Information warfare

Battlespace use and management of information and communication technology

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Information warfare (IW) is the battlespace use and management of information and communication technology (ICT) in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent. It is different from cyberwarfare that attacks computers, software, and command control systems. Information warfare is the manipulation of information trusted by a target without the target's awareness so that the target will make decisions against their interest but in the interest of the one conducting information warfare.[1][2] As a result, it is not clear when information warfare begins, ends, and how strong or destructive it is.[3]

Information warfare may involve the collection of tactical information, assurance(s) that one's information is valid, spreading of propaganda or disinformation to demoralize or manipulate[4] the enemy and the public, undermining the quality of the opposing force's information, and denial of information-collection opportunities to opposing forces. Information warfare is closely linked to psychological warfare.[5]

## Overview

[edit]

Information warfare has been described as "the use of information to achieve our national objectives."[6] According to NATO, "Information war is an operation conducted in order to gain an information advantage over the opponent."[7] The term has existed at least since 1970, when Dale Minor, a reporter, published The Information War[8] a book about propaganda and news manipulation during the Vietnam War era.[9], although its current usage as a military capability dates from 1976, when Thomas P. Rona, than a Boeing Company engineer, referred to "information war" in a company monograph[10] prepared for the Office of Net Assessment[11].

Information warfare can take many forms:

* Television, internet and radio transmission(s) can be jammed to disrupt communications, or hijacked for a disinformation campaign.
* Logistics networks can be disabled.
* Enemy communications networks can be disabled or spoofed, especially online social communities in modern days.
* Stock exchange transactions can be sabotaged, either with electronic intervention, by leaking sensitive information or by placing disinformation.
* The use of drones and other surveillance robots or webcams.
* Communication management
* Synthetic media
* The organized use of social media and other online content-generation platforms can be used to influence public perceptions.[12]

The United States Air Force has had Information Warfare Squadrons since the 1980s. In fact, the official mission of the U.S. Air Force is now "To fly, fight and win... in air, space and cyberspace",[13] with the latter referring to its information warfare role.

As the U.S. Air Force often risks aircraft and aircrews to attack strategic enemy communications targets, remotely disabling such targets using software and other means can provide a safer alternative. In addition, disabling such networks electronically (instead of explosively) also allows them to be quickly re-enabled after the enemy territory is occupied. Similarly, counter-information warfare units are employed to deny such capability to the enemy. The first application of these techniques was used against Iraqi communications networks in the Gulf War.

Also during the Gulf War, Dutch hackers allegedly stole information about U.S. troop movements from U.S. Defense Department computers and tried to sell it to the Iraqis, who thought it was a hoax and turned it down.[14] In January 1999, U.S. Air Intelligence computers were hit by a coordinated attack (Moonlight Maze), part of which came from a Russian mainframe. This could not be confirmed as a Russian cyber attack due to non-attribution – the principle that online identity may not serve as proof of real-world identity.[15][16][17]

Some militaries are now employing the use of iPhones to upload data and information gathered by drones in the same area.[18][19]

## Notable examples

[edit]

An office used by Russian web brigades captured by the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

### Chinese information warfare

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Chinese information operations and information warfare.[edit]

The People's Republic of China (PRC) engages in information warfare through the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and other organizations affiliated or controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Laid out in the Chinese Defence White Paper of 2008,[20] informatized warfare includes the utilization of information-based weapons and forces, including battlefield management systems, precision-strike capabilities, and technology-assisted command and control (C4ISR).[21] The term also refers to propaganda and influence operations efforts by the Chinese state.[22] Consequential Chinese information operations have been carried out to influence Taiwanese sovereignty, U.S. elections, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. China has also exploited artificial intelligence and increasingly complex communications structures to enhance their cyber-warfare capabilities.

### Russo-Ukrainian War

[edit]

Main articles: Russian information war against Ukraine and Disinformation in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

In 2022, the Armed Forces of Ukraine took advantage of deficiencies in Russian communications by allowing them to piggyback on Ukrainian networks, connect, and communicate. Ukrainian forces then eavesdrop and cut off Russian communications at a crucial part of the conversation.[a]

To build support before it invaded Ukraine, Russia perpetuated a narrative that claimed the Ukrainian government was committing violence against its own Russian speaking population. By publishing large amounts of disinformation on the internet, the alternate narrative was picked up in search results, such as Google News.[28]

### Russian interference in foreign elections

[edit]

Russian interference in foreign elections, most notably the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, has been described as information warfare.[29][30] According to Microsoft, Russia also interfered in the 2024 US presidential elections.[31] NBC also reported Russia conducting disinformation campaigns in the 2024 US elections against then US president, Joe Biden.[32]

### Russia vs West

[edit]

Research suggests that Russia and the West are also engaged in an information war. For instance, Russia believes that the West is undermining its leader through the encouragement of overthrowing authoritarian regimes and liberal values. In response, Russia promotes the anti-liberal sentiments, including racism, antisemitism, homophobia, and misogyny.[33][32] Russia has sought to promote the idea that the American democratic state is failing.[32]

### Russia, China and pro-Palestinian protests

[edit]

The Telegraph reported in 2024 that China and Russia were promoting pro-Palestinian influencers in order to manipulate British public opinion in favor of Russian and Chinese interests.[34] NBC reported that Russia was using different tools to cause division within the US, by delegitimizing US police operations against Pro Palestinian protests and by pivoting public conversation from the Russian invasion in Ukraine to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[32] Russian media activity increased by 400% in the weeks after Hamas’ Oct. 7 attack on Israel.[32]

### United States COVID-19 disinformation campaign

[edit]

According to a report by Reuters, the United States ran a propaganda campaign to spread disinformation about the Sinovac Chinese COVID-19 vaccine, including using fake social media accounts to spread the disinformation that the Sinovac vaccine contained pork-derived ingredients and was therefore haram under Islamic law.[35] The campaign was described as "payback" for COVID-19 disinformation by China directed against the U.S.[36] The campaign ran from 2020 to mid-2021, primarily targeting people in the Philippines and used a social media hashtag for "China is the virus" in Tagalog. The primary contractor for the U.S. military on the project was General Dynamics IT, which received $493 million for its role.[35]

## Legal and ethical concerns

[edit]

While information warfare has yielded many advances in the types of attack that a government can make, it has also raised concerns about the moral and legal ambiguities surrounding this particularly new form of war. Traditionally, wars have been analyzed by moral scholars according to just war theory. However, with Information Warfare, Just War Theory fails because the theory is based on the traditional conception of war. Information Warfare has three main issues surrounding it compared to traditional warfare:

1. The risk for the party or nation initiating the cyberattack is substantially lower than the risk for a party or nation initiating a traditional attack. This makes it easier for governments, as well as potential terrorist or criminal organizations, to make these attacks more frequently than they could with traditional war.[37]
2. Information communication technologies (ICT) are so immersed in the modern world that a very wide range of technologies are at risk of a cyberattack. Specifically, civilian technologies can be targeted for cyberattacks and attacks can even potentially be launched through civilian computers or websites. As such, it is harder to enforce control of civilian infrastructures than a physical space. Attempting to do so would also raise many ethical concerns about the right to privacy, making defending against such attacks even tougher.
3. The mass-integration of ICT into our system of war makes it much harder to assess accountability for situations that may arise when using robotic and/or cyber attacks. For robotic weapons and automated systems, it's becoming increasingly hard to determine who is responsible for any particular event that happens. This issue is exacerbated in the case of cyberattacks, as sometimes it is virtually impossible to trace who initiated the attack in the first place.[17]

Recently, legal concerns have arisen centered on these issues, specifically the issue of the right to privacy in the United States of America. Lt. General Keith B. Alexander, who served as the head of Cyber Command under President Barack Obama, noted that there was a "mismatch between our technical capabilities to conduct operations and the governing laws and policies" when writing to the Senate Armed Services Committee. A key point of concern was the targeting of civilian institutions for cyberattacks, to which the general promised to try to maintain a mindset similar to that of traditional war, in which they will seek to limit the impact on civilians.[38]

## See also

[edit]

* Active measures
* Black propaganda
* Character assassination
* Cyberwarfare
* Communications security
* Command and control warfare
* Disinformation
* Electronic warfare
* Historical revisionism
* Historical negationism
* Fake news
* Fifth Dimension Operations
* Gatekeeper (politics)
* Industrial espionage
* Information assurance
* Information operations
* Internet manipulation
* Irregular warfare
* iWar
* Kompromat
* List of cyber warfare forces
* Network-centric warfare
* New generation warfare
* Political warfare
* Propaganda
* Psychological warfare
* Public affairs (military)
* Public relations
* Storm botnet
* Transparency

Group specific:

* Chinese information operations and information warfare
* Cyberwarfare in Russia
* Taliban propaganda
* White Paper on El Salvador

US specific:

* Active Measures Working Group
* CIA
* COINTELPRO
* Edward Bernays
* Enemy Image, a documentary about the Pentagon's approach to news coverage of war
* Information Operations Roadmap
* Information Operations (United States)
* Pentagon military analyst program
* State-sponsored Internet propaganda
* Titan Rain

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Connectivity to GLONASS may be a factor in the lack of Russian PGM availability,[23] and the use of 3G/4G cell towers for Russian encrypted communications (Era) [24] during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. This weakness was unearthed during the use of open communication ("Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate")[25] when FSB was discussing the deaths of their generals: Vitaly Gerasimov, killed 7 Mar 2022;[26] Andrei Sukhovetsky, killed 28 Feb 2022.[27][23]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Glenn. Jerome C. Global Challenge 10, State of the Future 19.1, The Millennium Project, Washington, DC 2018
2. ^ Brian C, Lewis. "Information Warfare". irp.fas.org. Archived from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
3. ^ Glenn. Jerome. Chapter 9 Defense, Future Mind, Acropolis Books, Washington, DC 1989
4. ^ "Information Warfare: What and How?". www.cs.cmu.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-09-09. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
5. ^ Hung, Tzu-Chieh; Hung, Tzu-Wei (2022-07-19). "How China's Cognitive Warfare Works: A Frontline Perspective of Taiwan's Anti-Disinformation Wars". Journal of Global Security Studies. 7 (4): ogac016. doi:10.1093/jogss/ogac016. ISSN 2057-3170. (DOI Free Access added 31 May 2024)
6. ^ Stein, George J. "Information warfare". Air University (U.S.). Press. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
7. ^ "Information warfare" (PDF). NATO. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
8. ^ Dale Minor, Tower, 1970
9. ^ Dale Minor, The Information War: How Government and the Press Manipulate, Censor, and Distort the News Tower, 1970
10. ^ Thomas P Rona, "Weapon Systems and Information War" (Seattle, WA: Boeing Aerospace Company, 1976)
11. ^ T. Rona, "Weapon Systems and Information War" https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading Room/Science_and_Technology/09-F-0070-Weapon-Systems-and-Information-War.pdf
12. ^ Haq, Ehsan-Ul; Tyson, Gareth; Braud, Tristan; Hui, Pan (2022-06-28). "Weaponising Social Media for Information Divide and Warfare". Proceedings of the 33rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media. HT '22. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 259–262\. doi:10.1145/3511095.3536372. ISBN 978-1-4503-9233-4. S2CID 249872702. (PDF format)
13. ^ "About the Air Force: Our Mission - airforce.com". Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
14. ^ "Computer security experts: Dutch hackers stole Gulf War secrets". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on 2019-10-20. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
15. ^ "Technology News, Analysis, Comments and Product Reviews for IT Professionals". Archived from the original on 2007-05-25. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
16. ^ "The Warnings? - Cyber War! - FRONTLINE - PBS". PBS. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
17. ^ a b Mariarosaria Taddeo (2012). "Mariarosaria Taddeo, Information Warfare: A Philosophical Perspective - PhilPapers". Philosophy & Technology. doi:10.1007/s13347-011-0040-9. hdl:2299/8987. S2CID 17684656. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2015. (journal name added 31 May 2024)
18. ^ Taddeo Mariarosaria (2012). "Information Warfare: A Philosophical Perspective" (PDF). Philosophy & Technology. 25: 105–120\. doi:10.1007/s13347-011-0040-9. hdl:2299/8987. S2CID 17684656.
19. ^ DAVID E. SANGER (2014-02-24). "Syria War Stirs New U.S. Debate on Cyberattacks". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
20. ^ "China's National Defense in 2008" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
21. ^ Dr. Eric C. Anderson; Mr. Jeffrey G. Engstrom. "Capabilities of the Chinese People's Liberation Army to Carry Out Military Action in the Event of a Regional Military Conflict" (PDF). U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
22. ^ DiResta, Renée (20 July 2020). "Telling China's Story: The Chinese Communist Party's Campaign to Shape Global Narratives" (PDF). Stanford University; Hoover Institution. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-21.
23. ^ a b Jamie Ross, who cites Christo Grozev of Bellingcat: (Tue, March 8, 2022, 5:32 AM) (7 March 2022) Russian Officer Complains About Dead General and Comms Meltdown in Intercepted Call Archived 8 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine FSB (Federal Security Service, successor agency to the KGB) officers discuss Gerasimov's death amid the destruction of 3G/4G cell towers in Ukraine, and the loss of Russian encrypted communications (Era), which compromised the FSB officer's sim-card-enabled phone call.
24. ^ Rob Waugh (8 Mar 2022) 'Idiots': Russian military phone calls hacked after own soldiers destroy 3G towers Archived 2022-04-11 at the Wayback Machine 3G/4G Towers Needed For Russian encrypted communications (Era)
25. ^ MEHUL SRIVASTAVA, MADHUMITA MURGIA, AND HANNAH MURPHY, FT (3/9/2022, 8:33 AM) The secret US mission to bolster Ukraine’s cyber defences ahead of Russia’s invasion  Archived 2022-03-31 at the Wayback Machine European official: "instead of communicating solely through encrypted military-grade phones, Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate, at times simply by using their Russian cell phones. 'The Ukrainians love it—there is so much data in simply watching these phones, whether or not they are using encrypted apps,' he said. The Ukrainians then block Russian phones from their local networks at key moments, further jamming their communications. 'Then you suddenly see Russian soldiers grabbing cell phones off Ukrainians on the street, raiding repair shops for sims,' he said. 'This is not sophisticated stuff. It’s quite puzzling."
26. ^ Rob Picheta and Jack Guy, CNN (8 Mar 2022) Ukraine claims Russian general has been killed in Kharkiv Archived 16 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine
27. ^ Doug Cunningham (3 Mar 2022) Ukraine forces say Chechen commander Magomed Tushayev killed near Kyiv Archived 11 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine
28. ^ Wirtschafter, Jessica Brandt and Valerie (2022-03-01). "The surprising performance of Kremlin propaganda on Google News". Brookings. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
29. ^ "Rosyjska ingerencja w amerykańskie wybory prezydenckie w latach 2016 i 2020 jako próba realizacji rewolucyjnego scenariusza walki informacyjnej". Warsaw Institute (in Polish). 2021-07-03. Archived from the original on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
30. ^ Wojnowski, Michał (2019). "Wybory prezydenckie jako narzędzie destabilizacji państw w teorii i praktyce rosyjskich operacji informacyjno-psychologicznych w XX i XXI w." Przegląd Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (in Polish). 11 (21): 13–43\. ISSN 2080-1335. Archived from the original on 2022-04-28. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
31. ^ Farrell, James. "Russia's 2024 Election Influence Campaign Has Started, Microsoft Analysis Finds". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2024-05-30. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
32. ^ a b c d e "Russia is trying to exploit America's divisions over the war in Gaza". NBC News. 2024-04-30. Archived from the original on 2024-06-13. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
33. ^ Sohl, Ben (2022). "Discolored Revolutions: Information Warfare ins Russia's Grand Strategy" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 45 (1): 97–111\. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2022.2057113. S2CID 248393195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2022.
34. ^ Turner, Camilla; Lisbona, Natalie (2024-05-18). "Russia and China 'manipulating UK public opinion by promoting pro-Palestinian influencers'". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
35. ^ a b Bing, Chris; Schechtman, Joel (June 14, 2024). "Pentagon Ran Secret Anti-Vax Campaign to Undermine China during Pandemic". Reuters.
36. ^ Toropin, Konstantin (2024-06-14). "Pentagon Stands by Secret Anti-Vaccination Disinformation Campaign in Philippines After Reuters Report". Military.com. Archived from the original on 2024-06-14. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
37. ^ Ajir, Media; Vailliant, Bethany (2018). "Russian Information Warfare: Implications for Deterrence Theory". Strategic Studies Quarterly. 12 (3): 70–89\. ISSN 1936-1815. JSTOR 26481910. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
38. ^ "Cyberwar Nominee Sees Gaps in Law". The New York Times. 15 April 2010. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010.

## Bibliography

[edit]

### Books

[edit]

* Jerome Clayton Glenn, "Future Mind" Chapter 9. Defense p. 195-201. Acropolis Books LTD, Washington, DC (1989)
* Winn Schwartau, "Information Warfare: Chaos on the Electronic Superhighway" Thunder's Mouth Press (1993)
* Winn Schwartau, ed, Information Warfare: Cyberterrorism: Protecting your personal security in the electronic age, Thunder's Mouth Press, 2nd ed, (1996) (ISBN 1560251328).
* John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, In Athena's Camp, RAND (1997).
* Dorothy Denning, Information Warfare and Security, Addison-Wesley (1998) (ISBN 0201433036).
* James Adams, The Next World War: Computers are the Weapons and the Front line is Everywhere, Simon and Schuster (1998) (ISBN 0684834529).
* Edward Waltz, Information Warfare Principles and Operations, Artech House, 1998, ISBN 0-89006-511-X
* John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy, RAND (2001) (ISBN 0833030302).
* Ishmael Jones, The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture, Encounter Books, New York (2010) (ISBN 978-1594032233). Information/intelligence warfare.
* Gregory J. Rattray, Strategic Warfare in Cyberspace, MIT Press (2001) (ISBN 0262182092).
* Anthony H. Cordesman, Cyber-threats, Information Warfare, and Critical Infrastructure Protection: DEFENDING THE US HOMELAND (2002) (ISBN 0275974235).
* Leigh Armistead, Information Operations: The Hard Reality of Soft Power, Joint Forces Staff College and the National Security Agency (2004) (ISBN 1574886991).
* Thomas Rid, War and Media Operations: The US Military and the Press from Vietnam to Iraq, Routledge (2007) (ISBN 0415416590).

### Other

[edit]

* Science at War: Information Warfare, The History Channel (1998).

## External links

[edit]

Library resources about
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### Resources

[edit]

* Hacktivism and Politically Motivated Computer Crime (PDF)
* Cyberspace and Information Operations Study Center Archived 2007-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, Air University, U.S. Air Force.
* IWS - The Information Warfare Site
* Information Warfare Monitor - Tracking Cyberpower (University of Toronto, Canada/Munk Centre)
* Twitter: InfowarMonitor
* Information Warfare, I-War, IW, C4I, Cyberwar
* Federation of American Scientists - IW Resources Archived 2007-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Association of Old Crows http://www.crows.org The Electronic Warfare and Information Operations Association.
* C4I.org - Computer Security & Intelligence
* Information Warfare, Information Operations and Electronic Attack Capabilities Air Power Australia.
* Committee on Policy Consequences and Legal/Ethical Implications of Offensive Information Warfare Archived 2017-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, The National Academies.
* Program on Information and Warfare, Global Information Society Project, World Policy Institute.
* Information Warriors Archived 2020-10-27 at the Wayback Machine Information Warriors is web forum dedicated to the discussion of Navy Information Warfare.
* Mastermind Corporation Information Warfare Tactics Analysis (PDF)
* Information Warfare in Biology Nature's Exploitation of Information to Win Survival Contests, Monash University, Computer Science.

### Course syllabi

[edit]

* COSC 511 Information Warfare: Terrorism, Crime, and National Security @ Department of Computer Science, Georgetown University (1997–2002) (Dorothy Denning).
* CSE468 Information Conflict (Honours) @ School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Monash University (2006) (Carlo Kopp).
* Information Warfare, Cyberterrorism, and Hacktivism from Cybercrime, Cyberterrorism and Digital Law Enforcement, New York Law School.

### Papers: research and theory

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* Col Andrew Borden, USAF (Ret.), What is Information Warfare? Aerospace Power Chronicles (1999).
* Dr Carlo Kopp, A Fundamental Paradigm of Infowar (February 2000).
* Research & Theory Links Archived 2007-10-30 at the Wayback Machine, Cyberspace and Information Operations Study Center, Air War College, Air University, U.S. Air Force.
* Lachlan Brumley et al., Cutting Through the Tangled Web: An Information-Theoretic Perspective on Information Warfare (October 2012).
* Galeotti, Mark (5 March 2018). "I'm Sorry for Creating the 'Gerasimov Doctrine'". Foreign Policy. Slate Group. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
* Galeotti, Mark (2018). "The mythical 'Gerasimov Doctrine' and the language of threat". Critical Studies on Security. 7 (2). Informa UK Limited: 157–161\. doi:10.1080/21624887.2018.1441623. ISSN 2162-4887. OCLC 8319522816. S2CID 159811828.
* Michael MacDonald (2012) "Black Logos: Rhetoric and Information Warfare", pages 189–220 in Literature, Rhetoric and Values: Selected Proceedings of a Conference held at University of Waterloo, 3–5 June 2011, editors Shelley Hulan, Murray McArthur and Randy Allen Harris, Cambridge Scholars Publishing ISBN 978-1-4438-4175-7 .
* Taddeo, Mariarosaria (2012). Information Warfare: A Philosophical Perspective. Philosophy and Technology 25 (1):105-120.

### Papers: Other

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* An essay on Information Operations by Zachary P. Hubbard[permanent dead link] (Also Here (Doc file) from this page \- working link added 31 May 2024)

### News articles

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* Army, Air Force seek to go on offensive in cyber war, GovExec.com (June 13, 2007).
* NATO says urgent need to tackle cyber attack, Reuters (June 14, 2007).
* America prepares for 'cyber war' with China, Telegraph.uk.co (June 15, 2007).
* NATO, US gear up for cyberpunk warfare, The Register (June 15, 2007).

### United States Department of Defense IO Doctrine

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* Information Operations Roadmap (DOD 2003)
* Information Operations (JP 3-13 2006)
* Operations Security (JP 3-13.3) (PDF)
* Military Deception (JP 3-13.4) (PDF)
* Joint Doctrine for PSYOP (JP 3-53 2003)
* Joint Doctrine for Public Affairs (JP 3-61 2005)
* Destabilizing Terrorist Networks: Disrupting and Manipulating Information Flows in the Global War on Terrorism, Yale Information Society Project Conference Paper (2005).
* Seeking Symmetry in Fourth Generation Warfare: Information Operations in the War of Ideas, Presentation (PDF slides) to the Bantle - Institute for National Security and Counterterrorism (INSCT) Symposium, Syracuse University (2006).
* K. A. Taipale, Seeking Symmetry on the Information Front: Confronting Global Jihad on the Internet, 16 National Strategy F. Rev. 14 (Summer 2007).

* v
* t
* e

Media manipulation

Context|

* Bias
* Crowd psychology
* Deception
* Dumbing down
* False balance
* Half-truths
* Media
* Obfuscation
* Persuasion
* Manipulation (psychology)

Activism|

* Advocacy
* group
* Alternative media
* Boycott
* Call-out culture
* Cancel culture
* Civil disobedience
* Culture jamming
* Demonstrations
* Deplatforming
* Grassroots
* Guerrilla communication
* Hacktivism
* Internet
* Media
* Occupations
* Petitions
* Protests
* Youth

Advertising|

* Advertorial/Native advertising
* Billboards
* False
* Infomercials
* Mobiles
* Modeling
* Radio
* Sex
* Slogans
* Testimonials
* TV
* Criticism of advertising
* Annoyance factor

Censorship and
mass media regulation|

* Books
* Broadcast law
* Burying of scholars
* Catch and kill
* Corporate
* Cover-ups
* Euphemism
* Films
* Historical negationism
* Internet
* Political
* Religious
* Self

Hoaxing|

* Alternative facts
* April Fools'
* Deepfake
* audio
* Fake news
* websites
* Fakelore
* Fictitious entries
* Firehose of falsehood
* Forgery
* Gaslighting
* List
* Literary
* Lying press
* Photograph manipulation
* Racial
* Urban legend
* Virus
* Video manipulation

Marketing|

* Branding
* Loyalty
* Product
* Product placement
* Publicity
* Research
* Word of mouth

News media|

* Agenda-setting
* Broadcasting
* Circus
* Cycle
* Emotive conjugation
* False balance
* Infotainment
* Managing
* Narcotizing dysfunction
* Newspeak
* Pseudo-event
* Scrum
* Sensationalism
* Tabloid journalism

Political campaigning|

* Advertising
* Astroturfing
* Attack ad
* Canvassing
* Character assassination
* Dog whistle
* Election promises
* Lawn signs
* Party platforms (or manifestos)
* Name recognition
* Negative
* Push polling
* Smear campaign
* Wedge issue

Propaganda|

* Bandwagon
* Big lie
* Crowd manipulation
* Disinformation
* Fearmongering
* Framing
* Indoctrination
* Loaded language
* National mythology
* Rally 'round the flag effect
* Techniques

Psychological warfare|

* Airborne leaflets
* False flag
* Fifth column
* Information (IT)
* Lawfare
* Political
* Public diplomacy
* Sedition
* Subversion

Public relations|

* Cult of personality
* Doublespeak
* Non-apology apology
* Reputation management
* Slogans
* Sound bites
* Spin
* Transfer
* Understatement
* Weasel words
* Corporate propaganda

Sales|

* Cold calling
* Door-to-door
* Pricing
* Product demonstrations
* Promotion
* Spaving
* Promotional merchandise
* Telemarketing

Related|

* Influence-for-hire
* Media bias
* United States
* Media concentration
* Media democracy
* Media ecology
* Media ethics
* Media franchise
* Media influence
* Media proprietor

* v
* t
* e

Information security

Threats|

* Adware
* Advanced persistent threat
* Arbitrary code execution
* Backdoors
* Bombs
* Fork
* Logic
* Time
* Zip
* Hardware backdoors
* Code injection
* Crimeware
* Cross-site scripting
* Cross-site leaks
* DOM clobbering
* History sniffing
* Cryptojacking
* Botnets
* Data breach
* Drive-by download
* Browser Helper Objects
* Viruses
* Data scraping
* Denial-of-service attack
* Eavesdropping
* Email fraud
* Email spoofing
* Exploits
* Fraudulent dialers
* Hacktivism
* Infostealer
* Insecure direct object reference
* Keystroke loggers
* Malware
* Payload
* Phishing
* Voice
* Polymorphic engine
* Privilege escalation
* Ransomware
* Rootkits
* Scareware
* Shellcode
* Spamming
* Social engineering
* Spyware
* Software bugs
* Trojan horses
* Hardware Trojans
* Remote access trojans
* Vulnerability
* Web shells
* Wiper
* Worms
* SQL injection
* Rogue security software
* Zombie

vectorial version

Defenses|

* Application security
* Secure coding
* Secure by default
* Secure by design
* Misuse case
* Computer access control
* Authentication
* Multi-factor authentication
* Authorization
* Computer security software
* Antivirus software
* Security-focused operating system
* Data-centric security
* Software obfuscation
* Data masking
* Encryption
* Firewall
* Intrusion detection system
* Host-based intrusion detection system (HIDS)
* Anomaly detection
* Information security management
* Information risk management
* Security information and event management (SIEM)
* Runtime application self-protection
* Site isolation

Related
security
topics|

* Computer security
* Automotive security
* Cybercrime
* Cybersex trafficking
* Computer fraud
* Cybergeddon
* Cyberterrorism
* Cyberwarfare
* Electronic warfare
* Information warfare
* Internet security
* Mobile security
* Network security
* Copy protection
* Digital rights management

* v
* t
* e

Military deception

Techniques|

* Denial and deception
* Disinformation
* False flag
* Information warfare
* Maskirovka
* Military camouflage
* Psychological warfare
* Ruse de guerre

Equipment|

* Military dummy
* Decoy
* Q-ship

Operations|

World War II:

* Bertram
* Bodyguard

Texts|

The Art of War

* v
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* e

Intelligence management

Collection|

| Human (HUMINT)|

* Special reconnaissance
* organizations

Clandestine|

* Asset recruiting
* Cell system
* Covert action
* Direct action
* Operational techniques

Espionage|

* Agents
* field
* handling
* Asset
* Black operation
* black bag
* Concealment device
* Cover
* Cryptography
* Cutout
* Dead drop
* Defection / Turncoat
* Denial and deception
* Eavesdropping
* False flag
* Industrial espionage
* Interrogation
* Numbers station
* One-way voice link
* Resident spy
* Steganography
* Surveillance

Signals (SIGINT)|

* By alliances, nations and industries
* In modern history
* Operational platforms by nation
* Direction finding
* Traffic analysis
* TEMPEST

Measurement and
signature (MASINT)|

* Electro-optical
* Geophysical
* Nuclear
* Radar
* Radiofrequency
* Materials
* Casualty estimation (earthquake)

Other|

* Financial (FININT)
* Geospatial (GEOINT)
* Imagery (IMINT)
* Open-source (OSINT)
* Technical (TECHINT)

Analysis|

* Competing hypotheses
* Target-centric
* Words of estimative probability
* All-source intelligence
* Basic intelligence
* Intelligence assessment
* Medical intelligence
* Military geography
* Scientific & Technical intelligence

Dissemination|

* Intelligence cycle security
* Counterintelligence
* organizations
* Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* NARA
* Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
* Yale LUX

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