Indigenous Mexican Americans

American citizens descended from Indigenous peoples of Mexico

Ethnic group

Indigenous Mexican AmericansRegions with significant populations

California, Texas, New York, Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, New Mexico, Nevada
Languages
American English, Spanish, Mixtecan languages and other Mesoamerican languages
Religion
Christianity, Mesoamerican religion
Related ethnic groups
Native Americans in the United States
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Chicanos and Mexican Americans

Terms

|  Identity

* Chola/o
* La Raza
* Pachuca
* Pachuco
* Pinta/o
* Xicanx

Concepts

* Anti-Mexican sentiment

History

|  Early-American Period

* Josefa Segovia
* Las Gorras Blancas
* Mexican–American War
* Mutualista
* San Elizario Salt War
* Sonoratown
* Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Pre-Chicano Movement

* 1917 Bath riots
* Bisbee Deportation
* Bloody Christmas
* Bracero program
* California agricultural strikes
* Cantaloupe strike of 1928
* Citrus Strike of 1936
* La Matanza
* Mexican Repatriation
* Operation Wetback
* Plan de San Diego
* Porvenir Massacre
* Sleepy Lagoon trial
* Zoot Suit Riots

Chicano Movement

* Aztlán
* Black-brown unity
* Brown Berets
* Católicos por La Raza
* Tulare labor camps rent strike
* Delano grape strike
* Centro Cultural
* Chicanismo
* Chicano Moratorium
* Colegio César Chávez
* CFMN
* Conferencia de Mujeres
* CRP
* East L.A. walkouts
* Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
* Huelga schools
* Land grant struggle
* Las Adelitas de Aztlán
* Los Siete de la Raza
* Los Seis de Boulder
* MANA
* MAYO
* MEChA
* Occupation of Catalina Island
* PCUN
* Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
* Plan de Santa Bárbara
* Quinto Sol
* Raza Unida Party
* United Farm Workers

Post-Chicano Period

* 1985–1987 cannery strike
* 1992 Drywall Strike
* 2019 El Paso shooting
* Abolish ICE
* Arizona SB 1070
* Castro 2020
* Chicano Art Exhibit
* DACA
* Great American Boycott
* IRCA
* Farah strike
* Justice for Janitors
* Murder of Selena
* Proposition 187
* South Central Farm

Culture

|  Language

* Abrazos, no balazos
* Caló
* Chicano English
* Chicano names
* Órale

Food

* New Mexican cuisine
* Tex-Mex cuisine
* Mexican-American cuisine

Music

* Chicano rap
* Chicano rock
* Chicano soul
* Tejano music

Symbols

* Cal-Style VW
* Homies
* Lowrider
* Lowrider bicycle
* Mexican-American folklore
* Pancho Claus
* Zoot suit

Literature

|  Literature

* Chicana literature
* Chicano literature
* Chicano poetry

Autobiographical

* Always Running
* Living Up the Street
* Who Would Have Thought It?

Novels

* Bless Me, Ultima
* Caballero
* Desert Blood
* From This Wicked Patch of Dust
* Mexican WhiteBoy
* The Dirty Girls Social Club
* The House on Mango Street
* The Rain God
* The Revolt of the Cockroach People
* So Far from God
* Under the Feet of Jesus
* ...y no se lo tragó la tierra

Poetry and Short Stories

* Emplumada
* I Am Joaquin
* Moment of Silence
* Pensamiento Serpentino
* The Moths

Chicano studies

|  Fields

* Chicana feminism
* Chicanafuturism

Organizations

* MAS Programs, Tucson
* NACCS
* UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center

Texts

* Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
* Brown, Not White
* The Church in the Barrio
* This Bridge Called My Back

Theory

* Barrioization
* Coyolxauhqui imperative
* Gringo justice
* Nahui Ollin
* Nepantla
* New tribalism
* Rasquachismo
* Spiritual activism
* Vergüenza
* Youth control complex

Visual art

|  Visual Art

* Chicana art
* Chicano art
* Chicano cinema
* Paño
* Tortilla art

Art Collectives

* Asco
* Culture Clash
* East Los Streetscapers
* Los Four
* Mujeres Muralistas
* Teatro Campesino
* Royal Chicano Air Force

Art organizations

* Centro de Arte Público
* Galería de la Raza
* Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
* Precita Eyes
* Self Help Graphics & Art

Locations

* Balmy Alley
* Chicano Park
* Estrada Courts
* Great Wall of Los Angeles

Law

|  Supreme Court cases

* Botiller v. Dominguez
* Hernandez v. Texas
* San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
* Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
* U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
* Plyler v. Doe
* Medellín v. Texas
* Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
* Leal Garcia v. Texas
* Mendez v. Westminster
* Bernal v. Fainter
* Perez v. Brownell
* DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.

Federal Court cases

* Madrigal v. Quilligan

Population

|  Population by City

* Arizona (Tucson)
* California (Los Angeles)
* Illinois (Chicago)
* Michigan (Detroit)
* Nebraska (Omaha)
* Texas
* Dallas–Fort Worth
* Houston

Multiethnic

* Blaxicans
* Californios
* Nuevomexicanos
* Tejanos
* Indigenous Mexican Americans
* Punjabi Mexican Americans

Lists

* Chicano films
* Chicano poets
* Chicano rappers
* Mexican Americans
* Writers
* Bibliography

* United States portal
* Category
* Index

* v
* t
* e

Indigenous Mexican Americans or Mexican American Indians are American citizens who culturally identify with the Indigenous peoples of Mexico. Indigenous Mexican-Americans usually speak an Indigenous language as their first language and may not speak either Spanish or English. Indigenous Mexican-Americans may or may not identify as "Hispanic" or "Latino". While some identify as Mexican and Indigenous, others instead solely identify with their Indigenous nation/community/culture.

## Demographics

[edit]

California is home to a large and growing population of Indigenous people of Mexican birth or descent. 200,000 people in the state are descended from one or more of Mexico's over 60 Indigenous groups.[1] Many of these Indigenous Mexican-Americans hail from the Indigenous people of Oaxaca, with California being home to between 100,000 and 150,000 Indigenous Oaxacans. 50,000 are estimated to be Mixtec, an Indigenous people from the La Mixteca region of Western Oaxaca and nearby portions of Puebla and Guerrero.[2]

## Discrimination

[edit]

The slur "Oaxaquita" ("Little Oaxacan") is a derogatory term that is used by Spanish-speaking Mexican-Americans against Indigenous Mexican-Americans. The term carries the connotation that being from Oaxaca is negative and is often also used against any Mexican-American who is short or fat. The slur "indito" ("little Indian") is also used against Indigenous Mexican-Americans. Indigenous Mexican-Americans have been subjected to ridicule, derision, stereotyping, teasing, bullying, and other forms of discrimination and abuse by non-Indigenous Mexican-Americans. Additionally discrimination against Indigenous people can come from those who have assimilated by adopting the Spanish or English languages, despite largely Indigenous ancestry, who look down upon Indigenous people who have preserved their language and culture. Dynamics of racism and discrimination that exist within Mexico also exist within Mexican-American immigrant communities.[3]

Discrimination against Indigenous Oaxacan and Mixtec people can also come from Mexican-Americans who, although also coming from an Indigenous Mexican background, have stopped speaking a Mixtecan or other Indigenous language. Those who have assimilated by adopting the Spanish or English languages may look down upon Indigenous people who have preserved their language and culture.[4]

In clandestinely recorded audio leaked to the public, erstwhile president of the Los Angeles City Council Nury Martinez, a mestiza, mocked the Oaxacan community in Koreatown, saying "I see a lot of little short dark people there," whom she described as ugly.[5] She stepped down from her position as city council president and faced wide calls to resign from the city council.[6]

## Notable people

[edit]

* Elisa Marina Alvarado, actress, educator
* James Anaya, lawyer
* Roy Benavidez (1935-1998), Medal of Honor recipient
* Silvester Brito (1937-2018), poet
* Abel Fernandez (1930-2016), actor
* José M. Hernández (b. 1962), astronaut, engineer

* Xiuhtezcatl Martinez (Mexica descent) (b. 2000), environmental activist, hip hop artist
* Alex Meraz (b. 1985)
* Marty Perez (b. 1946)
* Emiliano Reyes (b. 1984)
* Mariee Sioux (b. 1985)
* Xiye Bastida (Otomi) (b. 2002), environmental activist

|

## See also

[edit]

* Academia Semillas del Pueblo
* Ballet Folklorico Aztlan
* Casa Dolores
* Danza Mexi'cayotl
* Genízaro
* Hayandose
* Mexican Kickapoo
* Mexicayotl
* Mixtec transnational migration
* Pelota mixteca

## References

[edit]

1. ^ CENGEL, KATYA (June 25, 2013). "The Other Mexicans". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 27, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
2. ^ Kresge, Lisa. Indigenous Oaxacan Communities in California: An Overview (PDF) (Report). California Institute for Rural Studies. Retrieved June 1, 2019 - via Sustainable Agriculture & Food Systems Funders.
3. ^ Esquivel, Paloma (May 28, 2012). "Epithet that divides Mexicans is banned by Oxnard school district". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
4. ^ "The Declining Use of the Mixtec Language Among Oaxacan Migrants and Stay-at-Homes: The Persistence of Memory, Discrimination, and Social Hierarchies of Power" (PDF). Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
5. ^ Zahniser, David; Wick, Julia; Oreskes, Benjamin; Smith, Dakota; Arellano, Gustavo (October 9, 2022). "Racist remarks in leaked audio of L.A. council members spark outrage, disgust". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
6. ^ Gomez, Melissa (October 11, 2022). "For Oaxacans in L.A., city councilmembers racist remarks cut deep". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 12, 2022.

## External links

[edit]

* Binational Center for the Development of Oaxacan Indigenous Communities official website
* Media related to Indigenous Mexican Americans at Wikimedia Commons

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Hispanic and Latino Americans

* Index
* Hispanic and Latino
* Latino
* Demographics

North American|

* Californio
* Creoles of Louisiana
* Isleño
* Floridanos
* Mexican
* Punjabi Mexican Americans
* Chicano
* Nuevomexicano
* Tejano

| Caribbean|

* Cuban
* Dominican
* Puerto Rican
* Nuyorican

|

Central American|

* Costa Rican
* Guatemalan
* Honduran
* Nicaraguan
* Panamanian
* Salvadoran

South American[a]|

* Argentine
* Bolivian
* Brazilian
* Chilean
* Colombian
* Ecuadorian
* Paraguayan
* Peruvian
* Uruguayan
* Venezuelan

European|

* Spanish
* Asturian
* Basque
* Canarian
* Catalan
* Galician

Ethnic groups|

* Asian
* Black
* White

Religious groups|

* Christians
* Jews
* Muslims

By region|

* Alaska
* Arizona
* California
* Los Angeles
* San Diego
* San Francisco
* Colorado
* Florida
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Nevada
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* Oregon
* Portland
* Texas
* Houston
* Utah
* Washington, D.C.

Other|

* Indigenismo
* Racism among Latinos
* Stereotypes in the United States
* In politics
* In the United States Congress
* Women in journalism

1. ^ The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Chicano and Mexican American topics

Terms|

* Chicano
* Indigenismo
* Mexican American
* La Raza
* Cholo
* Pachuco
* Pinto
* Blaxican
* Xicanx

Pre-Chicano Movement|

* 1917 Bath riots
* Bisbee Deportation
* Bracero program
* Korean War
* La Matanza
* Mexican Repatriation
* Operation Wetback
* Plan de San Diego
* Porvenir Massacre
* Sleepy Lagoon trial
* Zoot Suit Riots

Chicano Movement|

* Aztlán
* Católicos por La Raza
* Centro de Arte Público
* Chicanismo
* Chicana feminism
* Chicano Blowouts
* Chicano Moratorium
* Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
* PCUN
* Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
* Plan de Santa Bárbara
* Farm workers' rights campaign
* Land grant struggle
* Colegio César Chávez
* Los Siete de la Raza
* Los Seis de Boulder
* Occupation of Catalina Island

Post-Chicano Movement|

* Aztlán
* 1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike
* 1992 Drywall Strike
* 2019 El Paso shooting
* Abolish ICE
* Arizona SB 1070
* Castro 2020
* DACA
* Great American Boycott
* IRCA
* Justice for Janitors
* Killing of Adam Toledo
* Murder of Selena
* Party crews
* Proposition 187
* Xicanx

Culture|

* Anti-Mexican sentiment
* Caló
* Chicano art
* Chicano cinema
* Chicano literature
* Chicano names
* Chicano poetry
* Chicano Park
* Chicano rock
* Chicano rap
* Cinco de Mayo
* Estrada Courts murals
* Lowrider
* Mexican-American cuisine
* Mexican-American folklore
* Mexican-American women's fashion
* Mexican muralism
* New Mexican cuisine
* New Mexico music
* Paño
* Regional Mexican
* Skull art
* Teatro Campesino
* Tejano music
* Tex-Mex cuisine
* Tortilla art
* Zoot suit

Chicana/o Theory|

* Barrioization
* Coyolxauhqui imperative
* Gringo justice
* Nepantla
* New tribalism
* Rasquachismo
* Spiritual activism
* Vergüenza
* Youth control complex

Supreme Court cases|

* Botiller v. Dominguez
* Hernandez v. Texas
* San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
* Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
* U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
* Plyler v. Doe
* Medellín v. Texas
* Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
* Leal Garcia v. Texas
* Mendez v. Westminster
* Bernal v. Fainter
* DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.

By city and region|

* Arizona
* Tucson
* California (Los Angeles • San Francisco • San Diego)
* California (Californios)
* Colorado (Denver)
* Illinois (Chicago)
* Kansas
* Maryland (Baltimore)
* Michigan (Detroit)
* Nebraska (Omaha)
* New Mexico (Nuevomexicanos)
* New York (New York City)
* Oklahoma
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Texas
* Dallas–Fort Worth
* Houston
* Tejanos
* Utah (Salt Lake Valley)

Lists|

* Chicano films
* Chicano poets
* U.S. communities with Hispanic majority
* Mexican Americans
* Writers
* List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
* Bibliography
* List of Mexican-American communities
* List of Mexican-American political organizations

* Category:Chicano
* Category:American people of Mexican descent

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