Internet Archive

American nonprofit digital archive

"archive.org" redirects here; not to be confused with arXiv or archive.today.

Internet Archive

Type of business| Nonprofit organization

Type of site

| Digital library
Available in| English
Founded| May 10, 1996; 29 years ago (1996-05-10)
Headquarters| 300 Funston Ave, Richmond District
San Francisco, California, United States
37°46′56″N 122°28′18″W﻿ / ﻿37.782321°N 122.471611°W﻿ / 37.782321; -122.471611
Founder(s)| Brewster Kahle
Chairman| Brewster Kahle
Services|

* Archive-It
* Open Library
* Wayback Machine (since 2001)
* Vault
* Netlabels
* NASA Images
* Prelinger Archives

Revenue|  $23.7 million (2023)[1]
Total assets|  $16.6 million (2023)[1]
Employees|  122 (2021)[2]
URL| archive.org
Commercial| No
Launched| 1996; 29 years ago (1996)
Current status| Active
ASN| 7941
Since late 2009, the headquarters of the Internet Archive has been the building that formerly housed the Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist in San Francisco, California.

The Internet Archive is an American non-profit organization founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle that runs a digital library website, archive.org.[3][4][5] It provides free access to collections of digitized media including websites, software applications, music, audiovisual, and print materials. The Archive also advocates a free and open Internet. Its mission is committing to provide "universal access to all knowledge".[6]

The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains hundreds of billions of web captures.[7][8] The Archive also oversees numerous book digitization projects, collectively one of the world's largest book digitization efforts.

## History

[edit]

Headquarters in Building 116 of the Presidio of San Francisco in 2008

Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996, around the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet.[9][10] The earliest known archived page on the site, the download page for Internet Explorer, was saved on May 10, 1996, at 14:42 UTC (7:42 am PDT).[11][better source needed] By October of that year, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large amounts.[12] The archived content became more easily available to the general public in 2001, through the Wayback Machine.

In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive, beginning with the Prelinger Archives. Now, the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of other projects: the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site Open Library. Soon after that, the Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format.[13]

According to its website:[14]

> Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars.

In August 2012, the Archive announced[15] that it had added BitTorrent to its file download options for more than 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files.[16][17] This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive data centers, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve the files.[16][18]

On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's headquarters in San Francisco's Richmond District caught fire,[19] destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments.[20] According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and "maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable".[21] The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage.[22]

An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014, and the legacy layout was removed in March 2016.[23][24]

In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump.[25][26][27]

Beginning in 2017, OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in WorldCat.[28]

Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 petabytes[29] of digitized materials. Over the course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off.[30] Previous artists in residence include Taravat Talepasand, Whitney Lynn, and Jenny Odell.[31]

The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations,[32] such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017,[33] a donation of 250,000 books from Trent University in 2018,[34] and the entire collection of Marygrove College's library after it closed in 2020.[35] All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending (CDL) theory of the first-sale doctrine.[36]

On June 1, 2020, four large publishing houses – Hachette Book Group, Penguin Random House, HarperCollins, and John Wiley – filed a lawsuit against the Internet Archive before the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, claiming that the Internet Archive's practice of controlled digital lending constituted copyright infringement. On March 25, 2023, the court found in favor of the publishers. The negotiated judgment of August 11, 2023, barred the Internet Archive from digitally lending books for which electronic copies are on sale.

Also on August 11, 2023, the music industry giants Universal Music Group, Sony Music and Concord (together with their respective labels Capitol Records, Arista Records and CMGI Recorded Music Assets) sued the Internet Archive before the same United States District Court for the Southern District of New York over the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project for $621 million in damages from alleged copyright infringement.[37][38][39]

In September 2024, Google and the Internet Archive announced a collaboration where links to the wayback machine would be included in the 'more about this page' menu in Google Search. This collaboration effectively replaced Google's own Google Cache service that it had retired earlier that year.[40] In September 2024, Google and the Internet Archive announced a collaboration providing links to the Wayback Machine from within Google Search.[41]

In July 24, 2025, Internet Archive was designated as a Federal Depository Library by the U.S. Senate, allowing it to store public access government records.[42][43]

### Cyberattacks

[edit]

During the week of May 27, 2024, the Internet Archive suffered a series of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks that made its services unavailable intermittently, sometimes for hours at a time, over a period of several days.[44][45][46] The attack was claimed on May 28 by a hacker group called SN_BLACKMETA,[47][48] with possible links to Anonymous Sudan.[49] The incident drew a comparison with the 2023 British Library cyberattack, which affected the UK Web Archive.[50]

Internet Archive main page showing partially available services

Beginning October 9, 2024, the Internet Archive's team, including archivist Jason Scott and security researcher Scott Helme, confirmed DDoS attacks, site defacement, and a data breach. The purported hacktivist group SN_BLACKMETA again claimed responsibility.[51] A pop-up on the defaced site claimed that there was a "catastrophic" security breach, stating "Have you ever felt like the Internet Archive runs on sticks and is constantly on the verge of suffering a catastrophic security breach? It just happened. See 31 million of you on HIBP!"[52][48] It was reported that about 31 million user accounts were affected, and compromised in a file called "ia_users.sql", dated September 28, 2024.[51][53] The attackers stole users' email addresses and Bcrypt-hashed passwords.[54] As of October 15, 2024, the website was still mostly offline for "prioritizing keeping data safe at the expense of service availability."[55] On October 11, Kahle said that the data is safe, and will bring the service back to normal "in days, not weeks."[56][57][58] On October 13, the Wayback Machine was restored in a read-only format, while archiving web pages was temporarily disabled.[59] On October 14, Brewster Kahle said "[the Wayback Machine] volume is back to normal: 1,500 requests per second".[60] On October 20, threat actors stole unrotated API tokens and breached Internet Archive on its Zendesk email support platform; they also claimed responsibility for the other breaches yet stated that SN_BLACKMETA was behind just the DDoS attacks.[61][62] Having been told that threat actors (behind other breaches than SN_BLACKMETA's DDoS attacks) leaked some stolen data to others in the data-trafficking community, Bleeping Computer posited that said threat actors breached the "well-known and extremely popular" Internet Archive not to extort money but to "gain cyber street cred," thus "increasing their reputation."[61][62] On October 21, Internet Archive went back online in a read-only manner.[63] On October 22, all Internet Archive services temporarily went offline,[64][65] but later that same day, only the Wayback Machine, Archive-It, and blog.archive.org were resumed.[citation needed] On October 23, archive.org, the Wayback Machine, Archive-It, and the Open Library services all resumed but with some features, such as logging in, still unavailable until the staff announced it back available in the next day or two.[66] On October 25, the login feature was made available and the site has remained active since.[citation needed]

## Operations

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020)

|

Mirror of the Internet Archive in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina

The Archive is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating in the United States. In 2019, it had an annual budget of $37 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation.[67] The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $6 million in donations.[68] It uses Ubuntu as its choice of operating system for the website servers.[69]

Brewster Kahle of the Internet Archive talks about archiving operations

The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco, California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former Christian Science Church. At one time, most of its staff worked in its book-scanning centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide.[70] The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities: San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond. To reduce the risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the Bibliotheca Alexandrina[71][72] in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam.[73]

As of 2025, it is reported that Internet Archive operates 6 data centers,[74] mainly in California, with smaller ones in other U.S. states, Canada and Europe. They have controlled access and fire protection systems, and are monitored for security. All Internet Archive data centers adhere to ISO/IEC 27001 standard, and some of them meet additional certifications.[75]

Since 2016, Internet Archive started to work to create a decentralized prototype of the digital library. From 2020, content from Internet Archive started to be stored in Filecoin.[76] By October 2023, one petabyte of data had been uploaded to the Filecoin network.[77]

The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium[78] and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007.[79][80]

## Web archiving

[edit]

Further information: Web archiving

### Wayback Machine

[edit]

Main article: Wayback Machine

Wayback Machine logo, used since 2001

The Wayback Machine is a service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed.[81] It can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com) and the Internet Archive.[14] Hundreds of billions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a database. As of September 5, 2024[update], the Internet Archive held over 866 billion web pages, more than 42.5 million print materials, 13 million videos, 3 million TV news reports, 1.2 million software programs, 14 million audio files, 5 million images, and 272,660 concerts in its Wayback Machine.[6]

Servers at the Internet Archive headquarters in San Francisco A purchase of additional storage at the Internet Archive

### Archive-It

[edit]

Created in early 2006, Archive-It[82] is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections.[83]

In terms of accessibility, the archived websites are full text searchable within seven days of capture.[84] Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a WARC file. A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards.[85] Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive.

As of March 2014[update], Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7.4 billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections.[citation needed] Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including the Electronic Literature Organization, North Carolina State Archives and Library, Stanford University, Columbia University, American University in Cairo, Georgetown Law Library, and many others.[citation needed]

### Internet Archive Scholar

[edit]

Main article: Internet Archive Scholar

In September 2020, Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open access academic journals, called Internet Archive Scholar.[86][87][88] Its full-text search index includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest open access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web.[citation needed]

### General Index

[edit]

In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the General Index, a publicly available index to a collection of 107 million academic journal articles.[89][90]

## Items and collections

[edit]

The Archive stores files inside so-called items, which are similar to directories in that they can contain multiple files, but can have additional metadata such as a description and tags which make them more searchable.

Some file types can be previewed directly on the site, where as others have to be downloaded in order to be opened. If multiple multimedia files exist in an item, the website generates a playlist for video or audio files, or a slide show for pictures. If an item contains at least one video or picture, the Archive generates a preview thumbnail that can be seen on collection pages and in searches. Items can contain mixed data such as music files with an album cover picture, in which case the picture is used as thumbnail.[91][92][93][94]

Staff members of the Internet Archive organize items by placing them into so-called collections, which are pages listing multiple items.[95]

## Book collections

[edit]

### Text collection

[edit]

Internet Archive "Scribe" book scanning workstation An Internet Archive in-house scan ongoing

The scanning performed by the Internet Archive is financially supported by libraries and foundations.[96] As of November 2008[update], when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire collection was greater than 500 terabytes, which included raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, PDFs, and raw OCR data.[97]

As of July 2013[update], the Internet Archive was operating 33 scanning centers in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books, in a total collection of 4.4 million books - including material digitized by others and fed into the Internet Archive; at that time, users were performing more than 15 million downloads per month.[98]

The material digitized by others includes more than 300,000 books that were contributed to the collection, between about 2006 and 2008, by Microsoft through its Live Search Books project, which also included financial support and scanning equipment directly donated to the Internet Archive.[99] On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending its Live Book Search project and would no longer be scanning books, donating its remaining scanning equipment to its former partners.[99]

Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search.[100] As of November 2013[update], there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in the Archive's collection;[101] the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download.[a] Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz, who, with a "bunch of friends", downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to the public domain. The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's "genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people.[102]

In addition to books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from the United States Federal Courts' PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013.[102]

The Archive's BookReader web app,[103] built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and thumbnail modes; fullscreen mode; page zooming of high-resolution images; and flip page animation.[103][104]

In October 2024, the Internet Archive agreed to accept the paper copies of 400,000 uncatalogued dissertations from the Leiden University Library, from the period 1851–2004, that the library wanted to dispose of. The University had received them from foreign Universities as part of a dissertation exchange program that had begun with its foundation in 1575, continuing for nearly 430 years. The Archive plans to digitise them and make them accessible online. The original full collection included theses by Niels Bohr, Marie Curie, Émile Durkheim, Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn, Carl Jung, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Max Planck, Luigi Pirandello, Gustav Stresemann and Max Weber.[105]

### Open Library

[edit]

Main article: Open Library

The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main texts collection), as well as in-print and in-copyright books,[106] many of which are fully readable, downloadable[107][108] and full-text searchable;[109] it offers a two-week loan of e-books in its controlled digital lending program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from six countries[98][110] after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a free and open-source software project, with its source code freely available on GitHub.

The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the Society of Authors, who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws,[111] and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project.[112]

### Digitizing sponsors for books

[edit]

Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items).[113] Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include the University of Toronto's Robarts Library, University of Alberta Libraries, University of Ottawa, Library of Congress, Boston Library Consortium member libraries, Boston Public Library, Princeton Theological Seminary Library, and many others.[114]

In 2017, the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's backlist,[115] with financial support from the Arcadia Fund.[116][117] A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press Books".[118][119]

The Library of Congress created numerous Handle System identifiers that pointed to free digitized books in the Internet Archive.[120] The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the Library of Congress website as a source of e-books.[121]

## Media collections

[edit]

Media reader Microfilms at the Internet Archive Videocassettes at the Internet Archive

In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses.[citation needed] Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of the main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored.[citation needed]

### Audio

[edit]

#### Audio Archive

[edit]

The Audio Archive includes music, audiobooks, news broadcasts, old time radio shows, podcasts, and a wide variety of other audio files. As of January 2023[update], there are more than 15,000,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others.[122] The sound collections are curated by B. George, director of the ARChive of Contemporary Music.[123]

#### Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications

[edit]

A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions, with funding from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation.[124][125]

#### Live Music Archive

[edit]

Main article: Live Music Archive

The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as the Grateful Dead, and more recently, The Smashing Pumpkins. Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon's concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs.[126]

#### The Great 78 Project

[edit]

Main article: The Great 78 Project

The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 250,000 78 rpm singles (500,000 songs) from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio, responsible for the audio digitization.[123]

#### Netlabels

[edit]

Not to be confused with Netlabel.

The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for download via its Netlabels service. The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons-license catalogs of virtual record labels.[127][128]

### Images collection

[edit]

This collection contains more than 3.5 million items.[129] Cover Art Archive, Metropolitan Museum of Art – Gallery Images, NASA Images, Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive, and USGS Maps are some sub-collections of Image collection.[citation needed]

#### Cover Art Archive

[edit]

Logo of Cover Art Archive

The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and MusicBrainz, whose goal is to make cover art images on the Internet. As of April 2021,[update] this collection contains more than 1,400,000 items.[130]

#### Metropolitan Museum of Art images

[edit]

The images of this collection are from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This collection contains more than 140,000 items.[131]

#### NASA Images

[edit]

The NASA Images archive was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a single, searchable resource. The Internet Archive NASA Images team worked closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection.[132] The nasaimages.org site launched in July 2008 and had more than 100,000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012.

#### Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive

[edit]

This collection contains Creative Commons-licensed photographs from Flickr related to the Occupy Wall Street movement. This collection contains more than 15,000 items.[133]

#### USGS Maps

[edit]

This collection contains more than 59,000 items from Libre Map Project.[134]

### Machinima Archive

[edit]

One of the sub-collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the Machinima Archive. This small section hosts many Machinima videos. Machinima is a digital artform in which computer games, game engines, or software engines are used in a sandbox-like mode to create motion pictures, recreate plays, or even publish presentations or keynotes. The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as Rooster Teeth and Machinima.com as well as independent producers. The sub-collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences, and Machinima.com.[135]

### Microfilm collection

[edit]

This collection contains approximately 160,000 microfilmed items from a variety of libraries including the University of Chicago Libraries, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Alberta, Allen County Public Library, and National Technical Information Service.[136][137]

### Moving image collection

[edit]

See also: Wikipedia list of films freely available on the Internet Archive

The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films.[138] Additionally, the Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: newsreels, classic cartoons, pro- and anti-war propaganda, The Video Cellar Collection, Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection, early television, and ephemeral material from Prelinger Archives, such as advertising, educational, and industrial films, as well as amateur and home movie collections.[citation needed]

Subcategories of this collection include:

* IA's Brick Films collection, which contains stop-motion animation filmed with Lego bricks, some of which are "remakes" of feature films.[citation needed]
* IA's Election 2004 collection, a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the 2004 United States presidential election.[citation needed]
* IA's FedFlix collection, Joint Venture NTIS-1832 between the National Technical Information Service and Public.Resource.Org that features "the best movies of the United States Government, from training films to history, from our national parks to the U.S. Fire Academy and the Postal Inspectors"[139]
* IA's Independent News collection, which includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating "why access to history matters". Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.[citation needed]
* IA's September 11 Television Archive, which contains archival footage from the world's major television networks of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as they unfolded on live television.[140]

### Open Educational Resources

[edit]

See also: Open educational resources

Open Educational Resources is a digital collection at archive.org. This collection contains hundreds of free courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and China. The contributors of this collection are ArsDigita University, Hewlett Foundation, MIT, Monterey Institute, and Naropa University.[141]

### TV News Search & Borrow

[edit]

TV tuners at the Internet Archive

In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search & Borrow service for searching U.S. national news programs.[142] The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows users to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service contained "350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C."[143] According to Kahle, the service was inspired by the Vanderbilt Television News Archive, a similar library of televised network news programs.[144] In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search & Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips. In 2013, the Archive received an additional donation of "approximately 40,000 well-organized tapes" from the estate of a Philadelphia woman, Marion Stokes. Stokes "had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and Boston with her VHS and Betamax machines."[145]

### Miscellaneous collections

[edit]

Brooklyn Museum collection contains approximately 3,000 items from Brooklyn Museum.[146] In December 2020, the film research library of Lillian Michelson was donated to the archive.[147]

## Other services and endeavors

[edit]

### Physical media

[edit]

A vintage wall intercom, an example of another "archived" item

Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal", he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.[148]

### Vault

[edit]

Vault is a digital repository and preservation service provided by Internet Archive to institutions that need to preserve digital collections. Data stored in Vault is kept in at least 2 different Internet Archive datacenters, with at least 2 copies in each of them. Access control, fire protection and monitoring systems are used to protect all content stored in Vault.[74]

### Software

[edit]

The Internet Archive has "the largest collection of historical software online in the world", spanning 50 years of computer history in terabytes of computer magazines and journals, books, shareware discs, FTP sites, video games, etc. The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as "vintage software", as a way to preserve them.[149] The project advocated an exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit them to bypass copy protection, which the United States Copyright Office approved in 2003 for a period of three years.[150] The Archive does not offer the software for download, as the exemption is solely "for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive."[151] The Library of Congress renewed the exemption in 2006, and in 2009 indefinitely extended it pending further rulemakings.[152] The Library reiterated the exemption as a "Final Rule" with no expiration date in 2010.[153] In 2013, the Internet Archive began to provide select video games browser-playable via MESS, for instance the Atari 2600 game E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.[154] Since December 23, 2014, the Internet Archive presents, via a browser-based DOSBox emulation, thousands of DOS/PC games[155][156][157][158] for "scholarship and research purposes only".[159][160][161] In November 2020, the Archive introduced a new emulator for Adobe Flash called Ruffle, and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31, 2020, end-of-life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems.[162]

### Table Top Scribe System

[edit]

A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of digitizing content.[163][164]

### Credit Union

[edit]

From 2012 to November 2015, the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union, a federal credit union based in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with the goal of providing access to low- and middle-income people. Throughout its short existence, the IAFCU experienced significant conflicts with the National Credit Union Administration, which severely limited the IAFCU's loan portfolio and concerns over serving Bitcoin firms. At the time of its dissolution, it consisted of 395 members and was worth $2.5 million.[165][166]

### Decentralization

[edit]

Since 2019,[167] the Internet Archive organizes an event called Decentralized Web Camp (DWeb Camp). It is an annual camp that brings together a diverse global community of contributors in a natural setting. The camp aims to tackle real-world challenges facing the web and co-create decentralized technologies for a better internet. It aims to foster collaboration, learning, and fun while promoting principles of trust, human agency, mutual respect, and ecological awareness.[168]

### Wayforward Machine

[edit]

Screenshot of viewing English Wikipedia on the Wayforward Machine

On September 30, 2021, as a part of its 25th anniversary celebration, Internet Archive launched the "Wayforward Machine", a satirical, fictional website covered with pop-ups asking for personal information. The site was intended to depict a fictional dystopian timeline of real-world events leading to such a future, such as the repeal of Section 230 of the United States Code in 2022 and the introduction of advertising implants in 2041.[169][170]

### Ceramic archivists collection

[edit]

Ceramic figures of Internet Archive employees

The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 ceramic figures representing employees of the Internet Archive, with the 100th statue immortalizing Aaron Swartz. This collection, inspired by the statues of the Xian warriors in China, was commissioned by Brewster Kahle, sculpted by Nuala Creed, and as of 2014, is ongoing.[171]

### Artists in residence

[edit]

The Internet Archive visual arts residency,[172] organized by Amir Saber Esfahani, is designed to connect emerging and mid-career artists with the Archive's millions of collections and to show what is possible when open access to information intersects with the arts. During this one-year residency, selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive's collections in their own practice.[173]

* 2024–2025 Residency Artist Swilk[174]
* 2021–2022 Residency Artist Casey Gray[175]
* 2019 Residency Artists: Caleb Duarte, Whitney Lynn, and Jeffrey Alan Scudder[173][176]
* 2018 Residency Artists: Mieke Marple, Chris Sollars, and Taravat Talepasand[177]
* 2017 Residency Artists: Laura Kim, Jeremiah Jenkins, and Jenny Odell[178]

## Controversies, legal disputes, and activism

[edit]

See also: Wayback Machine § In legal evidence

The main hall of the current headquarters

### Opposition to National security letters, bills and settlements

[edit]

A national security letter issued to the Internet Archive demanding information about a user

On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an FBI national security letter asking for logs on an undisclosed user.[179][180]

On November 28, 2016, it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter had been successfully challenged that had been asking for logs on another undisclosed user.[181]

The Internet Archive blacked out its web site for 12 hours on January 18, 2012, in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the PROTECT IP Act bills, two pieces of legislation in the United States Congress that they argued would "negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive". This occurred in conjunction with the English Wikipedia blackout, as well as numerous other protests across the Internet.[182]

The Internet Archive is a member of the Open Book Alliance, which has been among the most outspoken critics of the Google Book Settlement. The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project.[183]

### Hosting of disputed media

[edit]

On October 9, 2016, the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in Turkey after it was used (amongst other file hosting services) by hackers to host 17 GB of leaked government emails.[184][185]

Because the Internet Archive only lightly moderates uploads, it includes resources that may be valued by extremists and the site may be used by them to evade block listing. In February 2018, the Counter Extremism Project said that the Archive hosted terrorist videos, including the beheading of Alan Henning, and had declined to respond to requests about the videos.[186] In May 2018, a report published by the cyber-security firm Flashpoint stated that the Islamic State was using the Internet Archive to share its propaganda.[187] Chris Butler, from the Internet Archive, responded that they regularly spoke to the US and EU governments about sharing information on terrorism.[187] In April 2019, Europol, acting on a referral from French police, asked the Internet Archive to remove 550 sites of "terrorist propaganda".[188] The Archive rejected the request, saying that the reports were wrong about the content they pointed to, or were too broad for the organization to comply with.[188] On July 14, 2021, the Internet Archive held a joint "Referral Action Day" with Europol to target terrorist videos.[189]

A 2021 article said that jihadists regularly used the Internet Archive for "dead drops" of terrorist videos.[190] In January 2022, a former UCLA lecturer's 800-page manifesto, containing racist ideas and threats against UCLA staff, was uploaded to the Internet Archive.[191] The manifesto was removed by the Internet Archive after a week, amidst discussion about whether such documents should be preserved by archivists or not.[191] Another 2022 paper found "an alarming volume of terrorist, extremist, and racist material on the Internet Archive".[192] A 2023 paper reported that Neo-Nazis collect links to online, publicly available resources to be shared with new recruits. As the Internet Archive hosts uploaded texts that are not allowed on other websites, Nazi and neo-Nazi books in the Archive (e.g., The Turner Diaries) frequently appear on these lists. These lists also feature older, public domain material created when white supremacist views were more mainstream.[193]

### 2020 National Emergency Library

[edit]

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic which closed many schools, universities, and libraries, the Archive announced on March 24, 2020, that it was creating the National Emergency Library by removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1.4 million digitized books in its Open Library but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their return; normally, the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book they had, by use of an encrypted file that would become unusable after the lending period was completed.[5] This Library would remain as such until at least June 30, 2020, or until the US national emergency was over, whichever came later.[194] At launch, the Internet Archive allowed authors and rightholders to submit opt-out requests for their works to be omitted from the National Emergency Library.[195][196][197]

The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an "unprecedented global and immediate need for access to reading and research material" due to the closures of physical libraries worldwide.[198] They justified the move in a number of ways. Legally, they said they were promoting access to those inaccessible resources, which they claimed was an exercise in fair use principles. The Archive continued implementing their controlled digital lending policy that predated the National Emergency Library, meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before. An ultimate determination of whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted fair use could only be made by a court. Morally, they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any other, that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations, and that lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions.[195][199]

The Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach, and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library, authors, publishers, and groups representing both took further issue with The Archive and its Open Library project, equating the move to copyright infringement and digital piracy, and using the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason to push the boundaries of copyright.[197][200][201][202] After the works of some of these authors were ridiculed in responses, the Internet Archive's Jason Scott requested that supporters of the National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone's books: "I realize there's strong debate and disagreement here, but books are life-giving and life-changing and these writers made them."[203]

### Access blocking in Indonesia

[edit]

On 27 May 2025, the Ministry of Communication and Digital Affairs of Indonesia (Kominfo) blocked access to the Internet Archive in Indonesia.[204] Alexander Sabar, the Director of the Supervision of Digital Space (Komdigi), stated that the reason was the presence of pornography and online gambling on the site. He denied a rumor that there was motive to rewrite or hide history. He also acknowledged the importance of the Internet Archive, and claimed that the blocking was temporary and would be rescinded if they removed the offending content, and they only blocked it after the Internet Archive didn't respond to requests.[205][206]

## Copyright issues

[edit]

In November 2005, free downloads of Grateful Dead concerts were removed from the site, following what seemed to be disagreements between some of the former band members. John Perry Barlow identified Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Bill Kreutzmann as the instigators of the change, according to an article in The New York Times.[207] Phil Lesh, a founding member of the band, commented on the change in a November 30, 2005, posting to his personal web site:

> It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken down from Archive.org right before Thanksgiving. I was not part of this decision making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled. I do feel that the music is the Grateful Dead's legacy and I hope that one way or another all of it is available for those who want it.[208]

A November 30 forum post from Brewster Kahle summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed, but soundboard recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have since been re-added.[209]

In February 2016, Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of Nintendo Power, Nintendo's official magazine for their games and products, which ran from 1988 to 2012. The first 140 issues had been collected, before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8, 2016. In response to the take-down, Nintendo told gaming website Polygon, "[Nintendo] must protect our own characters, trademarks and other content. The unapproved use of Nintendo's intellectual property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it, or to possibly use it for new projects".[210]

In August 2017, the Department of Telecommunications of the Government of India blocked the Internet Archive along with other file-sharing websites, in accordance with two court orders issued by the Madras High Court,[211] citing piracy concerns after copies of two Bollywood films were allegedly shared via the service.[212] The HTTP version of the Archive was blocked but it remained accessible using the HTTPS protocol.[211]

In 2023, the Internet Archive became a popular site for Indians to watch the first episode of India: The Modi Question,[213] a BBC documentary released on January 17 and banned in India by January 20.[214][215] The video was reported to have been removed by the Archive on January 23.[213] The Internet Archive then stated, on January 27, that they had removed the video in response to a BBC request under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.[216]

### Book publishers' lawsuit

[edit]

Main article: Hachette v. Internet Archive

The operation of the National Emergency Library was part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet Archive by four major book publishers—Hachette, HarperCollins, John Wiley & Sons, and Penguin Random House—in June 2020, challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending program.[5][112][217] In response, the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, rather than the planned June 30, 2020, due to the lawsuit.[218][219] The plaintiffs, supported by the Copyright Alliance,[220] claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive's actions constituted a "willful mass copyright infringement."[221]

Judge Koeltl ruled on March 24, 2023, against Internet Archive in the case, saying the National Emergency Library concept was not fair use, so the Archive infringed their copyrights by lending out the books without the waitlist restriction. An agreement was then reached for the Internet Archive to pay an undisclosed amount to the publishers.[222] The Internet Archive appealed the ruling.[223][224] On September 4, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld the district court's ruling, calling the Internet Archive's argument that they were shielded by fair use doctrine "unpersuasive".[225]

### Music publishers' lawsuit

[edit]

Main article: Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive

In August 2023, the music industry corporations Universal Music Group (UMG), Sony Music and Concord sued the Internet Archive over its Great 78 Project, asserting the project was engaged in copyright infringement. The Great 78 Project stores digitized versions of pre-1972 songs and albums from 78 rpm phonograph records, for "the preservation, research and discovery of 78rpm records." The project had started in 2016, when pre-1972 recordings had not been protected by copyright; in 2018, the U.S. Congress passed the Music Modernization Act (MMA) which enabled legal remedies for unauthorised use of pre-1972 recordings until 2067, thus effectively covering them with copyright.[226]

UMG and Sony had been the two largest companies in this sector for more than a decade, with respective market shares of 31.8% and 22.1% in 2023.[227] Concord was a rapidly expanding music business closely partnered with UMG since its transformation into Concord Music Group in 2004[228] and backed since at least 2000 by J.P. Morgan.[229] It was the first music company to perform an asset-backed securitization, led by Apollo Global Management, in December 2022. Its assets consisted of over 1 million copyrights to music older than 18 months.[230][231] According to its CEO Bob Valentine, Concord derived about 85% of its revenue "from catalog, rather than newly-developed, music". As Valentine stated in his first interview, "The phenomenon of artists' IP has never been more liquid; it is now a real and proven asset class. Investment bankers are focused on it, financiers are financing it, and then there's entities like us, that know how to buy rights, but also know how to manage them and have the relationships to do so."[228] The share of catalog music in total album equivalent consumption in the United States rose from 62.8% to 72.6% between 2019 and 2023.[232]

The publishers are seeking statutory damages for nearly 4,142 songs named in the suit, with a maximum possible fine of $621 million.[39] The Internet Archive has argued that the primitive sound quality of the original recordings falls within the doctrine of "fair use" to digitize for preservation, that the number of downloads is so small it has almost no impact on the publishers' revenue, and over 95% of the collection is not readily available anywhere else.[39] The plaintiffs said in response, "if ever there were a theory of fair use invented for litigation, this is it."[233] According to a legal source at Mayer Brown, the music publishers' case could be challenged as unconstitutional, since the granting of copyright to pre-1972 works in the MMA only benefitted record companies without having a systemic effect.[226]

## See also

[edit]

* Internet portal
* History portal

* List of online image archives
* Public domain music

### Similar projects

[edit]

* archive.today
* Internet Memory Foundation
* LibriVox
* National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP)
* National Digital Library Program (NDLP)
* Project Gutenberg
* UK Government Web Archive at The National Archives (United Kingdom)
* UK Web Archive
* WebCite

### Other

[edit]

* Anna's Archive
* Archive Team
* Digital dark age
* Digital preservation
* Heritrix
* Library Genesis
* Link rot
* Memory hole
* PetaBox
* Search engine cache

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Books imported from Google have a metadata tag of scanner:google for searching purposes. The archive provides a link to Google for PDF copies, but also maintains a local PDF copy, which is viewable under the "All Files: HTTPS" link. As all the other books in the collection, they also provide OCR text and images in open formats, particularly DjVu, which Google Books does not offer.

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[edit]

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104. ^ Kaplan, Jeff (December 10, 2010). "New BookReader!". blog.archive.org. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
105. ^ Funnekotter, Bart (October 9, 2024), "Leidse proefschriften worden tóch niet vernietigd, 400.000 dissertaties gaan naar de VS" [Leiden dissertations not destroyed after all, 400,000 dissertations go to the US], NRC, archived from the original on October 9, 2024
106. ^ "FAQ on Controlled Digital Lending (CDL)". National Writers Union. February 13, 2019. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
107. ^ Gonsalves, Antone (December 20, 2006). "Internet Archive Claims Progress Against Google Library Initiative". InformationWeek. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007.
108. ^ "The Open Library Makes Its Online Debut". The Wired Campus. Chronicle of Higher Education. July 19, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
109. ^ "Search Inside". OpenLibrary.org. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013.
110. ^ "In-Library eBook Lending Program Expands to 1,000 Libraries". Internet Archive Blogs. Internet Archive. June 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014.
111. ^ Flood, Alison (January 22, 2019). "Internet Archive's ebook loans face UK copyright challenge". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
112. ^ a b Brandom, Russell (June 1, 2020). "Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending". The Verge. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
113. ^ For example, the Princeton Theological Seminary Library has described how it and other academic libraries are digitization partners with the Internet Archive: "Partnering with the Internet Archive". Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
114. ^ "Internet Archive Search: collection:(texts)". archive.org. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
115. ^ "The MIT Press". archive.org. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
116. ^ Hanamura, Wendy (May 30, 2017). "MIT Press Classics Available Soon at Archive.org". blog.archive.org. Retrieved June 27, 2020. "For more than eighty years, MIT Press has been publishing acclaimed titles in science, technology, art and architecture. Now, thanks to a new partnership between the Internet Archive and MIT Press, readers will be able to borrow these classics online for the first time."
117. ^ Green, Alex (December 1, 2019). "New Takes on Academic Publishing: Three university presses find new ways to keep up with a changing market". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020. "Since she became director [of the MIT Press] in 2015, there's little that Brand hasn't reenvisioned at the press. In 2017, the press partnered with the Internet Archive to make its deep backlist available free at libraries, resurrecting books that had not seen the light of day in generations."
118. ^ Freeland, Chris (May 21, 2018). "Internet Archive awarded grant from Arcadia Fund to digitize university press collections". blog.archive.org. Retrieved June 27, 2020. "Internet Archive has received a $1 million dollar grant from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin – to digitize titles from university press collections to make them available via controlled digital lending."
119. ^ Albanese, Andrew (May 25, 2018). "Internet Archive Lands Grant to Digitize and Lend University Press Collections". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
120. ^ For example: "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060921933", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060927248", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00001740908", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00027740005", archived from the original on July 4, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2020.
121. ^
* Hohman, J. Cheyenne; Mughal, Yasmeen (2017) [April 2011]. "External Web Sites – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs & Services)". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020. "The Internet Archive includes the full text of more than 2.5 million e-books, including e-books supplied by the Library of Congress. Books can be read online or downloaded and read in a variety of formats. E-books from the Internet Archive can also be found through Open Library, an Internet Archive initiative devoted to texts."

* Hohman, J. Cheyenne; Mughal, Yasmeen (2017) [April 2011]. "Devices and Formats – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs & Services)". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020. "Library of Congress publications are available for free download to the Kindle from the Internet Archive. ... The iPad can be used as an e-reader via apps such as iBooks, which support both ePub (.epub) and PDF (.pdf) formats. Both formats are available from the Internet Archive."
122. ^ "Download & Streaming : Audio Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on February 5, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
123. ^ a b Pritchard, Will (August 18, 2017). "How The Great 78 Project is saving half a million songs from obscurity". The Vinyl Factory. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
124. ^ Holt, Kris (October 5, 2022). "The Internet Archive is building a library of amateur radio broadcasts". Engadget. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
125. ^ "Amateur Radio Digital Communications Grants Continue". American Radio Relay League. January 27, 2022. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
126. ^ Tirpack, Alex (June 3, 2009). "Warren Zevon live shows hit the web, possible film in the works". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013.
127. ^ "Welcome to Netlabels". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014.
128. ^ Boswell, Wendy (October 21, 2006). "Download free music at the Internet Archive". Lifehacker. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. "The Internet Archive has a ginormous collection of free, downloadable music in their NetLabels category ..."
129. ^ "Image". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on June 16, 2022. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
130. ^ "Cover Art Archive: Free Image : Download & Streaming". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
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132. ^ "NASA Images" (archive). Internet Archive. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
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152. ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office (October 28, 2009). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" (PDF). Federal Register. 27 (206): 55137–55139\. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
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174. ^ "New Installation from Swilk, Artist in Residence, Opens November 9 | Internet Archive Blogs". November 6, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2025.
175. ^ Esfahani, Amir Saber (February 1, 2022). "Artist in Residence Casey Gray Exhibits New Work at Hashimoto Contemporary | Internet Archive Blogs". Retrieved April 14, 2025.
176. ^ "The Internet Archive's 2019 Artist In Residence Exhibition". Artsy. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
177. ^ Amir Saber Esfahani (June 19, 2018). "The Internet Archive's 2018 Artis in Residency Exhibition". Internet Archives Blogs. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
178. ^ "The Internet Archive's 2017 Artist in residence Exhibition". Minnesota Street Project. 2017. Archived from the original on July 26, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
179. ^ Broache, Anne (May 7, 2008). "FBI rescinds secret order for Internet Archive records". CNet. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.
180. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (May 8, 2008). "FBI Backs Off From Secret Order for Data After Lawsuit". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008.
181. ^ Crocker, Andrew (December 1, 2016). "Internet Archive Received National Security Letter with FBI Misinformation about Challenging Gag Order". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on December 13, 2016.
182. ^ Kahle, Brewster (January 17, 2012). "12 Hours Dark: Internet Archive vs. Censorship". Internet Archive Blogs. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014.
183. ^ "Open Content Alliance". opencontentalliance.org. Archived from the original on April 10, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
184. ^ "Turkey restores access to Google Drive after blocking cloud storage services". Turkey Blocks. October 10, 2016. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
185. ^ "Turkey Country Report | Freedom on the Net 2017". freedomhouse.org. November 14, 2017. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
186. ^ Fisher-Birch, Joanna (February 14, 2018). "The Dark Side of the Internet Archive". Counter Extremism Project. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
187. ^ a b Kelion, Leo (May 15, 2018). "IS propaganda 'hidden on Internet Archive'". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
188. ^ a b "Internet Archive denies hosting 'terrorist' content". BBC News. April 12, 2019. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
189. ^ "Jihadist content targeted on Internet Archive platform". Europol. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
190. ^ Weimann, Gabriel; Vellante, Asia (August 2021). "The Dead Drops of Online Terrorism: How Jihadists Use Anonymous Online Platforms". Perspectives on Terrorism. 15 (4): 39–53\. JSTOR 27044234. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
191. ^ a b Woodcock, Claire (February 14, 2022). "Archivists Are Putting Terrorist Manifestos Online. Should They Stay There?". Vice. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
192. ^ "Open Archive of Hate: Terrorism and Violent Extremism on Internet Archive". Proceedings of the 28th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities. Scientia Moralitas Research Institute. 2022. pp. 10–24.
193. ^ Boucher, Geoff; Young, Helen (2023). "Digital books and the far right". Continuum. 37 (1): 140–152\. doi:10.1080/10304312.2023.2191905. S2CID 257783779.
194. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (March 28, 2020). "Internet Archive offers 1.4 million copyrighted books for free online". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
195. ^ a b Freeland, Chris (March 30, 2020). "Internet Archive responds: Why we released the National Emergency Library". Internet Archive Blogs. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
196. ^ Cohen, Noam (April 20, 2020). "The National Emergency Library and Its Discontents". Wired. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
197. ^ a b Flood, Alison (March 30, 2020). "Internet Archive accused of using Covid-19 as 'an excuse for piracy'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
198. ^ Freeland, Chris (March 24, 2020). "Announcing a National Emergency Library to Provide Digitized Books to Students and the Public". Internet Archive Blogs. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
199. ^ Hurst-Wahl, Jill (April 20, 2020). "Digitization 101: The National Emergency Library". Digitization 101. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
200. ^ Hampton, Rachelle (April 2020). "The Internet Archive Started an "Emergency" Online Library. Authors Are Furious". Slate. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
201. ^ Dwyer, Colin (March 30, 2020). "Authors, Publishers Condemn The 'National Emergency Library' As 'Piracy'". NPR. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
202. ^ Grady, Constance (April 2, 2020). "Why authors are so angry about the Internet Archive's Emergency Library". Vox. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
203. ^ "Internet Archive Controversy". Lotus. May 2, 2020. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
204. ^ @OpenObservatory (May 26, 2025). "Today, on 26th May 2025, #Indonesia started blocking access to @internetarchive" (Tweet). Retrieved May 26, 2025 - via Twitter.
205. ^ Shabrina, Dinda (May 28, 2025). "Pemerintah Bilang Tak Ada Motif Sejarah di Balik Pemblokiran Situs Archive.org" [Government Says No History Motive Behind The Blocking of Archive.org Site]. Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved May 30, 2025.
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## Further reading

[edit]

Library resources about
Internet Archive

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Kahle, Brewster (November 1996). "Archiving the Internet". Scientific America. Archived from the original on October 11, 1997.
* Kahle, Brewster (November 6, 2013). "Scanning Center Fire – Please Help Rebuild". Internet Archive Blogs.
* Lepore, Jill (January 26, 2015). "The Cobweb". The New Yorker.
* Ringmar, Erik (April 10, 2008). "Liberate and Disseminate". Times Higher Education Supplement.

## External links

[edit]

For help citing the Wayback Machine (an Internet Archive service) on this version of Wikipedia, see Help:Using the Wayback Machine.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Internet Archive.

* Official website
* Internet Archive Scholar
* "Internet Archive". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.

* v
* t
* e

Internet Archive

Universal access to all knowledge

Projects|

* Wayback Machine
* PetaBox
* Open Library
* NASA Images
* Open Content Alliance
* Archive-It
* SFlan
* Internet Archive Scholar

Partners and
Collaborators|

* Bibliotheca Alexandrina
* Library of Congress
* American Libraries
* Canadian Libraries
* Biodiversity Heritage Library
* Sloan Foundation

Collections|

| Image|

* NASA Images
* Libre Map Project

|

Texts|

* American Libraries
* Canadian Libraries
* Children's Library
* RECAP US Federal Court Documents
* Microfilm
* US Government Documents
* Collected texts of Simon Schwartzman

Audio|

* Live Music Archive
* LibriVox

Video|

* NASA Images
* FedFlix
* Democracy Now!
* Marion Stokes

* Software
* Open Educational Resources

People|

* Brewster Kahle
* Rick Prelinger
* David Rumsey
* Jason Scott

Software|

* Heritrix

Related|

* Panorama Ephemera (2004)
* Recorder: The Marion Stokes Project (2019)
* Hachette v. Internet Archive (2023)
* Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Ebooks

Formats|

* ePub
* FictionBook
* CBR/CBZ
* Kindle File Format
* Mobipocket
* PDF
* Plain text
* IBA

Reading|

| Devices|

* Amazon Kindle
* Barnes & Noble Nook
* Bookeen
* Elonex ebook
* enTourage eDGe
* Hanlin eReader
* iPad
* iRiver Story
* Kobo eReader
* Onyx Boox
* Plastic Logic Reader
* PocketBook eReader
* Rocket eBook
* SoftBook
* Smartphones
* Tablets

|

Software|

* Adobe Acrobat
* Adobe Digital Editions
* Aldiko
* Apple Books (iBooks)
* Aquafadas
* Blio
* Bluefire Reader
* Calibre
* FBReader
* Foliate
* Google Play Books
* Kindle app
* Kitabu
* Kobo
* Lector
* Lektz
* Lucifox
* Microsoft Reader
* MuPDF
* Okular
* OverDrive Media Console
* Snapplify
* STDU Viewer
* Sumatra PDF

Editing|

* ABBYY FineReader
* AbiWord
* Adobe InDesign
* Adobe RoboHelp
* Aquafadas
* Atlantis Word Processor
* Booktype
* Calibre
* Calligra Author
* Collabora Online
* eXeLearning
* Help & Manual
* HelpNDoc
* iBooks Author
* iStudio Publisher
* LaTeX
* LibreOffice
* MadCap Flare
* Oxygen XML Editor
* PagePlus
* Pages
* QuarkXPress
* Scrivener
* Sigil
* Writer2epub

Vendors|

| Commercial|

* Apple Books Store
* Amazon Kindle Store
* Baen Free Library
* Barnes & Noble
* Booktrack
* BookWalker
* Feedbooks
* Google
* Google Play
* Google Books
* Jarir.com
* Kobo Bookstore
* Sony Reader Store
* Smashwords

|

Noncommercial|

* Aozora Bunko
* Faded Page
* HathiTrust
* Internet Archive
* Project Gutenberg
* Australia
* Canada
* Standard Ebooks
* Wikisource

Related|

* Academic journal publishing reform
* Books
* Braille e-book
* Comparison of ebook readers
* Comparison of iOS ebook reader software
* Comparison of Android ebook reader software
* E-book lending
* Electronic publishing
* iBooks Author Conference
* International Digital Publishing Forum
* Kindle single
* OPDS
* Reflowable document
* Self-publishing
* Semantic publishing

* v
* t
* e

Tor onion services

* List
* Category

Search engines|

* Ahmia
* DuckDuckGo*
* Grams
* Kagi*
* MetaGer*
* Searx*

News|

* BBC News*
* Bellingcat*
* Current Time TV*
* Die Tageszeitung*
* Deutsche Welle*
* The Daily Stormer*
* DarknetliveПрсл
* DeepDotWeb
* ProPublica*
* Radio Free Asia*
* Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty*
* The Guardian*
* Independent Media Center*
* The Intercept*
* The New York Times*
* ProPublica*
* Voice of America*

File storage and file sharing|

* BTDigg*
* Freedom Hosting
* Free Haven Project
* KickassTorrents
* The Pirate Bay*
* Proton Drive*

Email and
instant messaging|

* Bitmessage.ch
* Briar
* Keybase*
* OpenPGP*
* Proton Mail*
* Riseup*
* Tor Mail
* TorChat

Social media and forums|

* 8chan*
* Dark0de
* Dread
* Facebook*
* HackBB
* The Hub
* The Hidden Wiki

Darknet markets|

* Agora
* AlphaBay
* Atlantis
* Archetyp
* Black Market Reloaded
* Dream Market
* Evolution
* The Farmer's Market
* Hansa
* Hydra Market
* Sheep Marketplace
* Silk Road
* TheRealDeal
* Russian Anonymous Marketplace
* Tor Carding Forum
* Utopia
* White House Market

Archives|

* Archive.today*
* Doxbin (darknet)
* Internet Archive*
* Sci-Hub*
* Z-Library*

Activism|

* Associated Whistleblowing Press
* Elephant Action League
* Freedom of the Press Foundation*
* GlobaLeaks
* NawaatLeaks
* SecureDrop*
* WikiLeaks*

Operating systems|

* DivestOS*
* Qubes OS*
* Tails*
* Whonix*

Government|

* Central Intelligence Agency*

Pornography|

* Boystown
* Childs Play
* Lolita City
* Playpen
* Pornhub*
* Welcome to Video

Other|

* 1.1.1.1*
* Brave*
* BusKill*
* DEF CON*
* F-Droid*
* Mailpile*
* Mullvad*
* Njalla*
* OnionShare*
* Terms of Service; Didn't Read*

Sites in italics are now offline or discontinued (not counting ambiguously forked sites).

* Tor
* .onion domain
* Tor2web
* *Maintains additional presence on the surface web

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Australia
* Poland
* Israel

People|

* Trove

Other|

* IdRef
* MusicBrainz label
* SNAC
* Yale LUX

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