International Freedom Battalion

Revolutionary pro-Kurdish armed group

International Freedom Battalion

Tabûra Azadî ya Înternasyonal

Banner used by the International Freedom Battalion

Dates of operation| 10 June 2015 – present
Group(s)| See groups
Active regions| Rojava, Syria
Ideology| Revolutionary socialism
Proletarian internationalism
Anti-fascism
Factions:
Anarchism
Communism
Political position| Far-left
Status| Active
Allies|  Syrian Democratic Forces

* People's Defense Units
* Women's Protection Units

YPG International[1][2]
Antifascist Forces in Afrin
TKP-Kıvılcım
Kurdistan Workers' Party

* People's Defence Forces
* Free Women's Units

Opponents|  Islamic State
Turkey
Syrian National Army
Battles and wars| Syrian Civil War

* Tell Abyad offensive
* 2015 al-Hawl offensive
* Tishrin Dam offensive
* Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)
* Manbij offensive
* Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)
* Operation Olive Branch[3]
* Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)
* Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
* 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
* Operation Claw-Sword

Flag|

Insignia|

The International Freedom Battalion (Turkish: Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu; Kurdish: Tabûra Azadî ya Înternasyonal; Arabic: تابور الحرية العالمي), commonly abbreviated as IFB or EÖT, is a revolutionary socialist armed group consisting of leftist foreign fighters fighting for the People's Defense Units in the Syrian Civil War in support of the Rojava Revolution and against the Turkish Armed Forces, the Syrian National Army, and Islamic State.[4][5] The formation of the IFB was announced in June 2015 in Ras al-Ayn.[6] Inspiration for the group came from the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War. The political ideologies of the fighters include anarchism, Marxism–Leninism, Hoxhaism, Maoism, and anarcho-communism.

## Main groups[edit]

The International Freedom Battalion was formed by left-wing armed groups (as well as individuals not part of any other groups), most of whom had been fighting with the YPG before the creation of the IFB. These groups include:

### Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri[edit]

Main article: United Freedom Forces

The United Freedom Forces (Turkish: Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri, or BÖG), inspired by the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War, were founded in December 2014 in the town of Kobanî as an organization of foreign leftist fighters of both revolutionary socialist and anarchist convictions. While the MLKP didn't join,[7] these groups would eventually unite in the International Freedom Battalion. BÖG also has a female branch named "Women's Freedom Forces" (Kadın Özgürlük Gücü in Turkish).[8] BÖG is considered to be the largest group within the International Freedom Battalion.[9] BOG contains several factions, see Member groups

### Marksist-Leninist Komünist Partisi[edit]

Main article: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)

The Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkish: Marksist-Leninist Komünist Partisi, abbreviated as MLKP) is an underground Hoxhaist communist party from Turkey. MLKP fighters had reportedly been sent to Syria to fight with the People's Defense Units since 2012. MLKP fighters also joined the Kurdistan Workers' Party's (PKK) December 2014 Sinjar offensive in Northern Iraq in defence of the Yezidi minority in Sinjar.[10] In March 2015 a 19-year-old German woman, Ivana Hoffmann, was killed whilst fighting the Islamic State (IS) during the Eastern al-Hasakah offensive, making her the third foreign fighter, as well as the first female foreign fighter, to die while fighting alongside the YPG.[11][12] MLKP's female organisation, Komünist Kadın Örgütü, has also been involved in fighting.[13] MLKP was heavily involved in forming the International Freedom Battalion.

### TKP/ML TİKKO[edit]

Main article: Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist

The Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye İşci ve Köylü Kurtuluş Ordusu, abbreviated as TİKKO) is the armed wing of the Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist (Turkish: Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist-Leninist, abbreviated as TKP/ML), a Maoist insurgent organisation in Turkey. On 25 March 2016, the TKP/ML TİKKO headquarters in Serêkaniyê were targeted by a motorcycle bomb, causing slight injuries to two members and damage to the headquarters. Two suspects were detained by the Asayiş.[14][15][16]

### Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi/Leninist[edit]

Main article: Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist

The Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist (Turkish: Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi/Leninist, abbreviated as TKEP/L) is an illegal Marxist-Leninist party in Turkey.[17]

### Sosyal İsyan[edit]

Social Insurrection was founded in 2013 in Turkey by a group of green anarchists in Tuzluçayır.[9][18][19]

### Reconstrucción Comunista[edit]

Main article: Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction)

Flag of RC

Communist Reconstruction (Spanish: Reconstrucción Comunista, abbreviated as RC) is a Marxist-Leninist group from Spain. The group carries a variant of the Flag of the Second Spanish Republic. RC has strong ties to the MLKP and members fight as part of MLKP formations, even fighting in Sinjar. Two members of the group were arrested by police after their return to Spain and were accused of participating in an armed conflict outside of Spain without authorization from the state, as well as putting national interests at risk and joining groups fighting against ISIL that are considered terrorist organizations by international organizations.[20] In January 2016, eight Spanish citizens and one Turkish citizen were arrested in Spain.[21] The Spanish Interior Ministry said in a statement that "The detained, in collaboration with other individuals residing in various European countries, were providing the necessary infrastructure for displaced people to travel abroad and to finally integrate in the ranks of the Peoples' Protection Units (YPG) or one of the armed wings of the organization" and that the majority of the arrested belong to the group 'Communist Reconstruction'.[22]

### Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity[edit]

Main article: Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity

The Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity (Greek: Επαναστατικός Σύνδεσμος Διεθνιστικής Αλληλεγγύης, abbreviated as ΕΣΔΑ) is an armed fighter group from Greece.[23][24] They have fought in Syria since 2015. Their appearance has alarmed Greek security and intelligence officials alleging that "warriors will be trained in guerilla warfare and then will be able to apply what they have learned in their homeland".[25]

### Bob Crow Brigade[edit]

Flag of the Bob Crow Brigade

The Bob Crow Brigade (abbreviated as BCB) is a group of fighters from the United Kingdom and Ireland[26] named after Bob Crow, an English trade union leader and self-described "communist/socialist", who had died of a heart attack in March 2014. The group expressed solidarity with striking rail workers in the United Kingdom.[27] Steve Hedley, senior assistant general secretary of the RMT, said: "Bob would have been honoured that young people from Britain would fight the forces of evil in his name. A great admirer of the international brigades that fought in Spain, Crow would of course have drawn the parallels with the new international brigades fighting clerical fascism and defending Yazhidi, Muslim and Christian workers from slavery and persecution."[28]

After Turkey and its allied rebel groups invaded parts of northern Syria and clashed with the Syrian Democratic Forces, Turkish officials stated that they will treat British and other foreign volunteers fighting alongside the YPG as terrorists.[29][30] On 2 September, the Bob Crow Brigade relocated from the Raqqa front to Manbij and stated "When we came to defend the revolution we meant from all enemies, big or small".[31] On 7 September 2016, the Bob Crow Brigade sent a message of solidarity to the women of Ireland fighting to repeal the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland on the 33rd anniversary of its approval by referendum, as well as striking Irish bus workers the following day.[32][33]

### Henri Krasucki Brigade[edit]

The flag of the Henri Krasucki Brigade[24]

The Henri Krasucki Brigade (French: Brigade Henri Krasucki) is a group of fighters from France. Inspired by their English-speaking counterparts of the Bob Crow Brigade, they named themselves after the French trade-unionist Henri Krasucki.[24] The group expressed solidarity with the CGT union and the Air France workers on trial for the "shirt-ripping case" over an incident on 5 October 2015, which arose from a dispute over the aviation giant's plans to cut 2,900 jobs.[34]

### International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces[edit]

Main article: International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces

The flag of the IRPGF

The International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces (abbreviated as IRPGF) was a militant, armed, self-organized, and horizontal collective of foreign anarchist fighters from around the world. The formation of the IRPGF was announced on 31 March 2017 in a video and text release to several revolutionary websites and media organizations.[35] According to the declaration of the group, their goals are to defend the social revolution in Rojava and spread anarchism.

They are a member organization and part of the management team of the International Freedom Battalion since April 2017, this was announced by the IFB on 17 May on their Facebook page. Their public formation and solidarity campaigns have garnered interest and support from around the world as well as backlash.[36][37] On 24 July, the group established an LGBT unit, the TQILA.[38][39] On September 24, 2018, the group announced its dissolution in a final communique.[40]

### The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army[edit]

Main article: The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army

The flag of TQILA

The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army (abbreviated as TQILA)[note 1] was a unit of the IFB announced on 24 July 2017, by members of the IRPGF from Raqqa City and disbanded on 24 September 2018. The group launched a statement explaining the purposes of its formation in which the response to persecution of LGBT persons by ISIL is highlighted as one of the main motivations of the group.

They were part of the International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces and International Freedom Battalion.

### Michael Israel Brigade[edit]

The Michael Israel Brigade formed in early 2018 at the time of the Battle of Afrin as an international volunteer unit.[41] It adopted its name in homage to an American fighter of the International Freedom Battalion, Michael Israel, also known as Robin Agiri, killed by a Turkish bombardment northeast of al-Bab on November 29, 2016, during Operation Euphrates Shield.[41] In its first press release, published on February 13, 2018, the brigade presented itself as a "group of communists, socialists, anarchists and anti-fascists, from all four corners of the world, [...] united in Rojava by the principles of solidarity, internationalism and anti-fascism".[41] The group is made up of far-left foreign volunteers, mainly Turks and Westerners.[41]

The brigade announced that it was going to the front in Afrin on February 19, 2018.[41] However, the Syrian Democratic Forces were severely affected by the artillery and air strikes of the Turkish Army.[41] The Michael Israel Brigade announced its withdrawal from Afrin on March 22, 2018, it recognized the death of at least one of its fighters - a Turkish volunteer named Şevger Ara Makhno, killed on March 8 by an airstrike in the village of Berbêné \- as well as several wounded.[41] Some fighters were then sent to eastern Syria to take part in the offensive.[41]

## Structure[edit]

* United Freedom Forces
* Women's Freedom Forces
* Revolutionary Communard Party
* MLSPB-DC
* Betül Altindal Taburu
* Serpil Polat Taburu
* Social Insurrection
* Devrimci Cephe
* Devrimci Karargâh
* Revolution Party of Turkey
* Emek ve Özgürlük Cephesi
* Halkın Devrimci Güçleri
* PDKÖ
* Aziz GÜLER Özgürlük Gücü Milis Örgütü
* Kader Ortakaya Timi
* Kızılbaş Timi
* Mahir Arpaçay Devrimci Savaş Okulu
* Necdet Adalı Müfrezesi
* Spartaküs Timi
* Şehit Bedreddin Taburu
* MLKP
* MLKP/KKÖ
* TKP/ML TİKKO
* MKP
* Reconstrucción Comunista
* TKEP/L
* RUIS
* Bob Crow Brigade
* Henri Krasucki Brigade
* IRPGF
* TQILA
* Tekoşîna Anarşîst (Anarchist Struggle)

## Gallery[edit]

* Members of International Freedom Battalion.

* IFB members in the ceremony and burial of Ayşe Deniz Karacagil of MLKP in Kobanê.

* Women of IFB in solidarity with Ni una menos.

* Members of International Freedom Battalion.

* IFB members in solidarity with PFLP.

* Some members of the Bob Crow Brigade.

## Notable fatalities[edit]

Date of death | Name | Age | Nationality | Group | Location of death

|
|
|
|
|

2 March 2015 | Konstandinos Erik Scurfield | 25 | British, Greek | YPG | Tel Khuzela[42][43]
7 March 2015 | Ivana Hoffmann | 19 | German | MLKP | near Tell Tamer, Al-Hasakah Governorate[44]
14 August 2017 | Nubar Ozanyan | 61 | Turkish | TKP/ML | Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[45]
24 February 2018 | Haukur Hilmarsson | 31 | Icelandic | YPG, RUIS, MLKP[46] | Afrin district[47][48]
18 March 2019  | Lorenzo Orsetti | 33  | Italian  | TKP/ML (early)
TA | Al-Baghuz Fawqani, Deir ez-Zor Governorate[49]

## See also[edit]

* Asia portal

* Belligerents in the Syrian civil war
* International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine
* Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement

## References[edit]

1. ^ Pronounced like the word tequila.

1. ^ Tonacci, Fabio (29 December 2016). "La brigata degli italiani con i curdi verso Raqqa: "Ma a casa non sanno che qui combattiamo"". la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. p. 8.
2. ^ Harp (2017), p. 49.
3. ^ Julian Röpcke (27 January 2018). "Türkische Offensive in Nordsyrien. Deutsche kämpfen gegen Erdogan" [Turkish offensive in northern Syria. Germans fight against Erdogan]. Bild. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
4. ^ "Rojava'da ilk Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu kuruldu". YPG News (in Turkish). 10 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
5. ^ "International Freedom Battalion: women of the world, defend the Rojava revolution–a report from JINHA". signalfire. 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
6. ^ "The First Internationalist Freedom Battalion Established in Rojava". Isyandan. 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
7. ^ "Enternasyonal cepheye çağrı". Özgür Gündem (in Turkish). 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
8. ^ "Kadın Özgürlük Gücü kuruldu". Hawar Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 14 August 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
9. ^ a b The Carter Center (2017), p. 2.
10. ^ "MLKP fighters also in Sinjar". Kurdish info. 23 August 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
11. ^ "German woman fighting ISIL killed in Syria". Al Jazeera. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
12. ^ "Funeral for German woman Ivana Hoffmann killed fighting IS". BBC News Online. 15 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
13. ^ "MLKP Rojava/KKÖ: Halkımızın acıları acımızdır". Etkin Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 1 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
14. ^ "Islamic State bomb attack against Serêkaniyê HQ of TKP/ML-TIKKO". Signalfire. 28 March 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
15. ^ "TKP-ML TİKKO'ya yönelik bombalı saldırı". Hawar Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 26 March 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
16. ^ The Carter Center (2017), pp. 2, 3.
17. ^ "TKEP-L Rojava'da merkez açtı". Hawar Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 22 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
18. ^ Anarquistas en Rojava http://325.nostate.net/tag/sosyal-isyan-social-rebellion/ Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Consultado el 22 de julio de 2016
19. ^ Anarquistas ecologistas en Rojava (texto en turco) http://sosyalsavas.org/2015/02/rojava-ve-kobanedeki-yeniden-insaa-surecinde-anarsist-ve-ekolojist-gerillalar/ Archived 14 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Consultado el 22 de julio de 2016
20. ^ Rodríguez, Jorge A. (7 July 2015). "Two Spaniards arrested on return from fighting ISIS in Syria". El País. Translated by Hunter, Simon. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
21. ^ "Spanish police arrest 9 for suspected PKK links". Rudaw. 27 January 2016. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
22. ^ "Police Arrest Eight Spaniards And One Turk For Recruiting Fighters For PKK-KCK". The Spain Report. 27 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
23. ^ ERGÜL, Mehmet Furkan. Classifying Foreign Fighters: The Case of YPG. Adalet. ISBN 978-625-7802-12-3. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
24. ^ a b c The Carter Center (2017), p. 3.
25. ^ "Greek anarchists vow to implement warfare methods they learned from PYD terrorists in Syria". Daily Sabah. Istanbul. 29 May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
26. ^ MacDonald, Alex (16 August 2016). "Bob Crow brigade '30 miles' from IS-stronghold of Raqqa in Syria". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
27. ^ MacDonald, Alex (10 August 2016). "'Bob Crow Brigade' in Syria solidarity with striking London Tube workers". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
28. ^ Pullman, Beth (16 August 2016). "Rojava International Brigaders Honour The Legendary Bob Crow". Morning Star. People's Press Printing Society. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
29. ^ Sharma, Suraj; MacDonald, Alex (1 September 2016). "British volunteers in Syrian Kurd forces are 'terrorists', Turkey says". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
30. ^ Ensor, Josie (1 September 2016). "Turkey warns: we will treat Britons fighting with Kurds as terrorists". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
31. ^ Baker, Graeme (2 September 2016). "British YPG fighters 'head to Manbij to face Turkish forces'". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
32. ^ Anderson, Claire (7 September 2016). "Ní Saoirse go Saoirse na mBan: There is no freedom until the freedom of women". BreakingNews.ie. Landmark Digital Ltd. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
33. ^ Ó Conghaile, Tomaí (8 September 2016). "Comharthaí Gaeilge á n-ardú ag trodaithe sa Chordastáin". Nós (in Ga). Rua Media. Archived from the original on 12 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
34. ^ Sekkai, Kahina (28 September 2016). "Syrie: le soutien de la brigade Henri Krasucki aux salariés d'Air France". Paris Match (in French). Lagardère Digital France. Archived from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
35. ^ "Greek Anarchists Are Helping Kurdish Forces Fight ISIS". Vice. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
36. ^ "Siria, quei ragazzi venuti da mezzo mondo a combattere l'Isis". la Repubblica (in Italian). 2 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
37. ^ "В Рожаве создана новая организация партизан-анархистов | Новости Курдистана". kurdistan.today (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
38. ^ Moore, Jack (25 July 2017). "FIRST LGBT UNIT CREATED TO FIGHT ISIS IN SYRIA. ITS NAME? THE QUEER INSURRECTION". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
39. ^ Kentish, Ben (25 July 2017). "'The Queer Insurrection': Coalition forces fighting Isis in Syria form first LGBT unit". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
40. ^ "Final communique from IRPGF". The Anarchist Library. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
41. ^ a b c d e f g h Puxton, Matteo (16 May 2018). "Syrie - Brigade Michael Israel: des volontaires antifascistes contre l'armée turque". France-Soir. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
42. ^ "Briton who died fighting Isil caused 'alarm bells to ring' when he tidied bedroom, mother tells inquest". The Telegraph. 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
43. ^ "British citizen killed in Syria fighting alongside Kurds". globalnews.ca. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
44. ^ "German woman, 19, killed fighting IS". BBC News. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
45. ^ "TKP/ML-TİKKO Commander in Rojava falls a martyr". ANF News. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
46. ^ "EÖT savaşçısı İzlandalı Haukur Hilmarsson şehit düştü" [IFB Icelandic warrior Haukur Hilmarsson fell as martyr]. ETHA (Etkin Haber Ajansı) (in Turkish). 6 March 2018. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
47. ^ "İzlanda vatandaşı Afrin'de öldürüldü" [IFB Icelandic warrior Haukur Hilmarsson fell as martyr]. CNN Türk (in Turkish). 6 March 2018. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
48. ^ grapevine.is (7 March 2018). "Icelander Reportedly Killed In Action In Afrin - The Reykjavik Grapevine". Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
49. ^ "Italian volunteer killed in fight against ISIS". www.kurdistan24.net. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2020.

## Bibliography[edit]

* Harp, Seth (23 February 2017). "The Anarchists vs. ISIS". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC. pp. 42–49.
* Foreign Volunteers for the Syrian Kurdish Forces (PDF) (Report). Atlanta: Carter Center. 27 February 2017.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Freedom Battalion.

* International Freedom Battalion on Facebook

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2013
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2014
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2015
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2016
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* Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
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* Al-Shaddadi offensive
* February Homs bombings
* February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Khanasir offensive
* Battle of Tel Abyad
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Mar)
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)
* Northern Raqqa offensive (May)
* May Jableh & Tartous bombings
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)
* Manbij offensive
* Tokhar massacre
* Southern Aleppo campaign
* Battle of al-Rai (Aug)
* Operation Euphrates Shield
* Aleppo summer campaign
* Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)
* 5 September bombings
* September Deir ez-Zor air raid
* September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack
* Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)
* Dabiq offensive
* Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Raqqa campaign
* Battle of al-Bab
* Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)
* Palmyra offensive (Dec)

2017
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)
* January Azaz bombing
* Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)
* Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)
* Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)
* Qaboun offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)
* March Damascus bombings
* Al-Jinah airstrike
* Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Tabqa
* Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
* Shayrat missile strike
* Aleppo bombing
* April Turkish airstrikes
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Desert campaign (May–Jul)
* Maskanah Plains offensive
* East Hama offensive
* Battle of Raqqa
* Daraa offensive (Jun)
* Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Idlib clashes (Jul)
* Central campaign
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)
* Hama offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)
* Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
* Battle of Harasta
* Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)
* Euphrates Crossing offensive
* Mayadin offensive
* Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)
* Abu Kamal offensive
* Beit Jinn offensive

2018
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Operation Olive Branch
* Battle of Khasham
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
* Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)
* Douma chemical attack
* Missile strikes (Apr)
* Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)
* Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)
* As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)
* Southern offensive
* As-Suwayda attacks
* As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)
* Qamishli clashes (Sep)
* Missile strikes (Sep)
* Northern border clashes

2019
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* Manbij bombing
* Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
* ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor
* Dêrik prison escape attempt
* Tell Rifaat clashes
* Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)
* June bombings
* Hass refugee camp bombing
* Missile strikes (Aug)
* Turkish offensive into northeast
* Barisha raid
* November bombings
* Israeli missile strikes (Nov)
* Qah missile strike
* Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)
* US airstrikes

2020
Jan–Dec|

* COVID-19 pandemic
* Afrin bombing
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* Kafr-Takharim airstrike
* Ayn Issa clashes
* Deir ez-Zor ambush

2021
Jan–Dec|

* Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah
* Missile strikes (Jan)
* US airstrike (Feb)
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* US airstrike (Jun)
* Daraa clashes
* Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict

2022
Jan–Dec|

* Battle of al-Hasakah
* Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes
* Jabal al-Bishrī clashes
* Jarqli airstrikes
* Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)
* 2022 Al-Sabboura bus bombing
* Operation Claw-Sword
* Northwest clashes (Dec)
* Deir ez-Zor attack

2023
Jan-Dec|

* Al-Sukhnah attack
* Damascus airstrike
* Hama attack

Spillover|

| Israel and Golan Heights:|

* March 2017 incident
* February 2018 incident
* May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents

|

Iraq:|

* Akashat ambush
* Operation al-Shabah
* April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike

Jordanian border incidents|

* April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike

Lebanon:|

* Lebanese border clashes
* Battle of Sidon
* Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut
* North Lebanon clashes
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)

Turkey:|

* December 2011 Turkish border clash
* 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown
* 2012 Turkish border clashes
* 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings
* January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria
* Assassination of Andrei Karlov
* Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident
* 2020 Balyun airstrikes
* Operation Spring Shield

Elsewhere:|

* Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)

Belligerents

*   *   *   *

Syria|

| Politics of Syria|

* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Arab Socialist Movement
* Syrian Communist Party

|

Military and militias|

* Syrian Armed Forces
* Syrian Resistance
* PFLP-GC
* al-Quds Brigade
* Palestine Liberation Army

Foreign support|

* Hezbollah involvement
* Iranian involvement
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* Russian involvement
* medical facility targeting
* military intervention
* Wagner Group
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Popular Mobilization Forces

Opposition|

| Interim government|

* National Coalition
* Local Coordination Committees
* Syrian National Council
* Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
* National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
* Syrian Revolution General Commission
* Syrian Support Group
* Adopt a Revolution
* Syrian Patriotic Group

|

Opposition militias|

* Syrian National Army
* Free Syrian Army
* National Front for Liberation
* Army of Glory
* Authenticity and Development Front
* Army of Free Tribes
* Revolutionary Commando Army
* Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
* Grey Wolves

Foreign support|

* American-led intervention
* Jordanian intervention
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Turkey

Autonomous Administration
of North and East Syria|

| DFNS Government|

* Democratic Union Party
* Kurdish National Council
* Smaller political parties

|

SDF militias|

* People's Protection Units
* Women's Protection Units
* Anti-Terror Units
* Al-Sanadid Forces
* Army of Revolutionaries
* SDF military councils
* Syriac Military Council
* Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
* Northern Democratic Brigade

Support|

* Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
* Kurdistan Workers' Party
* International Freedom Battalion
* Sinjar Resistance Units
* Êzîdxan Women's Units

Islamists|

| Islamic State|

* Military activity of ISIL
* Dokumacılar
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
* Liwa al-Aqsa
* Group of the One and Only
* Liwa Dawud

|

al-Qaeda and allies|

* Tahrir al-Sham
* Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
* Caucasus Emirate
* Ajnad al-Kavkaz
* Junud al-Makhdi
* Malhama Tactical
* Ansar al-Islam

People

* Ammar Abdulhamid
* Ali al-Abdallah
* Adnan al-Aroor
* al-Assad family
* Bashar
* Maher
* Rifaat
* Rami Makhlouf
* Hafez Makhlouf
* Riad al-Asaad
* Anwar al-Bunni
* Fahd Jassem al-Freij
* Suheil al-Hassan
* Haitham al-Maleh
* Moaz al-Khatib
* Kamal al-Labwani
* Hamza al-Khateeb
* Tal al-Mallohi
* Fida al-Sayed
* Riad al-Turk
* Khaled Khoja
* Ammar al-Qurabi
* Suheir Atassi
* Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
* Aref Dalila
* Farid Ghadry
* Burhan Ghalioun
* Razan Ghazzawi
* Ghassan Hitto
* Salim Idris
* Randa Kassis
* Abdul Halim Khaddam
* Michel Kilo
* Bassma Kodmani
* Ali Habib Mahmud
* Ali Mahmoud Othman
* Ibrahim Qashoush
* Dawoud Rajiha
* Yassin al-Haj Saleh
* Bouthaina Shaaban
* Abdulbaset Sieda
* Riad Seif
* Fadwa Souleimane
* Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid
* Yaser Tabbara
* Razan Zaitouneh
* Rami Jarrah
* Abdurrahman Mustafa
* Fadlallah al-Haji

Related

| Elections|

* 2011 local elections
* 2012 parliamentary election
* 2014 presidential election
* 2015 Northern local elections
* 2016 parliamentary election
* 2017 Northern local elections
* 2017 Northern regional elections
* 2018 local elections
* 2020 parliamentary election
* 2021 presidential election

|

Issues|

* Casualties
* Cities and towns
* Chemical weapons
* Damaged heritage sites
* Foreign involvement
* Human rights violations
* Humanitarian aid
* International demonstrations and protests
* International reactions
* Massacres
* Refugees
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Status of the Golan Heights
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Syrian government reactions

Peace process|

* Arab League monitors
* Friends of Syria Group
* Kofi Annan peace plan
* UN supervision mission
* Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan
* U.S.–Russia peace proposals
* 39th G8 summit
* UN Security Council Resolution 2118
* Geneva II conference
* 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement
* Vienna talks
* 2016 Geneva talks
* Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)
* First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Syrian Constitutional Committee

War crimes trials|

* Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany

Related topics|

* Exclusive mandate
* Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference
* International recognition of the Syrian National Council
* Syria Files
* Syrian detainee report
* Syrian media coverage
* 2015 European migrant crisis

* Category

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