International Primate Day

Annual observance event

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)

The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints. Please improve the article or discuss the issue. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Parts of this article (those related to historical developments in Japan and Europe) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2017)

|

(Learn how and when to remove this message)

International Primate Day, September 1, is an annual educational observance event organized since 2005 largely by British-based Animal Defenders International (ADI)[1] [2][3][4] and supported annually by various primate-oriented advocacy organizations, speaks for all higher and lower primates, typically endorsing humane agendas where primates are at risk, as in research institutions or species endangerment in precarious environmental situations.[5][6][7][8][9]

The event is increasingly practiced by primate advocacy nonprofits in several nations. AOL News had covered the observance each year since 2005, and YahooNews had more recently begun reporting the event.

In 2007, according to Animal Defenders International (ADI), "‘Monkey in a Cage’ by Maria Daines topped the Indie music chart[which?] in the week following International Primate Day after a campaign enabling people to download via our websites."[10]

In 2016, Animal Defenders International (ADI) received a celebrity endorsement from Moby for their attempt to help the Barbary macaques for that year's event.[11]

## Overview of primates

[edit]

Primates are a very large family of about 200 species, and include humans, great apes, monkeys, lemurs, et al. Statements on great apes which focus largely or entirely on apes would not include all primates.

## Significance of primate advocacy

[edit]

The release of apes from biomedical laboratories started in Europe and Japan about fifteen years before that movement emerged in North America.[citation needed]

### Developments in Europe

[edit]

During the past several decades of primate advocacy, the Great Ape Project has emerged, and movements in Europe have seen calls for extended legal protections to Great Apes, the higher primates.

### Developments in Japan

[edit]

See Japanese macaque

### Developments in the United States

[edit]

Withdrawal of financial support by NIH in the United States

A study commissioned by the National Institute of Health (NIH) and conducted by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) concluded in a report (see report brief[12]) released on December 15, 2011 that ‘while the chimpanzee has been a valuable animal model in past research, most current use of chimpanzees for biomedical research is unnecessary’. The primary recommendation is that the use of chimpanzees in research be guided by a set of principles and criteria, in effect to greatly limit government-funded research using chimpanzees. Falling short of calling for the out-right ban of using chimpanzees for research, the report acknowledged that new emerging, or re-emerging diseases may require the use of chimpanzees, echoing Professor Colin Blakemore’s concern.

Francis Collins, Director of NIH announced on the same day the report was released that he accepted the recommendations and will develop the implementation plan which includes the forming of an expert committee to review all submitted grant applications and projects already underway involving the use of chimpanzees. Furthermore, no new grant applications using chimpanzees will be reviewed until further notice.[13]

On 21 September 2012, NIH announced that 110 chimpanzees owned by the government will be retired. NIH owns about 500 chimpanzees for research, this move signifies the first step to wind down NIH’s investment in chimpanzee research, according to Francis Collins. Currently housed at the New Iberia Research Center in Louisiana, ten of the retired chimpanzees were to be transferred to the chimpanzee sanctuary Chimp Haven, while the rest were to go to Texas Biomedical Research Institute in San Antonio.[14] However, concerns over the chimpanzee’s status in the Texas Biomedical Research Institute as ‘research ineligible’ rather than ‘retired’ prompted NIH to reconsider the plan; it announced on 17 October 2012 that as many chimpanzees as possible would be relocated to Chimp Haven by August 2013, and that eventually all 110 would be moved there.[15]

On 22 January 2013, a NIH task force released a report calling for the government to retire most of the chimpanzees the U.S. government support. The panel concluded that the animals provide little benefit in biomedical discoveries except in a few disease cases which can be supported by a small population of 50 primates for future research. Other approaches such as genetically altered mice should be developed and refined.[16][17]

On 13 November 2013, the US Congress and Senate passed ‘The Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance and Protection Act’, approving the funding to expand the capacity of Chimp Haven and other chimpanzee sanctuaries, thus allowing the transfer of almost all of the apes owned by the federal government to live in a more natural and group environment than in the laboratory. The transfer is expected to take five years when all but 50 chimpanzees, which will remain with the NIH, will be ‘retired’.[18]

## Declaration on Great Apes

[edit]

The Great Ape Project is campaigning to have the United Nations endorse a Declaration on Great Apes.[19] This would extend what the project calls the "community of equals" to include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. The declaration seeks to extend to non-human great apes the protection of three basic interests: the right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture.

### Right to life

[edit]

The declaration states that members of the community of equals, which includes humans, may not be killed except in certain strictly defined circumstances such as self-defense.[19]

### Protection of individual liberty

[edit]

The declaration states that members of the community of equals are not to be deprived of their liberty, and are entitled to immediate release where there has been no form of due process. Under the proposed declaration, the detention of great apes who have not been convicted of any crime or who are not criminally liable should be permitted only where it can be shown that the detention is in their own interests or is necessary to protect the public. The declaration says there must be a right of appeal, either directly or through an advocate, to a judicial tribunal.

### Prohibition of torture

[edit]

The declaration prohibits the torture, defined as the deliberate infliction of severe pain, on any great ape, whether wantonly or because of a perceived benefit to others. Under International Human Rights Law this is a jus cogens principle and under all major human rights documents it cannot at any time be derogated by any State.

### Criticism

[edit]

At present, the Declaration on Great Apes is not generally supported by all primatologists.

Several organizations, including GRASP, the Great Apes Survival Project, are more concerned with apes in the wild than with legal issues surrounding the relatively few apes in captivity.

## See also

[edit]

Wikinews has related news:

* Spanish Socialist Workers' Party proposes human rights bill for great apes

* Animal testing on non-human primates
* Changing levels of support for great ape invasive research
* Declaration on Great Apes
* Endangered Species Act (USA)
* Great Ape personhood
* Great Ape Project
* Great Ape Trust
* Great Apes Survival Partnership
* International primate trade
* Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
* Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
* List of primates by population
* Monkey Day
* Monkey Jungle
* Monkey Life (TV series)
* Monkey Sanctuary
* Non-human primate experiments
* Primarily Primates (US primate sanctuary)
* Primatology
* Silver Spring monkeys
* The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates
* University of Minnesota primate research
* Western Animal Rights Network (UK)
* World Animal Day
* Wow! Gorillas
* Yerkes National Primate Research Center

Primate trade:

* International primate trade
* Nafovanny

General:

* Animal Liberation Front
* Animal liberation movement
* Animal testing

* Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories

Philosophers concerned with primates

* Peter Singer
* Paul Waldau
* Steven Wise

## References

[edit]

1. ^ 2015 - Beneveniste, A. Today is International Primate Day!, AOL.com, September 1, 2015, 5:00AM
2. ^ 2010 - International Primate Day - 1st September Annually, Monkeyland Primate Sanctuary in Plettenberg Bay, South Africa, May 31, 2010
3. ^ 2009 - International Primate Day - September 1, 2009, Animal Rights Africa blog, Friday, 17 JULY 2009
4. ^ International Primate Day: Here are the 10 most endangered primates on the planet. Staff Reporter, International Business Times, YahooNews. August 31, 2016
5. ^ 2012, 2015 - International Primate Day 2012, Animal Defenders International, Posted: 31 August 2012. Updated: 21 April 2015
6. ^ 2013 - Guidi, R. Defending animal science: what’s the next step? Science plug: Just another scientific blog. August 30, 2013
7. ^ 2016 - Happy International Primate Day! Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest, September 1, 2016
8. ^ 2016 - Gershowitz, E. International Primate Day, The Horn Book, September 1, 2016
9. ^ ADI highlights from International Primate Day
10. ^ Music for monkeys, 23 November 2007
11. ^ 2016 - Garrett, T.K. For International Primate Day September 1, Moby Teams Up With ADI To ‘Back The Macaque’ And Help Endangered Primates. September 1, 2016
12. ^ "Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Assessing the Necessity". iom.edu. Institute of Medicine. December 15, 2011. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
13. ^ "Statement by NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins on the Institute of Medicine report addressing the scientific need for the use of chimpanzees in research". National Institutes of Health. December 15, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
14. ^ Greenfieldboyce, Nell (21 September 2012). "Government Officials Retire Chimpanzees From Research". NPR. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
15. ^ Lisa Myers and Diane Beasley (17 October 2012). "Goodall praises NIH decision to remove some chimps from research, but controversy erupts over their next home". nbcnews.com. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
16. ^ Flinn, Ryan (23 January 2013). "U.S. Panel Calls for Limits on Medical Use of Chimpanzees". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
17. ^ Working Group on the Use of Chimpanzees in National Institutes of Health (NIH)-Supported Research (22 January 2013). "Council of Councils Working Group on the Use of Chimpanzees in NIH-Supported Research Report" (PDF). NIH.
18. ^ Dizard, Wilson (15 November 2013). "Federal government to transfer laboratory chimps to sanctuaries". Aljazeera America. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
19. ^ a b Declaration on Great Apes Archived 2008-08-20 at the Wayback Machine, Great Ape Project

* v
* t
* e

Apes

Extant
ape species|

* Homo
* Human (H. sapiens)
* Pan
* Bonobo (P. paniscus)
* Chimpanzee (P. troglodytes)
* Gorilla
* Eastern gorilla (G. beringei)
* Western gorilla (G. gorilla)
* Orangutan
* Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii)
* Bornean orangutan (P. pygmaeus)
* Tapanuli orangutan (P. tapanuliensis)
* Gibbon (family: Hylobatidae)

Study of apes|

* Great ape language
* Dian Fossey
* Birutė Galdikas
* Jane Goodall
* Chimpanzee genome project
* Human Genome Project
* Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
* Neanderthal genome project
* Willie Smits
* Lone Drøscher Nielsen
* Ian Redmond
* Elgin Center
* Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
* Borneo Orangutan Survival
* Primate archaeology

Legal and
social status|

* Personhood
* Research ban
* Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
* Great Ape Project
* Great Apes Survival Partnership
* International Primate Day
* Nonhuman Rights Project

Related|

* Primate
* List of individual apes (non-human)
* Apes in space (non-human)
* Bigfoot
* Bushmeat
* Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
* Gorilla–human last common ancestor
* Orangutan–human last common ancestor
* Gibbon–human last common ancestor
* List of fictional primates (non-human)
* Great apes
* Human evolution
* Monkey Day
* Mythic humanoids
* Yeren
* Yeti
* Yowie

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Animal welfare

Issues|

* Abandoned pets
* Blood sports
* Chick culling
* Cormorant culling
* Livestock dehorning
* Eating live animals
* Eating live seafood
* Intensive animal farming
* Intensive pig farming
* Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals
* Dairy farming
* Poultry farming
* Puppy mill
* Vivisection
* Welfare of farmed insects
* Wild animal suffering
* Wildlife farming
* Feedback (pork industry)
* Foam depopulation
* Ventilation shutdown
* Barn fire
* Livestock transportation

Concepts|

* Abnormal behaviours in animals
* Animal psychopathology
* Animal shelter
* Animal welfare science
* Anthrozoology
* Behavioral enrichment
* Compassionate conservation
* Conservation welfare
* Ethics of uncertain sentience
* Ethical omnivorism
* Five freedoms
* Humane law enforcement
* Intrinsic value in animal ethics
* Rescue group
* RSPCA Assured
* Three Rs principles
* Welfare biology

Pain in
nonhuman animals|

* Pain in animals
* Pain in amphibians
* Pain in cephalopods
* Pain in crustaceans
* Pain in fish
* Pain in invertebrates
* Grimace scale

Organisations|

* ASPCA
* Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
* Animal Defenders International
* Animal Welfare Party
* Animals' Friend Society
* American Humane
* Animal Aid Unlimited
* Animal Welfare Board of India
* Animal Welfare Institute
* Animal Welfare Investigations Project
* Badger Trust
* Band of Mercy
* Battersea
* Best Friends Animal Society
* Blue Cross
* Blue Cross of India
* Care for the Wild International
* Cats Protection
* Compassion in World Farming
* CAWF
* Cinnamon Trust
* Dogs Trust
* DSPA
* DSPCA
* Eurogroup for Animals
* Farm Animal Welfare Committee
* Four Paws
* FRAME
* Hedgehog Care
* Humane Canada
* Humane Farm Animal Care
* HSUS
* Humane Society International
* Humane Slaughter Association
* International Animal Rescue
* IFAW
* International Society for Applied Ethology
* ISPCA
* List of animal welfare organizations
* League Against Cruel Sports
* Marine Connection
* National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports
* Network for Animals
* Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research
* MSPCA-Angell
* National Animal Welfare Trust
* National Anti-Vivisection Society
* National Council for Animals' Welfare
* OneKind
* Party for Animal Welfare
* People for Animals
* People's Dispensary for Sick Animals
* RNZSPCA
* RSPCA
* RSPCA Australia
* Save Me
* SSPCA
* Tiggywinkles
* Toronto Humane Society
* UFAW
* Wildlife Aid Foundation
* World Animal Protection
* World Horse Welfare

Publications|

* American Humane Magazine
* Animal Protection
* Animal Welfare
* AWI Quarterly
* Cruel Sports
* Human Advocate
* Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
* Our Dumb Animals
* The Animals' Friend
* The Animals' Guardian
* The Cat
* The Zoophilist

Activists
and workers|

| Contemporary|

* Michael C. Appleby
* Cynthia Bathurst
* Matthew E. Bershadker
* Christa Blanke
* Moira Brown
* Jan Cameron
* Judy MacArthur Clark
* Kendra Coulter
* Peter Ronald Davies
* Petra Deimer
* Alanna Devine
* Robin Ganzert
* Celia Hammond
* Alison Hanlon
* Brian Hare
* Kathrin Glock
* Emily Patterson-Kane
* Philip Lymbery
* Damien Mander
* Christine Nicol
* Wayne Pacelle
* Sharon Pincott
* Ilka Reinhardt
* Jill Robinson
* Naomi Sagara
* Sepehr Salimi
* Adolfo Sansolini
* Rakesh Shukla
* Karen Stockin
* Patti Strand
* Sally Varma
* Tina M. Widowski

|

Historical|

* Gertrude Ansell
* Emily Appleton
* Gertrude Baillie-Weaver
* H. Baillie-Weaver
* Madeleine Bemelmans
* Henry Bergh
* Annie Bradshaw
* Victoria Braithwaite
* Mary Brancker
* Benjamin Bryan
* Roger A. Caras
* Ada Cole
* Jim Cronin
* Brian Davies
* Gerard Lysley Derriman
* Maria Dickin
* Marjorie Doggett
* Muriel Dowding
* Alice Drakoules
* Sarah J. Eddy
* Agnes Estcourt-Oswald
* Edward G. Fairholme
* Aida McAnn Flemming
* Lucy Furman
* Basil Goldstone
* Julia Goddard
* Robert Gower
* Norman Child Graham
* Colesworthey Grant
* George Greenwood
* Peter Gurney
* Catherine Victoria Hall
* Edward Hemingway
* Rachel Hirschfeld
* Sjoerd Hofstra
* Clive Hollands
* Douglas Houghton
* John A. Hoyt
* W. Hugenholtz
* Rowland Johns
* Velma Bronn Johnston
* Albert Knapp
* Titus Lander
* Carla Lane
* Etta Lemon
* Victoria Lidiard
* Alasdair Alpin MacGregor
* Terry Maple
* Fergus MacCunn
* Frederick Messer
* Richard Martin
* Shirley McGreal
* Lady Mount Temple
* Harriet Nevins
* Felix Ortt
* Catherine Louisa Pirkis
* Eliza Phillips
* Maude Gillette Phillips
* Duchess of Portland
* Samuel Jackson Pratt
* Nancy Price
* Wilfred Risdon
* Peter Roberts
* Jules Rühl
* Jan Salter
* Olive Smith-Dorrien
* Catherine Smithies
* Thomas Bywater Smithies
* Herbert Snow
* Ellin Prince Speyer
* Christine Stevens
* Douglas S. S. Steuart
* Elisabeth Svendsen
* Mary Tealby
* Ralph Waldo Trine
* Sidney Trist
* Ethel Venton
* M. Dudley Ward
* Jessey Wade
* Christopher Wathes
* Franz Weber
* Caroline Earle White
* Emily Williamson
* H. Fergie Woods
* Alice Morgan Wright
* Gretchen Wyler

Scholars
and writers|

| Contemporary|

* Arnold Arluke
* Jonathan Balcombe
* Michael Balls
* Geoffrey Barstow
* Marc Bekoff
* Donald Broom
* Marian Dawkins
* Bruce Fogle
* Jane Goodall
* Temple Grandin
* Celia Haddon
* Jane Hurst
* Erich Hoyt
* Barbara J. King
* Alistair Lawrence
* David Macdonald
* Jeremy Marchant
* Jeff McMahan
* Daniel Mills
* Sy Montgomery
* Virginia Morell
* Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell
* Clare Palmer
* Susan J. Pearson
* Dale Peterson
* Jessica Pierce
* Diana Reiss
* Carl Safina
* Matthew Scully
* Paul Shapiro
* Jennifer Skiff
* Peter Wohlleben

|

Historical|

* George T. Angell
* Patrick Bateson
* Beddow Bayly
* Ernest Bell
* Edward Berdoe
* Arthur Broome
* Jean Burden
* Gerald Carson
* Stephen Coleridge
* Christian Adam Dann
* J. Morewood Dowsett
* Audrey Eyton
* George Fleming
* Ralph Fletcher
* Ruth Harrison
* C. W. Hume
* E. Douglas Hume
* James Macaulay
* Basheer Ahmad Masri
* Francis Orpen Morris
* George Nicholson
* Siobhan O'Sullivan
* Charles Reinhardt
* Francis H. Rowley
* W. M. S. Russell
* Chris Sherwin
* Colin Spedding
* William O. Stillman
* John Styles
* Bell Taylor
* Ernst von Weber
* D. G. M. Wood-Gush
* Frans de Waal
* Meta Wellmer
* Hugh Wirth
* William Youatt
* Thomas Young

Categories|

* Animal advocacy parties
* Animal killing
* Animal rights
* Animal welfare and rights legislation
* Animal sacrifice
* Animal sanctuaries
* Animal testing
* Animal welfare and rights by country
* Cruelty to animals
* Dishes involving the consumption of live animals
* Fur trade
* People associated with animal welfare
* Whaling

Religious
considerations|

* Dhabihah
* Jhatka
* Kutha
* Shechita
* Tza'ar ba'alei chayim

Rituals and
festivals|

* Blessing of animals
* Bous al carrer
* Cock throwing
* Combat de Reines
* Eid al-Adha
* Gadhimai festival
* Goat throwing
* Goose pulling
* International Primate Day
* Kapparot
* Dog Meat Festival
* Monkey Buffet Festival
* October Horse
* Pushkar Camel Fair
* Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo
* Running of the bulls
* Surin Elephant Round-up
* Toro embolado
* World Animal Day

Legislation|

* Animal testing regulations
* Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (UK)
* Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NZ)
* Animal Welfare Act 2006 (UK)
* Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (US)
* Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022 (UK)
* Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 (UK)
* EU Directive 2010/63/EU (EU)
* EU Directive 1999/74/EC (EU)
* Horse Protection Act of 1970 (US)
* Hunting Act 2004 (UK)
* List of international animal welfare conventions
* Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998 (Philippines)

Related|

* List of animal rights advocates
* List of animal sanctuaries

* Category

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template