International Phonetic Alphabet chart

Phonetic symbol chart

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The following is a chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.

## Official chart

[edit]

The official IPA chart, revised to 2020

## Vowels

[edit]

See also: IPA vowel chart with audio

|  | Front | Central | Back

|
|
|

Close |

Near-close |

|  |

Close-mid |

Mid |

Open-mid |

Near-open |

Open |

* IPA help
*  audio
* full chart
* template

Legend: unrounded • rounded

## Consonants

[edit]

See also: IPA consonant chart with audio

### Pulmonic consonants

[edit]

| Place →  | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal

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|
|

Manner ↓  | Bi­labial | Labio­dental | Linguo­labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post­alveolar | Retro­flex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal | Glottal
Nasal | m̥ | m | ɱ̊ | ɱ |  | n̼ |  |  | n̥ | n |  |  | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ |  |  |  |
Plosive | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̼ | d̼ |  |  | t | d |  |  | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ |  | ʔ |
Sibilant affricate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ts | dz | t̠ʃ | d̠ʒ | tʂ | dʐ | tɕ | dʑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-sibilant affricate  | pɸ | bβ | p̪f | b̪v |  |  | t̪θ | d̪ð | tɹ̝̊ | dɹ̝ | t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | d̠ɹ̠˔ |  |  | cç | ɟʝ | kx | ɡɣ | qχ | ɢʁ | ʡʜ | ʡʢ | ʔh |
Sibilant fricative |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-sibilant fricative  | ɸ | β | f | v | θ̼ | ð̼ | θ | ð | θ̠ | ð̠ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ɹ̠˔ | ɻ̊˔ | ɻ˔ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ
Approximant |  |  |  | ʋ |  |  |  |  |  | ɹ |  |  |  | ɻ |  | j |  | ɰ |  |  |  |  |  | ʔ̞
Tap/flap |  | ⱱ̟ |  | ⱱ |  | ɾ̼ |  |  | ɾ̥ | ɾ |  |  | ɽ̊ | ɽ |  |  |  |  |  | ɢ̆ |  | ʡ̆ |  |
Trill | ʙ̥ | ʙ |  |  |  |  |  |  | r̥ | r |  |  | ɽ̊r̥ | ɽr |  |  |  |  | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ |  |
Lateral affricate  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tɬ | dɮ |  |  | tꞎ | d𝼅 | c𝼆 | ɟʎ̝ | k𝼄 | ɡʟ̝ |  |  |  |  |  |
Lateral fricative  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɬ | ɮ |  |  | ꞎ | 𝼅 | 𝼆 | ʎ̝ | 𝼄 | ʟ̝ |  |  |  |  |  |
Lateral approximant  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | l |  |  |  | ɭ |  | ʎ |  | ʟ |  | ʟ̠ |  |  |  |
Lateral tap/flap  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɺ̥ | ɺ |  |  | 𝼈̊ | 𝼈 |  | ʎ̆ |  | ʟ̆ |  |  |  |  |  |

* IPA help
*  audio
* full chart
* template

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

### Non-pulmonic consonants

[edit]

|  | BL | LD | D | A | PA | RF | P | V | U | EG

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|

Ejective | Stop | pʼ |  |  | tʼ |  | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ
Affricate |  | p̪fʼ | t̪θʼ | tsʼ | t̠ʃʼ | tʂʼ | tɕʼ | kxʼ | qχʼ |
Fricative | ɸʼ | fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | ɕʼ | xʼ | χʼ |
Lateral affricate  |  |  |  | tɬʼ |  |  | c𝼆ʼ | k𝼄ʼ | q𝼄ʼ |
Lateral fricative  |  |  |  | ɬʼ |  |  |  |  |  |
Click
(top: velar;
bottom: uvular)  | Tenuis | kʘ
qʘ |  | kǀ
qǀ | kǃ
qǃ |  | k𝼊
q𝼊 | kǂ
qǂ |  |  |
Voiced | ɡʘ
ɢʘ |  | ɡǀ
ɢǀ | ɡǃ
ɢǃ |  | ɡ𝼊
ɢ𝼊 | ɡǂ
ɢǂ |  |  |
Nasal | ŋʘ
ɴʘ |  | ŋǀ
ɴǀ | ŋǃ
ɴǃ |  | ŋ𝼊
ɴ𝼊 | ŋǂ
ɴǂ | ʞ
|  |
Tenuis lateral |  |  |  | kǁ
qǁ |  |  |  |  |  |
Voiced lateral  |  |  |  | ɡǁ
ɢǁ |  |  |  |  |  |
Nasal lateral  |  |  |  | ŋǁ
ɴǁ |  |  |  |  |  |
Implosive | Voiced  | ɓ |  |  | ɗ |  | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ |
Voiceless | ɓ̥ |  |  | ɗ̥ |  | ᶑ̊ | ʄ̊ | ɠ̊ | ʛ̥ |

* IPA help
*  audio
* full chart
* template

Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

### Co-articulated consonants

[edit]

Nasal

n͡m

Labial–alveolar

ɳ͡m

Labial–retroflex

ŋ͡m

Labial–velar

Plosive

t͡p

d͡b

Labial–alveolar

ʈ͡p

ɖ͡b

Labial–retroflex

k͡p

ɡ͡b

Labial–velar

q͡ʡ

Uvular–epiglottal

q͡p

Labial–uvular

Fricative/approximant

Labialized palatal

Labialized velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Implosive

ɠ̊͜ɓ̥

ɠ͡ɓ

Labial–velar

Ejective

t͡pʼ

Labial–alveolar

* IPA help
* full chart
* template

### Other consonants

[edit]

* Nasal palatal approximant [j̃]
* Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃]
* Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]
* Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥]
* Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]
* Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟]
* Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟̬]
* Bilabial percussive [ʬ]
* Bidental percussive [ʭ]
* Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive [¡]

## Tones

[edit]

Tone registers  ◌̋ | ˥ | ꜒ | Extra-high (top)

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|
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◌́ | ˦ | ꜓ | High
◌̄ | ˧ | ꜔ | Mid
◌̀ | ˨ | ꜕ | Low
◌̏ | ˩ | ꜖ | Extra-low (bottom)
ꜜ◌ | Downstep
ꜛ◌ | Upstep
Tone contours ◌̌ | ˩˥ | ꜖꜒ | Rising (low to high)

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|
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◌̂ | ˥˩ | ꜒꜖ | Falling (high to low)
◌᷄ | ˧˥ | ꜔꜒ | High rising
| ˨˦ | ꜕꜓ | Mid rising
◌᷅ | ˩˧ | ꜖꜔ | Low rising
◌᷇ | ˥˧ | ꜒꜔ | High falling
| ˦˨ | ꜓꜕ | Mid falling
◌᷆ | ˧˩ | ꜔꜖ | Low falling
◌᷈ | ˧˥˨, ˨˦˨, ˩˧˩ | ꜔꜒꜕, ꜕꜓꜕, ꜖꜔꜖ | Rising–falling (Peaking)
◌᷉ | ˥˧˥, ˦˨˦, ˧˩˧ | ꜒꜔꜒, ꜓꜕꜓, ꜔꜖꜔ | Falling–rising (Dipping)

## Auxiliary symbols

[edit]

Diacritics  ◌̥ | ◌̊ | Voiceless | ◌̤ | Breathy voiced | ◌̪ | ◌͆ | Dental

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◌̬ | Voiced | ◌̰ | Creaky voiced | ◌̺ | Apical
◌ʰ | Aspirated | ◌̼ | Linguolabial | ◌̻ | Laminal
◌̹ | ◌͗ | ◌˒ | More rounded | ◌ʷ | Labialized | ◌̃ | Nasalized
◌̜ | ◌͑ | ◌˓ | Less rounded | ◌ʲ | Palatalized | ◌ⁿ | Nasal release
◌̟ | ◌˖ | Advanced | ◌ˠ | Velarized | ◌ˡ | Lateral release
◌̠ | ◌˗ | Retracted | ◌ˤ | Pharyngealized | ◌̚ | No audible release
◌̈ | Centralized | ◌̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized | ◌ᵊ | Mid central vowel release
◌̽ | Mid-centralized | ◌̝ | ◌˔ | Raised | ◌ᶿ | Voiceless dental fricative release
◌̩ | ◌̍ | Syllabic | ◌̞ | ◌˕ | Lowered | ◌ˣ | Voiceless velar fricative release
◌̯ | ◌̑ | Non-syllabic | ◌̘ | ◌꭪ | Advanced tongue root | ◌ʼ | Ejective
◌˞ | Rhoticity | ◌̙ | ◌꭫ | Retracted tongue root | ◌͡◌
◌͜◌ | Affricate or double articulation

Suprasegmentals ˈ | Primary stress

|

ˌ | Secondary stress
ː | Long
ˑ | Half-long
◌̆ | Extra-short
| | Minor (foot) group
‖ | Major (intonation) group
. | Syllable break
‿ | Linking (absence of a break)
↗︎ | Global rise
↘︎ | Global fall
Transcription [ ] | Phonetic transcription

|

/ / | Phonemic transcription
{ } | Prosodic notation
( ) | Indistinguishable utterance
⸨ ⸩ | Sound obscured

## See also

[edit]

* IPA vowel chart with audio
* IPA consonant chart with audio
* International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
* Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet
* Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet

## External links

[edit]

* The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart
* Interactive IPA chart

* v
* t
* e

International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)

IPA topics

| IPA|

* International Phonetic Association
* History of the alphabet
* Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
* Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
* Journal of the IPA (JIPA)

|

Special topics|

* Cursive forms
* Case variants
* Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
* Naming conventions
* Sinological extensions
* World Orthography
* IPA chart for English dialects

Encodings|

* ASCII encodings
* SAMPA
* X-SAMPA
* Kirshenbaum
* TIPA
* Phonetic symbols in Unicode
* IPA number
* IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants |  | Place →  | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal

|
|
|
|

Manner ↓  | Bi­labial | Labio­dental | Linguo­labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post­alveolar | Retro­flex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal | Glottal
Nasal | m̥ | m | ɱ̊ | ɱ |  | n̼ |  |  | n̥ | n |  |  | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ |  |  |  |
Plosive | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̼ | d̼ |  |  | t | d |  |  | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ |  | ʔ |
Sibilant affricate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ts | dz | t̠ʃ | d̠ʒ | tʂ | dʐ | tɕ | dʑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-sibilant affricate  | pɸ | bβ | p̪f | b̪v |  |  | t̪θ | d̪ð | tɹ̝̊ | dɹ̝ | t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | d̠ɹ̠˔ |  |  | cç | ɟʝ | kx | ɡɣ | qχ | ɢʁ | ʡʜ | ʡʢ | ʔh |
Sibilant fricative |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-sibilant fricative  | ɸ | β | f | v | θ̼ | ð̼ | θ | ð | θ̠ | ð̠ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ɹ̠˔ | ɻ̊˔ | ɻ˔ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ
Approximant |  |  |  | ʋ |  |  |  |  |  | ɹ |  |  |  | ɻ |  | j |  | ɰ |  |  |  |  |  | ʔ̞
Tap/flap |  | ⱱ̟ |  | ⱱ |  | ɾ̼ |  |  | ɾ̥ | ɾ |  |  | ɽ̊ | ɽ |  |  |  |  |  | ɢ̆ |  | ʡ̆ |  |
Trill | ʙ̥ | ʙ |  |  |  |  |  |  | r̥ | r |  |  | ɽ̊r̥ | ɽr |  |  |  |  | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ |  |
Lateral affricate  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tɬ | dɮ |  |  | tꞎ | d𝼅 | c𝼆 | ɟʎ̝ | k𝼄 | ɡʟ̝ |  |  |  |  |  |
Lateral fricative  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɬ | ɮ |  |  | ꞎ | 𝼅 | 𝼆 | ʎ̝ | 𝼄 | ʟ̝ |  |  |  |  |  |
Lateral approximant  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | l |  |  |  | ɭ |  | ʎ |  | ʟ |  | ʟ̠ |  |  |  |
Lateral tap/flap  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɺ̥ | ɺ |  |  | 𝼈̊ | 𝼈 |  | ʎ̆ |  | ʟ̆ |  |  |  |  |  |

* IPA help
*  audio
* full chart
* template

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants |  | BL | LD | D | A | PA | RF | P | V | U | EG

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Ejective | Stop | pʼ |  |  | tʼ |  | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ
Affricate |  | p̪fʼ | t̪θʼ | tsʼ | t̠ʃʼ | tʂʼ | tɕʼ | kxʼ | qχʼ |
Fricative | ɸʼ | fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | ɕʼ | xʼ | χʼ |
Lateral affricate  |  |  |  | tɬʼ |  |  | c𝼆ʼ | k𝼄ʼ | q𝼄ʼ |
Lateral fricative  |  |  |  | ɬʼ |  |  |  |  |  |
Click
(top: velar;
bottom: uvular)  | Tenuis | kʘ
qʘ |  | kǀ
qǀ | kǃ
qǃ |  | k𝼊
q𝼊 | kǂ
qǂ |  |  |
Voiced | ɡʘ
ɢʘ |  | ɡǀ
ɢǀ | ɡǃ
ɢǃ |  | ɡ𝼊
ɢ𝼊 | ɡǂ
ɢǂ |  |  |
Nasal | ŋʘ
ɴʘ |  | ŋǀ
ɴǀ | ŋǃ
ɴǃ |  | ŋ𝼊
ɴ𝼊 | ŋǂ
ɴǂ | ʞ
|  |
Tenuis lateral |  |  |  | kǁ
qǁ |  |  |  |  |  |
Voiced lateral  |  |  |  | ɡǁ
ɢǁ |  |  |  |  |  |
Nasal lateral  |  |  |  | ŋǁ
ɴǁ |  |  |  |  |  |
Implosive | Voiced  | ɓ |  |  | ɗ |  | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ |
Voiceless | ɓ̥ |  |  | ɗ̥ |  | ᶑ̊ | ʄ̊ | ɠ̊ | ʛ̥ |

* IPA help
*  audio
* full chart
* template

Co-articulated consonants

Nasal

n͡m

Labial–alveolar

ɳ͡m

Labial–retroflex

ŋ͡m

Labial–velar

Plosive

t͡p

d͡b

Labial–alveolar

ʈ͡p

ɖ͡b

Labial–retroflex

k͡p

ɡ͡b

Labial–velar

q͡ʡ

Uvular–epiglottal

q͡p

Labial–uvular

Fricative/approximant

Labialized palatal

Labialized velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Implosive

ɠ̊͜ɓ̥

ɠ͡ɓ

Labial–velar

Ejective

t͡pʼ

Labial–alveolar

* IPA help
* full chart
* template

Other|

* Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃]
* Nasal palatal approximant [j̃]
* Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]
* Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥]
* Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]
* Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟]
* Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟̬]
* Bilabial percussive [ʬ]
* Bidental percussive [ʭ]
* Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive [¡]

Vowels

|  |  | Front | Central | Back

|
|
|

Close |

Near-close |

|  |

Close-mid |

Mid |

Open-mid |

Near-open |

Open |

* IPA help
*  audio
* full chart
* template

Legend: unrounded • rounded
*[BL]: Bilabial
*[LD]: Labiodental
*[D]: Dental
*[A]: Alveolar
*[PA]: Postalveolar
*[RF]: Retroflex
*[P]: Palatal
*[V]: Velar
*[U]: Uvular
*[EG]: Epiglottal
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template