,[5] leading to a controversial debate over joining the Comintern to break out in the USPD. Many members felt that the necessary requirements for joining would lead to a loss of the party's independence and a perceived dictate from Moscow while others, especially younger members such as Ernst Thälmann, argued that only the joining of the Comintern would allow the party to implement its socialist ideals.

Ultimately, the proposition to join the Comintern was approved at a party convention in Halle in October 1920 by 237 votes to 156,[6] with various international speakers including Julius Martov, Jean Longuet and Grigory Zinoviev. The USPD split up in the process, with both groups seeing themselves as the rightful USPD and the other one as being outcast. On 4 December 1920, the left wing of the USPD with about 400,000 members merged into the KPD, forming the United Communist Party of Germany (Vereinigte Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, VKPD) while the moderate arm of the party, with about 340,000 members and three-fourths of its Reichstag deputies, continued under the name USPD. Led by Georg Ledebour and Arthur Crispien, they supported parliamentary democracy against the Communists' revolutionary aspirations. The remainder of the USPD was instrumental in the creation of the 2½ International in 1921.

### Move to merger

[edit]

As the Weimar Republic became relatively more stable, the political distance between the mainstream SPD and the remainder of the USPD dwindled. Following the assassination of foreign minister Walther Rathenau by far-right terrorists in June 1922, the two parties unified their parliamentary groups on 14 July 1922. Two months later on 24 September, the parties formalised their unification at a joint congress in Nuremberg, adopting the name of United Social Democratic Party of Germany (Vereinigte Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, VSPD) which was shortened again to SPD in 1924.

A minority faction led by Georg Ledebour and Theodor Liebknecht refused reunification and reorganized a much reduced party under the USPD name. In the 1928 Reichstag election, the continuity party won 0.06% of the vote, falling far short of winning any seats.[7] The party contested the 1930 election with even less success before merging into the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschland, SAPD) in 1931.

## Electoral results

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Year  | Leader  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/–

|
|
|
|
|

1919 | Hugo Haase | 2,317,290 (5th)  | 7.62  |

22 / 423

| New
1920 | Arthur Crispien | 5,046,813 (2nd)  | 17.90  |

84 / 459

| 62
Majority of USPD reunifies with mainstream SPD
May 1924 | Georg Ledebour
Theodor Liebknecht | 235,145 (13th)  | 0.79  |

0 / 472

| 84
December 1924 | 98,842 (14th)  | 0.32  |

0 / 493

1928 | 20,815 (25th)  | 0.06  |

0 / 491

1930 | 11,690 (22nd)  | 0.03  |

0 / 577

## USPD leaders

[edit]

See also: List of Independent Social Democratic Party politicians

* Apr. 1917 – Jan. 1919: Hugo Haase & Georg Ledebour (resigned)
* Jan. – Mar. 1919: Hugo Haase
* Mar. – Nov. 1919: Hugo Haase† & Arthur Crispien
* Nov. 1919: Arthur Crispien
* Dec. 1919 – Oct. 1920: Arthur Crispien & Ernst Däumig
* Oct. – Dec. 1920: (Left USPD) Ernst Däumig & Adolph Hoffmann
* Oct. 1920 – Jan. 1922: (Right USPD) Arthur Crispien & Georg Ledebour
* Jan. 1922 – Sep. 1922: Arthur Crispien, Georg Ledebour & Wilhelm Dittmann

## Notes

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1. ^ A majority of the membership departed for the Communist KPD, but three-fourths of the USPD deputies rejected the KPD
2. ^ That section which did not merge with the Communist KPD
3. ^ The small minority which rejected the September 1922 merger with the mainstream SPD

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Ostrowski, Marius S (12 May 2022). "'Reform or revolution', redux : Eduard Bernstein on the 1918–19 German Revolution". Historical Research. 95 (268): 213–239\. doi:10.1093/hisres/htab043. ISSN 0950-3471.
2. ^ Ottokar Luban (2008). "Die Rolle der Spartakusgruppe bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung der USPD Januar 1916 bis März 1919". Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung (II).
3. ^ a b Joseph A. Biesinger (1 January 2006). Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. Infobase Publishing. pp. 755–. ISBN 978-0-8160-7471-6.
4. ^ Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis: Prawo, Vol. 161. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1988. p. 110
5. ^ a b Pierre Broué (2006). The German Revolution: 1917–1923. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 435.
6. ^ Pierre Broué (2006). The German Revolution: 1917–1923. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 442.
7. ^ Labour and Socialist International (1974). Kongress-Protokolle der Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Internationale – B. 3.1 Brüssel 1928. Glashütten im Taunus: D. Auvermann. p. IV. 41.

## Further reading

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* Eric D. Weitz (1997). Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
* David Priestand (2009). Red Flag: A History of Communism. New York: Grove Press.
* Albert S. Lindemann (1974). The 'Red Years': European Socialism versus Bolshevism, 1919-1921. University of California Press.
* David W. Morgan (1975). The Socialist Left and the German Revolution: A History of the German Independent Social Democratic Party, 1917-1922. Cornell University Press
* Carl E. Schorske (1955). German Social Democracy, 1905-1917: The Development of the Great Schism. Harvard University Press
* Talbot C. Imlay (2018). The Practice of Socialist Internationalism. European Socialists and International Politics, 1914-1960. Oxford University Press
* Gary P. Steenson (1991). Karl Kautsky, 1854-1938: Marxism in Classical Years. University of Pittsburgh Press.

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany.

* USPD Reichstagsfraktion Archives at the International Institute of Social History
* Appeal of the Executive Committee of the USDP, 12.4.1917
* The Manifesto of the German Independent Social Democratic Party Against Imperialism, 27.5.1918.

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