Indian Police Service

One of the Central Civil Services (IPS)

This article is about the civil service, the Indian Police Service. For the police in India, see Law enforcement in India.

"Indian Police Force" redirects here. For the web series, see Indian Police Force (web series).

For other uses, see Indian Police (disambiguation).

Indian Police ServiceService Overview

Motto: सत्यमेव जयते
(Sanskrit)
"Truth Alone Triumphs"

Abbreviation| IPS
Date of establishment| 26 January 1950; 75 years ago (26 January 1950)
Country|  India
Staff college| Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad, Telangana
Cadre controlling authority| Ministry of Home Affairs (Police-I Division)
Minister responsible| Amit Shah, Minister of Home Affairs
Legal personality| Governmental: Civil Service
Cadre strength| 5,047 members (2023)
(4,344 officers in position; 703 position vacant)[1]
Selection| Civil Services Examination
Association| IPS Central Association
Head of the All India Services
Cabinet Secretary| T. V. Somanathan, IAS

The Indian Police Service (IPS) is a civil service under the All India Services. It replaced the Indian Imperial Police in 1948, a year after India became independent from the British Empire.

Along with the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Forest Service (IFS), the IPS is part of the All India Services[2] – its officers are employed by both the Union Government and by individual states.

The service provides leadership to various state and central police forces, including the Central Armed Police Forces (BSF, SSB, CRPF, CISF, and ITBP), the National Security Guard (NSG), Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Special Protection Group (SPG), National Investigation Agency (NIA), and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

## History

[edit]

> There is no alternative to this administrative system... The Union will go, you will not have a united India if you do not have good All-India Service which has the independence to speak out its mind, which has sense of security that you will standby your work... If you do not adopt this course, then do not follow the present Constitution. Substitute something else... these people are the instrument. Remove them and I see nothing, but a picture of chaos all over the country.

— Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in Constituent Assembly discussing the role of All India Services[3][4][5]

### Indian Imperial Police

[edit]

Jamadar, constable and sergeant – NCO positions opened to Indians until 1920

Indian Police Medal issued in 1940

In 1861, the Parliament of the United Kingdom introduced the Indian Councils Act, 1861.[6] The act created the foundation of a modern and professional police bureaucracy in India. It introduced a new cadre of police, called Superior Police Services, later known as the Indian Imperial Police.[6] The highest rank in the service was the inspector general[6] for each province. The rank of inspector general was equated to that of a brigadier,[7] and similar ranks in the Indian Armed Forces, as per a central warrant of precedence issued in 1937.[a][7]

In 1902–1903, a police commission was established to recommend reforms under Sir Andrew Fraser and Lord Curzon.[8] It recommended the appointment of Indians as officers in the police. Previously, Indians could rise only to the rank of an inspector, the senior N.C.O. position. However they were not part of the Indian Imperial Police.[8]

From 1920 onward, the Indian Imperial Police was open to Indians and the entrance examination for the service was conducted both in India and England.[8]

A 1999 stamp dedicated to the 50th anniversary of IPS

Prior to Independence, senior police officers belonging to the Imperial Police (IP) were appointed by the secretary of state on the basis of a competitive examination. The first open civil service examination for admittance to the service was held in England in June 1893 and the ten top candidates were appointed as probationers in the Indian Imperial Police. It is not possible to identify an exact date for when the Indian Police Service came formally into being.

Around 1907, the secretary of state's officers were directed to wear the letters "IP" on their epaulettes in order to distinguish them from other officers not recruited by the secretary through examination. Therefore, 1907 could be regarded as the starting point for the IPS.[9] In 1948, a year after India gained independence; the Imperial Police was formally replaced by the Indian Police Service.

### Indian Police Service

[edit]

The Indian Police Service was created under Article 312(2), XIV of the Constitution of India.[10]

As per media reports, there is a massive shortage of IPS officers in India, amounting to nearly 19% to 22% of the sanctioned strength.[11][12]

#### Medals and decorations

[edit]

Main articles: Police Medal (India) and President's Police Medal

Despite having a very small cadre strength, many IPS officers have been awarded the highest gallantry awards (Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra). The current national security advisor of India, Ajit Doval, was an IPS officer who earned the Kirti Chakra for his gallant actions during operation Black Thunder. Though generally deployed in supervisory roles at senior levels, it is not uncommon for IPS officers to be in the field taking active part in maintaining law and order. IPS officers have been posted to various UN Missions and several have been awarded the United Nations Medal. Many exceptional IPS officers have been awarded with Padma awards from time to time.[13][14]

## Objective

[edit]

Former President of India Ram Nath Kovind with Indian Police Service officers at the Rashtrapathi Bhavan in New Delhi, 2018.

The First Police Commission, appointed on 17 August 1865, contained detailed guidelines for the desired system of police in India and defined the police as a governmental department to enforce the law, maintain order and to detect and prevent crime across the region. The Indian Police Service is not a force but a service providing leaders and commanders to staff the state police and all-India Central Armed Police Forces. Its members are the senior officers of the police. With time Indian Police Service's objectives were updated and redefined, the current roles and functions of an Indian Police Service officer are as follows:[15]

* To fulfil duties based on border responsibilities, in the areas of maintenance of public peace and order, crime prevention, investigation, and detection, collection of intelligence, VIP security, counterterrorism, border policing, railway policing, tackling smuggling, drug trafficking, economic offenses, corruption in public life, emergency management, enforcement of socioeconomics legislation, biodiversity and protection of environmental laws, etc.
* Leading and commanding the Indian Intelligence Agencies like Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Criminal Investigation Department (CID) etc., Indian Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Civil and Armed Police Forces in all the states and union territories.
* Led and commanded various Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) which include the Central Police Organisations (CPO) such as Border Security Force (BSF), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), National Security Guard (NSG), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Vigilance Organisations and Indian Federal Law Enforcement Agencies.
* To lead and command the force with courage, uprightness, dedication and a strong sense of service to the people.
* Endeavor to teach in the police forces under their command such values and norms as would help them serve the people better.
* Inculcate integrity of the highest order, sensitivity to people's aspirations in a fast-changing social and economic milieu, respect for human rights, the broad liberal perspective of law and justice, and a high standard of professionalism.

## Selection

[edit]

The peaked cap worn by Indian Police Service officers as part of their uniform code.

IPS officers are recruited from Civil Services Examination conducted by UPSC. They are also promoted from State Police Services and DANIPS. However, at present, recruitment from Limited Competitive Examination has been put on hold.[11]

### Training

[edit]

The training of IPS officer recruits is conducted at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy in Hyderabad. The authorized cadre strength of the Indian Police Service is 4920. (3270 Direct Recruitment Posts and 1650 Promotional Posts).[16] The Civil List of IPS officers is an updated (annual) list maintained by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India that lists the posting details of all IPS officers in India. This Civil List can be accessed from the MHA website. It allows searching for an IPS officer based on their name, batch, or cadre.[17]

After completion of almost 2 years of training, IPS probationers are awarded a master's degree in criminal justice management from NALSAR University of Law.[18]

### State cadres

[edit]

#### Cadre allocation policy

[edit]

The Union Government announced a new cadre allocation policy for the All India Services in August 2017, touting it as a policy to ensure national integration of the bureaucracy as officers and ensure the All-India character of the services. Under the new policy, the existing 26 cadres have been divided into five zones in the new policy by the Department of Personnel and Training of Government of India.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Under the new policy, a candidate has to first give their choice in the descending order of preference from amongst the various Zones.[25] Subsequently, the candidate has to indicate one preference of cadre from each preferred zone.[25] The candidate indicates their second cadre preference for every preferred zone subsequently. The process continues till a preference for all the cadres is indicated by the candidate.[25] The preference for the zones/cadres remains in the same order and no change is permitted.[25]

Officers continue to work in the cadre they are allotted or are deputed to the Government of India.[26]

Zones under the new Cadre Allocation Policy  Zone  | Cadres

|

Zone-I | AGMUT (Arunachal Pradesh-Goa-Mizoram and Union Territories, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh), Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana.
Zone-II | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha.
Zone-III | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
Zone-IV | West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam-Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura and Nagaland.
Zone-V | Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.

#### Old cadre allocation policies

[edit]

Till 2008 there was no system of preference of state cadre by the candidates; the candidates, if not placed in the insider vacancy of their home states, were allotted to different states in alphabetical order of the roster, beginning with the letters A, H, M, T for that particular year. For example, if in a particular year, the roster begins from 'A', which means the first candidate on the roster will go to the Andhra Pradesh state cadre of IPS, the next one to Bihar, and subsequently to Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, and so on in alphabetical order.[27] The next year the roster starts from 'H', for either Haryana or Himachal Pradesh (if it has started from Haryana on the previous occasion when it all started from 'H', then this time it would start from Himachal Pradesh). This highly intricate system, in vogue since the mid-1980s, had ensured that officers from different states were placed all over India.

The system of permanent state cadres has also resulted in wide disparities in the kind of professional exposure for officers when we compare officers in small and big and also developed and backward states.[27] Changes of state cadre are permitted on grounds of marriage to an All India Service officer of another state cadre or under other exceptional circumstances. The officer may go to their home state cadre on deputation for a limited period, after which one has to invariably return to the cadre allotted to him or her.[28]

From 2008 to 2017 IPS officers were allotted to state cadres at the beginning of their service. There was one cadre for each Indian state, except for two joint cadres: Assam–Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh–Goa–Mizoram–Union Territories (AGMUT).[28] The "insider-outsider ratio" (ratio of officers who were posted in their home states) is maintained as 1:2, with one-third of the direct recruits as 'insiders' from the same state.[29] The rest were posted as outsiders according to the 'roster' in states other than their home states,[29] as per their preference.

## Career progression

[edit]

### Pay structure of Indian Police Service

[edit]

Pay structure of the Indian Police Service[30][31][32] Insignia  | Grade/level on pay matrix[31][32] | Position in the state government(s)[30] | Other positions or designation in the union territory government(s) or the Government of India (GOI)[30][33] | Position in Indian order of precedence | Basic salary (monthly)[31][32] | Military Equivalent [34]

|
|
|
|
|
|

| Apex scale (pay level 17)  |

| Secretary (R), Secretary (Security) in the Cabinet Secretariat.  |

| ₹225,000 (US$2,661)  |

Lieutenant General

Vice Admiral

Air Marshal

Director General of Police (Head of Police Force)  |

* Director of the Intelligence Bureau (IB)
* Director of Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
* Director-General of National Investigation Agency (NIA)
* Commissioner of Police of Delhi
* Director General of a Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF)
* Special Secretary (Internal Security), Ministry of Home Affairs

| HAG+ Scale (pay level 16)  |

* Director General of Police

* Director General of Police heading an agency or functional area (intelligence, vigilance, prisons, anti-corruption bureau) in State Government
* Special Director General in CAPFs
* Commissioner of Police (Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai)
* Special Secretary in Research and Analysis Wing
* Special Director in IB
* Special Director in CBI
* Director of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy (SVPNPA)
* Director General of Bureau of Police Research and Development
* Director General of Narcotics Control Bureau
* Director General of Bureau of Civil Aviation Security
* Director General of National Disaster Response Force

| ₹205,400 (US$2,400)—₹224,400 (US$2,700)
| HAG scale[35] (pay level 15)  |

* Additional Director General of Police

* Additional Director General of Police heading a functional wing or agency (law and order, traffic, economic offences unit)
* Director of National Crime Records Bureau
* Special Commissioner of Police in Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai
* Commissioner of Police (City Police Commissionerate)
* Additional Director General in NIA
* Additional Director in IB
* Additional Director in CBI
* Additional Director General in CAPFs.

| ₹182,200 (US$2,200)—₹224,100 (US$2,700)
| Senior administrative grade (pay level 14)  | Inspector General of Police |

* Joint Commissioner, city police, in Delhi, Gujarat, Maharashtra
* Additional Commissioner, city police, in Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore
* Commissioner of police (city police commissionerate)
* Inspector General in CAPFs
* Inspector General in NIA
* Joint Director in IB
* Joint Director in CBI
* Joint Director in SVPNPA.

| ₹144,200 (US$1,700)—₹218,200 (US$2,600)  |

Major General

Rear Admiral

Air Vice Marshal

| Super time scale (DIG/Conservator grade) (pay level 13A)  | Deputy Inspector General of Police |

* Additional Commissioner, city police, in Delhi, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan
* Joint Commissioner, city police, in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Haryana
* Commissioner of police (city police commissionerate)
* Deputy inspector general in CAPFs
* Deputy inspector general in NIA
* Deputy Director in IB
* Deputy Inspector General in CBI
* Deputy Director in SVPNPA.

| ₹131,100 (US$1,600)—₹216,600 (US$2,600)  |

Brigadier

Commodore

Air Commodore

| Selection grade (pay level 13)  | Superintendent of Police (selection grade)  | Deputy commissioner of police in Delhi and other police commissionerates.  | ₹118,500 (US$1,400)—₹214,100 (US$2,500)  |

Colonel

Captain

Group captain

| Junior administrative grade (pay level 12)  |

* Superintendent of Police
* Commandant of an Armed Police Battalion

| Deputy commissioner of police in Delhi and other police commissionerates.  | ₹78,800 (US$930)—₹191,500 (US$2,300)  |

Lieutenant colonel

Commander

Wing Commander

| Senior time scale (pay level 11)  | Additional Superintendent of Police | Deputy commissioner of police in police commissionerates in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu

Additional deputy commissioner of police in police commissionerates in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal

| ₹67,700 (US$800)—₹160,000 (US$1,900)  |

Major

Lt. Commander

Squadron Leader

| Junior time scale (pay level 10)  | Assistant Superintendent of Police | Assistant commissioner of police in Delhi and other police commissionerates.  | ₹56,100 (US$660)—₹132,000 (US$1,600)  |

Captain

Lieutenant

Flight lieutenant

### Ranks and insignia

[edit]

Main article: List of police ranks in India

Though the standard uniform colour is khaki,[36] the ranks, posts and designations of IPS officers vary from state to state as law and order is a federalism in India. But generally the following pattern is observed.

#### IPS officers Ranks

[edit]

IPS officers are appointed on the basis of either Civil Service Examination or promoted from the state police service cadre (state civil service officers). Vacancy in an IPS cadre are determined on the basis of vacancy on an superintendent of police rank. Consequently, there are two level of gradations for SP rank. These are level 11 and 12 as per the Seventh Pay Commission. Resultantly, IPS officers remain on the rank on SP till the 13th year after which they are eligible for being promoted as Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP). ASP rank is the junior most rank on an IPS state cadre. Consequently, fresh recruits to IPS are variously posted as Assistant Superintendent of Police in a supernumerary capacity (only for training purpose for two years and after that for 1 year) till they are formally placed as Superintendent of Police In-Charge of an area (when they get the pay of level 11 and level 12) and as district in charge (when they get the pay of level 12) (only in non-metropolitan districts). When the officers get promoted to the rank of SSP, some of them are posted as the district in-charge of metropolitan districts.[37][38][39][40]

Indian Police Service gazetted officers rank insignia[41][42][43] Insignia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Rank | Director general of police | Additional director general of police[b] | Inspector general of police | Deputy inspector general of police | Superintendent of police (Selection Grade) [c] | Superintendent of police | Additional superintendent of police | Assistant superintendent of police | Assistant superintendent of police (probationary for two years)  | Assistant superintendent of police (probationary for one year)
Abbreviation | DGP  | ADGP  | IGP  | DIG  | SP (SG)  | SP  | Addl.SP  | ASP  | ASP  | ASP

* Note 1: The equivalent rank to the ASP in State Police Services is the deputy superintendent of police (DSP/DySP).
* Note 2: The commissioner of police is a post typically held by DIG and above rank officers.

Flags (top photo) & Stars (bottom photo) on official cars of senior IPS officers, as per their rank.

## Reform committees

[edit]

India's police continue to be governed by a colonial police law passed in 1861.[44] The Indian Constitution makes policing a state subject and therefore the state governments have the responsibility to provide their communities with a police service. However, after independence, most have adopted the 1861 Act without change, while others have passed laws heavily based on the 1861 Act.[45]

Repeated major incidents, like the 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder, 2020 Hathras gang rape and murder, as well as terrorist attacks such as the 2008 Mumbai attacks revealed the failure of the police to uphold the rule of law.[46][47]

The need for police reform in India has long been recognised. There have been almost 30 years of debate and discussion by government-created committees and commissions on the way forward for police reform, but India remains saddled with an outdated and old-fashioned law,[48] while report after report gathers dust on government bookshelves without implementation. Many committees on police reform have recommended major reforms in the police system coupled with systematic accountability.[49][50]

### National Police Commission (1977–81)

[edit]

The National Police Commission was the first committee set up by the Government of India to report on policing. The National Police Commission began sitting in 1979, in the context of a post-Emergency India, and produced eight reports, including a Model Police Act, between 1979 and 1981.[51]

### Ribeiro Committee (1998–99)

[edit]

See also: J. F. Ribeiro

In 1996, two former senior police officers filed a Public interest litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court, asking for the Court to direct governments to implement the recommendations of the National Police Commission. The Supreme Court directed the government to set up a committee to review the commission's recommendations, and thus the Ribeiro Committee was formed. The committee, under the leadership of Julio Ribeiro, a former chief of police, sat over 1998 and 1999, and produced two reports.[51][52]

### Padmanabhaiah Committee (2000)

[edit]

In 2000, the government set up a third committee on police reform, this time under the stewardship of a former union home secretary, K. Padmanabhaiah. This Committee released its report in the same year.[51][53]

### Malimath Committee Report (2003)

[edit]

See also: V. S. Malimath

The Malimath Committee Report submitted in March 2003 has very articulately laid down the foundation of a restructured and reoriented police system. The committee in its report observed that the success of the whole process of Criminal Justice Administration depended completely on the proper functioning of the police organisation especially in the investigation stage. Apart from the investigation of offences, the police also have the duty of maintaining law and order.

### Soli Sorabjee Committee (2005)

[edit]

See also: Soli Sorabjee

In 2005, the government put together a group to draft a new police act for India. It was headed by Soli Sorabjee (former attorney general). The committee submitted a Model Police Act to the union government in late 2006.[51]

### Supreme Court intervention (2006)

[edit]

In 1996, Prakash Singh (a former chief of Assam Police and Uttar Pradesh Police and subsequently Director General of the Border Security Force) initiated a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court of India, asking the court to investigate measures to reform the police forces across India to ensure the proper rule of law and improve security across India. The Supreme Court studied various reports on police reforms. Finally, in 2006, a bench of Justice Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal, Justice C. K. Thakker and Justice P.K. Balasubramanyan[54] ordered the state governments to implement several reforms in police force.[55]

Several measures were identified as necessary to professionalise the police in India:

* A mid or high ranking police officer must not be transferred more frequently than every two years.
* The state government cannot ask the police force to hire someone, nor can they choose the Director General of the State Police.
* There must be separate departments and staff for investigation and patrolling,[56] which will include the creation of:
* A State Security Commission, for policies and direction
* A Police Establishment Board, which will decide the selection, promotions and transfers of police officers and other staff
* A Police Complaints Authority, to inquire into allegations of police misconduct.

#### Follow-up from Supreme Court

[edit]

In 2006, due to a lack of action by all the state governments,[57] the Supreme Court ordered the state governments to report to it why the reform measures outlined were not implemented.[58] After being questioned in front of the judges of the Supreme Court, the state governments finally started to reform the police forces and give them the operational independence they need for fearless and proper law enforcement. Tamil Nadu Police has been in the forefront of application of the new referendum.[59]

Again, in October 2012, a Supreme Court bench of Chief Justice Altamas Kabir and justices S. S. Nijjar and Jasti Chelameswar asked all state governments and Union territories to inform about compliance of its September 2006 judgement. The order was passed when Prakash Singh through his lawyer Prashant Bhushan said that many of the reforms (ordered by the Supreme Court) have yet not been implemented by many state governments.[60]

## Major concerns and public debates

[edit]

Due to the immense amount of power and responsibility that IPS officers hold, many issues occur when personal beliefs, desires, emotions, safety, and security are at play.[61]

### Politicization & political interference

[edit]

One of the primary concerns is the issue of politicization. The police force is often subject to political interference, which can undermine its independence and impartiality. Political pressure can influence the decision-making process, compromise investigations, and create a lack of trust in the police among the public. The ambition of the senior IPS officers to occupy posts of importance is a major contributory factor to the politicization. The appointment of subordinate police officers is in the hands of their seniors. When the seniors surrender their authority by complying with requests from politicians, corruption increases, and the investigation of crime in sensitive cases is based not on facts and law but on the wishes and interests of the politician in power.[62][63][64][65][66]

Members of one of the two most elite services in the country (the other being the Indian Administrative Service), IPS officers are arguably the most visible face of the government, overseeing law and order, investigation, internal and border security, and intelligence, among other functions. IPS officers often encounter political interference in their day-to-day functioning. Politicians may attempt to influence police investigations, transfers, and postings for their interests or to fulfill political agendas. Such interference can undermine the impartiality and integrity of the police force.[67]

Despite demands from the citizens, political leaders in power have often ignored in implementing police reforms, which often allows leadership to influence investigations, especially on cases against them. The Police Act of 1861, which is still in use, has not been replaced despite protests and demands, as the colonial era Police Law allows political interference in law enforcement and investigations, along with targeting opposing leaders and citizens who criticize or protest against them.[68]

### Corruption

[edit]

Some IPS officers have been accused of public corruption, money laundering, drug trafficking, and unjust use of power.[69][70][71][72][73][74][75] There have been various instances of abuse of the public by officers.[61] High-ranking officers often enjoy many luxuries for no cost.[76] There is also opportunity to receive extra payment for doing specific tasks on the job.[76]

### VIP Culture

[edit]

VIP culture within the Indian Police Service (IPS) refers to a phenomenon where certain individuals, especially those holding positions of power or influence, receive preferential treatment or special privileges from the police force. This culture often results in the diversion of police resources and manpower towards catering to the needs and demands of these individuals, often at the expense of the general public. VIP culture in India, including within the IPS, has been a subject of criticism and public debate for many years. It is seen as a reflection of the country's broader issue of social and political inequality. One manifestation of VIP culture within the IPS is the deployment of police personnel for personal security and escort duties even their personal needs for senior IPS officers. These personnel are often diverted from their regular law enforcement duties, which can affect the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the police force. VIP culture also extends to the use of special privileges such as flashing red or blue beacons on vehicles, known as "lal batti," which signify authority and grant the right-of-way on the roads. The practice of using sirens and escort vehicles to navigate through traffic, often at high speeds, is another common aspect of VIP culture within the IPS.

* Security - High-ranking IPS officials are provided with a significant security detail, which includes armed police personnel, vehicles, and sometimes even dedicated security units. This leads to the concentration of resources on protecting VIPs, sometimes at the expense of maintaining law and order in other areas.[77]

### Abuse of Power

[edit]

There are a lot of incidents were Misuse of Power by IPS officers in India. In a notable incident in Kochi, there was an alarming misuse of government vehicles and police personnel during the marriage ceremony of an IPS officer. This incident raised concerns as several government-owned vehicles, belonging to the Kerala police, were utilized as a shuttle service for the wedding festivities. Additionally, some police officers were deployed as valets to assist with carrying luggage and other items for the guests. This incident highlights a misuse of power and resources, which is a matter of great concern. Such actions not only demonstrate a disregard for the proper usage of government assets but also raise questions regarding the principles of fairness and equality.[78][79]

### Custodial torture and Extra-judicial killings

[edit]

In June 2023, an incident of alleged abuse of power by a Tamil Nadu IPS officer came to light, resulting in his suspension. an assistant superintendent of police (ASP) from the Tamil Nadu cadre, was accused of engaging in custodial torture at Ambasamudram police station in Tirunelveli district.[80] The allegations against the IPS officer included forcefully extracting the teeth of approximately ten individuals and repeatedly assaulting at least two of them in their genital areas while they were in custody.

### Fake encounters

[edit]

Some IPS officers have been convicted of fake encounters, a term for extrajudicial killings by the police supposedly in self-defense.[81][82]

### Mental health and suicide

[edit]

IPS officers have complained of high levels of stress due to long work hours and unrealistic demands of political bosses. Retired Director General of Police in Uttar Pradesh Vikram Singh believes job discontent is a combination of "no holidays, lack of sleep, the sinking feeling of failure, public treatment of policemen with contempt, the indifference of political bosses and almost no connect with superiors". Professional stress ruins personal lives and leads to marital discord. The inability to balance professional and personal lives has led some IPS officers to commit suicide.[83]

### Moral Policing

[edit]

The Indian Police Service officials have been criticized for acts of moral policing. Using sections 292 to 294 of the Indian Penal Code which are used to deal with obscenity, Police officers have often harassed citizens for several incidents such as celebrating Valentine's Day, indulging in Public Displays of Affection, and arresting consenting couples in private places.[84][85] Following increasing incidents of such misconducts, the Supreme Court passed an order nationwide in December 2022 to all Police Departments to stop moral policing.[86]

### IPS (Central) Association

[edit]

In 2019, Ministry of Home Affairs said it never recognized or approved the formation[87] of IPS (Central) Association, and the police force does not have the right to form any association without the permission of the federal Government of India.[87][88]

### Entry reforms and Promotions

[edit]

The entry for the Police Service in India has been made up of 4 levels - constables, sub-inspectors, state service DSPs, and IPS. This has caused disunity in the force, with constables being treated as slaves or personal servants for senior officers. This type of police system has been severely criticized by several current and retired police officials, demanding a single entry into the force from constable, which has met resistance from other officials and political establishment.[89]

Although the Indian Police Service norms mandate both merit-based and time-in-service promotion, even for the constable and inspector rank officers, it is not duly followed or implemented.[90] This has caused constables to remain constables till retirement. Despite the norms, bureaucratic inefficiencies as well as nepotism prevent low-ranking officers from getting promotions, even if they get a pay raise to the next rank.[91]

### Low training standards and personnel shortage

[edit]

As of March 2023, India has a police-to-population of 153 personnel per 100,000 citizens, which is less than the sanctioned strength of 196 personnel, as well as way below the United Nations minimum requirement of 222 personnel per 100,000 citizens.[92] The training has also fallen short of world standards, with the shortage of personnel causing investigations to suffer.[93] These issues were previously noted in the aftermath of the 2008 terrorist attacks in Jaipur, Bangalore, and Ahmedabad.

### Overworking and underpaid

[edit]

The Indian Police Service has often faced the issues of being overworked, as well as underpaid. The 7th Pay Commission mandated a pay of Rs. 21,700 per month for constables, with the Director-General of Police having a pay of Rs. 225,000 per month. The pay for constables and inspector-ranked officers varies from state to state.[94]

Due to a lack of shift system, many officers, especially the constable ranks were forced to work for more than 24 hours at a stretch, with no overtime pay. This affects the quality of the investigation as well as the morale of the officials on duty.[95][96] Furthermore, the constabulary also does not get decent housing or any allowances for reasonable accommodation.[97]

In May 2022, the Mumbai Police implemented an 8-hour shift system for the constable rank officers and assistant sub-inspectors, and 16 hours of rest.[98] Following a lawsuit by a constable of the Delhi Police for demanding fixed working hours, proper housing, and reasonable pay in 2015, the Delhi High Court ordered senior officers of implementing better working conditions for constables in May 2023.[99]

### Violence against women and sexual misconduct

[edit]

Some IPS officers have been implicated in cases of domestic violence, assaulting women, and sexual misconduct.[100][101][102][103][104]

## Women in the Indian Police Service

[edit]

In 1972, Kiran Bedi became the first woman Indian Police Service officer and was the only woman in a batch of 80 IPS officers, she joined the AGMUT Cadre.[105] She was followed by Jija Madhavan Harisingh in 1975, who became the first woman Indian Police Service officer from South-India (Karnataka cadre) and she remained in service for 36 years before retirement in 2011 as Director General of Police (DGP), and Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya, the second woman IPS officer belonging to the 1973 Batch, becoming the first woman director general of police of a state in India when she was appointed DGP of Uttarakhand Police.

In 1992, Asha Sinha, a 1982 Batch IPS officer, became the first woman commandant in the paramilitary forces of India when she was posted as commandant, Central Industrial Security Force in Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders and she remained in service for 34 years before retirement in 2016 as the director general of police (DGP). In 2018, an IPS officer Archana Ramasundaram of 1980 Batch became the first woman to become the director general of police of a Central Armed Police Force as DG, Sashastra Seema Bal.[106]

In 2021, Kalpana Saxena replaced Yogesh Singh as the commandant of 47 battalion of PAC, Ghaziabad.[107]

In 2023, Nina Singh became the director general of the Central Industrial Security Force.[108][109]

## Notable people

[edit]

* Ajit Doval
* R. N. Kao
* Rajinder Khanna
* Prakash Singh
* Kiran Bedi
* Kanwar Pal Singh Gill
* Julio Ribeiro
* Bhupendra Yadav
* Rakesh Maria
* H. T. Sangliana
* K. Vijay Kumar
* Masud Choudhary
* Amitabh Thakur
* Abhayanand
* Vibhuti Narain Rai
* Namo Narain Meena
* Kishore Kunal
* Jagmohan Yadav
* C. Sylendra Babu
* Sulkhan Singh
* Manoj Yadava
* Vipul Aggarwal
* Sukhmohinder Singh Sandhu
* V. Joseph Thomas
* Rahul Sharma
* Lalit Vijay Singh
* Yogesh Pratap Singh
* T. P. Senkumar
* Rishiraj Singh
* P. Vijayan
* Dr Alexander Jacob
* Jacob Punnoose
* Hormis Tharakan
* Lalduhoma
* Abdul Sathar Kunju
* D. Roopa
* Amit Lodha
* Navniet Sekera
* Laxmi Singh
* R. Sreelekha
* Gaurav Yadav
* Nina Singh
* Anish Dayal Singh
* Shankar Bidari
* Manoj Kumar Sharma

## See also

[edit]

* India portal

* Commissioner of Police
* National Police Memorial India
* State Police Services India
* Law enforcement in India
* List of cases of police brutality in India
* Civil Services of India
* All India Services
* Special Duty Allowance
* Union Public Service Commission

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The rank of IGP is ranked and equated with the rank of Brigadier / equivalent rank of the Indian Armed Forced as per Warrant of Precedence – 1937, as per Ministry of Home Affairs' directions contained in Letter No 12/11/99-Pub II dated 26 December 1966. This Warrant of Precedence is compiled from a joint consideration of the existing Central Warrant of Precedence (which is till the rank of Major General) and Warrant of Precedence – 1937, as per Ministry of Home Affairs' directions contained in Letter No 12/11/99-Pub II dated 26 December 1966, the validity of which has been confirmed by Letter No 12/1/2007-Public dated 14 August 2007. The MHA has confirmed in 2007 that the Old Warrant of Precedence shall be taken as a guide to determine ranks below the ones mentioned in the current WoP.
2. ^ Rank insignia of DGP is similar to additional DGP.
3. ^ Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) The SSP is a post, not a rank, typically held by an SP (selection grade or junior grade) in states like Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Punjab.

## References

[edit]

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56. ^ Strip, Mobius; Ramesh Ramanathan (7 May 2007). "Sohrabbudin's encounter". Live Mint. HT Media Ltd. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
57. ^ "COMPLIANCE WITH SUPREME COURT DIRECTIVES" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
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## Further reading

[edit]

* History of services of Indian police service, as on 1 July 1966, by Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Published by Govt. of India, 1969.
* The peace keepers: Indian Police Service (IPS), by S. R. Arun, IPS, DGP Uttar Pradesh. Published by Berghahn Books, 2000. ISBN 978-81-7049-107-1.
* The Indian Police Journal (IPJ), by Bureau of Police Research and Development, Ministry of Home Affairs. Published by Govt. of India, October–December 2009 Vol.LVI-No.4. ISSN 0537-2429.
* History of services of Indian police service, as on 1 July 1966, by Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Published by Govt. of India, 1969.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Police Service.

* Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy
* "Shortage of IPS officers". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016.

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Politics

| Government|

* Agencies
* Energy policy
* Foreign relations
* Parliament
* Lok Sabha
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* President
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* Civil Services
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* State governments
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* Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators
* Chief Ministers
* Chief Secretaries

|

Law|

* Constitution
* Penal Code
* Fundamental rights, principles and duties
* Human rights
* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* High Courts
* District Courts

Enforcement|

| Federal|

* Border Security Force (BSF)
* Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
* Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
* Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
* National Security Guard (NSG)
* Railway Protection Force (RPF)
* Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
* Special Protection Group (SPG)

|

Intelligence|

* Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
* Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
* Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
* Enforcement Directorate (ED)
* Intelligence Bureau (IB)
* Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
* Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
* National Investigation Agency (NIA)
* Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)

Military|

* Army
* Navy
* Air Force

Politics|

* Censorship
* Citizenship
* Elections
* Democracy
* Nationalism
* Political parties
* Reservations
* Scandals
* Scheduled groups
* Secularism
* Women in politics

Economy

| Companies|

* BSE SENSEX
* NIFTY 50
* NIFTY Next 50
* NIFTY 500
* GIFT Nifty

|

Governance|

* Ministry of Finance
* Finance ministers
* Ministry of Commerce and Industry
* Finance Commission
* Economic Advisory Council
* Central Statistical Office
* Securities and Exchange Board of India
* Enforcement Directorate
* External debt
* Foreign trade
* Foreign direct investment
* Foreign exchange reserves
* Remittances
* Taxation
* Subsidies
* Industrial licensing
* Voluntary guidelines
* NITI Aayog
* Make in India
* Atmanirbhar Bharat

Currency|

* Indian rupee
* Sign
* History
* Historical Forex
* Digital rupee
* Coinage
* Paisa
* Reserve Bank of India
* Governor
* Mint
* Inflation

Financial services|

* Banking
* Insurance
* Multi Commodity Exchange
* Bullion
* BSE
* NSE
* India INX

History|

* COVID-19 impact
* Economic development
* Liberalisation
* Licence Raj
* Green revolution
* Government initiatives
* Numbering system

People|

* By net worth
* Demography
* Income
* Poverty
* Labour law
* Pensions
* EPFO
* NPS
* PPF

States|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Delhi
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Ladakh
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Mizoram
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Uttarakhand
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Sectors|

* Agriculture
* Livestock
* Fishing
* Automotive
* Chemical
* Construction
* Defence
* Education
* Energy
* Electricity
* Nuclear
* Oil and gas
* Solar
* Wind
* Electronics and semiconductor
* Entertainment
* Forestry
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* Healthcare
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* Information technology
* Media
* Cinema
* FM Radio
* Television
* Printing
* Mining
* Coal
* Iron and Steel
* Pharmaceuticals
* Pulp and paper
* Retail
* Science and technology
* Biotechnology
* Space
* Telecommunications
* Textiles
* Tourism
* Transport
* Aviation
* Civil
* Ports
* Rail
* Roads
* Electricity
* Water
* Power

Regulator|

* IRDAI
* RBI
* SEBI
* IBBI
* PFRDA

Other|

* NCLT
* NCLAT
* BIFR
* IBBI
* IBC
* SARFESI Act
* Income Tax Act
* Companies Act
* Banking Act
* Insurance Act
* FEMA
* Mumbai Consensus

* Society and culture

| Society|

* Caste system
* Corruption
* Crime
* Demographics
* Indians
* Education
* Universities in India
* Medical colleges in India
* Law colleges in India
* Engineering colleges in India
* Ethnic relations
* Health
* Languages
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* Literacy
* Poverty
* Prisons
* Religion
* Socio-economic issues
* Standard of living
* Water supply and sanitation
* Women
* Sexuality
* Youth

|

Culture|

* Arts and entertainment
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* Literature
* Media
* television
* Martial arts
* Music
* Painting
* Physical culture
* Public holidays
* Sculpture
* tallest
* Sport
* Traditional

* v
* t
* e

Law enforcement in India

Law of India|

| Constitution|

* Amendments
* Basic structure
* Directive Principles
* Fundamental Duties
* Fundamental Rights
* Judicial Review

|

Criminal|

* Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
* Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita
* Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam
* Capital Punishment
* Cognisable offence

Civil and Personal|

* Code of Civil Procedure
* Modern Hindu law
* Christian Personal law
* Muslim Personal Law
* Uniform Civil Code

Historic|

* Code of Criminal Procedure
* Hindu Personal Law
* History of Indian law
* Indian Penal Code

Judiciary|

* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* Judges
* High Courts
* Chief Justices
* Judges
* District Courts
* Chief Judicial Magistrate Court
* District Munsiff Court
* Subordinate Courts
* Gram Nyayalayas
* Lok Adalat
* Tribunals
* Judicial activism
* Pendency of court cases

Ministries & departments|

| Central|

* Law Commission
* Ministry of Home Affairs
* Ministry of Law and Justice

|

States|

* Bihar
* Kerala
* Maharashtra
* Tamil Nadu
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Police|

* Police ranks
* Commissioner
* Director general
* National Police Memorial
* Police brutality
* Police Complaints Authority

Crimes|

* Against children
* Against women
* Caste related
* Corruption
* Human rights
* Mass surveillance
* Rape
* Suicide
* Organised
* Drugs
* Black money
* Hawala
* Paid media
* Scandals
* Terrorism

Bar|

* Bar Council
* Attorney General
* Solicitor General
* Additional Solicitor General
* Advocate General

Law enforcement agencies of India

* v
* t
* e

Law enforcement agencies of India

Ministries & departments|

| Central|

* Ministry of Home Affairs

|

States|

* Bihar
* Kerala
* Maharashtra
* Tamil Nadu
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Records and tracking|

* National Crime Records Bureau
* Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems

Intelligence agencies|

* Intelligence Bureau
* Research and Analysis Wing
* Special Group
* Special Frontier Force
* National Technical Research Organisation
* Joint Intelligence Committee
* Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
* Financial Intelligence Unit
* Central Economic Intelligence Bureau
* Economic Intelligence Council

Investigation agencies|

* Central Bureau of Investigation
* National Investigation Agency
* Enforcement Directorate
* Narcotics Control Bureau
* Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation
* Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes
* Wildlife Crime Control Bureau
* Central Bureau of Narcotics

Police forces|

| Police services|

* Indian Police Service
* State Police Services
* Delhi
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal

|

Research and Training|

* Bureau of Police Research and Development
* Indian Police Foundation and Institute
* Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy
* Bihar Police Academy
* CRPF Academy
* Internal Security Academy
* Jagjivan Ram Railway Protection Force Academy
* National Industrial Security Academy
* Rajasthan Police Academy
* Telangana State Police Academy

Central agencies|

* Assam Rifles
* Border Security Force
* Central Armed Police Forces
* Central Industrial Security Force
* Central Reserve Police Force
* Commando Battalion for Resolute Action
* Rapid Action Force
* Home Guard
* Indo-Tibetan Border Police
* National Security Guard
* Railway Protection Force
* Special Protection Group
* Sashastra Seema Bal

| Union territories|

* Andaman and Nicobar
* Chandigarh
* Delhi
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Ladakh
* Lakshadweep
* Puducherry

|

States|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Chhattisgarh
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Manipur
* Meghalaya
* Mizoram
* Nagaland
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Sikkim
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Tripura
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal

| Armed and tactical units|

* Anti-Terrorism Squad
* Counter Insurgency Force
* Eastern Frontier Rifles
* Force One
* Greyhounds
* Kerala Thunderbolts
* Malabar Special Police
* Mizoram Armed Police
* Punjab Police SWAT Team
* Special Operations Group (Jammu and Kashmir)
* Special Operation Group (Odisha)
* Special Tactical Unit
* Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary
* Uttarakhand Provincial Armed Constabulary

|

State agencies other than police|

* Anti-corruption agencies:
* Kerala Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau
* AP Anti-Corruption Bureau
* Maharashtra Anti-Corruption Bureau

* Forest Departments:
* Maharashtra
* Assam
* Tamil Nadu
* Haryana
* Telengana
* West Bengal
* Gujarat
* Uttarakhand
* Kerala
* Andhra Pradesh

* Excise and Prohibition Departments:
* Kerala Excise
* Telangana Excise
* Andhra Pradesh Excise

* State Transport Enforcement
* Kerala Motor Vehicles Department
* Department of Transport, Tamil Nadu
* Regional Transport Office

Law enforcement in India

* v
* t
* e

Indian Intelligence Agencies

National Security Council|

* National Security Council
* National Security Advisor
* Joint Intelligence Committee
* National Technical Research Organisation

Internal security|

* Intelligence Bureau
* Central Bureau of Investigation
* National Investigation Agency
* All India Radio Monitoring Service
* Narcotics Control Bureau

External intelligence|

* Research and Analysis Wing
* Aviation Research Centre
* Radio Research Centre
* Electronics and Technical Services

Defence intelligence|

* Defence Intelligence Agency
* Directorate of Military Intelligence
* Directorate of Naval Intelligence
* Directorate of Air Intelligence
* Image Processing and Analysis Centre
* Directorate of Signals Intelligence
* Joint Cipher Bureau
* Information Management and Analysis Centre

Economic intelligence|

* Economic Intelligence Council
* Central Economic Intelligence Bureau
* Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
* Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation
* Directorate General of Economic Enforcement

Intelligence Co-ordination|

* Multi Agency Centre (MAC)
* Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)

* v
* t
* e

Law enforcement in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Indian civil servants

Organizations|

* Indian Administrative Service
* Indian Forest Service
* Indian Police Service
* Indian Foreign Service

Award presented to Civil Servants|

* G-Files awards

Indian Administrative Service Officers|

* Amrit Abhijat
* K. M. Abraham (Bureaucrat)
* B. P. Acharya
* Adeela Abdulla
* J. Alexander (politician)
* Pratyaya Amrit
* P. S. Appu
* Anil Baijal
* Pradip Baijal
* R. C. Bhargava
* Sudhir Bhargava
* Arun Bhatnagar
* Rahul Bhatnagar
* C. B. Bhave
* Ashwini Bhide
* T. N. Chaturvedi
* more

Indian Police Service officers|

* Manoj Abraham
* Vipul Aggarwal
* Javeed Ahmad
* K. C. Surendra Babu
* Masud Choudhary
* Swaran Ram Darapuri
* Ajit Doval
* Edward Lee French
* Om Prakash Galhotra
* Kanwar Pal Singh Gill
* D.V. Guruprasad
* P. G. Harlankar
* Abdul Rahman Infant
* Ahmed Javed
* Merin Joseph
* Banwari Lal Joshi
* Bhaskar Jyoti Mahanta
* Ashok Kamte
* Narendra Kumar
* more

Indian Foreign Service officers|

* Harsh Vardhan Shringla
* Venu Rajamony
* Kamlesh Sharma
* Vijayalakshmi Pandit
* Maharaja Krishna Rasgotra
* Abid Hasan
* Shivshankar Menon
* Nirupama Rao
* Subimal Dutt
* Kanwal Sibal
* C. B. Muthamma
* Shyam Saran
* K. M. Panikkar
* Triloki Nath Kaul
* Mohammad Hamid Ansari
* more

Indian Forest Service Officers|

* Hari Singh
* P. Srinivas
* Sanjiv Chaturvedi
* Hemendra Singh Panwar
* Fateh Singh Rathore
* Shri Sanjay Singh

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