Interstate 94 in Michigan

Interstate Highway in Michigan, United States

This article is about the section of Interstate 94 in Michigan. For the entire route, see Interstate 94.

Interstate 94

I-94 highlighted in red

Route information
Maintained by MDOT
Length| 275.398 mi[1] (443.210 km)
Existed| 1959[2]–present
Tourist
routes|

* Lake Michigan Circle Tour
* West Michigan Pike Pure Michigan Byway

NHS| Entire route
Major junctions
West end|  I-94 near New Buffalo
Major intersections|

* I-196 / US 31 near Benton Harbor
* US 131 near Kalamazoo
* I-194 / M-66 in Battle Creek
* I-69 near Marshall
* US 127 in Jackson
* US 23 in Ann Arbor
* I-96 in Detroit
* I-75 in Detroit
* I-69 in Port Huron

East end|  Highway 402 at Port Huron
Location
Country| United States
State| Michigan
Counties| Berrien, Van Buren, Kalamazoo, Calhoun, Jackson, Washtenaw, Wayne, Macomb, St. Clair
Highway system

* Interstate Highway System

* Main
* Auxiliary
* Suffixed
* Business
* Future

* Michigan State Trunkline Highway System

* Interstate
* US
* State
* Byways

| ←  M-93| | →  BL I-94

|
|

| ←  US 112| M-112| →  M-113

|
|

Interstate 94 (I-94) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Billings, Montana, to the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. In Michigan, it is a state trunkline highway that enters the state south of New Buffalo and runs eastward through several metropolitan areas in the southern section of the state. The highway serves Benton Harbor–St. Joseph near Lake Michigan before turning inland toward Kalamazoo and Battle Creek on the west side of the peninsula. Heading farther east, I-94 passes through rural areas in the middle of the southern Lower Peninsula, crossing I-69 in the process. I-94 then runs through Jackson, Ann Arbor, and portions of Metro Detroit, connecting Michigan's largest city to its main airport. Past the east side of Detroit, the Interstate angles northeasterly through farmlands in The Thumb to Port Huron, where the designation terminates on the Blue Water Bridge at the Canada–United States border.

The first segment of what later became I-94 within the state, the Willow Run Expressway, was built near Ypsilanti and Belleville in 1941, with an easterly extension to Detroit in 1945. This expressway was initially numbered M-112. In the mid-1950s, state and federal officials planned an Interstate to replace the original route of US Highway 12 (US 12). By 1960, the length of I-94 was completed from Detroit to New Buffalo. Two years later, the US 12 designation was dropped from the freeway. Subsequent extensions in the 1960s completed most of the rest of the route, including the remaining sections between Detroit and Port Huron which superseded the routing of US 25. The last segment opened to the public in 1972 when Indiana completed its connection across the state line. Since completion, I-94 has remained relatively unchanged; a few interchanges have been rebuilt, a second span was constructed for the Blue Water Bridge, and, in 1987, a plane crashed on the freeway during takeoff from the airport in Detroit. The routing of I-94 is notable for containing the first full freeway-to-freeway interchange in the United States, connecting to the Lodge Freeway (M-10), and for comprising the first complete border-to-border toll-free freeway in a state in the United States. The highway has one auxiliary route, I-194, which serves downtown Battle Creek, and eight business routes. Various segments have been dedicated to multiple people and places.

## Route description

[edit]

The entire length of I-94 is listed on the National Highway System,[3] a network of roadways important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.[4] The freeway carried 168,200 vehicles on average between I-75 and Chene Street in Detroit, which is the peak traffic count in 2015, and it carried 12,554 vehicles immediately west of the Blue Water Bridge in Port Huron, the lowest traffic count in 2015.[5] As the state trunkline highway closest to the lake shore in these areas, I-94 carries the Lake Michigan Circle Tour south of Benton Harbor–St. Joseph and the Lake Huron Circle Tour in the Port Huron area.[6] Sections through the Detroit area are named the Detroit Industrial and Edsel Ford freeways. I-94 in the state is either a four- or six-lane freeway for most of its length; one segment in the Detroit area has up to 10 lanes total near the airport.[7]

### Southwestern Michigan

[edit]

I-94 enters Michigan from Indiana south of New Buffalo. The freeway runs northeasterly through rural Michiana farmland in the southwestern corner of the Lower Peninsula and parallels the Lake Michigan shoreline about three miles (4.8 km) inland. I-94 traverses an area just east of the Warren Dunes State Park as the freeway runs parallel to the Red Arrow Highway,[6][7] a former routing of US 12 named after the 32nd Infantry Division (Red Arrow Division).[8] The freeway crosses its companion highway south of St. Joseph; Red Arrow turns northward carrying the business loop for Benton Harbor and St. Joseph (Business Loop I-94, [BL I-94]). The Interstate curves further inland to bridge the St. Joseph River near Riverview Park.[6][7] East of Benton Harbor, I-94 meets the other end of BL I-94 at an interchange where US 31 merges onto the freeway.[9] East of the Southwest Michigan Regional Airport, I-94/US 31 meets the southern end of I-196; US 31 departs the I-94 freeway to follow I-196, and I-94 continues its course away from Lake Michigan.[6][7]

I-94 at Park Road near Coloma

South of Coloma, the trunkline turns eastward and roughly follows the Paw Paw River on a course that takes it south of Watervliet and Hartford. Between the latter two cities, the freeway transitions from northeastern Berrien County into western Van Buren County. It curves around and between Lake Cora and Threemile Lake near the junction with the northern end of M-51. About four miles (6.4 km) further east, I-94 crosses M-40 south of Paw Paw. Continuing eastward, the Interstate runs through Mattawan before entering western Kalamazoo County.[6][7]

In Texas Township, the freeway enters the western edges of the Kalamazoo suburbs. South of the campus for Western Michigan University's College of Engineering & Applied Sciences in Portage, I-94 intersects US 131. Near the Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport, the Interstate passes into the southeastern corner of Kalamazoo before entering Comstock Township. The freeway intersects the eastern end of Business Spur I-94 (BS I-94) at a partial interchange near Morrow Lake in the township. I-94 continues out of the eastern Kalamazoo suburbs, paralleling the Kalamazoo River through the Galesburg area.[6][7] Before crossing into Calhoun County on the west side of Battle Creek,[1] I-94 has the only driveway on any of Michigan's Interstate Highways for a gate providing access for military vehicles into the Fort Custer Training Center.[10]

The Interstate enters Calhoun County southwest of the W. K. Kellogg Airport and enters the city of Battle Creek. Immediately east of the county line, the freeway has an interchange with the western end of Battle Creek's business loop. Next to Lakeview Square Mall, I-94 meets its only auxiliary Interstate in Michigan: I-194. I-94 turns to the northwest to round Beadle Lake, intersecting M-294 before spanning the Kalamazoo River. East of the river crossing, the freeway meets an interchange for M-96, M-311, and the eastern end of the Battle Creek business loop near FireKeepers Casino Hotel in Emmett Township. Turning back eastward, the Interstate exits the eastern Battle Creek suburbs and continues to an interchange with I-69 near Marshall; the business loop for Marshall follows I-69 southward.[6][7]

### Into Metro Detroit

[edit]

Continuing eastward, I-94 traverses rural land on the north side of Marshall. The freeway runs north of, and parallel to, the Kalamazoo River through eastern Calhoun County. It angles southeasterly toward Albion before returning to an easterly course on the north side of town. I-94 crosses into western Jackson County before intersecting M-99. From there, it runs generally due east with a jog around Parma. West of the county airport, the Jackson business loop follows M-60 southward, and I-94 travels through the north side of Jackson. North of downtown, US 127 merges in from the north and runs concurrently with I-94 around the city. Southeast of Michigan State Prison, US 127 departs to the south, and I-94 continues eastward through the rest of the county.[6][7]

US 23 interchange in Pittsfield Township

The freeway runs north of the Chrysler Chelsea Proving Grounds in Chelsea next to the M-52 interchange. As I-94 continues easterly, it passes into the western edge of the Ann Arbor area. West of downtown, the M-14 freeway splits off to the northeast, and the Interstate turns to the south and southeast to curve around the south side of the city. The freeway passes between Briarwood Mall and Ann Arbor Municipal Airport. On the southeastern corner of Ann Arbor, I-94 intersects US 23 and continues around the south side of Ypsilanti. South of that city, the freeway also carries US 12 and crosses the Huron River north of the river's mouth at Ford Lake. I-94 jogs southeasterly around the south side of Willow Run Airport complex, separating from US 12 and entering Wayne County.[6][7]

I-94 as seen from the air near Detroit Metropolitan Airport

South of Willow Run, the Interstate parallels the north shore of Belleville Lake. East of the water body, it intersects I-275 near the northwest corner of Detroit Metropolitan Airport and angles northeasterly through the southwestern Detroit suburbs along the Detroit Industrial Freeway. I-94 uses the Gateway Bridge over the single-point urban interchange (SPUI) at US 24 (Telegraph Road) in Taylor;[6][7] these bridges were inspired by Super Bowl XL and provide a western entrance to the city.[11] Further east, the Interstate intersects M-39 (Southfield Freeway) and passes the Uniroyal Giant Tire in Allen Park. I-94 then turns to the northeast through the Ford River Rouge complex in Dearborn before turning back easterly on the Edsel Ford Freeway into Detroit.[6][7]

I-94 traverses Detroit in an east–west direction well inland of, and parallel to, the Detroit River. The freeway intersects I-96 (Jeffries Freeway) and M-10 (Lodge Freeway) on the West Side, passing the main campus of Wayne State University before entering the East Side at M-1 (Woodward Avenue). Immediately east of the interchange with I-75 (Chrysler Freeway), I-94 forms the southern border of the Milwaukee Junction district. The Edsel Ford Freeway continues through residential neighborhoods of Detroit's East Side. The Interstate turns more northerly, mimicking the shoreline of Lake St. Clair, and exits Detroit for Harper Woods. Just north of the interchange for M-102 (Vernier Road), the freeway crosses 8 Mile Road and enters Macomb County.[6][7]

### North to Canada

[edit]

Running northward through Macomb County, I-94 meets the eastern end of I-696 (Reuther Freeway) about three miles (4.8 km) north of the county line in St. Clair Shores. The freeway continues to parallel the lakeshore and travels to the west of Selfridge Air National Guard Base in Harrison Township. It turns back to the northeast at 23 Mile Road at the interchange with M-3 and M-29. North of 26 Mile Road, the freeway exits the northern suburbs and passes into farmland in The Thumb region.[6][7]

I-94 eastbound approaching exit 271 in Port Huron

South of Michigan Meadows Golf Course, I-94 crosses County Line Road and enters St. Clair County. The freeway continues northeasterly as far as Marysville before turning northward near St. Clair County International Airport. From there, it runs roughly parallel to the St. Clair River. The Interstate travels along the western edge of residential areas for Marysville and Port Huron as it continues northward. Immediately west of downtown Port Huron, it intersects I-69; the two freeways merge and turn first east and then north through an interchange that also features connections to BL I-69.[6][7]

I-94/I-69 turns back to the east about a mile (1.6 km) north of their confluence to span the Black River north of downtown. On the eastern bank of the river, there is one final interchange for M-25 and BL I-69/BL I-94 before the freeway reaches the toll and customs plazas for the twin-span Blue Water Bridge. Past these plazas, I-94/I-69 ascends the approach to the bridge which crosses the St. Clair River to Point Edward (Sarnia), Ontario. At the international boundary at the center of the river, the Interstate designations jointly terminate, becoming Ontario Highway 402.[6][7]

## History

[edit]

Map of the pre-statehood Indian trails

The first major overland transportation corridors in the future state of Michigan were the Indian foot trails.[12] One of these, the St. Joseph Trail, followed the general route of the modern I-94 across the state from the Benton Harbor–St. Joseph area east to the Ann Arbor area.[13] The State Trunkline Highway System was created on May 13, 1913, by an act of the Michigan Legislature; at the time, Division 6 corresponded to the rough path of today's I-94.[14] In 1919, the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD)[a] signposted the highway system for the first time,[17] and three different highways followed sections of the modern I-94 corridor. The original M-11 ran from the Indiana state line north to Coloma where M-17 connected easterly to Detroit. The third highway was M-19 from Detroit northeast to Port Huron.[18]

On November 11, 1926, the United States Numbered Highway System was approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO),[19][b] and the original route of US 12[c] replaced the highways from the state line northeasterly to Detroit; US 31 overlapped the highway between St. Joseph and Watervliet. The remainder of the future I-94 corridor was served by US 25 between Detroit and Port Huron.[21] The first span of the Blue Water Bridge opened between Port Huron and Point Edward, Ontario, in 1938.[22]

In parts of the state, segments of highway were built to bypass the cities along the future I-94 corridor. In 1940, a southern bypass of Battle Creek opened along Columbia Avenue, and the former routing through downtown on Michigan Avenue became Business US 12 (Bus. US 12).[23][24]

M-112

Location| Ypsilanti–Detroit
Existed| September 12, 1942[25]–Mid-1956[26][27]

The first segments of upgraded highways along the future route of I-94 were added during World War II. Construction on the Willow Run Expressway started in 1941 before the US entered the war. It was opened on September 12, 1942, to provide improved access to Ford Motor Company's Willow Run bomber plants.[25] The highway was given the M-112 designation at the time.[28] The expressway was extended eastward as the Detroit Industrial Expressway into Detroit; the first section opened in 1943 and the remainder was completed in March 1945.[25]

Sections of I-94 are named for businessman Edsel Ford (left) and Congressman James O'Hara (right).

Land acquisition for the Edsel Ford Freeway started in 1945. As the original expressway through the center of Detroit was being planned in the 1940s, it was unofficially named the Harper–McGraw Expressway after the streets along which it was to run. There was some initial support to name it after Roy D. Chapin, the late president of the Hudson Motor Car Company and a former US secretary of commerce under President Herbert Hoover. On April 23, 1946, the Detroit Common Council voted instead to name the highway after Edsel Ford, the son of Henry Ford and president of the Ford Motor Company from 1918 until his death in 1943.[29][30]

In late 1951 or early 1952, a northerly bypass of Jackson opened, and the former route through downtown on Michigan Avenue became another Bus. US 12.[31][32] By the next year, the western half of the Jackson bypass opened, including a bypass of Parma.[33][34]

The interchange between the Lodge Freeway and the Edsel Ford Freeway was built in 1953 as the first full freeway-to-freeway interchange in the US.[35][36]

In 1954, a new bypass of Kalamazoo and Galesburg opened; US 12 was rerouted to follow the new highway while M-96 replaced part of the old route and US 12A in the area.[37][38]

In mid-1956, the M-112 designation was decommissioned and replaced by US 12.[26][27]

During the mid-1950s, the Detroit Streets and Rails campaign proposed a high-speed rail line in the median of the Willow Run, Detroit Industrial and Edsel Ford freeways; instead of building the rail line, special boarding stations adjacent to dedicated bus lanes in the interchanges along the highway were used.[39]

The first planning maps from 1947 for what later became the Interstate Highway System included a highway along I-94's route in Michigan.[40] This highway was included on the 1955 plan for the "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" with a proposed spur in the Battle Creek area.[41] The modern I-94 was numbered I-92 between Benton Harbor–St. Joseph and Detroit with I-77 from Detroit to Port Huron in the August 1957 plans.[42]

1958 planning map for Michigan's Interstate Highways

In April 1958, the MSHD wanted to provide a single number for a more direct routing of a Detroit–Chicago freeway; the state proposed rerouting I-94 to replace I-92 in the state, but retained the I-77 designation.[43] On June 27, 1958, AASHO adopted their original numbering plan for Michigan, minus the state's proposed changes.[44] Around the same time, a section of M-146 near Port Huron was converted into an approach freeway for the Blue Water Bridge.[45][46]

In January 1959, officials announced that sections of US 12, the Willow Run, Detroit Industrial and Edsel Ford expressways were to be given the I-94 designation, temporarily co-designated with US 12\. These sections connected Ann Arbor to Detroit, along with a bypass of Kalamazoo to Galesburg and a bypass of Jackson.[47] Later that year, additional segments of I-94 were opened, starting with a 10-mile (16 km) section from Hartford to Coloma, then another from Paw Paw to Kalamazoo which connected with a segment between Galesburg to Battle Creek. The overall 45-mile (72 km) section from Paw Paw to Battle Creek was dedicated on December 7, 1959.[48] In addition, a new northwest–southeast section of freeway was built east of Ypsilanti to create a more gradual curve in the routing between present-day exits 185 and 186,[49] the original routing of the Willow Run Expressway having followed present-day Wiard Road.[50] Signage for the state's Interstate Highways was placed on hold pending finalization of the numbering scheme,[51] and by late 1959 that signage was being added starting with I-75[52] and followed by the other open segments of freeway in the state.[2]

Sections of freeway opened in southwestern Michigan in 1960 between the Benton Harbor–St Joseph area and between Jackson and Ann Arbor; the latter was built over existing portions of US 12.[46] In this year, Michigan became the first state to complete a border-to-border toll-free Interstate within their state, running for 205 miles (330 km) from Detroit toward New Buffalo,[53] creating the longest toll-free freeway in the country at the time.[54]

In January 1962, the US 12 designation was removed from the I-94 freeway. In the process, the designation was transferred to replace the US 112 designation in its entirety.[55] After this transfer, I-94 was no longer concurrent with US 12, except for the Ypsilanti bypass.[56] That same year, the interchange with Lansing Avenue was eliminated,[57][58] alongside the interchange with Dettman Road[57][58] and original interchange with US 23 that was replaced by the current one.[59][60] They also began to reefer to the Willow Run Expressway as a freeway, though this never caught on.[61]

In 1963, the freeway was extended south of New Buffalo to end at M-239. Traffic was diverted down M-239 into Indiana where State Road 39 carried traffic the rest of the way to the Indiana Toll Road.[62] By the end of the year, a section of highway opened between Mount Clemens and Marysville, and US 25 was rerouted to run concurrently along the freeway from the New Baltimore area northward.[63][64]

A landmark along I-94 in Allen Park, the Uniroyal Giant Tire The was installed there in 1966.[65]

The eastern terminus of I-94 in the Port Huron area was dedicated on October 14, 1964, signaling the completion of the highway between Marysville and the Blue Water Bridge.[66] This completion displaced part of the M-146 bypass of Port Huron, the southern leg of which was retained as a connector to present-day Lapeer Road.[67] Two years later, the gap between the Wayne–Macomb county line and the end of the freeway near Mount Clemens was filled in when another section of freeway opened.[68][69]

On January 15, 1965, the at-grade intersection with Hannan Road was closed to traffic, officially upgrading the entire roadway to Interstate Highway standards. While initially planned to close in 1966, unexpected congestion made the closure to be occur ahead of schedule.[61]

In late 1964, a plan was approved to construct missing links at the interchange with Telegraph Road (US 24), as the original interchange did not feature access in all directions. The project was competed in fall 1965, at the cost of $1.5 million.[70]

In 1967 the interchange with Grove Road was closed.[71][72]

North of Albion, the road originally encountered a New York Central Railroad railroad crossing; this was eliminated though when the line was torn up in August 1968.[73]

The final section of I-94 in Michigan opened to traffic on November 2, 1972, when the connection across the state line into Indiana was dedicated. This last segment in Michigan between M-239 and the state line opened when Indiana completed an 18-mile (29 km) segment of freeway in their state.[74]

In 1972, MDOT began to rebuild the road from Rawsonville Road in Belleville to Ozga Road in Romulus. The segment between Haggerty and Ozga roads was widened from four to six lanes, and the eastbound lanes were reconstructed to allow construction of a new interchange with I-275. The Willow Run segment was also resurfaced beyond this point, as the old road bed did not contain steel mesh.[25] Construction of this interchange also resulted in the demolition of a partial interchange with Huron River Drive.[75][76] This project was competed in June 1974.[61]

In summer 1974, the segment in Detroit had its median rebuilt. Work included paving over the median and adding a median barrier. In the process, the old lighting, witch was located on the outside of the road, was replaced by new lighting which was located on the newly created median.[61]

The interchange with the Southfield Freeway (M-39) was closed in 1985 to allow for reconstruction of the exit, which had originally included four left hand on-ramps that sharply merged into the left lanes of I-94.[77] Reconstruction added new on-ramps that merge into the freeway's right lane, while also moving the carriageways of I-94 closer together.[78]

Aftermath of the Flight 255 crash, N312RC's debris field scattered along Middlebelt Road at I-94 in Romulus

On August 16, 1987, Northwest Airlines Flight 255 crashed after attempting to take off from Detroit Metropolitan Airport, killing all but one passenger upon exploding at the I-94 overpass over Middlebelt Road;[79] that overpass was not damaged in the crash.[80] The freeway was closed until August 18,[81] and a memorial was later installed near the interchange between I-94 and Middlebelt Road.[82]

The completion of I-69 in the 1980s, and the approval of the North American Free Trade Agreement, increased traffic at the Blue Water Bridge. With this, the need to replace the outdated toll and customs plaza was recognized, the new one was opened for use in 1991.[83]

On August 1, 1996, the speed limit between Mount Clemens to Port Huron was raised to 70 m.p.h.[61]

The section of I-94 northeast of Detroit was named after former Congressman James G. O'Hara by the Michigan Legislature. O'Hara was a World War II veteran who served in the US House of Representatives from 1959 until 1977. During his tenure in Congress, he procured federal funds for the construction of I-94 through his district. The first attempt to name the highway after him failed in 1991, but the honor was included in a budget bill passed in 1997. The section of I-94 was dedicated on October 16, 1998, after donors privately raised nearly $10,000 (equivalent to $17,000 in 2023[84]) to pay for the highway signs.[85]

In 1992, an international task force determined that traffic on the existing Blue Water Bridge was exceeding capacity. Environmental planning started in 1993, and construction started on the second span between Port Huron and Point Edward, Ontario in 1995.[86] In July 1997, the second span opened.[87] The original span was closed for rehabilitation, and both were opened to traffic in 1999.[86]

A segment of I-94 in Battle Creek between the exits for BL I-94 and I-194 was named the 94th Combat Infantry Division Memorial Highway by the Michigan Legislature on September 28, 2002. The name honors the US Army's 94th Infantry Division, which was activated at nearby Fort Custer in 1942 and served with distinction in the European theater of World War II. Because the unit originated in Battle Creek, and its number matched that of the freeway, the Legislature added the designation by passing Public Act 305 of 2002. The name was dedicated in ceremonies at a rest stop along the section of I-94.[88]

Starting in 1990, the National Park Service started working to identify routes of the Underground Railroad. The Battle Creek area was active in the railroad during the Civil War, and the section of I-94 between exits 98 and 110 east of Battle Creek was included in the memorial designation.[89] With this, the piece of I-94 in Calhoun County was designated in 2004 as part of the Underground Railroad Memorial Highway.[d]

The interchange with US 24 (Telegraph Road) originally had two girder bridges, with left-hand exits being used throughout.[90] These were retained from the original 1940s design. In December 2005, a rebuild of this interchange into to a SPUI was completed.[91] A pair of bridges called the Gateway Arch Bridges (alternately "Gateway to Detroit"[92]) was incorporated in the new interchange.[93]

In 2009, the interchange with BL 94 in Battle Creek was closed.[94] It was replaced by a new interchange that also served it.

In June 2012, after a resolution passed by the Michigan Legislature was signed by Governor Rick Snyder, a portion of I-94 in Taylor between Inkster and Pelham roads was named the Auxiliary Lt. Dan Kromer Memorial Highway after a 20-year veteran of the Taylor Police Department, who was killed in 2010 while helping motorists who had car trouble.[95] That October, the eastbound ramp onto BL 94 in Detroit was closed to allow for reconstruction of the overpass and elimination of the left hand exit.[96][97] They aslo replaced another intersection with BL 94.[98][99]

In 2011, construction was started to widen I-94 and I-69 approaching the Blue Water Bridge and to allow for dedicated lanes for local traffic and border traffic .[100] The lane configuration changes confused drivers in the area, especially motorists with outdated GPS devices;[101] because of this, MDOT installed updated signs complete with American and Canadian flags to help prevent drivers from heading to Canada by mistake.[102] Additional construction in the Port Huron area started in late 2013 to rebuild and reconfigure the I-94/I-69 interchange outside the city. The project improved 3.7 miles (6.0 km) of freeway, replaced several bridges and ramps and cost $76 million (equivalent to $98 million in 2023[84]). In June 2014, MDOT closed the ramps from I-69 eastbound to BL I-69 through the interchange until later in the year.[103] The project was completed in September 2015.[104]

In 2016, the sections of I-94 from the Indiana state line to the M-63 interchange was designated as part of the West Michigan Pike Pure Michigan Byway.[105] The West Michigan Pike originated in efforts in the 1910s to improve a highway along the western part of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and to increase tourism along the Lake Michigan shore. The auto trail was eventually superseded by US 12 and US 31 after the creation of the United States Numbered Highway System in 1926.[106]

In August 2016, a rebuild of exit 88 was competed to add missing connections and a connecting overpass which did not exist before.[107]

In July 2024, new smart technology was implemented onto the roadway.[108]

In 2020, work began on the final link of the St. Joseph Valley Parkway to connect the US 31 freeway to I-94 east of Benton Harbor. The project cost $121.5 million and involved reconstructing the interchange with the eastern terminus of BL I-94 and 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of I-94 in the area. US 31 was rerouted to follow its new freeway section for 1.8 miles (2.9 km) from the previous end of the freeway at Napier Avenue that opened in 2003 to I-94 at BL I-94, where US 31 then followed I-94 to the I-196 interchange as before.[109] This new routing opened on November 9, 2022.[9]

In December 2022, the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) procured a statewide tolling study. Under the study, I-94 would be converted into a toll road by 2028.[110] Lawmakers have not yet acted upon the department's recommendation.[111]

In 1994, a environmental impact study was began to reconstruct the segment of roadway in Detroit to contemporary standards. In December 2004, the study was competed, with right if way acquisition beginning in December 2005. In 2015, MDOT held a meeting to allow for public feedback, anther one was held in Summer 2016. At the request of these meeting plans for the project were altered later in fall.[112] The prodject was however criticized as a financial blow to already poor neighborhoods.[113] In Spring 2024, this major project began, and would rebuild the segment of I-94 in Detroit to modern standards. It includes widening the median, adding a fourth lane in both directions, lengthening declaration lanes, and rebuilding overpasses.[114]

On August 7, 2023, MDOT began a privately funded three-mile (4.8 km) pilot project to reconstruct the left lane for connected and autonomous vehicles between Ann Arbor and Detroit.[115]

In March 2024, a project began to rebuild the segment between Puetz Road and Britain Avenue in Berrien County. The project, which costs $205 million and squeezes traffic from six lanes to four, also involves rebuilding many overpasses. Work is expected to transition to rebuilding the westbound roadway from Washington Avenue to Empire Avenue and the westbound I-94 bridge over Pipestone Road in 2025, with the rest of the project competed in 2026.[116] The project also involved rebuilding rest stops, with the old faculties being demolished and replaced by newer, larger ones.[117]

In March 2007, MDOT began planning for an rebuild of the roadway in Jackson County, as the exiting road was functionally obsolete and in need of rebuilding. The first phase of work began in 2018 and was competed in 2020.[118] The second phase, which began in Spring 2021, involved a rebuilding of the interchange with US 127 into a diverging diamond to allow for increased safety and traffic flow. This was completed on November 13, 2022.[119] The rest of the second phase was competed in 2023, involved rebuilding and widening the roadway form the new diverging Dimond to airport road. The third phase began in 20203, and is expected to be competed in 2025.[118]

## Exit list

[edit]

;  County| Location| mi[1]| km| Exit| Destinations| Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

Berrien| New Buffalo Township| 0.000| 0.000| |
I-94 west – Chicago| Indiana state line
1.446| 2.327| 1|
M-239 south (Harbor Country Drive) – New Buffalo| Formerly signed La Porte Road; northern terminus of M-239; New Buffalo signed eastbound only
3.556–
3.582| 5.723–
5.765| 4|  US 12 / LMCT – Three Oaks, Niles, New Buffalo| Western end of LMCT concurrency; signed as exits 4A (east) and 4B (west); Three Oaks signed eastbound only
New Buffalo–Chikaming township line| 6.232| 10.029| 6| Union Pier| Connectss to Union Pier Road
Chikaming Township| 12.015| 19.336| 12| Sawyer| Connects to Sawyer Road
Bridgman| 15.561| 25.043| 16| Bridgman| Connects to Red Arrow Highway
Stevensville| 21.521| 34.635| 22| John Beers Road – Stevensville| Stevensville signed eastbound only
Lincoln Township| 23.358| 37.591| 23|
BL I-94 east (Red Arrow Highway) / LMCT – St. Joseph, Benton Harbor, Stevensville| Eastern end of LMCT concurrency; BL I-94, Benton Harbor, and St. Joseph signed eastbound only; Stevensville and Red Arrow Highway signed westbound only; western terminus of BL I-94
St. Joseph Township| 26.957| 43.383| 27|  M-63 (Niles Avenue)|
Benton Township| 28.253| 45.469| 28|  M-139 (Scottdale Road)|
29.496| 47.469| 29| Pipestone Road|
30.408| 48.937| 30| Napier Avenue|
32.351–
32.360| 52.064–
52.078| 33|
US 31 south – South Bend

BL I-94 west (Main Street) – Benton Harbor| Western end of US 31 concurrency; signed as exits 33A (US 31) and 33B (BL I-94/Main Street westbound, Main Street eastbound); eastern terminus of BL I-94
34.144–
34.167| 54.949–
54.986| 34|

I-196 north / US 31 north – South Haven, Holland, Grand Rapids| Eastern end of US 31 concurrency; southern terminus of I-196; signs westbound omit Grand Rapids; signs eastbound omit South Haven
Coloma Township| 38.528| 62.005| 39| Millburg, Coloma| Connects to Friday Road
Watervliet Township| 40.762| 65.600| 41|  M-140 – Watervliet, Niles|
Van Buren| Hartford Township| 45.763| 73.648| 46| Hartford| Connects to CR 687
Lawrence Township| 51.730| 83.251| 52| Lawrence| Connects to CR 365
Paw Paw Township| 56.281| 90.575| 56|  M-51 – Decatur, Dowagiac| Northern terminus of M-51
Paw Paw| 59.958| 96.493| 60|  M-40 – Paw Paw, Lawton|
Mattawan| 65.826| 105.937| 66| Mattawan| Connects to Main Street
Kalamazoo| Texas Township| 71.592| 115.216| 72| 9th Street – Oshtemo|
Portage| 73.591–
73.649| 118.433–
118.527| 74|  US 131 – Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids, Three Rivers| Signed as exits 74A (south) and 74B (north); former western terminus of BL I-94; Kalamazoo signed eastbound only; exit 34 on US 131
74.845| 120.451| 75| Oakland Drive|
76.106| 122.481| 76| Westnedge Avenue|
Kalamazoo| 77.753| 125.131| 78| Portage Road|
Kalamazoo–Comstock Township line| 79.576| 128.065| 80| Sprinkle Road, Cork Street|
Comstock Township| 80.911| 130.214| 81|
BS I-94 west – Downtown Kalamazoo| Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; eastern terminus of BS I-94
85.103| 136.960| 85| 35th Street – Augusta, Galesburg| Galesburg and Augusta signed eastbound only; 35th Street signed westbound only
Charleston Township| 87.945| 141.534| 88| Climax, Galesburg| Climax signed eastbound only; Galesburg signed westbound only; connects to 40th Street
91.887| 147.878| | Gate to Fort Custer Training Center| At-grade intersection for military vehicles only; only driveway on an Interstate Highway in Michigan;[10] not signed in either direction
Calhoun| Battle Creek| 92.055| 148.148| 92|
BL I-94 east / M-37 – Springfield, Battle Creek, Augusta, Climax| BL I-94, Battle Creek, and Springfield signed eastbound only; Augusta and Climax signed westbound only; western terminus of BL I-94; southern terminus of M-37
95.082| 153.020| 95| Helmer Road – Springfield| Signs eastbound omit Springfield
97.116| 156.293| 97| Capital Avenue|
Battle Creek–Emmett Township line| 98.239–
98.269| 158.100–
158.149| 98|
I-194 north / M-66 – Sturgis, Downtown Battle Creek| Signed as exits 98A (south, M-66) and 98B (north, I-194/M-66); southern terminus of I-194; exit 1 on I-194
Emmett Township| 99.748| 160.529| 100|  M-294 (Beadle Lake Road)| Southern terminus of M-294
103.629| 166.775| 103|  BL I-94 / M-96 – Battle Creek| Former partial interchange with westbound exit to westbound M-96 and eastbound entrance from eastbound M-96 only; permanently closed in 2009
103.829| 167.097| 104|
BL I-94 west / M-96 (Michigan Avenue)

M-311 south (11 Mile Road)| Signs eastbound omit BL I-94; eastern terminus of BL I-94; northern terminus of M-311
Marshall Township| 108.175–
108.198| 174.091–
174.128| 108|  I-69 – Ft. Wayne, Lansing| Western terminus of BL I-94; exit 38 on I-69
Marshall| 109.879| 176.833| 110| Old 27| Former US 27
Marengo Township| 111.997| 180.242| 112|
BL I-94 west (Partello Road) – Marshall| Partello Road signed eastbound only; BL I-94 and Marshall signed westbound only; eastern terminus of BL I-94
115.359| 185.652| 115| 22+1⁄2 Mile Road|
Sheridan Township| 118.552| 190.791| 119|
M-199 east (26 Mile Road)| Western terminus of M-199
Albion| 121.364| 195.316| 121|
BL I-94 east (28 Mile Road) – Albion| BL I-94 and Albion signed eastbound only; 28 Mile Road signed westbound only; western terminus of BL I-94
Jackson| Parma Township| 123.830| 199.285| 124|
BL I-94 west / M-99 – Albion, Eaton Rapids| Signs eastbound omit BL I-94 and Albion; eastern terminus of BL I-94
126.872| 204.181| 127| Concord Road|
Parma–Sandstone township line| 128.417| 206.667| 128| Michigan Avenue|
Sandstone Township| 129.498| 208.407| 130| Parma Road|
132.633| 213.452| 133| Dearing Road – Spring Arbor| Spring Arbor signed eastbound only
Blackman Township| 135.785–
135.804| 218.525–
218.555| 136|

M-60 west / BL I-94 east – Jackson, Spring Arbor| Signs westbound omit Jackson; signs eastbound omit Spring Arbor; western terminus of BL I-94; eastern terminus of M-60
137.035| 220.536| 137| Airport Road|
138.393| 222.722| 138|

US 127 north / M-50 west – Lansing

Bus. US 127 south / M-50 east – Jackson| Western end of US 127 concurrency; northern terminus of Bus. US 127; exit 43 on US 127; reconstructed into a diverging diamond interchange in 2022
139.008| 223.712| —| Lansing Avenue| Former interchange removed in 1962[57][58]
139.589| 224.647| 139|  M-106 (Cooper Street) – Downtown Jackson|
140.615| 226.298| 141| Elm Road|
141.617| 227.910| —| Dettman Road| Former eastbound exit and westbound entrance; removed in 1962
Leoni Township| 141.926–
141.938| 228.408–
228.427| 142|
US 127 south – Hudson| Eastern end of US 127 concurrency; exit 40 on US 127
143.849| 231.503| 144|
BL I-94 west – Jackson| Partial interchange that had served Ann Arbor Road with westbound exit and eastbound entrance; exit removed in 2012
144.537| 232.610| 145|
BL I-94 west / Sargent Road – Jackson| Signs eastbound omit BL I-94 and Jackson; eastern terminus of BL I-94
147.200| 236.895| 147| Race Road| Eastbound entrance via Ann Arbor Road
Grass Lake Township| 150.061| 241.500| 150| Mt. Hope Road – Grass Lake|
153.157| 246.482| 153| Clear Lake Road|
Washtenaw| Sylvan Township| 155.822| 250.771| 156| Kalmbach Road|
157.237| 253.048| 157| Old US 12, Pierce Road|
Chelsea| 159.410| 256.546| 159|  M-52 – Chelsea, Manchester|
Lima Township| 162.139| 260.937| 162| Old US 12, Jackson Road|
Scio Township| 167.072| 268.876| 167| Baker Road – Dexter|
169.213| 272.322| 169| Zeeb Road|
171.001| 275.199| 171|
M-14 east – Plymouth| Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; western terminus of M-14
Ann Arbor| 172.168| 277.078| 172|
BL I-94 east (Jackson Avenue) – Ann Arbor| Signs westbound omit BL I-94; western terminus of BL I-94; no access from eastbound I-94 to westbound Jackson Avenue
175.081| 281.766| 175| Ann Arbor–Saline Road|
176.548| 284.126| 177| State Street|
Pittsfield Township| 179.522–
179.540| 288.913–
288.942| 180|
US 23 / BL I-94 west – Ann Arbor, Flint, Toledo| Signed as exits 180A (south, US 23) and 180B (north, US 23/BL I-94); signs eastbound omit BL I-94; eastern terminus of BL I-94; eastbound exit uses collector-distributor lanes; Flint signed eastbound only, Ann Arbor signed westbound only; exit 35 on US 23
179.792| 289.347| —|  US 23 (Carpenter Road)| Original routing of US 23;[50] was a four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange that was demolished when current US 23 exit was built in 1962[59][60]
181.265| 291.718| 181|
US 12 west (Michigan Avenue) – Saline, Ypsilanti| Western end of US 12 concurrency; signed as exits 181A (west) and 181B (east) westbound; Ypsilanti signed eastbound only, Saline signed westbound only
Ypsilanti| 183.084| 294.645| 183|

Bus. US 12 east (Huron Street) – Downtown Ypsilanti| Western terminus of Bus. US 12
183.986| 296.097| 184| Grove Street| Exit was removed in 1967; was a complete interchange with westbound access via right-in/right-out to Emerick Street[71][72]
Ypsilanti Township| 185.023| 297.766| 185|
US 12 east (Michigan Avenue) – Willow Run Airport| Eastern end of US 12 concurrency; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
186.227| 299.703| 186| Willow Run Airport| Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; connects to Wiard Road
187.129| 301.155| 187| Rawsonville Road|
Wayne| Van Buren Township| 190.240| 306.162| 190| Belleville Road – Belleville|
192.572| 309.915| 192| Haggerty Road| West access to Lower Huron Metropark
193.368| 311.196| 193| Huron River Drive| Exit removed in 1973; was an eastbound exit and westbound entrance via Northline Road[120][121]
Romulus| 193.978–
194.002| 312.177–
312.216| 194|  I-275 – Flint, Toledo| Signed as exits 194A (south) and 194B (north) eastbound; westbound exit uses collector-distributor lane; exit 17 on I-275
195.434| 314.521| 196| Wayne Road – Wayne|
196.368| 316.024| 197| Vining Road|
197.804| 318.335| 198|  Merriman Road – Detroit Metro Airport| Collector-distributor lanes connect with exit 199; signed as exits 198A (Metro Airport) and 198B (Merriman Road north) eastbound
198.548| 319.532| 199| Middle Belt Road| Connected to exit 198
Taylor| 200.317| 322.379| 200| Ecorse Road – Inkster| Directional access from I-94 to Ecorse Road (eastbound to eastbound and westbound to westbound only); Inkster signed westbound only
202.002| 325.091| 202|  US 24 (Telegraph Road)|
Allen Park| 204.388–
204.399| 328.931–
328.948| 204|  M-39 (Southfield Freeway) / Pelham Road| Exit 1 on M-39
206.398| 332.165| 206| Oakwood Boulevard| Signed as exits 206A (south) and 206B (north) westbound; access to The Henry Ford
Dearborn| 207.626–
208.011| 334.142–
334.761| 208| Schaefer Road, Greenfield Road| Eastbound exit to Greenfield Road and westbound entrance from southbound Greenfield Road only; Schaefer Road access via trumpet interchange with unnamed road to Ford River Rouge Complex and partial cloverleaf interchange to Schaefer and Butler roads
208.882| 336.163| 209| Rotunda Drive| Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
209.795| 337.632| 210A|  US 12 (Michigan Avenue) / Wyoming Avenue – Dearborn| Signed as exit 210 eastbound; no westbound exit to Wyoming Avenue; access from Wyoming Avenue to eastbound I-94 at exit 210B
Detroit| 210.048–
210.352| 338.039–
338.529| 210B|
M-153 west (Ford Road) / Addison Avenue| Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; eastbound entrance via Weir Street; eastern terminus of M-153
210.669| 339.039| 211A| Lonyo Avenue| Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
211.268| 340.003| 211B| Central Avenue, Cecil Avenue| Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; service drives connect to Central Avenue
211.793| 340.848| 212A| Livernois Avenue| Signed as exit 212 westbound
212.597| 342.142| 212B| Warren Avenue| Indirect access via 30th Street; westbound exit is via exit 213A
212.819–
212.841| 342.499–
342.534| 213A| West Grand Boulevard, Warren Avenue| Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; former eastbound exit removed 2012
213.363–
213.407| 343.374–
343.445| 213B|  I-96 (Jeffries Freeway) – Lansing, Bridge to Canada| Exit 190A on I-96
213.598–
213.700| 343.753–
343.917| 214A|  M-5 (Grand River Avenue) / Linwood Avenue| Signed as exit 214 westbound; second eastbound entrance from 14th Street; signs eastbound omit Linwood Avenue
214.414| 345.066| 214B| Trumbull Avenue| Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
214.712–
214.744| 345.545–
345.597| 215|  M-10 (Lodge Freeway) – Downtown Detroit, Southfield| Signed as exits 215A (south) and 215B (north); exit 4 on M-10
215.229–
215.562| 346.377–
346.913| 215C|  M-1 (Woodward Avenue) / John R. Street / Brush Street| John R. Street signed eastbound only, Brush Street signed westbound only
215.868–
215.882| 347.406–
347.428| 216A|  I-75 (Chrysler Freeway) – Flint, Toledo| Exit 53 on I-75; includes entrances from Warren Avenue
216.013| 347.639| 216B| Russell Street| Eastbound exit only
216.603| 348.589| 217A| Chene Street, East Grand Boulevard| No westbound exit or entrance from southbound East Grand Boulevard to westbound I-94; westbound access to East Grand Boulevard northbound only at exit 217B
217.333| 349.764| 217B| Mount Elliott Avenue| Signed as exit 217 (Mount Elliott Avenue, East Grand Boulevard) westbound
218.226| 351.201| 218|  M-53 (Van Dyke Avenue)|
219.016| 352.472| 219|  M-3 (Gratiot Avenue)|
219.560| 353.348| 220A| French Road| No westbound exit
219.978–
220.086| 354.020–
354.194| 220B| Conner Avenue – Detroit City Airport| No access from southbound Conner Avenue to eastbound I-94
221.387–
221.622| 356.288–
356.666| 222A| Outer Drive, Chalmers Avenue|
222.292| 357.744| 222B| Harper Avenue| Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
223.048| 358.961| 223| Cadieux Road|
223.755| 360.099| 224A| Moross Road|
Harper Woods| 224.430| 361.185| 224B| Allard Avenue, Eastwood Drive| No entrances to I-94; signs eastbound omit Eastwood Drive
225.352–
225.376| 362.669–
362.708| 225|
M-102 west (8 Mile Road, Vernier Road)| Eastern terminus of M-102; additional westbound entrance from southbound Harper Avenue
Macomb| Eastpointe–St. Clair Shores city line| 226.893| 365.149| 227| 9 Mile Road|
Eastpointe–Roseville–St. Clair Shores city tripoint| 227.967| 366.877| 228| 10 Mile Road|
Roseville–St. Clair Shores city line| 228.742–
229.426| 368.125–
369.225| 229|
I-696 west – Lansing
11 Mile Road| Eastern terminus of I-696
230.014| 370.172| 230| 12 Mile Road|
Roseville| 230.890| 371.581| 231|  M-3 (Gratiot Avenue)| Eastbound exit to northbound M-3 and westbound entrance only
231.354| 372.328| 232| Little Mack Avenue|
Clinton Township| 234.209| 376.923| 234| Harper Avenue| Signed as exits 234A (south) and 234B (north)
Harrison Township| 234.873| 377.991| 235| Shook Road| Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
235.909–
235.921| 379.659–
379.678| 236| Metropolitan Parkway|
Mt. Clemens| 237.266| 381.843| 237| North River Road – Mt. Clemens|
Harrison–Chesterfield township line| 240.027–
240.259| 386.286–
386.659| 240|  M-59 – Selfridge ANG, Utica| Signed as exits 240A (M-59 east, Selfridge ANG) and 240B (M-59 west, Utica) eastbound; eastern terminus of M-59; roadway continues beyond terminus as William P. Rosso Highway
Chesterfield Township| 241.193| 388.163| 241| 21 Mile Road|
243.453| 391.800| 243|
M-3 south – Utica

M-29 north – Algonac, New Baltimore| Northern terminus of M-3; southern terminus of M-29; signs eastbound omit M-3 and Utica; signs westbound omit Algonac
246.737| 397.085| 247|
M-19 north – Richmond, New Haven| Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; southern terminus of M-19
Lenox Township| 248.118| 399.307| 248| 26 Mile Road – Marine City| Westbound access to New Haven
St. Clair| Casco–Columbus township line| 257.185| 413.899| 257| Richmond, St. Clair| Signs eastbound omit Richmond; connects to Fred W. Moore Highway
St. Clair Township| 262.131| 421.859| 262| Wadhams Road|
Kimball Township| 266.330| 428.617| 266|
BL I-94 east (Gratiot Road) – Marysville| Signs westbound omit BL I-94; western terminus of BL I-94
Kimball–Port Huron township line| 269.525| 433.758| 269| Range Road, Dove Street| Signs westbound omit Dove Street
Port Huron Township| 271.271–
271.820| 436.568–
437.452| 271|
I-69 west – Flint, Lansing| Western end of I-69 concurrency; signs eastbound omit Lansing; exit 198 on I-69
271.529| 436.984|
BL I-69 east – Port Huron| Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; western terminus of BL I-69
273.826| 440.680| 274| Water Street, Lapeer Avenue – Port Huron| Signed as exits 274A (Lapeer Avenue) and 274B (Water Street) eastbound; indirect access to Lapeer Avenue via Lapeer Connector (former M-146); no direct eastbound entrance to Blue Water Bridge
Port Huron| 275.102| 442.734| 275|
M-25 north / LHCT – Lexington

BL I-69 west / BL I-94 west – Downtown Port Huron| Western end of LHCT concurrency; eastbound last exit before Canada; eastern terminus of BL I-69/BL I-94; southern terminus of M-25; signs eastbound omit BL I-69/BL I-94 and Lexington; no exit number westbound
274.770| 442.199| Toll Plaza (eastbound)
U.S. Customs (westbound)
St. Clair River
Canadian border| 275.304–
275.398| 443.059–
443.210| Blue Water Bridge (tolled)
|  Highway 402 east / LHCT – Sarnia, London| Continuation into Ontario
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

* Closed/former
* Concurrency terminus
* Incomplete access
* Tolled

## Related trunklines

[edit]

Main articles: Interstate 194 and Business routes of Interstate 94 in Michigan

Signage along I-194/M-66, the "Sojourner Truth Downtown Parkway"

There are nine highways related to I-94 in Michigan. The first is the spur into downtown Battle Creek numbered I-194 and nicknamed "The Penetrator"[122] and officially called the "Sojourner Truth Downtown Parkway".[123] This auxiliary Interstate Highway runs for about three miles (4.8 km) to connect I-94 northward into downtown. The other eight highways are business loops of I-94 that connect various cities' downtowns with the main freeway. Unlike I-194, these loops are not freeways. Located from west to east along I-94's routing in Michigan, they serve Benton Harbor–St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Battle Creek, Marshall, Albion, Jackson, Ann Arbor, and Port Huron.[6]

## See also

[edit]

* Michigan Highways portal

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The Michigan State Highway Department was reorganized into the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation on August 23, 1973.[15] The name was shortened to its current form in 1978.[16]
2. ^ AASHO was renamed the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) on November 11, 1973.[20]
3. ^ At the time the United States Numbered Highway System was created, the highway along the modern US 12 through Coldwater and Ypsilanti to Detroit was numbered US 112.[21]
4. ^ The other highway so designated is a section of US 131.[89]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Michigan Department of Transportation (2021). Next Generation PR Finder (Map). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
2. ^ a b Treloar, James (December 2, 1959). "Expressway Will Remake Southwest Michigan: 55 Miles More Open Next Week". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. § 2, p. 1. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved August 14, 2016 - via Newspapers.com.
3. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006). National Highway System, Michigan (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
4. ^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
5. ^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (2015). "Traffic Monitoring Information System". Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Michigan Department of Transportation (2013). Pure Michigan: State Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ N7–M14, M14–K14. OCLC 42778335, 861227559.
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Overview Map of Interstate 94 in Michigan" (Map). Google Maps. Google. August 20, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
8. ^ Barnett, LeRoy (2004). A Drive Down Memory Lane: The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan. Allegan Forest, Michigan: The Priscilla Press. p. 183\. ISBN 978-1-886167-24-7. OCLC 57425393.
9. ^ a b Springgate, Jack (November 9, 2022). "New US 31 Route Opens to Warm Receptions". 16 News Now. South Bend, Indiana: WNDU-TV. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
10. ^ a b Michigan Department of Transportation (n.d.). "Road & Highway Facts". History & Culture. Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
11. ^ Strong, Michael (October 24, 2005). "Detroit Builds Gateway Link Inspired by Super Bowl". Engineering News-Record. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
12. ^ Morrison, Roger L. (Autumn 1937). "The History and Development of Michigan Highways". Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review. Vol. 39, no. 54\. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Bureau of Alumni Relations. pp. 59–73. OCLC 698029175.
13. ^ Mason, Philip P. (1959). Michigan Highways From Indian Trails to Expressways. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Braun-Brumfield. p. 18\. OCLC 23314983.
14. ^ Michigan Legislature (1915) [enacted May 13, 1913]. "Chapter 91: State Reward Trunk Line Highways". In Shields, Edmund C.; Black, Cyrenius P. & Broomfield, Archibald (eds.). The Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan. Vol. 1\. Lansing, Michigan: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford. pp. 1868–72. OCLC 44724558. Retrieved January 24, 2012 - via Google Books.
15. ^ Kulsea, Bill & Shawver, Tom (1980). Making Michigan Move: A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 27\. OCLC 8169232. Retrieved January 18, 2021 - via Wikisource.
16. ^ Kulsea & Shawver (1980), pp. 30–1.
17. ^ "Michigan May Do Well Following Wisconsin's Road Marking System". The Grand Rapids Press. September 20, 1919. p. 10\. OCLC 9975013.
18. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1919). State of Michigan (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Lower Peninsula sheet. OCLC 15607244. Retrieved October 17, 2019 - via Michigan History Center.
19. ^ McNichol, Dan (2006). The Roads that Built America: The Incredible Story of the US Interstate System. New York: Sterling. p. 74\. ISBN 978-1-4027-3468-7. OCLC 63377558.
20. ^ Federal Highway Administration (December 4, 2012). "November 13". Highway History. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
21. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department (December 1, 1926). Official Highway Condition Map (Map). [c. 1:823,680]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department.
22. ^ Hyde, Charles K. (1993). Historic Highway Bridges of Michigan. Great Lakes Books. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 109\. ISBN 978-0-8143-2448-6. OCLC 27011079. Retrieved September 7, 2019 - via Archive.org.
23. ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (July 15, 1940). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Battle Creek inset. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 - via Michigan History Center.
24. ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1941). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Battle Creek inset. OCLC 12701143.
25. ^ a b c d "Aging Willow Run Expressway Has Served Michigan Well". The Ann Arbor News. July 15, 1972. p. 12\. OCLC 9497417. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2013 - via Ann Arbor District Library.
26. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1956). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ M12–M13. OCLC 12701120.
27. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1956). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ M12–M13. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 - via Michigan History Center.
28. ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (June 1, 1943). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ M12–M13.
29. ^ Barnett (2004), p. 81.
30. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (n.d.). "US 12 (Michigan Avenue)–I-94". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
31. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1951). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § M11. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 - via Michigan History Center.
32. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1952). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § M11. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 - via Michigan History Center.
33. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1953). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § M11. OCLC 12701120.
34. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1953). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § M11. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 - via Michigan History Center.
35. ^ Naber, MaryAnn (November 1, 2006). "Final List of Nationally and Exceptionally Significant Features of the Federal Interstate Highway System". Historic Preservation: Interstate Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on August 11, 2006. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
36. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (n.d.). "I-94 EB / I-94 Ramp to M-10". Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
37. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1954). Michigan Water Wonderland: Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § M9. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 - via Michigan History Center.
38. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1954). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § M9. OCLC 12701120.
39. ^ Brown, Bernice (n.d.). "Edsel Ford Expressway". Encyclopedia of Detroit. Detroit Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
40. ^ Public Roads Administration (August 2, 1947). National System of Interstate Highways (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Public Roads Administration. Retrieved September 4, 2010 - via Wikimedia Commons.
41. ^ Public Roads Administration (September 1955). "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" (Map). General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955. Scale not given. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. OCLC 416597 - via Wikimedia Commons.
42. ^ Public Roads Administration (August 2, 1947). National System of Interstate Highways (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Public Roads Administration. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
43. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (April 25, 1958). "Recommended Numbering: Interstate Highways in Michigan". Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 21, 2003. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
44. ^ American Association of State Highway Officials (June 27, 1958). Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials. Retrieved May 10, 2008 - via Wikimedia Commons.
45. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1958). Official Highway Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Port Huron inset. OCLC 12701120, 51856742. Retrieved October 17, 2019 - via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1958)
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61. ^ a b c d e https://www.michiganhighways.org/listings/I-094.html#I-94
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64. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1964). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ L14–M14. OCLC 12701120, 81213707. Retrieved October 17, 2019 - via Michigan History Center.
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70. ^ "Dearborn I-94 Plan Approved". Detroit Free Press. September 25, 1964. p. 5A. Retrieved July 10, 2018 - via Newspapers.com.
71. ^ a b Michigan Department of State Highways (1967). Michigan Water-Winter Wonderland: Official Highway Map (Map). Not to scale. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. Michigan Freeways inset. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 - via Michigan History Center.
72. ^ a b Michigan Department of State Highways (1968). Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. Detroit and Vicinity inset. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 - via Michigan History Center.
73. ^ "Railroad Once Crossed I-94". Albion Morning Star. July 27, 2008. p. 6\. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2014 - via Albion Historical Notebook.
74. ^ "Last Stretch of I-94 Open". Ironwood Daily Globe. Associated Press. November 2, 1972. p. 7\. OCLC 10890811. Retrieved May 3, 2015 - via Newspapers.com.
75. ^ Michigan Department of State Highways (1973). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. Detroit and Vicinity inset. § G5. OCLC 12701120, 81679137. Retrieved October 17, 2019 - via Michigan History Center.
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77. ^ American Automobile Association (October 1971). AAA Detroit Southern Suburbs (Map). Scale not given. Falls Church, Virginia: American Automobile Association. Southfield Road Interchange inset.
78. ^ Laitner, Bill (April 1, 1985). "DOT Promises Road Construction Will Be Hassle-Free". Detroit Free Press. p. 3E. Retrieved July 10, 2018 - via Newspapers.com.
79. ^ "Horror, Grief and Debris Mark Scene of Fatal Crash". The San Bernardino County Sun. San Bernardino, California. Associated Press. August 18, 1987. p. A5. OCLC 51620589. Retrieved May 3, 2015 - via Newspapers.com.
80. ^ Burnett, Jim; Kolstad, James L.; Lauber, John L. & Nall, Joseph T. (May 10, 1988). Aircraft Accident Report: Northwest Airlines, Inc., McDonnell-Douglas DC-9-82, N312RC, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Romulus, Michigan, August 16, 1987 (PDF). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. p. 5\. NTSB/AAR-88/05. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
81. ^ Fritz, Mark (August 19, 1987). "Dangerous Wind Shifts at Detroit Airport Detected 30 Minutes Before Fatal Crash". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Associated Press. p. A1. ISSN 0319-0714. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
82. ^ "Memorial Held for Victims of 1987 Plane Crash". MLive.com. Booth Newspapers. Associated Press. August 16, 2012. Archived from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
83. ^ Hyde (1993), p. 152.
84. ^ a b Johnston, Louis & Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
85. ^ Barnett (2004), p. 117.
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87. ^ Egan, Paul (July 23, 1997). "Just Another Day for Cars, Trucks as New Blue Water Bridge Opens". Times Herald. Port Huron, Michigan. p. 1A. OCLC 36177739. Retrieved August 26, 2018 - via Newspapers.com.
88. ^ Barnett (2004), pp. 163–4.
89. ^ a b Barnett (2004), pp. 215–16.
90. ^ American Automobile Association (October 1971). AAA Detroit Southern Suburbs (Map). Scale not given. Falls Church, Virginia: American Automobile Association. Telegraph Road Interchange inset. Archived from the original on June 3, 2014.
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93. ^ Abdalla, Hiba & Benesch, Alfred (February 28, 2014). "Case Study: Designing Michigan's I-94 Gateway Arch Bridges". LUSAS Bridge. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
94. ^ "I-94 Interchange Closes Monday". Battle Creek Enquirer. April 24, 2009. OCLC 33956507. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
95. ^ Office of the Governor (June 29, 2012). "Snyder Signs Bills to Commit Dollars to Infrastructure" (Press release). Office of the Governor. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
96. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (n.d.). "I-94, Sargent Road Interchange Reconstruction" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
97. ^ Arend, Kari (October 21, 2012). "Continuous Single-Lane Closure on I-94 at Sargent Road in Jackson to Start Oct. 21" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
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109. ^ Swidwa, Julie (November 5, 2022). "Final Leg of US 31 Freeway in Berrien County to Open Next Week". The Herald Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
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123. ^ Barnett (2004), p. 201.

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