Interbeing

Philosophical concept in Zen Buddhism

Interbeing

Zen Circle is a representation of Interbeing

Chinese name
Traditional Chinese| 相即；互即互入
| Transcriptions

Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet| tương tức
Japanese name
Kana| 相互存在

Interbeing is a philosophical concept and contemplation practice rooted in the Zen Buddhist tradition, notably proposed by Thich Nhat Hanh.[1][2] It underscores the inter-connectedness and interdependence of all elements of existence.[3][4] It informs ethical living, mindfulness, and compassionate actions.[5] It is practiced by the Plum Village Buddhist tradition and the Order of Interbeing, a lay community dedicated to its practice.[6]

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Western Zen

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Category: Zen Buddhists

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* v
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## Etymology

[edit]

The term "interbeing" was coined by Thich Nhat Hanh.[7] It is a portmanteau of the prefix "inter-" and the word "being."[8] It conveys the notion that all things exist in a state of interconnected being, a state of being interwoven and mutually dependent.[9]

The English term is predated by its use in French and Vietnamese. Interbeing is a direct translation of the French word "Interêtre". It is structurally identical as a combination of the two: "Inter" and "être". Prior to its use in the French language, interbeing is referred to in Vietnamese as Tiếp Hiện. In Vietnamese, Tiếp means "being in touch with" and "continuing." Hiện means "realizing" and "making it here and now."

Thich Nhat Hanh, a Vietnamese Zen Buddhist monk, created this practice to help people develop the insight of the interconnected nature of reality and the human experience, which could then lead to a "collective awakening".[9]

## Definition

[edit]

Within the Plum Village Tradition, interbeing is based on Mahayana teaching and is an understanding that there is a deep interconnection between all people, all species, and all things based on non-duality, emptiness, and dependent co-arising (all phenomena arise in dependence upon other phenomena).[10] As such, there is no independent separate self.[11][12] As such, everything is empty of self-being and everything is full of everything.[13] In short, everything depends for its existence on everything else.[13] The concept of interbeing highlights how all psychological and physical phenomena are intertwined, interconnected, interdependent, and mutually influenced in reality and the world. This relationship is vividly illustrated in the Avatamsaka Sutra, which teaches that "everything contains everything else" and "everything penetrates everything else."[14]

For example, a flower is composed entirely of elements that are not flowers, like chlorophyll, sunlight, and water. If all these non-flower elements were removed, there would be no flower left. A flower cannot exist independently but it can only exist in relationship with everything else.[15][16]

In this view a person is composed of many elements beyond just themselves, such as their parents, ancestors from humans, plants, and animals, as well as water, sunlight, food, education, and life experiences.[17] A person's body is constantly changing, and thoughts and emotions are always shifting.[17] It is only the belief in a separate self that confines us, falsely separating the "I" vs others.[17] As such, if one can see the nature of interbeing between oneself and others, one can see that others' suffering is one's own suffering, and others' happiness is one's own happiness.[16]

Plum Village does not try to prove the truth of interbeing, but instead emphasizes the importance of recognizing its truth through meditation (generating mindfulness, insight, and concentration).[13][18] Understanding interbeing is essential for overcoming suffering and reaching enlightenment, which is the ultimate goal in Buddhism.[13] This insight into interbeing helps in particular by revealing that nothing is ever truly created or destroyed, which removes the fear of death or loss.[13]

## Source

[edit]

The idea of interbeing is related to classic Mahayana Buddhist teachings such as emptiness and dependent arising. It has predecessors in other East Asian Buddhist concepts, particularly the Huayan teachings of perfect interfusion (yuanrong, 圓融) or unobstructed interpenetration. This teaching holds that all phenomena in the universe are interconnected with each other in a web of mutual dependency.[19] It is famously illustrated through the metaphor of Indra's net.[20]

In his book Understanding our Mind, Thich Nhat Hanh cites the Avatamsaka Sutra and the teachings of Huayan master Fazang as the sources for the teaching of interpenetration.[21]

## Locations of practice

[edit]

Interbeing is a part of one branch of modern Buddhist philosophy. It is primarily practiced by the Order of Interbeing and the Plum Village Tradition.

### Order of Interbeing

[edit]

The Order of Interbeing is a community that promotes the principles of interbeing. Comprising monastic and lay practitioners, this community adheres to the philosophy and practice of interconnectedness, emphasizing mindfulness, compassion, and ethical living.[22] Members follow the Fourteen Mindfulness Trainings as ethical guidelines, engage in communal practices, and apply interbeing principles in their daily lives.[23]

### Plum Village Monastery

[edit]

Plum Village, founded in 1982 in France by Thich Nhat Hanh, serves as a central location for the practice and learning of Interbeing. The community, comprising both monastics and laypeople, engages deeply with the principles of interconnectedness and mindfulness that are fundamental to the concept of Interbeing.[6] Here, individuals immerse themselves in practices that underscore the interdependent nature of existence, fostering a life that reflects awareness, compassion, and ethical living. The tradition of Plum Village extends globally through various centers, each committed to promoting the understanding and practice of Interbeing.[9]

## Relation to Zen Buddhism

[edit]

Interbeing is closely associated with the Zen or Chan school of Buddhism. It reflects Zen's emphasis on direct experience, meditation, and mindfulness.[24]

### Role in practice

[edit]

Interbeing enriches the practice of Zen Buddhism by emphasizing interconnectedness, compassion, mindfulness, and ethical living. It encourages practitioners to extend their awareness beyond the self, fostering a greater sense of responsibility and engagement with the world and all living beings.[25] This holistic perspective aligns with the core teachings of Zen and helps practitioners embody its principles in a contemporary context.

### Mindfulness and presence

[edit]

Zen Buddhism places a strong emphasis on mindfulness and being fully present in each moment. Interbeing highlights the idea that awareness should extend beyond the individual to encompass the interconnected web of existence. Practitioners are encouraged to be mindful not only of their own thoughts and actions but also of how they affect and are affected by the world around them.[24][9]

### Compassion and ethical living

[edit]

Interbeing fosters compassion and ethical living in Zen practice. Its philosophy states that a practitioner's well-being is intimately tied to the well-being of others and the environment.[24] This understanding encourages practitioners to act compassionately, reducing suffering not only for themselves but also for all sentient beings. It reinforces the importance of ethical conduct and the avoidance of harm to others.[3]

### Embracing impermanence

[edit]

Zen Buddhism teaches impermanence as a fundamental aspect of existence. Interbeing deepens this understanding by illustrating how everything is in a constant state of flux and interconnected with other phenomena. This recognition encourages practitioners to let go of attachments and to accept the impermanence of all things more fully.[3]

### Engagement with the world

[edit]

While traditional Zen practice often involves meditation and solitary retreats, interbeing, an integral part of Engaged Buddhism, encourages practitioners to engage actively with the world.[5] It calls for the application of mindfulness and compassion in everyday life, whether at home, work, or in social interactions. This approach bridges the gap between formal meditation and daily activities.[26]

### Environmental awareness

[edit]

Interbeing has a heightened environmental awareness component. It emphasizes that our actions have a direct impact on the natural world and that we are interconnected with all living beings. In response to this awareness, Zen practitioners who embrace interbeing often engage in environmental advocacy and sustainable living as a natural manifestation of their practice.[25]

## Influence on environmentalism

[edit]

The concept of interbeing has influenced a range of authors, environmentalists, and thinkers who have integrated its principles into their work and environmental philosophy. Here are a few notable figures who have been influenced by the concept of interbeing:

Joanna Macy, an environmental activist, and author, has drawn on Buddhist and ecological insights in her work. She emphasizes interconnectedness and the need for a "Great Turning," a shift in consciousness towards sustainability and ecological responsibility.[27]

Bill McKibben, a prominent environmentalist and author, has highlighted the interconnected nature of climate change and the global community in his writings. His advocacy for climate action and community involvement resonates with the principles of interbeing.[28][24]

David Abram, an ecophilosopher and author of "The Spell of the Sensuous," explores the relationship between humans and the natural world. His work encourages a deeper awareness of the interdependence between humans and the Earth's ecosystems.[29]

Sandra Lubarsky is an environmental educator who has integrated mindfulness practices into her work. She emphasizes the importance of mindfulness in fostering a sense of interconnection with the environment.[30]

John Seed, an environmental activist and Deep Ecology advocate, has emphasized the interconnectedness of all life and the need for a profound shift in human consciousness to address environmental issues.[31][32][33]

Fritjof Capra, a physicist and author of "The Web of Life," explores the connections between science, spirituality, and ecology.[34] His work emphasizes the interconnectedness of all living systems,[35] aligning with the principles of interbeing.[36]

Vandana Shiva, an environmental activist and scholar,[37] has integrated the principles of interconnectedness into her advocacy for sustainable agriculture and social justice. She emphasizes the interdependence of ecosystems, food systems, and human communities.[38]

## See also

[edit]

* Buddhism portal

* Thích Nhất Hạnh
* Zen Buddhism
* Plum Village Tradition
* Order of Interbeing
* Mindfulness

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "The Insight of Interbeing". garrisoninstitute.org. 2 August 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
2. ^ "Interbeing", Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013, p. 1076, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_100536, ISBN 978-1-4020-8264-1, retrieved 1 October 2023
3. ^ a b c "The Community of Interbeing (UK)", Adaptation and Developments in Western Buddhism : Socially Engaged Buddhism in the UK, Bloomsbury Academic, 2013, doi:10.5040/9781472552488.ch-005, ISBN 978-1-4725-5248-8, retrieved 1 October 2023
4. ^ "Interbeing: A Buddhist Teaching on the Interconnection of All Things". Learn Religions. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
5. ^ a b Rawlings-Way, Olivia (2006). "Thich Nh'At Hanh: Finding Our True Home - Living in The Pure Land Here and Now; Thich Nh'At Hanh: Joyfully Together - The Art of Building a Harmonious Community". Journal of Religious History. 30 (2): 267–269\. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9809.2006.00479.x. ISSN 0022-4227.
6. ^ a b "About". Plum Village. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
7. ^ Greenblatt, Lilly (21 January 2022). "Remembering Thich Nhat Hanh (1926-2022) - Lions Roar". Retrieved 2 October 2023.
8. ^ "Definition of interbeing". allwords.com. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
9. ^ a b c d Hanh, Thich Nhat (1988). The Heart of Understanding: Commentaries on teh PRajnaparamita Heart Sutra. Parallax Press.
10. ^ Lim, Hui Ling (13 April 2022). "Mindfulness and Motivation in Self-Transformation: Thich Nhat Hanh's Teachings on the Interbeing". Manusya: Journal of Humanities. 24 (3): 334–354\. doi:10.1163/26659077-24030004. ISSN 2665-9077.
11. ^ Hanh, Thich Nhat (12 July 2021). "To be means to inter-be". Plum Village Mobile App. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
12. ^ "The Eyes of the Buddha – Interbeing". Plum Village. 12 June 2000. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
13. ^ a b c d e Holst, Mirja Annalena (2023). "To Be is To Inter-Be": Thich Nhat Hanh on Interdependent Arising". Journal of World Philosophies. 6 (2): 17–30.
14. ^ "Mindfulness and Motivation in Self-Transformation: Thich Nhat Hanh's Teachings on the Interbeing". Manusya: Journal of Humanities. 24 (3): 334–354\. 13 April 2022. doi:10.1163/26659077-24030004. ISSN 0859-9920.
15. ^ "Dharma Talk: Interbeing and the Nature of Perception – The Mindfulness Bell". Retrieved 5 January 2025.
16. ^ a b Nhất Hạnh (2015). How to love. Berkeley, California: Parallax Press. ISBN 978-1-937006-88-4.
17. ^ a b c says, Dylan Tweney (11 April 2021). "What does non-self mean?". Deer Park Monastery. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
18. ^ "What is mindfulness?". Plum Village. 20 September 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
19. ^ Hamar, Imre (Editor) (2007). Reflecting Mirrors: Perspectives on Huayan Buddhism (Asiatische Forschungen), p. 189.
20. ^ Yü, Chün-fang (2020). Chinese Buddhism: A Thematic History, p. 164. University of Hawaii Press.
21. ^ Thich Nhat Hanh (2006). Understanding Our Mind, p. p. 97. Parallax Press, Berkeley, California.
22. ^ "Fourteen Mindfulness Trainings – Order of Interbeing | Tiep Hien". Retrieved 2 October 2023.
23. ^ "BBC - Religions - Buddhism: Thich Nhat Hanh". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
24. ^ a b c d Hanh, Thich Nhat (2003). Interbeing : fourteen guidelines for engaged Buddhism. Full Circle. pp. 4–22\. ISBN 9788176210058.
25. ^ a b Dorje, Ogyen Trinley (2017). Interconnected: Embracing Life in Our Global Society. Wisdom Publications.
26. ^ "Buddhism and Social Action: Engaged Buddhism". pluralism.org. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
27. ^ Macy, Joanna; Brown, Molly Young; Fox, Matthew (2014). Coming back to life: the updated guide to the work that reconnects. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers. ISBN 978-0-86571-775-6.
28. ^ McKibben, Bill, "Excerpts from The End of Nature", Environment and Society, NYU Press, pp. 5–11, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1ht4vw6.6
29. ^ Lubarsky, Sandra (2 August 2019). "Speak the Name of Beauty".
30. ^ "Sustainability can (and must) be beautiful". Resilience. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
31. ^ "Interview with John Seed". Deep Times. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
32. ^ Seed, John; Macy, Joanna; Naess, Arne; Fleming, Pat (1988). Thinking Like a Mountain. New Society Publishers.
33. ^ "John Seed: I am part of the rainforest protecting myself". Mystery of Existence. 3 January 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
34. ^ Wahl, Daniel Christian. Design for Human and Planetary Health - A Holistic/Integral Approach to Compexity and Sustainability (PhD thesis).
35. ^ "Interview with Fritjof Capra—From Matter to Pattern: Buddhism and Biology". Inquiring Mind. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
36. ^ Ahouse, Jeremy C. (1998). "The web of life: A new understanding of living systems by Fritjof Capra". Complexity. 3 (5): 50–52\. Bibcode:1998Cmplx...3e..50A. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199805/06)3:5<50::AID-CPLX9>3.0.CO;2-M. ISBN 9780385476768. ISSN 1076-2787.
37. ^ "Vandana Shiva | Indian Environmentalist, Activist & Scientist". Britannica.com. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
38. ^ Shiva, Vandana (2007). "Bioprospecting as Sophisticated Biopiracy". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 32 (2): 307–313\. doi:10.1086/508502. ISSN 0097-9740. S2CID 144229002.

## External links

[edit]

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Modern|

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* Assaji
* Sāriputta
* Mahamoggallāna
* Ānanda
* Mahākassapa
* Aṅgulimāla
* Anuruddha
* Mahākaccana
* Nanda
* Subhūti
* Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
* Upāli
* Mahapajapati Gotamī
* Khema
* Uppalavanna
* Asita
* Channa
* Yasa

Key concepts|

* Avidyā (Ignorance)
* Bardo
* Bodhicitta
* Buddha-nature
* Dhamma theory
* Dharma
* Enlightenment
* Five hindrances
* Indriya
* Karma
* Kleshas
* Mental factors
* Mindstream
* Parinirvana
* Pratītyasamutpāda
* Rebirth
* Saṃsāra
* Saṅkhāra
* Skandha
* Śūnyatā
* Taṇhā (Craving)
* Tathātā
* Ten Fetters
* Three marks of existence
* Anicca
* Dukkha
* Anattā
* Two truths doctrine

Cosmology|

* Ten spiritual realms
* Six Paths
* Deva realm
* Human realm
* Asura realm
* Hungry Ghost realm
* Animal realm
* Naraka
* Three planes of existence

Branches|

* Mahayana
* Zen
* Chinese Chan
* Japanese Zen
* Korean Seon
* Vietnamese Thiền
* Pure Land
* Tiantai
* Huayan
* Risshū
* Nichiren
* Madhyamaka
* Yogachara
* Vajrayana
* Tibetan Buddhism
* Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
* Shingon
* Dzogchen
* Theravada
* Southern Esoteric Buddhism
* Navayana
* Early Buddhist schools
* Pre-sectarian Buddhism
* Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
* Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism

Practices|

* Bhavana
* Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
* Brahmavihara
* Mettā
* Karuṇā
* Mudita
* Upekkha
* Buddhābhiṣeka
* Dāna
* Devotion
* Deity yoga
* Dhyāna
* Faith
* Five Strengths
* Iddhipada
* Meditation
* Mantras
* Kammaṭṭhāna
* Recollection
* Smarana
* Anapanasati
* Samatha-vipassanā (Vipassana movement)
* Shikantaza
* Zazen
* Tukdam
* Koan
* Ganana
* Mandala
* Tonglen
* Tantra
* Tertön
* Terma
* Merit
* Mindfulness
* Mindful Yoga
* Satipatthana
* Nekkhamma
* Nianfo
* Pāramitā
* Paritta
* Puja
* Offerings
* Prostration
* Music
* Refuge
* Sādhu
* Satya
* Sacca
* Seven Factors of Enlightenment
* Sati
* Dhamma vicaya
* Pīti
* Passaddhi
* Śīla
* Five precepts
* Eight precepts
* Bodhisattva vow
* Pratimokṣa
* Threefold Training
* Śīla
* Samadhi
* Prajñā
* Vīrya
* Four Right Exertions
* Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
* Yujia Yankou
* Shuilu Fahui

Nirvana|

* Bodhi
* Bodhisattva
* Buddhahood
* Pratyekabuddhayāna
* Four stages of awakening
* Sotāpanna
* Sakadagami
* Anāgāmi
* Arhat

Monasticism|

* Bhikkhu
* Bhikkhunī
* Śrāmaṇera
* Śrāmaṇerī
* Anagārika
* Ajahn
* Sayadaw
* Zen master
* Rōshi
* Lama
* Rinpoche
* Geshe
* Tulku
* Western tulku
* Kappiya
* Donchee
* Householder
* Upāsaka and Upāsikā
* Achar
* Śrāvaka
* Ten principal disciples
* Shaolin Monastery

Major figures|

* The Buddha
* Nagasena
* Aśvaghoṣa
* Nagarjuna
* Asanga
* Vasubandhu
* Kumārajīva
* Buddhaghosa
* Buddhapālita
* Dignāga
* Bodhidharma
* Zhiyi
* Emperor Wen of Sui
* Songtsen Gampo
* Xuanzang
* Shandao
* Padmasambhava
* Saraha
* Atiśa
* Naropa
* Karmapa
* Hōnen
* Shinran
* Dōgen
* Nichiren
* Shamarpa
* Dalai Lama
* Panchen Lama
* Ajahn Mun
* B. R. Ambedkar
* Ajahn Chah
* Thích Nhất Hạnh

Texts|

* Early Buddhist texts
* Tripiṭaka
* Mahayana sutras
* Pali Canon
* Chinese Buddhist canon
* Tibetan Buddhist canon
* Dhammapada
* Sutra
* Vinaya
* Madhyamakālaṃkāra
* Abhidharmadīpa

Countries|

*     * Afghanistan
* Argentina
* Armenia
* Australia
* Austria
* Bangladesh
* Belgium
* Bhutan
* Brazil
* Brunei
* Bulgaria
* Cambodia
* Canada
* China
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* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hong Kong
* Hungary
* Iceland
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
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* Italy
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Korea
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Libya
* Liechtenstein
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* Maldives
* Malaysia
* Mexico
* Middle East
* Mongolia
* Morocco
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Buryatia
* Kalmykia
* Tuva
* Scotland
* Senegal
* Singapore
* Slovenia
* South Africa
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sri Lanka
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Tibet
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Uruguay
* Uzbekistan
* Venezuela
* Vietnam
* Wales
* Zimbabwe

History|

* Timeline
* Ashoka
* Kanishka
* Buddhist councils
* History of Buddhism in India
* Decline of Buddhism in India
* Huichang persecution of Buddhism
* Greco-Buddhism
* Gandharan Buddhism
* Texts
* Menander I
* Buddhism and the Roman world
* Buddhism in the West
* Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
* Persecution of Buddhists
* In Afghanistan
* In Vietnam
* Rimé movement
* Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
* Dalit Buddhist movement
* Chinese invasion of Tibet
* 1959 Tibetan uprising
* Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
* Buddhist modernism
* Vipassana movement
* 969 Movement
* Engaged Buddhism
* Women in Buddhism

Philosophy|

* Abhidharma
* Atomism
* Buddhology
* Creator
* Buddhism and democracy
* Economics
* Eight Consciousnesses
* Engaged Buddhism
* Eschatology
* Ethics
* Evolution
* Humanism
* Logic
* Reality
* Secular Buddhism
* Socialism
* The unanswerable questions

Culture|

* Architecture
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* Mantra
* Om mani padme hum
* Mudra
* Music
* Pilgrimage
* Lumbini
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* Hama yumi
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* Symbolism
* Dharmachakra
* Flag
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* Swastika
* Thangka
* Temple of the Tooth
* Vegetarianism

Miscellaneous|

* Abhijñā
* Amitābha
* Brahmā
* Dharma talk
* Hinayana
* Iddhi
* Kalpa
* Koliya
* Lineage
* Māra
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Comparison|

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