International Alliance of Women

International non-governmental organization

International Alliance of Women
Alliance Internationale des Femmes

Formation| Berlin, 3 June 1904; 120 years ago (1904-06-03)
Founder| Carrie Chapman Catt
Type| INGO
Purpose| Political advocacy
Headquarters| Geneva
Membership| Over 50 organizations world-wide

Official language

| English and French

President

| Alison Brown

Secretary-General

| Miranda Tunica Ruzario
Affiliations| General Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, Participatory Status with the Council of Europe
Website| womenalliance.org

The International Alliance of Women (IAW; French: Alliance Internationale des Femmes, AIF)[1] is an international non-governmental organization that works to promote women's rights and gender equality. It was historically the main international organization that campaigned for women's suffrage. IAW stands for an inclusive, intersectional and progressive liberal feminism on the basis of human rights and liberal democracy, and has a liberal internationalist outlook. IAW's principles state that all genders are "born equally free [and are] equally entitled to the free exercise of their individual rights and liberty," that "women's rights are human rights" and that "human rights are universal, indivisible and interrelated."[2]

In 1904 the Alliance adopted gold (or yellow) as its color, the color associated with the women's suffrage movement in the United States since 1867 and the oldest symbol of women's rights; through the Alliance's influence gold and white became the principal colors of the mainstream international women's suffrage movement.

The basic principle of IAW is that the full and equal enjoyment of human rights is due to all women and girls. It is one of the oldest, largest and most influential organizations in its field. The organization was founded as the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) in 1904 in Berlin, Germany, by Carrie Chapman Catt, Millicent Fawcett, Susan B. Anthony and other leading feminists from around the world to campaign for women's suffrage.[3] IWSA was headquartered in London, and it was the preeminent international women's suffrage organization. Its emphasis has since shifted to a broad human rights focus and the importance and value of women`'s contributions as equal partners. The perequisite for securing women's rights is the universal ratification and implementation without reservation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Today it represents over 50 organizations world-wide comprising several hundred thousand members, and has its seat in Geneva.It also accepts individual members.

From 1926, the organization had strong ties to the League of Nations. Since 1947, IAW has had general consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council, the highest UN status possible for a non-governmental organization, the fourth organization to be granted this status. IAW also has participatory status with the Council of Europe. It has representatives at the UN headquarters in New York, the UN office in Geneva, the UN office in Vienna, UNESCO in Paris, the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome and the Council of Europe in Strasbourg. It also has representatives to the Arab League in Cairo and the Gulf Countries Council in Riyadh, and is a member of the European Women's Lobby in Brussels. IAW's working languages are English and French.

IAW understands sexual and gender diversity as an integral part of feminism. Speaking on trans inclusion, former IAW President Marion Böker said that for the women's rights movement, it is necessary to work on the basis of human rights, which are universal and indivisible, defend democratic values, and fight for an inclusive women's movement, describing anti-trans activists as "right-wing and racist."[4] In 2021 IAW and its Icelandic affiliate co-hosted a forum on the importance of solidarity between the feminist movement and the trans movement, and expressed concern over "anti-trans voices [that] are becoming ever louder and [that] are threatening feminist solidarity across borders."[5]

## History

[edit]

Colorized picture of Women from the Swedish National Association for Women's Suffrage (LKPR) (with student caps) in front of IWSA's (now IAW's) banner at the suffrage conference in Stockholm in 1911. Gold and white were the primary colors of the mainstream or liberal international women's suffrage movement, and had been used by American liberal suffragists since 1867 IAW's first President Carrie Chapman Catt Co-founder and Vice President, Dame Millicent Fawcett

The International Alliance of Women, formerly the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, is historically the most important international organization within the bourgeois-liberal women's rights movement. The decision for the establishment of the organization was taken in Washington in 1902 by suffragists frustrated at the reluctance of the International Council of Women to support women's suffrage.[6] As such the Alliance was a more progressive organization that emphasized legal and political equality between women and men from the onset. The Alliance was formally constituted during the Second conference in Berlin in 1904 as the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA), and was headquartered in London for much of its history.[7] Its founders included Carrie Chapman Catt, Millicent Fawcett, Helene Lange, Susan B. Anthony, Anita Augspurg, Rachel Foster Avery, and Käthe Schirmacher.

Amongst subsequent congresses were those held in Copenhagen (1906), Amsterdam (1908), London (1909), Stockholm (June 1911), and Budapest (1913).[8] The French Union for Women's Suffrage (UFSF), founded in February 1909, was formally recognized by the IWFA congress in London in April 1909 as representing the French suffrage movement.[9] IWSA also started its own monthly journal, Jus Suffragii. IWSA, influenced by moderate liberal feminist Millicent Fawcett to take a position against 'militant' tactics in suffrage campaigns, refused membership to the WSPU at their 1906 Copenhagen meeting.[8]

In the interwar period, the organization was one of the three major international "bourgeois" women's organizations, alongside the International Council of Women (ICW) and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Of these, IWSA (IAW) was more progressive and oriented towards legal equality and equal citizenship than ICW. At the same time, IWSA was more conservative than WILPF. The organization's members were often associated with liberal parties and movements, but some were also progressive conservatives or liberal conservatives. Most IAW members held "similar views of society and societal change, which assumed a top-down approach, where the elite were cast as the true agents of development." At the same time IAW claimed to speak on behalf of all women.[10]

In the late 1920s, the organization changed its name to the International Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship, and in 1946 this was altered to its current name, International Alliance of Women.[11][12] The first executive board included Carrie Chapman Catt (President), Anita Augspurg (1st Vice President), Donovan Bolden (2nd Vice President) and Rachel Foster Avery (Secretary).

The organization's first President Carrie Chapman Catt also founded the League of Women Voters in the United States during her presidency.

The organization's second President, Margery Corbett-Ashby, spoke at length about the IWSA in a series of oral history interviews with the historian, Brian Harrison, conducted as part of the Suffrage Interviews project, titled Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews.[13] The April 1975, September, November and December 1976, and February 1977 interviews all contain information about the IWSA.

Since the onset of the Cold War the alliance's liberal internationalist outlook was strengthened. The alliance held firm anti-communist views and maintained a clear pro-Western stance throughout the Cold War.[14] Dame Margery Corbett Ashby, wrote that "it was us or the communist women who would organize the Near East." In the alliance's journal International Women's News it was stated in 1946 that the support of the United Nations and democracy must "remain in the forefront of our programme."[10] Its third President Hanna Rydh worked actively to build cooperation in developing countries, partially to counteract communism.[10]

IAW's members in the Nordic countries were also members of the Joint Organization of Nordic Women's Rights Associations.

## Policies

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2024)

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### Principles

[edit]

IAW works for a gender-equal society on the basis of human rights. The principles of IAW affirm that everyone, regardless of gender, is "born equally free and independent" and equally entitled to "the free exercise of their individual rights and liberty." The principles affirm that "women’s rights are human rights" and that "human rights are universal, indivisible and interrelated."[15] IAW stands in a liberal democratic tradition; in IAW's journal International Women's News, it was stated in 1946 that support for democracy must "remain in the forefront of our programme."[10] Former IAW President Marion Böker emphasized in 2023 that it is important to defend democratic values.[4]

### Political equality

[edit]

IAW was founded to advocate for women's suffrage and political equality remains one of its traditional core issues.

### Education

[edit]

Girls' and women's education has been an important focus of the liberal women's rights movement since the 19th century, and remains one of the core issues of IAW and its affiliates. In line with IAW's increased focus on developing countries from the mid-20th century, girls' and women's education in developing countries has become an increasingly important topic.

### Legal and economic equality

[edit]

Legal and economic gender equality have been core issues of the liberal women's rights movement since the 19th century. For example, IAW works to strengthen women's land and property rights, especially in developing countries.

### Sexual and reproductive health and rights

[edit]

Sexual and reproductive health and rights is another focus of IAW and its affiliates, that has become more important since the postwar era.

### Violence against women and girls

[edit]

Violence against women and girls, both conflict-related violence and domestic violence, is also a significant focus of IAW and its affiliates, particularly in modern times.

### Sexual and gender diversity

[edit]

The IAW family belongs to the mainstream or liberal women's rights tradition and thus shares the mainstream feminist position on LGBT+ rights, which understands sexual and gender diversity as an essential aspect of women's human rights and gender equality in a modern and democratic society. The entire mainstream women's rights movement stands firmly against all forms of transphobia, homophobia, and racism, and these principles are part of the bedrock of the movement's values, and viewed as non-negotiable and essential in all efforts for equality. Speaking on trans inclusion, former IAW President Marion Böker said that for the women's rights movement, it is necessary to work on the basis of human rights, which are universal and indivisible, defend democratic values, and fight for an inclusive women's movement, and warned against anti-democratic forces and forces on the far right that try to pit women's rights against the human rights of minorities, describing anti-trans activists as "right-wing and racist."[4] Böker's remarks align with a statement from UN Women that emphasized that "working for LGBTIQ+ people’s human rights is indivisible from working for women’s rights and gender equality," that those who promote "the human rights of women and LGBTIQ+ people share the same goals of achieving safe and fair societies" and that condemned extremist hate movements such as "anti-gender" and "gender-critical" movements.[16] The mainstream feminist movement's contemporary emphasis on an intersectional understanding of women's rights and gender equality is in line with developments in international human rights law as they relate to women's human rights.

In line with this, IAW affiliates such as Deutscher Frauenring advocate for trans-inclusive feminism[17] and emphasize that far-right movements that undermine the human rights of minorities threaten democracy.[18] In 2021 IAW and its affiliate, the Icelandic Women's Rights Association (IWRA), co-organized a CSW forum on how the women's rights movement can counter "anti-trans voices [that] are becoming ever louder and [that] are threatening feminist solidarity across borders," where IAW's 16th President Marion Böker discussed her trans-inclusive position.[5] IWRA has stated that "IWRA works for the rights of all women – feminism without trans women is no feminism at all (...) we have a lot of work to do to create an inclusive, vibrant and diverse feminist movement in Europe."[19] IAW's Danish affiliate, the Danish Women's Society, has said that it takes homophobia and transphobia very seriously, that "we support all initiatives that promote the rights of gay and transgender people" and that "we see the LGBTQA movement as close allies in the struggle against inequality, and we fight together for a society where gender and sexuality do not limit an individual."[20] IAW's Norwegian affiliate, the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights, has warned against the anti-gender movement, expressed solidarity with the LGBT+ rights struggle and supported legal protections against discrimination and hate speech on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression.[21] The Icelandic Women's Rights Association has published a report on improving the situation of non-binary people in Iceland.[22]

The IAW family's inclusive and intersectional position is aligned with other large mainstream feminist organizations such as the National Organization for Women[23] or the League of Women Voters,[24] itself founded by IAW's first President. 16 other women's rights organizations, which largely share a tradition with IAW – such as the American Association of University Women, National Women's Law Center, National Women's Political Caucus, and others – emphasized that "as organizations that fight every day for equal opportunities for all women and girls, we speak from experience and expertise when we say that nondiscrimination protections for transgender people—including women and girls who are transgender—are not at odds with women’s equality or well-being, but advance them."[25] This sentiment is also in line with the "National Consensus Statement of Anti-Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Organizations in Support of Full and Equal Access for the Transgender Community" signed by 330 women's rights organizations, including those that share their core principles with IAW.[26]

## Symbols

[edit]

The original version of the logo of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, now IAW Plate with the symbol and motto of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). Text: "Jus Suffragii" (the right to vote). Lady Justitita holding a balance in her right hand. Gold ribbon used during the Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in Amsterdam, 1908. The color gold/yellow is the oldest symbol of women's rights

The organization adopted gold (or yellow; Or in heraldry) as its color in 1904. The color, derived from the sunflower, is the oldest symbol of women's rights. It had been adopted by American suffragists in 1867 and became the principal color of the American women's suffrage movement, typically used alongside white.[27] Through the influence of the Alliance, gold and white became the principal colors of the mainstream international women's suffrage movement.

> Colors were important in the iconography of the suffrage movement. The use of the color gold began with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony’s campaign in Kansas in 1867 and derived from the color of the sunflower, the Kansas state symbol. Suffragists used gold pins, ribbons, sashes, and yellow roses to symbolize their cause. In 1876, during the U.S. Centennial, women wore yellow ribbons and sang the song "The Yellow Ribbon." In 1916, suffragists staged "The Golden Lane" at the national Democratic convention; to reach the convention hall, all delegates had to walk through a line of women stretching several blocks long, dressed in white with gold sashes, carrying yellow umbrellas, and accompanied by hundreds of yards of draped gold bunting. Gold also signified enlightenment, the professed goal of the mainstream U.S. suffrage movement.

> — Amazons, Bluestockings, and Crones: A Feminist Dictionary[28]

## Conferences

[edit]

* 1st, Washington, D.C., 1902
* 2nd, Berlin, 1904
* 3rd, Copenhagen, 1906
* 4th, Amsterdam, 1908
* 5th, London, 1909
* 6th, Stockholm, 1911
* 7th, Budapest, 1913
* 8th, Geneva, 1920
* 9th, Rome, 1923[29]
* 10th, Paris, 1926
* 11th, Berlin, 1929
* 12th, Istanbul, 1935
* 13th, Copenhagen, 1939
* 14th, Interlaken, 1946
* 15th, Amsterdam, 1949
* 16th, Naples, 1952
* 17th, Colombo, Ceylon, 1955
* 18th, Athens, 1958
* 19th, Dublin, 1961
* 21st, England, 1967
* 22nd, Königstein, West Germany, 1970
* 23rd, New Delhi, 1973

## Organization

[edit]

An International Congress is held triennially in the home country of a member organization, and elects the executive board. The current President and Chief Representative to the United Nations is Alison Brown. The executive board also includes the Secretary-General, the Treasurer and until 20 other members, including two Executive Vice Presidents as well as Vice Presidents for Europe, the Arab countries, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Africa, and Regional Coordinators for North America, Pacific, and South East Asia.

### Presidents

[edit]

1. Carrie Chapman Catt (US) 1904–1923
2. Dame Margery Corbett Ashby (UK) 1923–1946
3. Hanna Rydh (Sweden) 1946–1952
4. Ester Graff (Denmark) 1952–1958
5. Ezlynn Deraniyagala (Sri Lanka) 1958–1964
6. Begum Anwar Ahmed (Pakistan) 1964–1970
7. Edith Anrep (Sweden) 1970–1973
8. Irène de Lipkowski (France) 1973–1979
9. Olive Bloomer [sv] (UK) 1979–1989
10. Alice Yotopoulos-Marangopoulos (Greece) 1989–1996
11. Patricia Giles (Australia) 1996–2004
12. Rosy Weiss (Austria) 2004–2010
13. Lyda Verstegen (The Netherlands) 2010–2013
14. Joanna Manganara (Greece) 2013–2020
15. Cheryl Hayles (Canada) 2020–2021
16. Marion Böker (Germany) 2021–2022
17. Alison Brown (US) 2022–

## Current status

[edit]

The IAW represents about 45 organizations world-wide as well as individual members. The IAW was granted general consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council, the highest level possible, in 1947,[30][31] and has participatory status with the Council of Europe.[32] The IAW has permanent representatives in New York, Vienna, Geneva, Paris, Rome, Nairobi and Strasbourg and addresses the European Union through its membership in the European Women's Lobby[33][34] in Brussels. The IAW's current representative to the UN headquarters, Soon-Young Yoon, is also chair of the NGO Committee on the Status of Women, New York.

The IAW pays particular attention to the universal ratification and implementation without reservation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and its Optional Protocol. The current IAW Commissions deal with the topics: Justice and Human Rights; Democracy; Peace; Elimination of Violence and Health.

## Members

[edit]

Affiliates

* Association des femmes de l’Europe Méridionale,  France
* African Women Lawyers Association (AWLA),  Nigeria
* All India Women's Conference,  India
* All Pakistan Women's Association,  Pakistan
* Association Suisse pour les Droits de la Femme,  Switzerland
* Bangladesh Mahila Samity,  Bangladesh
* Canadian Federation of University Women (CFUW-FCFDU),  Canada
* Country Women's Association of India,  India
* Danish Women's Society,  Denmark
* Deutscher Frauenring,  Germany
* German Association of Female Citizens,  Germany
* Frederika Bremer Förbundet,  Sweden
* Greek League for Women’s Rights,  Greece
* Hoda Chawari Association,  Egypt
* Israel Federation of the Women's International Zionist Organization,  Israel
* Kvenréttindafélag Íslands,  Iceland
* League of Women Voters of Nigeria,  Nigeria
* Lithuanian Women’s Society,  Lithuania
* Nederlandse Vereniging voor Vrouwenbelangen,  The Netherlands
* Norwegian Association for Women's Rights,  Norway
* ntengwe for community development,  Zimbabwe
* L'Observatoire Marocain des Droits des Femmes (OMDF),  Morocco
* Pancyprian Movement Equal Rights & Equal Responsibilities,  Cyprus
* Unioni Naisasialiito Suomessa Ry,  Finland
* Women's Electoral Lobby,  Australia
* Women Empowerment and Human Resource Development Centre of India,  India
* Zambia Alliance of Women,  Zambia

Associate members

* Alliance of Women of Serbia and Montenegro,  Serbia
* APWA UK,  United Kingdom
* Association d'Aide à l'Education de l'Enfant Handicapé,  France and  Cameroon
* Association Féminine Songmanégré pour le Développement AFD,  Burkina Faso
* Bali Women’s Union of Farming Groups,  Cameroon
* CEFAP – Ladies Circle,  Cameroon
* Frauen Netzwerk für Frieden,  Germany
* La Colombe,  Togo
* League of Women Voters of Victoria,  Australia
* Olympes da la Parole – Voices of Olympia,  Canada
* Reseau national des associations de tantines (RENATA) National Network of Aunties Association,  Cameroon
* Rural Women’s Network of Nepal,  Nepal
* Saroj Nalini Dutt Memorial Association,  India
* Solidarité des femmes pour le développement, environnement et droits de l'enfant au Congo (SOFEDEC),  Congo
* Sri Lanka Women’s Association in the UK (SLWA),  United Kingdom
* Survie de la Mere et de l’Enfant,  Benin
* Women’s Comfort Corner,  Zimbabwe

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## See also

[edit]

* List of suffragists and suffragettes
* List of women's rights activists
* List of women's rights organizations
* Women's suffrage organizations
* Timeline of women's suffrage
* Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Staff writer (2024). "International Alliance of Women (IAW)". UIA Global Civil Society Database. uia.org. Brussels, Belgium: Union of International Associations. Yearbook of International Organizations Online. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
2. ^ Principles of the International Alliance of Women
3. ^ "International Woman Suffrage News (Centenary edition)" (PDF). Women Alliance.
4. ^ a b c "Trans Inclusion in the Women's Movement". The Frontline. ILGA-Europe. 2023-03-31.
5. ^ a b "Transfeminism and the Women's Movement". Icelandic Women's Rights Association. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
6. ^ Liddington 1989, p. 37.
7. ^ Liddington 1989, p. 56.
8. ^ a b Liddington 1989, p. 63.
9. ^ Hause 2002.
10. ^ a b c d Gerdov, Christian (2022). "The 'World-Embracing' Hanna Rydh: An International Feminist (c. 1945–1964)". NORA: Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research. 30 (1): 7–19\. doi:10.1080/08038740.2021.1987981. S2CID 243924763.
11. ^ Women, International Alliance of. "International Alliance of Women Records, 1906–2009 (bulk 1913–1973) Finding Aid". asteria.fivecolleges.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
12. ^ Boles & Hoeveler 2004, p. 21.
13. ^ London School of Economics and Political Science. "The Suffrage Interviews". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 2025-03-28.
14. ^ Francisca de Haan, Rosa Manus (1881–1942), p. 17, BRILL, 2016, ISBN 9789004333185
15. ^ "Principles and Constitution". IAW. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
16. ^ "LGBTIQ+ communities and the anti-rights pushback: 5 things to know". UN Women. 28 May 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
17. ^ "Transgender Day of Remembrance – Internationaler Gedenktag für die Opfer von transfeindlicher Gewalt" (PDF). Deutscher Frauenring. 2021-11-20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-19.
18. ^ ""Demokratie unter Druck – Stärkung der feministischen Perspektive für eine gerechte und inklusive Gesellschaft"" (PDF). Deutscher Frauenring. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
19. ^ "IWRA works for the rights of ALL women. Feminism without trans women is no feminism at all". Icelandic Women's Rights Association. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
20. ^ "Køn, sex og seksualitet". Dansk Kvindesamfund. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
21. ^ Karin M. Bruzelius (12 November 2018). "Høring – utredning om det strafferettslige diskrimineringsvernet". Norwegian Association for Women's Rights. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
22. ^ "Being non-binary in Iceland: How is gender equality for non-binary people?". Kvenréttindafélag Íslands. 4 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
23. ^ "Even if Bigots Insist it is, Waging a Hate Campaign Against Trans People is Not Feminist". National Organization for Women. 25 July 2023. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023.
24. ^ "The Status of LGBTQIA+ Rights in the US". League of Women Voters. 28 June 2022. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023.
25. ^ "Statement of Women's Rights and Gender Justice Organizations in Support of Full and Equal Access to Participation in Athletics for Transgender People" (PDF). American Association of University Women on behalf of 16 organizations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-02-04. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
26. ^ "National Consensus Statement of Anti-Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Organizations in Support of Full and Equal Access for the Transgender Community". National Task Force to End Sexual and Domestic Violence, on behalf of 330 organizations. 13 April 2018. Archived from the original on 2024-03-13. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
27. ^ Lumsden 1997, p. 162.
28. ^ Cheris Kramarae & Paula A. Treichler (eds.), Amazons, Bluestockings, and Crones: A Feminist Dictionary, Pandora Press, 1992 ISBN 978-0863580604
29. ^ Spriggs, W.M. (14 September 1923). "Branch Note – Edinburgh". The Vote. p. 295.
30. ^ "ECOSOC NGO database". www.un.org.
31. ^ Murphy, Gillian (2025-03-24). "Africa, women, and the LSE Library - Africa at LSE". Africa at LSE - LSE’s engagement with Africa. Archived from the original on 2025-03-24. Retrieved 2025-04-02.
32. ^ "CoE List of participatory NGOs". www.coe.int.
33. ^ "The International Alliance of Women (IAW)". November 3, 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-08.
34. ^ "EWL member organizations". www.womenlobby.org - via web.archive.org.

### Sources

[edit]

* Boles, Janet K.; Hoeveler, Diane Long (2004). Historical Dictionary of Feminism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4946-1.
* Hause, Steven C. (2002). "Union Française Pour Le Suffrage Des Femmes (UFSF)". In Helen Tierney (ed.). Women's Studies Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
* Liddington, Jill (1989). The Road to Greenham Common: Feminism and Anti-militarism in Britain Since 1820. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2539-1. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
* Lumsden, Linda J. (1997). "Appendix I". Rampant Women: Suffragists and the Right of Assembly. Univ. of Tennessee Press. ISBN 1572331631.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Rupp, Leila J. (2011), "Transnational Women's Movements", European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History
* Archives of International Alliance of Women are held at The Women's Library at the Library of the London School of Economics
* IAW Centenary Edition 1904–2004
* International Alliance of Women Records 1906–2009 Finding Aid, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College

## External links

[edit]

* Official site
* International Alliance of Women records Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections
* International Woman Suffrage Alliance archives at the John Rylands Library, Manchester.
* Constitution in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1909. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

* v
* t
* e

Suffrage

Basic topics|

* Universal suffrage
* Right to run for office
* Age of candidacy
* banned
* Women
* Suffragette
* Women's liberation movement
* Men
* Black
* Youth
* Demeny voting
* Non-citizen
* Non-resident citizen
* Voting age
* Free and fair election
* One man, one vote
* Secret ballot
* Compulsory voting
* Disfranchisement
* Voter turnout

By country|

* Austria
* Australia
* 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act
* aboriginal
* women
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Hong Kong
* India
* Japan
* Kuwait
* Liechtenstein
* Mexico
* New Zealand
* Spain (Civil War, Francoist)
* Sri Lanka
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom
* women
* Cayman Islands
* Scotland
* Wales
* laws
* 1832
* 1918
* 1928
* United States
* women
* African Americans
* Native Americans
* felons
* foreigners
* District of Columbia
* Puerto Rico
* states
* Constitutional amendments: 15th, 19th, 23rd, 24th, 26th
* Indian Citizenship Act
* 1965 Voting Rights Act

Events|

| International|

* International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences
* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd
* 4th
* 5th
* 6th
* 7th
* 8th
* 9th
* 10th
* 11th
* 12th
* 13th
* 14th

|

Hong Kong|

* Hong Kong 1 July marches
* 2014 Hong Kong protests
* 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests

United Kingdom|

* WSPU march (1906)
* Mud March (1907)
* Women's Sunday (1908)
* Black Friday (1910)
* Battle of Downing Street (1910)
* Women's Coronation Procession (1911)
* Great Pilgrimage (1913)
* Open Christmas Letter (1914)
* Suffragette bombing and arson campaign

United States|

* Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
* Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
* Rochester Convention (1848)
* Ohio Women's Convention (1850)
* Ohio Women's Convention (1851)
* National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)
* Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)
* Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)
* Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)
* Suffrage Torch
* Suffrage Special (1916)
* Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)
* Night of Terror
* Prison Special
* 1920 United States presidential election
* "Give Us the Ballot" (1957)
* Freedom Summer (1964)
* Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)

Women
(memorials)|

* List of suffragists and suffragettes
* Timeline of women's suffrage
* US
* in majority-Muslim countries
* Historiography of the Suffragettes
* Women's suffrage organizations and publications
* Women's rights activists
* Leser v. Garnett
* Belmont–Paul Monument
* Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)
* Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton statue
* Suffragette Memorial
* Portrait Monument
* Women's Rights Pioneers Monument
* Forward statue
* Kate Sheppard National Memorial
* Millicent Fawcett statue
* Great Petition (2008 sculpture)
* Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain
* Resilience
* Turning Point Suffragist Memorial
* Eagle House
* Pankhurst Centre
* Paulsdale
* Suffragette Handkerchief
* Holloway banner
* Holloway brooch
* Holloway Jingles
* Hunger Strike Medal
* Justice Bell
* Suffrage jewellery
* Suffragette penny
* Suffrage Oak
* Women's Rights National Historical Park
* Women's Suffrage National Monument
* International Women's Day
* Susan B. Anthony Day
* Women's Equality Day

Popular
culture|

* "The Women's Marseillaise"
* "The March of the Women" (1910 song)
* The Mother of Us All (1947 opera)
* "Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)
* Suffrage plays
* Women's suffrage in film
* Votes for Women (1912 film)
* Shoulder to Shoulder (1974 series)
* Not for Ourselves Alone (1999 documentary)
* Iron Jawed Angels (2004 film)
* Up the Women (2013 sitcom)
* Selma (2014 film)
* Suffragette (2015 film)
* Sylvia (2018 musical)
* Suffs (2022 musical)
* Lioness (upcoming film)
* Susan B. Anthony dollar
* National Voting Rights Museum (US)
* New Zealand ten-dollar note
* Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar (2020 U.S. commemorative)
* 2020 US ten-dollar bill
* Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States
* Music and women's suffrage in the United States

* v
* t
* e

Liberal feminism

Issues|

* Gender equality
* Women's suffrage
* Female education
* Right to work
* Violence against women
* Anti-discrimination law
* Sexism
* Gender pay gap and equal pay for equal work
* Glass ceiling
* Women in development
* Feminist foreign policy
* LGBT+ rights

Variants|

* Liberal state feminism
* Equality feminism
* Social feminism
* Equity feminism
* Difference feminism
* Individualist feminism

Groups|

| Present|

* German Association of Female Citizens (1865)
* Danish Women's Society (1871)
* Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (1884)
* Fredrika Bremer Association (1884)
* International Council of Women (1888)
* National Council of Women of the United States (1888)
* Naisasialiitto Unioni (1892)
* International Alliance of Women (1904)
* Icelandic Women's Rights Association (1907)
* Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (1915)
* League of Women Voters (1920)
* All India Women's Conference (1927)
* League of Women Voters of Japan (1946)
* Deutscher Frauenring (1949)
* All Pakistan Women's Association (1949)
* German Women's Council (1951)
* Fawcett Society (1953)
* National Organization for Women (1966)
* National Women's Political Caucus (1971)
* UN Women (2010)

|

Former|

* Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
* National Women's Rights Convention (1850)
* National Society for Women's Suffrage (1867)
* London National Society for Women's Suffrage (1867)
* National Woman Suffrage Association (1869)
* American Woman Suffrage Association (1869)
* National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890)
* Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (1894)
* National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (1897)

People|

* Mary Wollstonecraft
* Judith Sargent Murray
* John Stuart Mill
* Harriet Taylor Mill
* Susan B. Anthony
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton
* Millicent Fawcett
* Na Hye-sok
* Gina Krog
* Hagbart Berner
* Fredrikke Marie Qvam
* Carrie Chapman Catt
* Margery Corbett Ashby
* Hanna Rydh
* Margarete Bonnevie
* Eva Kolstad
* Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan
* Betty Friedan
* Hillary Clinton

Symbolism|

Sunflower

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* United States
* Israel

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