Injo of Joseon

King of Joseon from 1623 to 1649

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|

Injo

King of Joseon
Reign| 11 April 1623 – 17 June 1649
Predecessor| Gwanghaegun
Successor| Hyojong

Born| 7 December 1595
Prince Jeongwon's Mansion, Haeju, Hwanghae Province, Joseon
Died| 17 June 1649 (1649-06-18) (aged 53)
Daejojeon Hall, Changdeokgung, Hansŏng, Joseon
Burial|

Jangneung Mausoleum, Paju, South Korea

Spouse(s)|

Queen Inyeol

(m. 1610; died 1636)​

Queen Jangnyeol

(m. 1638)​

Issue
among others...|

* Crown Prince Sohyeon
* Hyojong of Joseon
* Grand Prince Inpyeong

| Names

Yi Jong (이종; 李倧)
Posthumous name
Joseon: King Heonmun Yeolmu Myeongsuk Sunhyo the Great (헌문열무명숙순효대왕; 憲文烈武明肅純孝大王)
Temple name
Injo (인조; 仁祖)
Clan| Jeonju Yi
Dynasty| Yi
Father| Wonjong of Joseon
Mother| Queen Inheon
Religion| Korean Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism)
Korean name

Hangul|

Hanja|

RR| Injo
MR| Injo
Birth name
Hangul|

Hanja|

RR| I Jong
MR| I Chong

Injo (Korean: 인조; Hanja: 仁祖; 7 December 1595 – 17 June 1649), personal name Yi Jong (이종; 李倧), was the 16th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was a grandson of King Seonjo and the eldest son of Prince Jeongwon. He ascended to the throne after leading a coup d'état against his uncle, Gwanghaegun, in 1623. Today, Injo is considered a weak and incompetent king, as during his reign the country experienced Yi Gwal's Rebellion, the Later Jin invasion, the Qing invasion, and an economic recession, while the government was corrupt and ineffective.

## Biography

[edit]

### Birth and background

[edit]

King Injo was born in 1595 as a son of Prince Jeongwon, whose father was the ruling monarch King Seonjo. In 1607, Prince Jeongwon's son was given the title, Lord Neungyang (綾陽都正, 능양도정) and later Prince Neungyang (綾陽君, 능양군); and lived as a royal family member, unsupported by any political factions that were in control of Korean politics at the time.

In 1608, King Seonjo fell sick and died, and his son, Gwanghaegun, succeeded him to the throne. At the time, the government was divided by various political factions and the liberal Easterner political faction came out strong after the Japanese invasions of 1582–1598, as they fought most actively against the Japanese. The Eastern faction split during the last days of King Seonjo into the Northerner and Southerner political factions. The Northern faction wanted radical reform, while the Southerner faction supported more moderate measures. At the time of Seonjo's death, the Northern faction, which gained control of the government at the time, was divided into left-wing Greater Northerners and more moderate Lesser Northerners. As Gwanghaegun inherited the throne, the Greater Northern political faction, which supported him as heir to the crown, became the major political faction in the royal court. Meanwhile, the conservative Westerner political faction remained a minor player, unable to gain power; however many members of the Westerner faction continued to look for opportunities to return to politics as the ruling faction.

### The coup of 1623

[edit]

See also: Injo coup

Although King Gwanghaegun was an outstanding administrator and great diplomat, he was largely unsupported by many politicians, scholars, and aristocrats because he was not the first-born and he was born of a concubine. Greater Northerners tried to stomp out those opinions, suppressing Lesser Northerners and killing Prince Imhae, the oldest son of Seonjo, and Grand Prince Yeongchang, the queen's son. It was not Gwanghaegun's plan to keep his throne; and in fact, he actually tried to bring minor factions into the government, but was blocked by opposition from members of the Greater Northerners, such as Chŏng Inhong and Yi Ich'ŏm. The actions made Gwanghaegun even more unpopular among wealthy aristocrats, and they finally began plotting against him.

In 1623, members of the ultra-conservative Westerners, Kim Chajŏm, Kim Ryu, Yi Kwi and Yi Kwal, launched a coup that resulted in the dethroning of Gwanghaegun, who was sent into exile on Jeju Island.[1] Chŏng Inhong and Yi Ich'ŏm were killed, and this was followed suddenly by the Westerners replacing the Greater Northerners as the ruling political faction. The Westerners brought Injo to the palace and crowned him as the new King of Joseon. Although Injo was king, he did not have any authority since almost all of the power was held by the Westerners that had dethroned Gwanghaegun.

Monarchs of Korea

Joseon monarchs
|  Taejo|  1392–1398

|

Jeongjong|  1398–1400
Taejong|  1400–1418
Sejong|  1418–1450
Munjong|  1450–1452
Danjong|  1452–1455
Sejo|  1455–1468
Yejong|  1468–1469
Seongjong|  1469–1494
Yeonsangun|  1494–1506
Jungjong|  1506–1544
Injong|  1544–1545
Myeongjong|  1545–1567
Seonjo|  1567–1608
Gwanghaegun|  1608–1623
Injo|  1623–1649
Hyojong|  1649–1659
Hyeonjong|  1659–1674
Sukjong|  1674–1720
Gyeongjong|  1720–1724
Yeongjo|  1724–1776
Jeongjo|  1776–1800
Sunjo|  1800–1834
Heonjong|  1834–1849
Cheoljong|  1849–1864
Gojong|  1864–1897

* v
* t
* e

### Yi Kwal's Rebellion

[edit]

See also: Yi Kwal's Rebellion

Yi Kwal thought he was mistreated and received too small a reward for his role in the coup. In 1624, he rebelled against Injo after being sent to the Northern front as military commander of Pyongyang to fight against the expanding Manchus, while other significant leaders of the coup were rewarded with positions in the King's court. Yi Kwal led 12,000 troops, including 100 Japanese (who defected to Joseon during Japanese invasions of Korea), to the capital, Hansŏng, where Yi Kwal defeated a regular army under the command of General Chang Man [ko] and surrounded Hansŏng. Injo fled to Gongju, and Hansŏng fell into the hands of the rebels.

On February 11, 1624, Yi Kwal enthroned Prince Heungan (興安君, 흥안군) as the new King. However, General Chang Man soon returned with another regiment and defeated Yi's forces. The Korean army recaptured the capital soon after, and Yi was murdered by his bodyguard, ending the rebellion. Even though Injo kept his throne, the uprising displayed the weaknesses of royal authority while asserting the superiority of the aristocrats, who had gained even more power by fighting against the rebellion. The economy, which was experiencing a slight recovery from Gwanghaegun's reconstruction, was again ruined, and Korea would remain in a poor economic state for a few centuries.

### War with Later Jin and Qing

[edit]

See also: Later Jin invasion of Joseon, Qing invasion of Joseon, and Samjeondo Monument

King Gwanghaegun, who was considered a wise diplomat, kept his neutral policy between the Ming dynasty, which was Joseon's traditional ally, and the growing Jurchens (later Manchus and Qing dynasty). However, following the fall of Gwanghaegun, conservative Westerners took a hard-line policy toward the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty, keeping their alliance with Ming dynasty. The Later Jin, who had up until that time remained mostly friendly to Joseon, began to regard Joseon as an enemy. Han Yun, who participated in the rebellion of Yi Kwal, fled to Manchuria and urged the Later Jin ruler Nurhaci to attack Joseon; thus the friendly relationship between the Later Jin and Joseon ended.

In 1627, 30,000 Manchu cavalry under General Amin and former Korean General Gang Hong-rip invaded Joseon, calling for the restoration of Gwanghaegun and the execution of Westerners leaders, including Kim Chajŏm. General Chang Man again fought against the Later Jin, but was unable to repel the invasion. Once again, Injo fled to Ganghwa Island. Meanwhile, the Later Jin had no reason to attack Joseon and decided to go back to prepare for war against the Ming, and peace soon settled. The Later Jin and Joseon dynasties were declared brother nations and the Later Jin withdrew from the Korean peninsula.

However, most Westerners kept their hard-line policy despite the war. Nurhaci, who had generally good opinion toward Korea, did not invade Korea again; however, when Nurhaci died and Hong Taiji succeeded him as ruler, the Later Jin again began to seek another chance for war. King Injo provided refuge to Ming general Mao Wenlong and with his unit, after they fled from the Later Jin and came to Korea; this action caused the Later Jin to invade Korea once again.

In 1636, Hong Taiji officially renamed his dynasty the Qing dynasty, and proceeded to invade Joseon personally. The Qing forces purposely avoided battle with General Im Gyeong-eop, a prominent Joseon army commander who was guarding the Uiju Fortress at the time. A Qing army of 128,000 men marched directly into Hansŏng before Injo could escape to Ganghwa Island, driving Injo to Namhan Mountain Fortress instead. Running out of food and supplies after the Manchu managed to cut all supply lines, Injo finally surrendered to the Qing dynasty ceremoniously bowing to the Hong Taiji nine times as Hong Taiji's servant, and agreeing to the Treaty of Samjeondo, which required Injo's first and second son to be taken to China as captives.

Joseon then became a tributary state to the Qing dynasty, and the Qing went on to conquer the Central Plain in 1644.

### Death of the Crown Prince

[edit]

After Qing conquered Beijing in 1644,[2] the two princes returned to Korea. Injo's first son, Crown Prince Sohyeon, brought many new products from the western world, including Christianity, and urged Injo for reform. However, the conservative Injo would not accept his ideas and persecuted the Crown Prince for attempting to bring in foreign Catholicism and Western science into Korea.

The Crown Prince was mysteriously found dead in the King's room, bleeding severely from the head. Legends say that Injo killed his own son with an ink slab that Sohyeon brought from China;[3] however, some historians suggest he was poisoned by the fact that he had black spots all over his body after his death and that his body decomposed rapidly. Many, including his wife, tried to uncover what happened but Injo ordered immediate burial and greatly reduced the grandeur of the practice of Crown Prince's funeral. King Injo even shortened the funeral period for his son.[4] Later, Injo also executed Sohyeon's wife who tried to find out the real reason for her husband's death.[3]

King Injo appointed Grand Prince Bongrim as new Crown Prince (who later became King Hyojong) rather than Prince Sohyeon's oldest son, Prince Gyeongseon. Soon after, Injo ordered the exile of Prince Sohyeon's three sons to Jeju Island (from which only the youngest son, Prince Gyeongan, returned to the mainland alive) and the execution of Sohyeon's wife, Crown Princess Minhoe, for treason.

## Legacy

[edit]

Today, Injo is mostly regarded as a weak, indecisive and unstable ruler; for he caused the Yi Kwal Rebellion, two wars with the Qing dynasty, and a devastation of the economy. He is often compared negatively to his predecessor, Gwanghaegun, who was dethroned, while Injo had almost no achievements during his reign and was still given a temple name. Blamed for not taking care of his kingdom, many people regard King Injo as a model for politicians not to follow; yet, he is credited for reforming the military and expanding the defense of the nation to prepare for war, since the nation had several military conflicts from 1592 to 1636. Injo died in 1649. His tomb is located in Paju, Gyeonggi Province.

## Family

[edit]

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|

* Father: Wonjong of Joseon (조선 원종; 2 August 1580 – 29 December 1619)
* Grandfather: King Seonjo of Joseon (조선 선조; 26 November 1552 – 16 March 1608)
* Grandmother: Royal Noble Consort In of the Suwon Kim clan (인빈 김씨; 1555 – 10 December 1613)
* Mother: Queen Inheon of the Neungseong Gu clan (인헌왕후 구씨; 17 April 1578 – 14 January 1626)

Consort(s) and their respective issue

* Queen Inyeol of the Cheongju Han clan (인렬왕후 한씨; 16 August 1594 – 16 January 1636)
* Yi Wang, Crown Prince Sohyeon (소현세자 이왕; 5 February 1612 – 21 May 1645), first son
* Yi Ho, Grand Prince Bongrim (봉림대군 이호; 3 July 1619 – 23 June 1659), second son
* Yi Yo, Grand Prince Inpyeong (인평대군 이요; 10 December 1622 – 13 May 1658), third son
* Yi Gon, Grand Prince Yongseong (용성대군 이곤; 24 October 1624 – 22 December 1629), fourth son
* First daughter (1626–1626)
* Fifth son (1629–1629)
* Sixth son (12 January 1636 – 16 January 1636)
* Queen Jangnyeol of the Yangju Jo clan (장렬왕후 조씨; 16 December 1624 – 20 September 1688)
* Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Okcheon Jo clan (귀인 조씨; 1619 – 24 January 1652)
* Princess Hyomyeong (효명옹주; 1637–1700), second daughter
* Yi Jing, Prince Sungseon (숭선군 이징; 17 October 1639 – 6 January 1690), seventh son
* Yi Suk, Prince Nakseon (낙선군 이숙; 9 December 1641 – 26 April 1695), eighth son
* Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Deoksu Jang clan (귀인 장씨; 1630–1671)
* Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Na clan (숙의 나씨; 1631–?)
* Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Park clan (숙의 박씨)
* Royal Consort Suk-won of the Jang clan (숙원 장씨)
* Court Lady Yi (승은 상궁 이씨; 1605–1643)

## In popular culture

[edit]

* Portrayed by Kim Dong-hoon in the 1981 KBS1 TV series Daemyeong.
* Portrayed by Yu In-chon in the 1986–1987 MBC TV series 500 Years of Joseon: Namhan Mountain Fortress.
* Portrayed by Ahn Dae-yong in 1995 KBS TV series West Palace.
* Portrayed by Lee Byung-joon in the 2000–2002 MBC TV series Tamra, the Island.
* Portrayed by Kim Chang-wan in the 2008 SBS TV series Iljimae.
* Portrayed by Choi Jung-woo in the 2008 KBS2 TV series Strongest Chil Woo.
* Portrayed by Kim Kap-soo in the 2010 KBS2 TV series The Slave Hunters.
* Portrayed by Sunwoo Jae-duk in the 2012–2013 MBC TV series The King's Doctor.
* Portrayed by Lee Deok-hwa in the 2013 JTBC TV series Blooded Palace: The War of Flowers.
* Portrayed by Kim Myung-soo in the 2014 tvN TV series The Three Musketeers.
* Portrayed by Kim Jae-won in the 2015 MBC TV series Splendid Politics.
* Portrayed by Park Hae-il in the 2017 film The Fortress.
* Portrayed by Kang Tae-oh in the 2019 KBS2 TV series The Tale of Nokdu.
* portrayed by Lee Min-jae in 2021 MBN TV series Bossam: Steal the Fate.
* Portrayed by Jo Kwan-woo in the 2021 tvN TV series Secret Royal Inspector & Joy.
* Portrayed by Yoo Hae-jin in the 2022 film The Night Owl.
* Portrayed by Kim Jong-tae in the 2023 MBC TV series My Dearest.

## See also

[edit]

* History of Korea
* List of monarchs of Korea

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Quartermain, Thomas (June 2018). "Besieged on a Frozen Mountain Top: Opposing Records from the Qing Invasion of Chosŏn, 1636–1637". Acta Koreana. 21 (1). Retrieved 15 January 2024.
2. ^ Palais, James B. (1995). Confucian statecraft and Korean institutions : Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the late Chosŏn dynasty. Seattle [u.a.]: Univ. of Washington Press. p. 103\. ISBN 0-295-97455-9.
3. ^ a b Yim, Seung Hye (15 January 2023). "[FICTION VS. HISTORY] Mysterious death of Crown Prince Sohyeon reimagined in 'The Owl'". Korea Joongang Daily. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
4. ^ Opinion@etoday.co.kr, 이성임 서울대 법학연구소 책임연구원 (17 July 2017). [한국여성인물사전] 155. 귀인 조씨(貴人趙氏). 이투데이.

Injo of Joseon

House of Yi

Born: 1595 Died: 1649

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Gwanghaegun

|  King of Joseon
1623–1649  | Succeeded by

Hyojong

* v
* t
* e

House of Yi

* List of Monarchs
* Kings of Joseon
* Emperor of Korea
* King Yi
* Genealogy
* Jeonju Yi clan
* Royal Family Association

* Kingdom of Joseon and Korean Empire (1392–1910)

Posthumous[note 1]|

* Mokjo (1392)
* Ikjo (1392)
* Dojo (1392)
* Hwanjo (1392)
* Deokjong (1475)
* Wonjong (1634)
* Jinjong (1776)
* Jangjo (1899)
* Munjo (1834)

King of Joseon
(1392–1897)|

* Taejo (1392–1398)
* Jeongjong (1398–1400)
* Taejong (1400–1418)
* Sejong (1418–1450)
* Munjong (1450–1452)
* Danjong (1452–1455)
* Sejo (1455–1468)
* Yejong (1468–1469)
* Seongjong (1469–1494)
* Yeonsan# (1494–1506)
* Jungjong (1506–1544)
* Injong (1544–1545)
* Myeongjong (1545–1569)
* Seonjo (1569–1608)
* Gwanghae# (1608–1623)
* Injo (1623–1649)
* Hyojong (1649–1659)
* Hyeonjong (1659–1674)
* Sukjong (1674–1720)
* Gyeongjong (1720–1724)
* Yeongjo (1724–1776)
* Jeongjo (1776–1800)
* Sunjo (1800–1834)
* Heonjong (1834–1849)
* Cheoljong (1849–1864)
* Gojong (1864–1897)

Emperor of Korea
(1897–1910)|

* Gojong (1897–1907)
* Sunjong (1907–1910)

Crown Prince[note 2]|

* Yi Bang-seok (1392–1398)
* Grand Prince Yangnyeong (1404–1418)
* Uigyeong (1455–1457)
* Yi Hwang (1502–1506)
* Sunhoe (1557–1563)
* Yi Ji (1608–1623)
* Sohyeon (1625–1645)
* Hyojang (1725–1728)
* Sado (1736–1762)
* Uiso (1751–1752)
* Munhyo (1784–1786)
* Hyomyeong (1812–1830)
* Uimin (1907–1910)

Daewongun[note 3]|

* Deokheung (1569)
* Jeongye (1849)
* Heungseon (1864)

Rival king|

* Heungan (1624)

* Korea under Japanese rule (1910–1945)

King Yi[note 4]
(1910–1947)|

| King Emeritus
(Deoksugung)|

* Yi Hui (1910–1919)

|

King
(Changdeokgung)|

* Yi Cheok (1910–1926)
* Yi Un (1926–1947)

Crown Prince|

* Yi Un (1910)
* Yi Ku (1931)

* Post-World War II (1945–present)

Director of the
Royal Family Association
(1957–)|

| In office|

* Yi Un (1966)
* Yi Ku (1973)
* Yi Won (2007)

|

Posthumous
recognition|

* Yi Kang

Pretenders|

* Yi Seok (2005–2021/2022)
* Andrew Lee (entrepreneur) (2021/2022-present)
* Yi Hae-won (2006–2020)

* # denotes that the king was deposed and never received a temple name.

1. ^ Those who were listed were not reigning monarchs but posthumously recognized; the year following means the year of recognition.
2. ^ Only the crown princes that did not become the king were listed; the former year indicates when one officially became the heir and the latter one is that when one died/deposed. Those who ascended to the throne were excluded in the list for simplification.
3. ^ The title given to the biological father, who never reigned, of the kings who were adopted as the heir to a precedent king.
4. ^ The de jure monarch of Korea during the era was the Emperor of Japan, while the former Korean emperors were given nobility title "King Yi" instead.

* v
* t
* e

Grand Princes of Joseon

The generations are numbered from the ascension of Taejo as King of Joseon in 1397.

1st generation|

* Grand Prince Uian ^•
* Grand Prince Jinan
* Grand Prince Yikan
* Grand Prince Hwaean
* Grand Prince Deukan
* Grand Prince Muan

2nd generation|

* Grand Prince Yangnyeong ^•
* Grand Prince Hyoryeong
* Grand Prince Chungnyeong
* Grand Prince Seongnyeong

3rd generation|

* Grand Prince Suyang
* Grand Prince Ahnpyeong
* Grand Prince Imyeong
* Grand Prince Guangpyeong
* Grand Prince Gumseong
* Grand Prince Pyeongwon
* Grand Prince Youngung

4th generation|

* None

5th generation|

* Grand Prince Haeyang

6th generation|

* Grand Prince Wolsan

7th generation|

* Grand Prince Inseong
* Grand Prince Jaean

8th generation|

* Grand Prince Jinseong

9th generation|

* Grand Prince Changnyeong

10th generation|

* Grand Prince Gyeongwon

11th generation|

* None

12th generation|

* None

13th generation|

* Grand Prince Nungyang
* Grand Prince Neungwon
* Grand Prince Neungchang

14th generation|

* Grand Prince Bongrim
* Grand Prince Inpyeong
* Grand Prince Yongseon

^• Forfeit rights to the succession

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Korea

Other|

* IdRef
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