International Garden Festival

Horticultural festival in Liverpool, England

EXPO 1984 Liverpool

Overview
BIE-class| Horticultural exposition
Name| International Garden Festival
Building(s)| Liverpool-Garden-Festival-Dome
Area| 95 hectares (230 acres)
Visitors| 3,380,000
Location
Country| England
City| Liverpool
Coordinates| 53°22′21″N 2°57′21″W﻿ / ﻿53.37250°N 2.95583°W﻿ / 53.37250; -2.95583
Timeline
Opening| 2 May 1984 (1984-05-02)
by Queen Elizabeth II
Closure| 14 October 1984 (1984-10-14)
Horticultural expositions
Previous| Internationale Gartenbauaustellung 83 in Munich
Next| Expo '90 in Osaka
Specialized expositions
Previous| 1982 World's Fair in Knoxville
Next| Expo '85 in Tsukuba
Universal expositions
Previous| Expo '70 in Osaka
Next| Seville Expo '92 in Seville
Simultaneous
Specialized| 1984 Louisiana World Exposition
Dragon slide exhibit from the Garden Festival. This was designed by the winner of a competition on the Blue Peter TV show. The Japanese Garden Commemorative coffee mug from the festival, showing a cartoon Liver bird.

The International Garden Festival was a garden festival recognised by the International Association of Horticultural producers (AIPH)[1] and the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), which was held in Liverpool, England from 2 May to 14 October 1984.[2] It was the first such event held in Britain, and became the model for several others held during the 1980s and early 1990s. The aim was to revitalise tourism and the city of Liverpool which had suffered cutbacks, and the idea came from Conservative Environment Minister Michael Heseltine. The festival was hugely popular, attracting 3,380,000 visitors.[3]

## The festival

[edit]

The international horticultural exposition was held on a 950,000-square-metre (10,200,000 sq ft) derelict industrial site south of Herculaneum Dock, near the Dingle and overlooking the River Mersey. On this site were built sixty individual gardens,[4] including a Japanese garden and pagodas. A large exhibition space, the Festival Hall, formed the centrepiece of the site and housed numerous indoor exhibits.

Other attractions included a walk of fame, featuring numerous stars connected with Liverpool, and a light railway system (see below). Public artwork included the Yellow Submarine, a statue of John Lennon, a Blue Peter ship, the Wish You Were Here tourist sculpture, a red dragon slide, a large red bull sculpture[4] and Kissing Gate (by Alain Ayers).[5]

## The Festival Railway

[edit]

A 15 in (381 mm) gauge minimum-gauge railway system provided transport around the site.[6] The light railway system consisted of a mainline providing transport links between a series of stations at key locations around the festival site, and a junction linking to a branch line. There were also extensive shed and workshop facilities. A considerable investment was made in the purchase of passenger coaches, and in the purchase and installation of permanent way. Additional passenger coaches (of the 20-seat 'teak' saloon type) were borrowed from the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway in Kent. The prohibitive cost of purchasing locomotives was avoided through the use of engines which were deemed 'spare' on other existing 15 in (381 mm) gauge minimum-gauge railways, particularly the United Kingdom's two most extensive railways of this gauge, the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway, and the Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway. The cost of building and hiring passenger coaches was partly offset through sponsorship by the National Westminster Bank, whose name and logo was painted on the side of every coach. The visiting locomotives, leased coaches, and purpose-built passenger carriages provided the mainline service, whilst the branch line was operated on a shuttle basis by a 1970s-built diesel multiple unit railcar set (named Silver Jubilee) on loan from the Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway.

## The festival site

[edit]

The Festival Hall, once the focal point of the Garden Festival, shortly before demolition in 2006.[4]

Since the festival closed, the site has passed through the hands of a series of developers. From the late 1980s until its closure in 1996, the Festival Hall was used as the Pleasure Island amusement park.[7] Half of the site has since been turned into residential housing. The Festival Hall dome was demolished in late 2006.[4]

In November 2006 local companies Langtree and McLean announced plans for the site that will see more than 1,000 new homes built around the cleared dome area, as well as the restoration of the original gardens created for the festival in 1984.[8]

## Liverpool Festival Gardens

[edit]

In September 2009 it was announced[9] that work would begin on redeveloping the site in November 2009, after the city council gave permission for work to begin.[10] The redevelopment would see the Chinese and Japanese gardens being restored, as well as the lakes and associated watercourses and the woodland sculpture trails.[9] Funding came from a range of sources, including the Northwest Regional Development Agency, who provided a £3.7million grant.[10] Redevelopment work began in February 2010

In 2012, Liverpool Festival Gardens finally reopened. The restored garden site had been due to re-open in September 2011, however, this was delayed until 2012 whilst a new landscape management contractor was found after the original contractor, Mayfield Construction, went into administration.[11] The garden site was managed by The Land Trust until 2017 at which time it reverted back to the control of Liverpool City Council.

The new restored site features:[12]

* Two restored pagodas in the oriental gardens
* The restored Moon Wall
* New lakes, waterways and waterfalls
* New pedestrian access point linking to the promenade
* New secure parking area

In 2022 work was completed on a smaller refurbished car park as part of a project to create a new southern grasslands extension to the Festival Gardens. The completed Southern Grasslands area was opened on 7th August 2023 by Liverpool City Region Metro Mayor Steve Rotherham and Councillor Laura Robertson-Collins. The new site provides extensive elevated views across the Mersey River.

## New housing

[edit]

In March 2013, the developers Langtree began work on the 1300 planned homes on the site, despite the earlier collapse of partner David McLean Homes.[10] In 2017 Liverpool City Council took back control of the site and in 2018 appointed Ion and partner Midia as the development partner with City Council. Remediation works at the site to remove waste from the landfill was not completed until 2023 at which time the Council were in the process of seeking a new development partner.

## See also

[edit]

* Seagaia Ocean Dome, similar dome structure

## References

[edit]

1. ^ AIPH Exhibitions, History Archived 15 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 8 January 2011
2. ^ "Mersey Reporter - History". Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
3. ^ Horticultural Exhibitions: Liverpool, Bureau International des Expositions (International Exhibitions Bureau), archived from the original on 11 July 2007, retrieved 25 March 2005
4. ^ a b c d Coslett, Paul (1 May 2009), International Garden Festival, BBC Liverpool, archived from the original on 14 November 2012, retrieved 10 July 2009
5. ^ "Liverpool Monuments: Kissing Gate (5)". Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
6. ^ A large collection of photographs of the railway may be viewed here[permanent dead link].
7. ^ Festival Gardens (PDF), Langtree McLean, archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2009, retrieved 10 July 2009
8. ^ "New plan for garden festival site", BBC News, 22 November 2006, archived from the original on 8 September 2007, retrieved 10 July 2009
9. ^ a b "Festival garden revamp to start", BBC News, 21 September 2009, retrieved 22 September 2009
10. ^ a b c Sharpe, Laura (22 September 2009), Work starts on Liverpool’s International Garden Festival site, Liverpool Echo, archived from the original on 2 April 2012, retrieved 22 September 2009
11. ^ Building Firm's Collapse Delays Garden Opening, archived from the original on 21 August 2012, retrieved 29 April 2013
12. ^ About Liverpool Festival Gardens, archived from the original on 30 July 2013, retrieved 29 April 2013

## Further reading

[edit]

* "The International Garden Festival railway, Liverpool". Northern Railways. Vol. 3, no. 10\. Silver Link Publishing. September 1984. p. 35\. ISSN 0266-3058.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liverpool International Garden Festival.

* BBC Liverpool: 20 years since the festival showing the site in 1984 and 2004
* Campaign to restore the festival site
* Official website of the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE)
* Community website for the area
* Langtree Group's official page for the Festival Gardens site
* Liverpool Festival Gardens
* Festival Gardens progresses but land deal still not signed

53°22′21″N 2°57′21″W﻿ / ﻿53.37250°N 2.95583°W﻿ / 53.37250; -2.95583

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National garden festivals

* International Garden Festival (Liverpool, 1984)
* Stoke-on-Trent Garden Festival (Staffordshire, 1986)
* Glasgow Garden Festival (Scotland, 1988)
* Gateshead Garden Festival (Tyneside, 1990)
* Ebbw Vale Garden Festival (South Wales Valleys, 1992)

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Railways and tramways of 15-inch (381 mm) gauge

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Arlesdale (fictional) · Fairbourne (now re-gauged) · Far Tottering and Oyster Creek (temporary exhibition line)

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World exhibitions

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Retroactively
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BIE-recognized
Universal
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BIE-recognized
specialized
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BIE-recognized
horticultural
exhibitions (AIPH)|

* Rotterdam 1960
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Not BIE-
recognized|

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Europe|

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* † Postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic
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