Indo-Sri Lanka Accord

1987 attempt to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War

Indo-Sri Lanka AccordContext| Sri Lankan Civil War

|

Signed| 29 July 1987; 37 years ago (1987-07-29)
Location| Colombo, Sri Lanka
Signatories|

* Rajiv Gandhi
(Prime Minister of India )
* Junius Richard Jayewardene
(President of Sri Lanka)

Parties|

* India
* Sri Lanka

Languages|

* Sinhala
* Tamil
* English

* v
* t
* e

Indian intervention in the
Sri Lankan civil war

* Poomalai
* Pawan
* Trishul
* Viraat
* Checkmate
* Jaffna University Helidrop

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Indo-Sri Lanka Accord

The Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord was an accord signed in Colombo on 29 July 1987, between Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene. The accord was expected to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War by enabling the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka and the Provincial Councils Act of 1987. Under the terms of the agreement,[1][2] Colombo agreed to a devolution of power to the provinces, the Sri Lankan troops were to be withdrawn to their barracks in the north and the Tamil rebels were to surrender their arms.[3][4]

Importantly however, the Tamil groups, notably the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) (which at the time was one of the strongest Tamil forces), had not been made party to the talks and initially agreed to surrender their arms to the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) only reluctantly. Within a few months however, this flared into an active confrontation. The LTTE declared their intent to continue the armed struggle for an independent Tamil Eelam and refused to disarm. The IPKF found itself engaged in a bloody police action against the LTTE. Further complicating the return to peace, a Marxist insurgency began in the south of the island in response to public discontent to the IPKF.

## Background

[edit]

Location of Sri Lanka

Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War

Sri Lanka, from the early part of the 1980s, was facing an increasingly violent ethnic strife. The origins of this conflict can be traced to the independence of the island from Britain in 1948. At the time, a Sinhala majority government was instituted which passed legislation that were deemed discriminatory against the substantial Tamil minority population. In the 1970s, two major Tamil parties united to form the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) that started agitation for a separate state of Tamil Eelam within the system in a federal structure in the north and eastern Sri Lanka[5] that would grant the Tamils greater autonomy. However, the enactment of the sixth amendment of the Sri Lankan Constitution in August 1983 classified all separatist movements as unconstitutional,[6] effectively rendering the TULF ineffective.[6] Outside the TULF, however, factions advocating more radical and militant courses of action soon emerged such as the TNT (Later LTTE), EROS and the PLOTE. Following the events of Black July, the country would descend into a civil war. By 1987, the LTTE would become the major Tamil militant group having sidelined any alternatives.[5]

## Indian involvement

[edit]

Main articles: Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War and Indian Peace Keeping Force

According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of Indian foreign policy, Indian intervention in Sri Lankan civil war became inevitable as that civil war threatened India's "unity, national interest and territorial integrity."[7] According to Laskar, this threat came in two ways: On the one hand external powers could take advantage of the situation to establish their base in Sri Lanka thus posing a threat to India, on the other hand, the LTTE's dream of a sovereign Tamil Eelam comprising all the Tamil-inhabited areas (of Sri Lanka and India) posed a threat to India's territorial integrity.[7]

India had, initially under Indira Gandhi[8][9] and later under Rajiv Gandhi, provided support to Tamil interests from the very conception of the secessionist movement. This included providing sanctuary to the separatists, as well as support the operations training camps for Tamil guerrillas in Tamil Nadu[10] of which the LTTE emerged as the strongest force. This was both as a result of a large Tamil community in South India, as well as India's regional security and interests which attempted to reduce the scope of foreign intervention, especially those linked to the United States, Pakistan, and China.[10] To this end, the Indira Gandhi government sought to make it clear to Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene that armed intervention in support of the Tamil movement was an option India would consider if any diplomatic solutions should fail.[10] Following the anti-Tamil riots, the Tamil rebel movement grew progressively strong and increasingly violent. However, after Indira Gandhi's assassination, the Indian support for the militant movement decreased. The succeeding Rajiv Gandhi government attempted to re-establish friendly relations with its neighbours. It still however maintained diplomatic efforts to find a solution to the conflict as well as maintaining covert aid to the Tamil rebels.[10]

From 1985 however, the Sri-Lankan Government started rearming itself extensively for its anti-insurgent role with support from Pakistan, Israel, Singapore and South Africa.[10][11] In 1986, the campaign against the insurgency was stepped up and in 1987,Operation Liberation was launched against LTTE strongholds in Jaffna Peninsula, involving nearly four thousand troops, supported by helicopter gunships as well as ground attack aircraft.[10] In June 1987, the Sri Lankan Army laid siege on the major town, and Tamil stronghold of Jaffna.[12] As civilian casualties grew,[13][14] calls grew within India to intervene in what was increasingly seen in the Indian (and Tamil) media as a developing humanitarian crisis, especially with reports of the use of aerial attacks against rebel positions in predominantly civilian areas.[14] India, which had a substantial Tamil population in South India faced the prospect of large scale Tamil backlash at home, called on the Sri Lankan government to halt the offensive in an attempt to negotiate a political settlement.

However, the Indian efforts were futile. Added to this, in the growing involvement of Pakistani and Israeli advisors, it was necessary for Indian interest to mount a show of force.[10] Failing to negotiate an end to the crisis with Sri Lanka, India announced on 2 June 1987 that it would send a convoy of unarmed ships to northern Sri Lanka to provide humanitarian assistance[15] but this was intercepted by the Sri Lankan Navy and turned back.[16]

Following the failure of the naval mission, the decision was made by the Indian government to mount an airdrop of relief supplies in support of rebel forces over the besieged city of Jaffna and the rebel occupied Jaffna Fort. On 4 June 1987, in a blatant show of force, the Indian Air Force mounted Operation Poomalai in broad daylight. Five An-32s of the Indian Air Force under cover of heavily armed Indian fighter jets flew over Jaffna to airdrop 25 tons of supplies, all the time keeping well within the range of Sri Lankan radar coverage. At the same time the Sri Lankan Ambassador to New Delhi was summoned to the Foreign Office to be informed by the Minister of External Affairs, K. Natwar Singh, of the ongoing operation. It was also indicated to the ambassador that if the operation was in any way hindered by Sri Lanka, India would launch a full-force military retaliation against Sri Lanka.[17] The ultimate aim of the operation was both to demonstrate the credibility of the Indian option of active intervention to the Sri Lankan Government, as a symbolic act of support for the Tamil Rebels, as well to preserve Rajiv Gandhi's credibility.[18]

Faced with the possibility of an active Indian intervention and facing an increasingly war-weary population at home,[19] the Sri Lankan President, J. R. Jayewardene, offered to hold talks with the Rajiv Gandhi government on future moves.[12] The siege of Jaffna was soon lifted, followed by a round of negotiations that led to the signing of the Indo-Sri-Lankan accord on July 29, 1987[20] that brought a temporary truce.

## Peace accord

[edit]

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Among the salient points of the agreement, the Sri Lankan Government made a number of concessions to Tamil demands, which included[1][2] devolution of power to the provinces, merger (subject to later referendum) of the Northern and Eastern provinces, and official status for the Tamil language. More immediately, Operation Liberation was ended. Sri Lankan troops were to withdraw to their barracks in the north, the Tamil rebels were to disarm. India agreed to end support for the Tamil separatist movement and recognise the territorial unity of Sri Lanka. The Accord also underlined the commitment of Indian military assistance on which the IPKF came to be inducted into Sri Lanka.[21]

### Reaction

[edit]

On the eve of the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, Rajiv Gandhi was assaulted by Leading Rate Vijitha Rohana at the Guard of Honour held for Gandhi in what seemed an attempted assassination. Four years later, in 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by a LTTE suicide bomber. This radically reduced support for the LTTE within India. In 2009, 19 years after his assassination, the Sri Lankan army mounted a major military offensive in the north and defeated the LTTE at cost of thousands of Tamil civilian casualties. The operation was not opposed by India and received Indian diplomatic and military support, despite condemnations from state of Tamil Nadu and Western nations for alleged human rights violations. Rajiv Gandhi's widow, Sonia Gandhi was the chairperson of India's ruling coalition at the time.[citation needed]

The validity of the Indo-Lanka Accord has been questioned by Sri Lankan politicians citing various reasons.[22] In 2020 Minister of Public Security Sarath Weerasekara claimed as India failed to disarm the LTTE the agreement is no longer valid and Sri Lanka is not bound to uphold the agreement on provincial councils. [23]

### Books

[edit]

* Ramakrishnan, T. (2018), Ore Inapirachinayum Ore Oppandhamum, The Hindu Publishing Group (in Tamil)[24]

## See also

[edit]

* India–Sri Lanka relations
* Vijitha Rohana
* Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b M. L. Marasinghe (1988). Ethnic Politics and Constitutional Reform: The Indo-Sri Lankan Accord. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 37, pp 551–587  doi:10.1093/iclqaj/37.3.551
2. ^ a b "Asia Times: SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord". www.atimes.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2002.
3. ^ New Delhi & the Tamil Struggle. The Indo Sri Lanka Agreement. Satyendra N. Tamil Nation[permanent dead link‍]
4. ^ Text of the Peace accord.Tamil Nation[permanent dead link‍]
5. ^ a b Pike, John. "Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) / World Tamil Association (WTA)". www.globalsecurity.org.
6. ^ a b The Peace Accord and the Tamils in Sri Lanka.Hennayake S.K. Asian Survey, Vol. 29, No. 4. (Apr., 1989), pp. 401–415.
7. ^ a b Laskar, Rejaul (September 2014). "Rajiv Gandhi's Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance". Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist. 2 (9): 47. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
8. ^ India's search for power:Indira Gandhi's Foreign Policy.1966–1982. Mansingh S. New Delhi:Sage 1984. p282
9. ^ "Rediff On The NeT: Ashok Mitra on how Indira Gandhi sowed the seeds of hate". www.rediff.com.
10. ^ a b c d e f g India's Regional Security Doctrine. Hagerty D.T. Asian Survey, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Apr., 1991), pp. 351–363
11. ^ "The Colombo Chill". Bobb, D. India Today. March 31, 1986. p95.
12. ^ a b India Airlifts Aid to Tamil Rebels", The New York Times. 5 June 1987
13. ^ Sri Lanka in 1987: Indian Intervention and Resurgence of the JVP. Pfaffenberger B. Asian Survey, Vol. 28, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1987: Part II. (Feb., 1988), pp. 139
14. ^ a b "Chapter 8". www.uthr.org.
15. ^ "Indians To Send convoy to Sri Lanka", The New York Times. 2 June 1987
16. ^ "Indian Flotilla is turned back by Sri Lankan Naval Vessels", The New York Times. 4 June 1987
17. ^ "Indian Air Force in Sri Lanka.Operation Poomalai – The Jaffna Food drop." Bharat-rakshak.com Archived 2011-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
18. ^ "Operation Poomalai – India Intervenes" Bharat-rakshak.com Archived September 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
19. ^ "Sri Lanka's Ethnic Conflict: The Indo-Lanka Peace Accord". Ralph R. Premdas; S. W. R. de A. Samarasinghe, Asian Survey, Vol. 28, No. 6. (Jun., 1988), pp. 676–690.
20. ^ "Sri Lanka".
21. ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). www.mea.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2025. Retrieved 7 March 2025.
22. ^ Silva, Pramod De. "Indo-Lanka Accord: 31 years on". Daily News. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
23. ^ "Minister Sarath Weerasekara says the Indo Lanka accord is not valid anymore". Sri Lanka News - Newsfirst. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
24. ^ "Indo-Lanka accord is a sound framework, say experts". The Hindu. 13 January 2013.

## External links

[edit]

* Full Text of Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
* Text of all peace accords for Sri Lanka
* Tigers go back to Indo-Lanka accord for federal state[usurped]
* Muslims have a Case in Sri Lanka
* Indo-Sri Lanka trade: Hype and reality
* SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord
* PEACE PROCESS IN SRI LANKA 
 WITH AND WITHOUT MEDIATION
* ETHNIC PEACE ACCORDS AND ETHNIC CONFLICT RESOLUTION: A SURVEY
* Dr. PC Alexander, former Principal Secretary of Rajiv Gandhi – bares it all on the Indo-Lanka Accord of 1987
* "Peace for all with equal rights"Minister
* Wickremesinghe Apprises I K Gujral of Stalled Peace Process in Sri Lanka
* Tiger Rebels are either black or white but not both
* SLFP to discuss peace process with Indian leaders[usurped]
* PEACE PROCESS IN SRI-LANKA
* TIGERS, 'MODERATES' AND PANDORA'S PACKAGE
* The road ahead
* When guns cease to fire[usurped]
* LTTE to take Indo-Lankan accord in peace bid

* [1]

* v
* t
* e

Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009)

Origins|

* Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism
* Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
* Sinhala Only Act
* 1956
* 1958
* Vaddukoddai Resolution
* 1977
* 1981
* Burning of Jaffna Library
* Black July

Combatants|

|  Sri Lanka|

* Army (LRRP)
* Navy
* Air Force
* Police
* Special Task Force
* Home Guards
* Attacks on civilians
* Assassinations

|

LTTE|

* Divisions
* Air Tigers
* Sea Tigers
* Black Tigers
* Attacks
* in the 1970s
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* Assassinations
* Suicide bombings

Other militants (list)|

* ENDLF
* ENLF
* EPRLF
* EROS
* PLOTE
* TELO

India|

* Indian Peace Keeping Force

Paramilitary groups|

* EPDP
* TMVP

Phases|

* Eelam War I
* Indian intervention
* Eelam War II
* III
* IV
* Eastern / Northern theatres

Major battles|

* Kokkilai
* Vadamarachchi
* Poomalai
* Pawan
* Jaffna University Helidrop
* Balavegaya
* 1st Elephant Pass
* Pooneryn
* Riviresa
* 1st Mullaitivu
* Weli Oya
* Sath Jaya
* Vavunathivu
* Jayasikurui
* Thandikulam–Omanthai
* 1st Kilinochchi
* Oddusuddan
* A-9 highway
* 2nd Elephant Pass
* Bandaranaike Airport attack
* Point Pedro
* Jaffna
* Thoppigala
* Vidattaltivu
* 2nd Kilinochchi
* 2nd Mullaitivu
* Puthukkudiyirippu

Major events|

* Air Lanka Flight 512
* Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
* Expulsions from Northern province
* Assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali
* Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
* Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa
* Temple of the Tooth attack
* Lionair Flight 602
* Bandaranaike Airport attack
* Expulsions from Colombo
* 2009 suicide air raid on Colombo

Leaders|

| Sri Lanka|

| Military|

| Army|

* Tissa Weeratunga
* Nalin Seneviratne
* Hamilton Wanasinghe
* Cecil Waidyaratne
* G. H. De Silva
* Rohan Daluwatte
* Srilal Weerasooriya
* L. P. Balagalle
* Shantha Kottegoda
* Sarath Fonseka

|

Navy|

* Asoka de Silva
* H. A. Silva
* Clancy Fernando
* D. A. M. R. Samarasekara
* H. C. A. C. Thisera
* Daya Sandagiri
* Wasantha Karannagoda

Air Force|

* Dick Perera
* Andibuduge Fernando
* Makalandage Gunawardena
* Oliver Ranasinghe
* Jayalath Weerakkody
* Donald Perera
* Roshan Goonetileke

Civilian|

* J. R. Jayewardene
* Ranasinghe Premadasa
* Dingiri Banda Wijetunga
* Chandrika Kumaratunga
* Mahinda Rajapaksa

LTTE|

| Militant|

* Velupillai Prabhakaran
* Pottu Amman
* Soosai
* Karuna Amman

|

Political|

* Selvarasa Pathmanathan
* Anton Balasingham
* S. P. Thamilselvan

India|

| Military|

* Harkirat Singh
* Ashok K. Mehta
* Kulwant Singh
* Depinder Singh
* Dalvir Singh
* Krishnaswamy Sundarji

|

Civilian|

* R. Venkataraman
* Rajiv Gandhi
* V. P. Singh
* Jyotindra Nath Dixit
* J. Jayalalithaa
* M. Karunanidhi
* Vaiko

Aftermath|

* Genocide
* Films
* NPC resolution
* LLRC
* Reactions (Protests)
* Remembrance Day
* UN Panel on Accountability
* War crimes
* Chemical weapons

Related topics|

* Casualties
* Assassinations
* Massacres
* Child soldiers
* Disappearances
* Office on Missing Persons
* Human rights
* Popular culture
* Terrorism
* Non-state
* State
* PTA
* Sexual violence
* Sixth Amendment
* Thirteenth Amendment
* Women
* 1988 Maldives coup attempt
* 1987–1989 JVP insurrection

* Sri Lankan civil war at Wiktionary
* Source texts at Wikisource
* Textbooks at Wikibooks
* Images and media at the Commons
* Quotations at Wikiquote
* News stories at Wikinews

* v
* t
* e

Sri Lankan civil war timeline

↓Four Four Bravo

↓Black July

↓Air Lanka Flight 512

↓Indo-Sri Lanka Accord

↓JVP insurrection

↓Maldives coup d'état attempt

↓Police massacre

↓Expulsion of Muslims

↓Rajiv Gandhi Assassination

↓Ranasinghe Premadasa Assassination

↓Central Bank bombing

↓Dehiwala train bombing

↓WTC bombing

↓Temple of the Tooth attack

↓Lionair Flight 602

↓Chandrika Kumaratunga assassination attempt

↓Bandaranaike Airport attack

↓Colombo Suicide air raid

↓Death of Prabhakaran

Eelam War I

Indian intervention

Eelam War II

Cease Fire

Eelam War III

Cease Fire

Eelam War IV

Sri Lankan President: Jayewardene

Premadasa

Wijetunga

Kumaratunga

Rajapaksa

Army: Weeratunga

Seneviratne

Wanasinghe

Waidyaratne

De Silva

Daluwatte

Weerasooriya

Balagalle

Kottegoda

Fonseka

LTTE leader: Prabhakaran

Pathmanathan

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

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Foreign relations of India

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| Africa|

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Oceania|

* Australia
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* Niue
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* Papua New Guinea
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Former|

* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue
* ASEAN
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* BASIC
* BIMSTEC
* BBIN
* BRICS (4th, 8th, 13th summit)
* Central Asia
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Diplomacy

* History
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* Visits by external affairs ministers of India
* Salman Khurshid
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