Indian arts and crafts laws

Indian arts and crafts laws are federal, state, and tribal truth-in-advertising laws in the United States that prohibit misrepresentation in marketing of American Indian or Alaska Native arts and crafts products. The federal Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (IACA) defines an American Indian as a member of a federally or state-recognized tribe, while state and tribal Indian arts and crafts laws typically restrict the definition of an American Indian to citizens of federally recognized tribes only. At least 13 states and 4 federally recognized American Indian tribes have passed Indian arts and crafts laws.

## Federal law

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Hearing about Public Law 101-644 to expand the powers of the Indian Arts and Crafts Board, 2000

See also: Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990

In 1935, the U.S. federal government passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act which established the Indian Arts and Crafts Board but also addressed the problem of counterfeit Native American arts and crafts.[1] The law gave penalties of $2,000 (approximately $45,783 in 2024 dollars[2]) and/or six months in prison for selling any goods as "Indian products or Indian products of a particular Indian tribe or group, resident within the United States or the Territory of Alaska" which were not made by American Indians.[1] This penalty was a misdemeanor.[1]

Due to increasing Indigenous identity fraud in the 1970s and 1980s, Native American activists, including the Native American Artists Association cofounded by David Bradley (White Earth Ojibwe), Harvey Pratt (Cheyenne-Arapaho)[3], Sharron Ahtone Harjo (Kiowa),[4] Virginia Stroud (United Keetoowah Band/Muscogee),[4] and others fought for stiffer penalties.[5] This resulted in the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (IACA), which made fraudulently selling work as American Indian–made, Native American–made, or created by a specific tribe a felony.[6] Penalties for violating this law can result in fines up to $250,000 and/or prison terms up to five years.[6] Testifying before congress about the need for IACA enforcement, Harvey Pratt stated: "When Indian artists are undercut by the sale of fake Indian art, the integrity of authentic Indian art and artists suffer. We're also being robbed economically, culturally, and spiritually."[3]

## State laws

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States with active laws.

Law struck down in court.

No law or unknown.

Many states within the United States have passed American Indian arts and crafts laws, including Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Texas.[7]

### Alaska

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The Alaska Statutes defines an Alaska Native as "a state resident and who is an enrolled member of an Alaska tribe" and defines "authentic Alaska Native art" as works that are crafted or created within the state of Alaska by a citizen of an Alaska Native tribe.[8]

### Arizona

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Arizona Revised Statutes Article 2.1 is titled "Fraudulent Practices in the Sale of Indian Arts and Crafts".[9] The law defines an "Indian" as a citizen or a descendant of a federally recognized American Indian tribe.[10]

### California

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California's Indian arts and crafts law was passed in 1965.[11]

### Colorado

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Chapter 15 of Title 6 of the Colorado Revised Statutes stipulated that "Authentic Indian arts and crafts" are "any product that is handcrafted by Indian labor or workmanship." The law defines an "Indian" as a citizen or descendant of a federally recognized American Indian tribe.[12]

### Minnesota

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Minnesota state law requires imitation Indian-style products to be listed as "not Indian-made". The law defines an Indian as "those made exclusively by persons who are of at least one-quarter Indian blood or who are listed on the rolls of the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs as Indians".[13]

### Missouri

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Chapter 407 of the Missouri Title XXVI Trade and Commerce statute addresses penalties for the misleading sale of any work advertised as being "American Indian art or craft" that is not made by an "American Indian."[14] American Indian is defined as "a person who is a citizen or enrolled member of an American Indian tribe." The law defines American Indian tribe as "any Indian tribe federally recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs of the United States Department of the Interior". The penalties are between $25 to $200 and/or imprisonment from 30 to 90 days.[14]

### Montana

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Part 6 of the Montana Consumer Protection Act is titled "Sale of Imitation Indian Articles". The law defines an American Indian as an enrolled citizen of a federally recognized tribe.[15]

### Nebraska

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Nebraska's American Indian Arts and Crafts Sales Act protects "American Indian craftpersons from false representation in the offerinq for sale, sale, trade, or purchase of authentic American Indian arts and crafts and natural and unnatural turquoise." The act defines an American Indian as any person who is of "at least one-quarter American Indian blood who is enrolled or is a lineal descendant" of a federally recognized American Indian tribe.[16]

### Nevada

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The Nevada Revised Statutes prohibits the sale of "Imitation Indian arts or crafts articles" unless they are clearly labelled as imitations. The law defines an Indian as a citizen or descendant of a federally recognized American Indian tribe.[17]

### New Mexico

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First passed in 1929, New Mexico's Indian Arts and Crafts Sales Act or "IACSA" (NMSA 1978, § 30-33-1 to 30-33-11) states that it is "unlawful to barter, trade, sell or offer for sale or trade any article represented as produced by an Indian unless the article is produced, designed or created by the labor or workmanship of an Indian."[18]

### Oklahoma

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Oklahoma first passed an Indian arts and crafts law in 1974. The law required artists to be citizens of a federally recognized American Indian tribe in order to market their works as Indian-made. The law was struck down by a federal judge in 2019, who ruled that the law was unconstitutional.[19]

### South Dakota

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The Codified Laws of South Dakota state that an "Indian" is a citizen or a descendant of a federally recognized American Indian tribe and that it "is a Class 2 misdemeanor for any person to distribute, sell, or offer for sale any article of American Indian art or craft unless the article is clearly and legibly labeled or branded as to place of manufacture."[20]

### Texas

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The Texas Sale of Indian Articles Act (Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §§ 17.851 - 17.854) states that an American Indian is defined as a citizen of a federally recognized American Indian tribe or a member of a state-recognized tribe.[21] However, there are no state-recognized tribes in Texas, nor does Texas have a process for state recognition.

## Tribal laws

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Four federally recognized American Indian tribes reference the IACA in their tribal law codes, including the Cherokee Nation, the Coquille Indian Tribe, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, and the Poarch Band of Creek Indians.[22]

### Cherokee Nation

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See also: Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art

### Coquille Indian Tribe

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The Coquille Indian Tribe's Coquille Crafted Ordinance defines "Coquille Made" as referring to items made by enrolled citizens of the tribe.[23]

### Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians

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The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians' Tribal Business Preference Law authorizes the Tribal Employment Rights Office (TERO) to certify craft and artisan vendors.[24] The laws defines a craft vendor as an "Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians enrolled member that provides handmade crafts for profit" and a Cherokee stone mason as an EBCI citizen who "provides culturally significant Cherokee stone masonry".[25]

### Poarch Band of Creek Indians

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The Poarch Band of Creek Indians has a Tribal Member Indian Artist Certification which certifies tribal citizens as artisans for the purposes of the federal Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990. Artisan applicants must submit proof of their tribal citizenship by submitting a Verification of Tribal Membership letter from the Poarch Creek Tribal Enrollment Office or a copy of their tribal ID card.[26]

## See also

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* Indigenous intellectual property
* List of Native American artists
* Pretendian
* Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

## References

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1. ^ a b c "Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1935". U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
2. ^ "What is $2,000 in 1935 worth in 2024?". Amortization.com. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
3. ^ a b "CULTURAL SOVEREIGNTY SERIES: MODERNIZING THE INDIAN ARTS AND CRAFTS ACT TO HONOR NATIVE IDENTITY AND EXPRESSION". GovInfo. 7 July 2017.
4. ^ a b Medley, Robert (4 January 1991). "New Indian Art Law Divisive for Household". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
5. ^ "David Bradley: Visions of Native American Life that Pop". 5 April 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
6. ^ a b "H.R. 2006 (101st): Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990". govtrack.us. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
7. ^ "Indian Arts and Crafts" (PDF). Government Accountability Office. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
8. ^ "Alaska Statutes 2023". Alaska State Legislature. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
9. ^ "Fraudulent Practices in the Sale of Indian Arts and Crafts". Arizona State Legislature. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
10. ^ "44-1231". Arizona Legislature. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
11. ^ "ARTICLE 4. American Indian-Made Articles [17569 - 17569.9] ( Article 4 added by Stats. 1965, Ch. 996. )". California Legislature. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
12. ^ "Colorado Revised Statutes 2023" (PDF). Colorado Legislature. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
13. ^ "2023 Minnesota Statutes". Minnesota Legislature. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
14. ^ a b "407.315. American Indian art or craft, no sale unless authentic — penalty". Revisor of Missouri.
15. ^ "Montana Code Annotated 2023". Montana Legislature. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
16. ^ "Legislative Bill 275" (PDF). Nebraska Legislature. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
17. ^ "TITLE 52 - TRADE REGULATIONS AND PRACTICES". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
18. ^ "2023 New Mexico Statutes". Justia. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
19. ^ "Judge rules Oklahoma law on Native American art too restrictive". PBS. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
20. ^ "CHAPTER 37-7 LABELING OF INDIAN PRODUCTS". South Dakota Legislature. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
21. ^ "BUSINESS AND COMMERCE CODE". Texas.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
22. ^ "The Ascension of Indigenous Cultural Property Law". Michigan Law Review. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
23. ^ "Coquille Indian Tribal Code Chapter 250 Coquille Crafted Ordinance" (PDF). Coquille Indian Tribe. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
24. ^ "CRAFTER/ARTISAN VENDORS". Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
25. ^ "Chapter 92 - TRIBAL BUSINESS PREFERENCE LAW". Municipal Code Corporation. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
26. ^ "Tribal Member Indian Artist Certification Update Application" (PDF). Poarch Band of Creek Indians. Retrieved 2024-11-04.

## External links

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* The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, U.S. Department of the Interior

* v
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Rights of Native Americans in the United States

Case law|

* Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)
* Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
* Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
* Fellows v. Blacksmith (1857)
* New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble (1858)
* Standing Bear v. Crook (D. Neb. 1879)
* Ex parte Crow Dog (1883)
* Elk v. Wilkins (1884)
* Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy (1896)
* Talton v. Mayes (1896)
* Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903)
* United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. (1941)
* Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States (1955)
* Williams v. Lee (1959)
* Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation (1960)
* Menominee Tribe v. United States (1968)
* McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission (1973)
* Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida (1974)
* Bryan v. Itasca County (1976)
* United States v. Antelope (1977)
* Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978)
* Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe (1982)
* Solem v. Bartlett (1984)
* County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State (1985)
* South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. (1986)
* Hodel v. Irving (1987)
* Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield (1989)
* Duro v. Reina (1990)
* South Dakota v. Bourland (1993)
* Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho (1997)
* Idaho v. United States (2001)
* United States v. Lara (2004)
* City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005)
* Cobell v. Salazar (D.C. Cir. 2009)
* Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (2013)
* Sharp v. Murphy and McGirt v. Oklahoma (2020)
* Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta (2022)

* List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes

Legislation|

* Blood quantum laws (1705 onwards)
* Nonintercourse Act (1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
* Civilization Act (1819)
* Indian Removal Act (1830)
* Dawes Act (1887)
* Curtis Act (1898)
* Burke Act (1906)
* Indian Citizenship Act (1924)
* Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
* Indian arts and crafts laws (1935–2019)
* Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act (1936)
* Nationality Act (1940)
* Public Law 280 (1953)
* Indian Relocation Act (1956)
* Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)
* Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971)
* Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975)
* American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978)
* Indian Child Welfare Act (1978)
* Diminishment (1984)
* Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988)
* Native American Languages Act (1990)
* Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990)
* Indian Arts and Crafts Act (1990)
* Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art (2008)

Federal and
State recognition|

* Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
* Legal status of Hawaii
* Federally recognized tribes
* State recognized tribes

Related|

* Aboriginal title
* Bureau of Indian Affairs
* Cherokee Commission
* Dawes Rolls
* Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
* Eagle feather law
* Eagle-bone whistle
* Hunting license
* In the Courts of the Conqueror
* Indian reservations
* Long Walk of the Navajo
* National Indian Gaming Commission
* Native American civil rights
* Native American gaming
* Native American Rights Fund
* Recognition of sacred sites
* Seminole Wars
* Survivance
* Trail of Tears
* Treaty rights
* Tribal sovereignty
* Self-determination
* United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes

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For the EU|

* Made in EU
* EUR.1 movement certificate

Laws|

* Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
* Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990
* Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union
* Rules of origin

Products with protected designation of origin
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