Insolvency law of Canada

Insolvency

Processes

* Administration
* Bankruptcy
* Chapter 7 (US)
* CVA
* Conservatorship
* Dissolution
* Examinership
* IVA
* Liquidation
* Provisional liquidation
* Receivership

Officials

* Insolvency practitioner
* Tribunal
* Regulatory agency
* Liquidator
* Referee in Bankruptcy
* Trustee in bankruptcy

Claimants

* Creditor
* Preferential creditor
* Secured creditor
* Unsecured creditor

Restructuring

* Administration (UK)
* Chapter 11 (US)
* Cram down
* Restructuring
* Scheme of arrangement

Avoidance regimes

* Fraudulent conveyance
* Undervalue transaction
* Unfair preference
* Voidable floating charge

Offences

* Fraudulent trading
* Misfeasance
* Trading while insolvent
* Wrongful trading

Security

* Floating charge
* Lien
* Mortgage
* Second lien loan
* Security interest

International

* Chapter 15 (US)
* Cross-border insolvency
* Insolvency Regulation
* UNCITRAL Model Law

By country

* Anguilla
* Australia
* BVI
* Canada
* Cayman
* China
* Hong Kong
* India
* Ireland
* Russia
* South Africa
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom
* United States

Other

* Anti-deprivation rule
* Bankruptcy alternatives
* Creditors' rights
* Chapter 9 (US)
* Debtor
* Default
* Financial distress
* History of bankruptcy law
* List of bankrupts
* Pari passu
* Pre-packaged insolvency
* Sovereign default
* Subordination

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The Parliament of Canada has exclusive jurisdiction to regulate matters relating to bankruptcy and insolvency, by virtue of Section 91(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867. It has passed the following statutes as a result:

* The Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act ("BIA") [1]
* The Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act ("CCAA") [2]
* The Farm Debt Mediation Act [3]
* The Wage Earner Protection Program Act [4]
* The Winding-Up and Restructuring Act (which essentially applies only to financial institutions under federal jurisdiction) [5]

In applying these statutes, provincial law has important consequences. Section 67(1)(b) of the BIA provides that "any property that as against the bankrupt is exempt from execution or seizure under any laws applicable in the province within which the property is situated and within which the bankrupt resides".

Provincial legislation under the property and civil rights power of the Constitution Act, 1867 regulates the resolution of financial difficulties that occur before the onset of insolvency. Notable legislation is in effect for governing:

* creation of security interests (with notable caveats)[6][7]
* absconding debtors[8]
* bulk sales (in Ontario only)[9]
* fraudulent conveyances[10]
* relief of creditors[11]
* seizure of assets[12]
* assignments and preferences[13]

## Administration of insolvency law

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The Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy is charged with the administration of the BIA and the CCAA.[14] All records relating to matters under those Acts are accessible at their website.[15] The Office also licenses insolvency trustees (LITs), who are authorized to:

* administer estates of bankrupts
* handle consumer and commercial proposals in order to forestall an assignment in bankruptcy
* act as a monitor under the CCAA
* act as a receiver under Part XI of the BIA, to take possession and administer property as a consequence of provisions in a security agreement or by virtue of any federal or provincial law that authorizes the appointment of a receiver or receiver-manager

## See also

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* Commercial insolvency in Canada
* Consumer bankruptcy in Canada
* Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act

## References

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1. ^ "Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. B-3)". Retrieved August 25, 2011.
2. ^ "Companies' Creditors Arrangements Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-36)". Retrieved August 25, 2011.
3. ^ "Farm Debt Mediation Act (S.C. 1997, c. 21)". Retrieved August 25, 2011.
4. ^ "Wage Earner Protection Program Act (S.C. 2005, c. 47, s.1))". Retrieved August 25, 2011.
5. ^ "Winding-up and Restructuring Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. W-11)". Retrieved August 25, 2011.
6. ^ John R. Sandrelli, Christopher J. Ramsay and Anjili I. Bahadoorsingh (2002-09-18). "Remedies under Security Interests in Canada: An Overview" (PDF). Fraser Milner Casgrain. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
7. ^ "Federal Security Interests: Contract #99-08-2" (PDF). Fraser Milner Casgrain under contract to the Law Commission of Canada. June 2000. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
8. ^ "Absconding Debtors Act (Ontario), R.S.O. 1990, c. A.2". 24 July 2014.
9. ^ "Bulk Sales Act (Ontario), R.S.O. 1990, c. B.14". 24 July 2014.
10. ^ "Fraudulent Conveyances Act (Ontario), R.S.O. 1990, c. F.29". 24 July 2014.
11. ^ "Creditors' Relief Act, 2010 (Ontario), S.O. 2010, c. 16, Sch. 4". 24 July 2014.
12. ^ "Execution Act (Ontario), R.S.O. 1990, c. E.24". 24 July 2014.
13. ^ "Assignments and Preferences Act (Ontario), R.S.O. 1990, c. A.33". Retrieved 2011-09-13.
14. ^ "Basic Concepts". Office of Superintendent of Bankruptcy. 15 September 2005. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
15. ^ "Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy Canada - Home". 19 August 2002. Retrieved August 25, 2011.

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Bankruptcy in the Americas

Sovereign
states|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Dependencies
and territories|

* Anguilla
* Aruba
* Bermuda
* Bonaire
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Curaçao
* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* Greenland
* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Montserrat
* Puerto Rico
* Saba
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon
* Sint Eustatius
* Sint Maarten
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* U.S. Virgin Islands

* North America
* Central America
* Caribbean
*   *   *   * South America

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