Intramuros

Historic walled city and district of Manila, Philippines

District in National Capital Region, Philippines

Intramuros

District

Clockwise, from top left: Intramuros entrance (Parian gate), Baluarte de San Diego, Fort Santiago, Ayuntamiento de Manila, Plaza San Luís Complex, San Agustin Church, Tranvía, Manila Cathedral.

Logo of the Intramuros Administration

Nicknames:

Old Manila; the Walled City

Motto(s):

Insigne y siempre leal
Distinguished and ever loyal

Intramuros

Coordinates: 14°35′29″N 120°58′25″E﻿ / ﻿14.59147°N 120.97356°E﻿ / 14.59147; 120.97356
Country| Philippines
Region| National Capital Region
City| Manila
Congressional District| 5th District of Manila
Barangays| 5
Settled| June 12, 1571 (1571-06-12)
Founded by| Miguel López de Legazpi
Government

• Administrator of Intramuros| Atty. Joan M. Padilla
Area

• Total

| 0.67 km2 (0.26 sq mi)
Population

(2020)[1]

• Total

| 6,103
• Density| 9,100/km2 (24,000/sq mi)
Time zone| UTC+08:00 (Philippine Standard Time)
Zip codes|

1002

Area codes| 2
Website| intramuros.gov.ph

Intramuros (lit. 'within the walls' or 'inside the walls') is the 0.67-square-kilometer (0.26 sq mi) historic walled area within the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is administered by the Intramuros Administration with the help of the city government of Manila.[2]

Intramuros comprises a centuries-old historic district, entirely surrounded by fortifications, that was considered at the time of the Spanish Empire to be the entire City of Manila. Other towns and arrabales (suburbs) located beyond the walls that are now districts of Manila were referred to as extramuros, Spanish for "outside the walls",[3][4] and were independent towns that were only incorporated into the city of Manila during the early 20th century.

Intramuros served as the seat of government of the Captaincy General of the Philippines, a component realm of the Spanish Empire, housing the colony's governor-general from its founding in 1571 until 1865, and the Real Audiencia of Manila until the end of Spanish rule during the Philippine Revolution of 1898. The walled city was also considered the religious and educational center of the Spanish East Indies.[5] Intramuros was also an economic center as the Asian hub of the Manila galleon trade, carrying goods to and from Acapulco in what is now Mexico.

During the early 20th century, under the administration of American colonial authorities, land reclamation and the construction of the Manila South Port subsequently moved the coastline westward and obscured the walls and fort from the bay, while the moat surrounding the fortifications was drained and turned into a recreational golf course. The Battle of Manila in 1945 during World War II entirely flattened Intramuros. Though reconstruction efforts began immediately after the war, many of its original landmarks are still lost today; under the Intramuros Administration, Intramuros is still in the process of postwar reconstruction and revival of its cultural heritage.

While Intramuros is no longer the seat of the contemporary Philippine government, several Philippine government agencies are headquartered in Intramuros. Moreover, Intramuros remains a significant educational center as part of the city's University Belt. Several offices of the Philippine Catholic Church are also found in the district.

Intramuros was designated a National Historical Landmark in 1951. The fortifications of Intramuros were declared National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum of the Philippines, owing to its historic and cultural significance.[6] San Agustín Church, one of four UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the entry Baroque Churches of the Philippines, is located within the walled district. Intramuros and other historical sites in Manila are currently being proposed by the UNESCO Philippine National Commission to the country's tentative list for future UNESCO World Heritage Site inscription as The Walled City and Historic Monuments of Manila.[7]

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Manila

### Pre-Hispanic period

[edit]

The strategic location of Manila along the bay and at the mouth of the Pasig River made it an ideal location for the Tagalog tribes and kingdoms to trade with merchants from what would be today's China, India, Borneo, and Indonesia. The prehistoric polity of Maynila was located where Intramuros would be built.[8]

In 1564, Spanish explorers led by Miguel López de Legazpi sailed from New Spain, now Mexico, and arrived on the island of Cebu in April 1565, establishing the first Spanish capitania in the Philippines.[9] Having heard from the natives about the rich resources in Maynila, Legazpi dispatched two of his lieutenant-commanders, Martín de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo, to explore the island of Luzon.

The Spaniards arrived on the island of Luzon in 1570. After quarrels and misunderstandings between the Muslim natives and the Spaniards, they fought for control of the land and settlements. After several months of warfare the natives were defeated, and the Spaniards made a peace pact with the councils of Rajah Sulaiman III, Lakan Dula, and Rajah Matanda who handed over the city to the Spaniards.

### Spanish colonial period (1571–1898)

[edit]

Further information: History of the Philippines (1521–1898)

A 1734 map of Intramuros, from the Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas

Legazpi declared the area of Manila as the new capital of the Spanish colony on June 24, 1571, because of its strategic location and rich resources. He also proclaimed the sovereignty of the Monarchy of Spain over the whole archipelago. King Philip II of Spain delighted at the new conquest achieved by Legazpi and his men, awarding the city a coat of arms and declaring it as: Ciudad Insigne y Siempre Leal (English: "Distinguished and Ever Loyal City"). It was settled and became the political, military, and religious center of the Spanish Empire in Asia.

An 1851 map of Intramuros

The city was in constant danger of natural and man-made disasters and worse, attacks from foreign invaders. In 1574, a fleet of Chinese pirates led by Limahong attacked the city and destroyed it before the Spaniards drove them away. The colony had to be rebuilt again by the survivors.[10] These attacks prompted the construction of the wall. The city of stone began during the rule of Governor-General Santiago de Vera.[11] The city was planned and executed by Jesuit Priest Antonio Sedeno[10] in accordance with the Laws of the Indies and was approved by King Philip II's Royal Ordinance that was issued in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain. The succeeding governor-general, Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas brought with him from Spain the royal instructions to carry into effect the said decree stating that "to enclose the city with stone and erect a suitable fort at the junction of the sea and river". Leonardo Iturriano, a Spanish military engineer specializing in fortifications, headed the project. Chinese and Filipino workers built the walls.

Puerta de Santa Lucía in 1873.

Fort Santiago was rebuilt and a circular fort, known as Nuestra Senora de Guia, was erected to defend the land and sea on the southwestern side of the city. Funds came from a monopoly on playing cards and fines imposed on its excessive play. Chinese goods were taxed for two years. Designed by Geronimo Tongco and Pedro Jusepe,[12] construction of the walls began on 1590 and continued under many governor-generals until 1872. By the middle of 1592, Dasmarinas wrote the King about the satisfactory development of the new walls and fortification.[13] Since the construction was carried on during different periods and often far apart, the walls were not built according to any uniform plan.[11]

Improvements continued during the terms of the succeeding Governor-Generals. Governor-General Juan de Silva executed certain work on the fortifications in 1609 which was improved by Juan Niño de Tabora in 1626, and by Diego Fajardo Chacón in 1644. The erection of the Baluarte de San Diego was also completed that year, replacing the Nuestra Senora de Guia.[14] This bastion, shaped like an "ace of spades" is the southernmost point of the wall and the first of the large bastions added to the encircling walls, then of no great height nor of finished construction.[15] Ravelins and reductos were added to strengthen weak areas and serve as outer defenses. A moat was built around the city with the Pasig River serving as a natural barrier on one side. By the 18th century, the city was totally enclosed. The last construction works were completed by the start of the 19th century.[13]

View of the walled city from across the Pasig River 1789-1794

#### Inside colonial Intramuros

[edit]

A sketch of Plaza de Roma of Manila by Fernando Brambila, a member of the Malaspina Expedition during their stop in Manila in 1792

The main square of the city of Manila was Plaza Mayor (later known as Plaza McKinley then Plaza de Roma) in front of the Manila Cathedral. East of the plaza was the Ayuntamiento (City Hall) and facing it was the Palacio del Gobernador, the official residence of the Spanish viceroyalties to the Philippines. An earthquake on June 3, 1863, destroyed the three buildings and much of the city. The residence of the Governor-General was moved to Malacañang Palace located about 3 km (1.9 mi) up on the Pasig River. The two previous buildings were later rebuilt but not the Governor's Palace.

Inside the walls were other Roman Catholic churches, the oldest being San Agustin Church (Augustinians) built in 1607. The other churches built by the different religious orders – San Nicolas de Tolentino Church (Recollects), San Francisco Church (Franciscans), Third Venerable Order Church (Third Order of St. Francis), Santo Domingo Church (Dominican), Lourdes Church (Capuchins), and the San Ignacio Church (Jesuits) – has made the small walled city the City of Churches. Intramuros was the center of large educational institutions in the Philippines.[3]

Street scene in Intramuros with its Bahay na bato edifices. late 19th century-early 20th century.

Convents and church-run schools were established by the different religious orders. The Dominicans established the Universidad de Santo Tomás in 1611 and the Colegio de San Juan de Letrán in 1620. The Jesuits established the Universidad de San Ignacio in 1590, the first university in the Philippines. It closed in 1768, following the expulsion of the Jesuits in the Philippines. After the Jesuits were allowed to return to the Philippines, they established the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1859.[16]

Plaza de Santo Tomas

In the initial period of colonization, there were a total of 1,200 Spanish families living in the vicinity of Intramuros, 600 Spanish families within the walls and another 600 living in the suburbs outside Intramuros. In addition to this were about 400 Spanish soldiers garrisoned at the walled city.[17]

### American period (1898–1946)

[edit]

1902 photo taken by US military personnel showing Spanish artilleryAerial view of the Walled City, 1939

After the end of the Spanish–American War, Spain surrendered the Philippines and several other territories to the United States as part of the terms of the Treaty of Paris for $20 million. The American flag was raised at Fort Santiago on August 13, 1898, indicating the start of American rule over the city.[citation needed] The Ayuntamiento became the seat of the Philippine Commission of the United States in 1901. Fort Santiago became the headquarters of the Philippine Division of the United States Army.[citation needed]

The Americans made drastic changes to Manila, such as in 1903, when the walls from the Santo Domingo Gate up to the Almacenes Gate were removed as the wharf on the southern bank of the Pasig River was improved.[citation needed] The stones removed were used for other construction happening around the city.[citation needed]

The walls were breached in four areas to ease access to the city: the southwestern end of Calle Aduana (now Andres Soriano Jr. Ave.); the eastern end of Calle Anda; the northeastern end of Calle Victoria (previously known as Calle de la Escuela); and the southeastern end of Calle Palacio (now General Luna Street).[citation needed] The double moats that surrounded Intramuros were deemed unsanitary and were filled in with mud dredged from Manila Bay, where the present Port of Manila is now located. The moats were transformed into a municipal golf course by the city.[citation needed]

Reclamations for the construction of the Port of Manila, the Manila Hotel, and Rizal Park obscured the old walls and skyline of the city from Manila Bay.[18] The Americans also founded the first school under the new government, the Manila High School, on June 11, 1906, along Victoria Street.[19]

In 1936, Commonwealth Act No. 171 was passed requiring that all future buildings to be constructed in Intramuros adopt Spanish colonial type architecture.

#### World War II and Japanese occupation

[edit]

In December 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded the Philippines. The first casualties in Intramuros were the destruction of Santo Domingo Church and the original University of Santo Tomas campus during an assault. The whole city of Manila was declared by General Douglas MacArthur as an open city as Manila was indefensible.

In January 1945, the battle for the liberation of Manila began when American troops returned. Intense urban fighting occurred between the combined American and Filipino troops under the United States Army and Philippine Commonwealth Army including recognized guerrillas, against the 30,000 Japanese defenders. As the battle continued, both sides inflicted heavy damage on the city culminating with the Manila massacre by Japanese troops.[20]

The Imperial Japanese Army was pushed back, eventually retreating into the Intramuros district. General MacArthur, though opposed to the bombing of the walled city, approved heavy shelling, which resulted in deaths of over 16,665 Japanese within Intramuros.[20] Two of the eight gates of Intramuros were badly damaged by American tanks. The bombings levelled most of Intramuros, leaving only 5% of the city structures. 40% of the walls were destroyed in the bombings.[21][22] Over 100,000 Filipino men, women and children died from February 3 to March 3, 1945, during the Battle of Manila.

At the end of World War II, all of the buildings and structures in Intramuros were destroyed, with only the damaged San Agustin Church still standing.[22][23][24]

### Contemporary period (1946–present)

[edit]

Ayuntamiento de Manila Intramuros and South Harbor in 2018 The Bayleaf Intramuros Hotel is an example of adaptive reuse of postwar buildings in the area.

In 1951, Intramuros was declared a historical monument and Fort Santiago, a national shrine with Republic Act 597, with the policy of restoring, reconstructing, and urban planning of Intramuros. In 1956, Republic Act 1607 declared Intramuros a "commercial, residential and educational district", opening up the district to development disregarding the historicity of the area. The same law also repealed Commonwealth Act No. 171 and Republic Act No. 597. Several laws and decrees also followed but results were deemed unsatisfactory due to limited funds.[25]

In 1979, the Intramuros Administration (IA) was created by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1616, signed by President Ferdinand Marcos on April 10 of that year.[26]

Since then, the IA has been slowly restoring the walls, the sub-features of the fortification, and the city within. The remaining five original gates have been restored or rebuilt: Isabel II Gate, Parian Gate, Real Gate, Santa Lucía Gate and the Postigo Gate. The entrances made by the Americans by breaching the walls at four locations are now spanned by walkways thereby creating a connection, seamless in design and character to the original walls. Buildings destroyed during the war were subsequently rebuilt: Manila Cathedral was rebuilt and was opened to the public in 1958, Ayuntamiento de Manila was rebuilt in 2013, while the San Ignacio Church and Convent is currently being reconstructed as the Museo de Intramuros.

In January 2015, during Pope Francis's visit to the Philippines, he led a mass at the Manila Cathedral that was attended by an estimated 2,000 bishops, priests and religious leaders of the Philippine Catholic Church.[27] Anthology, an annual 3-day festival about architecture and design, was first launched in June 2016 at Intramuros. Since then, it has been renting Fort Santiago as a venue where seminars and other activities were held, with guest speakers from local and international people from the field of architecture and design.[28] It is made possible through the partnership of WTA Architecture + Design Studio and the Intramuros Administration, who are also responsible for the critically acclaimed the Book Stop Intramuros located in Plaza Roma.

The Department of Tourism along with the Intramuros Administration launched the first major project of the newly created Faith Sector that focuses on the historic and cultural religious wealth of the Walled City. For the 2018 lenten season, seven religious destinations can be visited. For the first time since World War II, Visita Iglesia is once again possible in Intramuros. The seven destinations are the Manila Cathedral, San Agustin Church, San Ignacio Church, Guadalupe Shrine in Fort Santiago, Knights of Columbus Fr. Willman Chapel, Lyceum of the Philippines University Chapel, and the Mapua University Chapel. The event pays homage to the original seven churches during the prewar Intramuros.[29][30] The 2018 lenten season event draws Infinite People from both foreign and local tourists in Intramuros.[31][32] The Intramuros Administration, together with the Royal Danish Embassy in Manila, and Felta Multimedia, Inc., opened the iMake History Fortress at the Baluarte de Santa Barbara in Fort Santiago last March 19, 2018. The facility is the first history-based Lego education center in the world.[33]

The COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 caused the Intramuros Administration to temporarily close several sites within Intramuros including Fort Santiago, Museo de Intramuros, and Casa Manila.[34]

## City walls

[edit]

Intramuros walls near Puerta Real

The stone outline of the defensive wall of Intramuros is irregular in shape, following the contours of Manila Bay and the curvature of the Pasig River. The Muralla walls covered an area of 64 hectares (160 acres) of land, surrounded by 8 feet (2.4 m) thick stones and high walls that rise to 22 feet (6.7 m). The walls stretched to an estimated 3-5 kilometers in length. An inner moat (foso) surrounds the perimeter of the wall and an outer moat (contrafoso) surrounds the walls that face the city.

### Defense structures

[edit]

Watchtower of the Baluarte de San Andres

Several bulwarks (baluarte), ravelins (ravellin) and redoubts (reductos) are strategically located along the massive walls of Intramuros following the design of medieval fortifications. The seven bastions (clockwise, from Fort Santiago) are the Bastions of Tenerias, Aduana, San Gabriel, San Lorenzo, San Andres, San Diego, and Plano.[35] The bastions were constructed at different periods of time, the reason for the differences in style. The oldest bastion is the Bastion de San Diego, which was built in 1587.

The fortifications of Intramuros comprises several parts, the front facing the sea and the river, which were less elaborate and complex, and the three-sided land front with its corresponding bastions. Fort Santiago was built at the northwest tip where the sea and river converge, and this functioned as a citadel. Fort Santiago has significantly served as military headquarters of Spanish, British, United States and Japan during different eras throughout the Philippine history.

In Fort Santiago, there are bastions on each corner of the triangular fort. The Baluarte de Santa Bárbara faces the bay and Pasig River; Baluarte de San Miguel, faces the bay; and the Medio Baluarte de San Francisco, which faces the Pasig River.[36]

### Gates

[edit]

Main article: Gates of Intramuros

The Puerta Real (Royal Gate) was built in 1780

Before the American Era, entrance to the city was through eight gates or Puertas. They were, clockwise, from Fort Santiago, Puerta Almacenes, Puerta de la Aduana, Puerta de Santo Domingo, Puerta Isabel II, Puerta del Parian, Puerta Real, Puerta Sta. Lucia, and Puerta del Postigo.[37] Three of the gates were destroyed. Two of them, the Almacenes Gate and the Santo Domingo/Customs Gate, were destroyed by American engineers when they open up the northern part of the walls to the wharves.[35]

The Banderas Gate was destroyed during an earthquake and was never rebuilt. Formerly, drawbridges were raised and the city was closed and under the watch of sentinels from 11:00 pm until 4:00 am. It continued so until 1852, when, in consequence of the earthquake of that year, it was decreed that the gates should remain open night and day.[35]

## Present day Intramuros

[edit]

Aduana Building ruins

Intramuros is the only district of Manila where old Spanish-era influences are still plentiful. Fort Santiago is now a well-maintained park and popular tourist destination. Adjacent to Fort Santiago is the reconstructed Maestranza Wall, which was removed by the Americans in 1903 to widen the wharves thus opening the city to Pasig River. One of the future plans of the Intramuros Administration is to complete the perimeter walls that surround the city making it completely circumnavigable from the walkway on top of the walls.[38]

There has been minimal commercialization occurring within the district, despite restoration efforts. A few fast food establishments set up shop at the turn of the 21st century, catering mostly to the student population within Intramuros. Shipping companies have also set up offices inside the district. Concerts, tours and exhibitions are frequently held within Intramuros to draw both local and foreign tourists.

### Register of Styles

[edit]

The Intramuros Register of Styles is the main architectural code of Intramuros, the historic core of the City of Manila, Philippines. It became part of Presidential Decree No. 1616, as amended, when it was gazetted by the Official Gazette of the Philippines on June 17, 2022.[39] The Intramuros Administration is the agency of the Philippine Government responsible for the implementation of the Register of Styles.

Intramuros in Manila is the only locality in the Philippines where, for cultural reasons, the use, height, scale, and aesthetics of all new constructions and development are pre-determined and strictly regulated under the force of a national law. The Register of Styles, as an integral part of Presidential Decree No. 1616, is the main legal document prescribing and guiding the implementation of pre-war architectural colonial styles in Intramuros.[40][41]

The Register of Styles is the first document to detail the historical styles of Intramuros. It was authored by Rancho Arcilla, who was then the Archivist of the Intramural Administration, and under the initiative of Guiller Asido, the former Administrator of Intramuros.[40] Being an integral part of Presidential Decree No. 1616, the Register of Styles is the only architectural stylebook in the Philippines with the force and potency of a national law.

By form, the urban landscape of Intramuros mostly lacked setbacks, with buildings that were mostly terraced (rowhouses). Courtyards or backyards were exceptionally well adapted to the climate. By style Intramuros was described as both vernacular and cosmopolitan. While its Church and State buildings were European in orientation, albeit adapted and localized, most of the buildings enclaved within its walls embraced tropical vernacular constructions as exemplified by the Bahay na bato. Churches, fortifications, and palaces fashioned in European styles, though few, became icons and objects of popular imagination. In contrast, the vernacular Bahay na Bato, which was adopted in majority of buildings, prevailed in terms of number of constructions. Except in certain instances, the Register of Styles prescribes tha Bahay na bato as the default style for new constructions in Intramuros.[41]

The Register of Styles prescribes the Bahay na bato as the default style for new constructions in Intramuros. It explicitly recognized the Bahay na Bato as the dominant architectural typology of Intramuros during the Spanish colonial era until the destruction of the Walled City in 1945 during the Second World War. Pursuant to the Intramuros Register of Styles, new constructions in Intramuros that do not follow the Bahay na Bato typology may only be allowed only in specific locations where a Non-Bahay na Bato structure (e.g. a Neoclassical building) was known to exist. Otherwise, new constructions are required to follow the Bahay na Bato type.[41]

### Education

[edit]

See also: Intramuros Consortium

The center of education since the colonial period, Manila — particularly Intramuros — is home to several Philippine universities and colleges as well as its oldest ones. It served as the home of the University of Santo Tomas (1611), Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620), Ateneo de Manila University (1859), Lyceum of the Philippines University and Mapúa University. The University of Santo Tomas transferred to a new campus at Sampaloc in 1927, and Ateneo left Intramuros for Loyola Heights, Quezon City (while still retaining "de Manila" in its name) in 1952.

New non-sectarian schools were established and built over the ruins after the war. The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, established in 1965 by the city government of Manila, was built at the site of the old Cuartel España (Spanish Barracks). The Lyceum of the Philippines University, a private university founded in 1952 by Philippine President Jose P. Laurel, was built over the lot of San Juan de Dios Hospital. The hospital moved out to Roxas Boulevard in Pasay.

The Mapúa University, which was founded in 1925 in Quiapo, Manila moved in Intramuros after the war. Its postwar campus was built on the location of the destroyed San Francisco Church and the Third Venerable Order Church at the corner of San Francisco and Solana Streets. The three new educational institutions, along with Colegio de San Juan de Letran formed an academic cooperation called the Intramuros Consortium.

* Colegio de San Juan de Letrán

* Colegio de Santa Rosa

* Lyceum of the Philippines University

* Manila High School

* Mapúa University

* University of the City of Manila

### Churches

[edit]

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Manila Cathedral has merited a papal endorsement from Pope Gregory XIII and three apostolic visits from Popes Paul VI, John Paul II and Francis. The San Agustin Church, a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the collective title Baroque Churches of the Philippines

Intramuros, as the seat of religious and political power during the colonial period, was the home to eight grand churches built by different religious orders. All but one of these churches were destroyed in the Battle of Manila. Only San Agustin Church, the oldest building in existence in Manila completed in 1607, was the only structure inside the Walled City not to be destroyed during the war. The Manila Cathedral, the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila, was reconstructed in 1958.

The other religious orders reconstructed their churches outside Intramuros after the war. The Dominicans rebuilt Santo Domingo Church on Quezon Avenue in Quezon City. The Augustinian Recollects moved to their other church, the San Sebastian Church (now Basilica), 2.5-kilometer (1.6 mi) northeast of the Muralla, walled city. The Capuchins moved the Lourdes Church in 1951 to the corner of Kanlaon St. and Retiro St. (now Amoranto Ave.) in Quezon City. It was declared a National Shrine in 1997. The Order of Saint John of God moved to Roxas while the Order of Poor Clares in Aurora Boulevard. The San Ignacio Church and Convent is now currently being reconstructed as Museo de Intramuros, an ecclesiastical museum.

### Monuments and statues

[edit]

World War II, along with various disasters, has led to the destruction of numerous historical monuments and statues. However, several monuments have managed to withstand and the ones that remain can still be visited today in Intramuros. Other statues and monuments have been added as a testament to the area's rich history.

Monuments and statues in Intramuros  Name  | Image  | Location  | Designers  | Year  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Adolfo López Mateos Statue  |  | Plaza Mexico
14°35′39″N 120°58′28″E﻿ / ﻿14.59417°N 120.97444°E﻿ / 14.59417; 120.97444﻿ (Plaza Mexico) | Luis A. Sanguino- Sculptor  |  | Statue of a seated Adolfo López Mateos was the President of Mexico from 1958 to 1964.
Anda Monument |  | Anda Circle |  | 1871  | Originally located at Plaza Maestranza near Fort Santiago. In 1957, the whole monument was transferred outside Intramuros to Bonifacio Drive, where it now stands in Anda Circle. In recent years it has been painted over, with the lower level vandalized with graffiti.
Benavides Monument |  | Plaza Santo Tomas  | Tony Noël  | 1889  | Replica; the undamaged original statue was transferred in 1946 to the Sampaloc Campus of the University of Santo Tomas, now fronting the Main Building. Its original marble pedestal had been completely obliterated during the Battle of Manila in 1945.
Carlos IV monument |  | Plaza de Roma
14°35′32″N 120°58′23″E﻿ / ﻿14.59222°N 120.97306°E﻿ / 14.59222; 120.97306﻿ (King Charles IV Monument) |  |  | Monument to Charles IV
King Philip II Statue  | 0922jfIntramuros Manila Landmarks Buildingsfvf 35 | Plaza de España
14°35′36″N 120°58′28″E﻿ / ﻿14.59333°N 120.97444°E﻿ / 14.59333; 120.97444﻿ (King Philip II Statue) |  |  | Monument to Philip II, where the Philippines is named after
Legazpi-Urdaneta Monument |  | Bonifacio Drive opposite the Manila Hotel | Agustí Querol Subirats | 1929  | In 2012, some of its metal ornaments had been stolen and unscrupulously sold as scrap metal.
Memorare – Manila 1945 Memorial (Shrine of Freedom)  | In memory of those who perished during the Occupation of the Japanese Imperial Forces | Plazuela de Santa Isabel  |  | 1995  | The inscription for the memorial was penned by National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin.
Queen Isabel II Statue |  | Puerta Isabel II  | Ponciano Ponzano | 1860  | Formerly located at Plaza Rajah Sulayman in front of Malate Church. The statue was transferred in 1975 at the front of Puerta Isabel II during the visit of the then Prince Juan Carlos of Spain.
Rizal Statue  | Rizal Shrine in Intramuros | Rizal Shrine |  |  | Depicts Jose Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines
Rizal sa loob ng piitan  | Jose Rizal, Intramuros | Rizal Shrine |  |  | Depicts Jose Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines

## Structures before and after World War II

[edit]

Structure  | Image  | Current structure  | Image  | Note

|
|
|
|

Churches
Lourdes Church
(1892-1945)  |  | El Amanecer Building  |  |
San Francisco Church
(1739-1945)  |  | Mapúa University
(Since 1956)  |  |
San Ignacio Church
(1899-1945)  |  | Museo de Intramuros
(Since 2018)  |  | The church and convent is being reconstructed as the Museo de Intramuros.
Recoletos Church
(1739-1945)  |  | Manila Bulletin Headquarters  |  |
Santo Domingo Church
(1868-1945)  |  | Bank of the Philippine Islands, Benlife Building, and Tuazon Building  |  |
Third Venerable Order Church
(1733-1945)  |  | Mapúa University  |  |
Schools and Convents
Ateneo de Manila University
(1859-1932)  |  | Tent  |  | Transferred to its Padre Faura Campus (now Robinsons Manila) after a fire destroyed its Intramuros Campus in 1932. The school again transferred to its Loyola Heights Campus in 1976–77.
Beaterio de la Compania  |  | Light and Sound Museum  |  | Rebuilt as the Light and Sound Museum
Beaterio-Colegio de Santa Catalina |  | Colegio de San Juan de Letrán Campus  |  | The school and convent transferred to its new campus in Legarda Street, Sampaloc. Its Intramuros lot was acquired by the Colegio de San Juan de Letran to expand its postwar campus.
Colegio de Santa Isabel
(1632-1945)  |  | Vacant Lot, and Plazuela de Santa Isabel  |  | Colegio de Santa Isabel transferred to its new postwar campus on Taft Avenue just outside the city walls.
Real Colegio de Santa Potenciana |  | National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Philippine Red Cross (Manila Chapter), Philippine Veterans Building, and the Insurance Center Building  |  |
Santa Clara Monastery  |  | Vacant Lot  |  |
University of Santo Tomas |  | BF Condominiums  |  | UST transferred to its Sampaloc Campus in 1927. The College of Law remained at Intramuros. However, after the war, the university decided not to rebuild its Intramuros Campus.
Other Buildings
Cuartel de España
(Spanish Barracks)  |  | University of the City of Manila |  |
Hospital de San Juan de Dios |  | Lyceum of the Philippines University |  |
Palacio de Santa Potenciana  |  | Philippine Red Cross |  |

## Administration

[edit]

### Intramuros Administration

[edit]

Main article: Intramuros Administration

Palacio del Gobernador

The Intramuros Administration (IA) is an agency of the Department of Tourism that is mandated to orderly restore, administer, and develop the historic walled area of Intramuros that is situated within the modern City of Manila as well as to insure that the 16th to 19th century Philippine-Spanish architecture remains the general architectural style of the walled area.[42] The Intramuros Administration oversee the day-to-day administration of the district, including the issuance of building permits, traffic re-routing, among others. Its office is located at Palacio del Gobernador in Plaza Roma.[43]

### Barangays

[edit]

Intramuros is composed of five barangays numbered 654 to 658. These five barangays only serve the welfare of the city's constituents because they neither have executive nor legislative powers.

Barangays 654, 655, and 656 are part of Zone 69 of the City of Manila, while barangays 657 and 658 are part of Zone 70.

Barangay  | Land area (km2)  | Population (2020 census)

|
|

Zone 69
Barangay 654  | 0.08678  | 1,042
Barangay 655  | 0.2001  | 1,067
Barangay 656  | 0.3210  | 364
Zone 70
Barangay 657  | 0.3264  | 982
Barangay 658  | 0.2482  | 2,108

## See also

[edit]

* Philippines portal

* Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines
* Intramuros Consortium
* History of Manila

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ "2020 Census of Population and Housing Results" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 16, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
2. ^ Presidential Decree No. 1616 (April 10, 1979), Creating the "Intramuros Administration" for Purposes of Restoring and Administering the Development of Intramuros, The Official Gazette, retrieved July 12, 2017
3. ^ a b Journal of American Folklore, Volumes 17-18. United States: American Folklore Society. 1904. p. 283. ISBN 1248746058. Retrieved August 12, 2012. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
4. ^ O'Connell, Daniel (1908). Manila, the Pearl of the Orient. Manila Merchants' Association. p. 20. ISBN 0217014798. Retrieved August 12, 2012. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
5. ^ "SCHOOLS - INTRAMUROS JOURNEY". discoverintramuros.weebly.com. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
6. ^ Sembrano, Edgar Allan M. (October 8, 2018). "Intramuros, Fort San Antonio Abad declared National Cultural Treasures". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
7. ^ Pending Philippine UNESCO Nominations or Applications
8. ^ "Welcome to Fort Santiago! | Intramuros Administration". Retrieved January 1, 2025.
9. ^ "Miguel López de Legazpi | Explorer, Conquistador, Colonizer | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
10. ^ a b Torres, Jose Victor (2005). Ciudad Murada, A Walk Through Historic Intramuros. Vibal Publishing House. p. 5\. ISBN 971-07-2276-X.
11. ^ a b U.S. War Department 1903, p. 435.
12. ^ "Escolta Maestros: 6 Filipino architects who shaped the old CBD". April 16, 2018.
13. ^ a b Torres, Jose Victor (2005). Ciudad Murada, A Walk Through Historic Intramuros. Vibal Publishing House. p. 6\. ISBN 971-07-2276-X.
14. ^ "Baluarte de San Diego". Intramuros, the Walled City. Retrieved on November 13, 2011.
15. ^ U.S. War Department 1903, p. 436.
16. ^ "History". Ateneo de Manila University. Retrieved on October 11, 2012.
17. ^ Barrows, David (2014). "A History of the Philippines". Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1: 179. "Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or "arrabales," all occupied by Spaniards ("todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles"). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes."
18. ^ City of Manila. "Annual Report of the City of Manila, 1905", p.71. Manila Bureau of Printing.
19. ^ "Manila High School" Archived August 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved on October 11, 2012.
20. ^ a b Ramsey, Russell Wilcox (1993). "On Law & Country", pg. 41. Braden Publishing Company, Boston.
21. ^ Esperanza Bunag Gatbonton. "A SHORT HISTORY AND GUIDE TO INTRAMUROS" (PDF). Philippine Academic Consortium for Latin American Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
22. ^ a b "The Sack of Manila". The Battling Bastards of Bataan (battlingbastardsbataan.com). Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
23. ^ Bernad, Miguel A. "Genocide in Manila". California, USA: Philippine American Literary House (palhbooks.com). PALH Book. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
24. ^ Quezon III, Manuel L. (February 7, 2007). "The Warsaw of Asia: How Manila was Flattened in WWII". Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Arab News Online (archive.arabnews.com). Opinion. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
25. ^ "History of Intramuros". Intramuros, the Walled City. Retrieved on September 14, 2011.
26. ^ "Presidential Decree no. 1616". The LawPhil Project. Retrieved on April 4, 2012.
27. ^ Pedrasa, Ira (December 6, 2014). "Manila Cathedral: The basilica of popes". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
28. ^ "Anthology: Stories About Architecture". WTA Architecture + Design Studio. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
29. ^ Tantiangco, Aya (March 16, 2018). "Seven stops for Visita Iglesia in Intramuros open for the first time since WWII". GMA News. GMA News Online. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
30. ^ Rocamora, Joyce Ann L. (March 15, 2018). "3 big Lenten events lined up in Intramuros". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
31. ^ Arnaldo, Ma. Stella F. (April 3, 2018). "Intramuros welcomed 1 million Catholic faithful during Holy Week". BusinessMirror. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
32. ^ "Faith tourism: 1 million people visited Intramuros during Holy Week". ABS-CBN News. April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
33. ^ "iMake History Fortress LEGO Education Center opens in Intramuros". Intramuros Administration. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
34. ^ "Rizal Park, Intramuros sites temporarily closed amid COVID-19 spread". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
35. ^ a b c U.S. War Department 1903, p.443.
36. ^ "Intramuros Walkthrough". Intramuros, the Walled City. Retrieved on October 1, 2011.
37. ^ "IA Trivia - Eight main gates of Intramuros". Intramuros, the Walled City. Retrieved on September 14, 2011.
38. ^ philstarcom (June 18, 2010). "Maestranza Wall Restoration". YouTube.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-18.
39. ^ Intramuros Administration Website. Rules and Regulations in Intramuros May 1, 2023.
40. ^ a b Intramuros Register of Styles. Intramuros Register of Styles May 1, 2023.
41. ^ a b c Lawphil. Lawphil Intramuros Register of Styles May 1, 2023.
42. ^ FY OPIF 2009 (PDF). Department of Budget and Management. 2009. p. 494. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
43. ^ "Contact Us". Intramuros Administration. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2017.

### Sources

[edit]

* U.S. War Department (1903). "Annual Reports of the War Department, 1903 Vol. III". Washington Government Printing Office, 1901.

## External links

[edit]

Intramuros at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Travel information from Wikivoyage
* Data from Wikidata

* Intramuros Administration – Official website
* Geographic data related to Intramuros at OpenStreetMap

* v
* t
* e

Intramuros

Historic District of Manila

Buildings|

* Aduana Building
* Ayuntamiento de Manila
* Manila Cathedral
* Palacio Arzobispal
* Palacio del Gobernador
* San Agustin Church
* San Ignacio Church

Fortifications|

* Baluarte de San Andres
* Baluarte de San Diego
* Cuartel de Santa Lucia
* Fort Santiago
* Gates of Intramuros

Parks, open spaces, and monuments|

* Anda Monument
* Plaza de Armas
* Plaza de España
* Plaza Mexico
* Plaza Moriones
* Plaza de Roma
* Queen Isabel II Statue
* Book Stop Intramuros

Museums|

* Casa Manila
* Centro de Turismo Intramuros
* Kaisa-Angelo King Heritage Center
* Museo de Intramuros
* Rizal Shrine

Education|

* Colegio de San Juan de Letran
* Colegio de Santa Rosa
* Lyceum of the Philippines University
* Manila High School
* Mapúa University
* PNTC Maritime Training Center
* Sentro Rizal
* University of the City of Manila

Government|

* Bureau of Immigration
* Bureau of the Treasury
* Commission on Elections
* Department of Labor and Employment
* Intramuros Administration
* National Commission for Culture and the Arts

Destroyed|

* Real Colegio de Santa Potenciana
* San Francisco Church
* Universidad de San Felipe de Austria
* Universidad de San Ignacio

Administrators|

* Jaime C. Laya
* Edda Henson
* Bambi Harper
* Jose Capistrano
* Marco Sardillo
* Guiller Asido

Regulations|

* Intramuros Register of Styles

* v
* t
* e

City of Manila

Capital of the Philippines

Topics|

* Seal and coat of arms
* Geography
* History
* timeline
* historical markers
* People
* Higher Education
* Skyscrapers
* Timeline
* Tourism
* Transportation

Government|

* City Mayor
* City Council
* City Hall
* Politics

Districts|

* Binondo
* Ermita
* Intramuros
* Malate
* Paco
* Pandacan
* Port Area
* Quiapo
* Sampaloc
* San Andres
* San Miguel
* San Nicolas
* Santa Ana
* Santa Cruz
* Santa Mesa
* Tondo

Mixed-use developments|

* Horizon Manila
* Manila Solar City
* Manila Waterfront City
* New Manila Bay–City of Pearl

Beaches|

* Baseco Beach
* Manila Dolomite Beach

Legislative districts|

* First District
* Second District
* Third District
* Fourth District
* Fifth District
* Sixth District

* Metro Manila
* Philippines
* Category

Articles related to Intramuros

* v
* t
* e

Populated places in Metro Manila

Cities and municipalities

* Caloocan
* Las Piñas
* Makati
* Malabon
* Mandaluyong
* City of Manila
* Marikina
* Muntinlupa
* Navotas
* Parañaque
* Pasay
* Pasig
* Pateros
* Quezon City
* San Juan
* Taguig
* Valenzuela

Barangays and districts

Capital District|

* Binondo
* Ermita
* Intramuros
* Malate
* Paco
* Pandacan
* Port Area
* Quiapo
* Sampaloc
* San Andres
* San Miguel
* San Nicolas
* Santa Ana
* Santa Cruz
* Santa Mesa
* Tondo

Eastern Manila
District|

* Bagong Pag-asa
* Balingasa
* Barangka
* Batasan Hills
* Bungad
* Calumpang
* Camp Aguinaldo
* Krus na Ligas
* Loyola Heights
* Mariana
* Marikina Heights
* Namayan
* New Era
* Pansol
* Payatas
* Pinyahan
* Plainview
* Project 6
* San Antonio
* Santa Cruz
* Santo Cristo
* Santa Elena
* Socorro
* Tatalon
* Ugong
* U.P. Campus
* Veterans Village

Northern Manila
District|

* 76
* Bagong Silangan
* Balangkas
* BF Homes Caloocan
* Bignay
* Bisig
* Dalandanan
* Isla
* Karuhatan
* Lawang Bato
* Malanday
* Palasan
* Pariancillo Villa
* Polo
* Punturin
* Tagalag
* Tinajeros
* Tugatog
* Veinte Reales

Southern Manila
District|

* Alabang
* Ayala Alabang
* Baclaran
* Bagumbayan
* Bambang
* Bayanan
* Bel-Air
* BF Homes Parañaque
* BF International Village
* Buli
* Carmona
* Central Signal Village
* Cupang
* Dasmariñas
* Don Bosco
* Don Galo
* Enlisted Men's Barrios (EMBO)
* Post Proper Northside
* Post Proper Southside
* Forbes Park
* Fort Bonifacio
* Guadalupe Nuevo
* Hagonoy
* La Huerta
* Maharlika Village
* Merville
* Moonwalk
* Napindan
* New Lower Bicutan
* Pinagsama
* Poblacion, Makati
* Poblacion, Muntinlupa
* Putatan
* San Antonio
* San Dionisio
* San Isidro
* San Martin de Porres
* Santa Ana, Taguig
* Santo Niño
* Singkamas
* South Signal Village
* Sucat
* Sun Valley
* Tambo
* Tuktukan
* Tunasan
* Upper Bicutan
* Ususan
* Vitalez
* Western Bicutan

Business districts and commercial areas

Major central business districts|

* Makati CBD
* Ortigas Center
* Bonifacio Global City

Secondary central business districts|

* Araneta City
* Bay City
* Bonifacio Capital District
* Binondo
* Eastwood City
* Ermita
* Filinvest City
* Makati Poblacion
* Malate
* Triangle Park

Other mixed-use areas|

* Arca South
* Arcovia City
* Aseana City
* Ayala Center
* Bonifacio High Street
* Bridgetowne
* Capitol Commons
* CCP Complex
* Century City, Makati
* Circuit Makati
* Circulo Verde
* Entertainment City
* Eton Centris
* Greenfield District
* Greenhills
* Newport City
* Parklinks
* Riverbanks Center
* Robinsons Cybergate
* Rockwell Center
* San Lazaro Tourism and Business Park
* Serendra
* Tutuban Center
* U.P.–Ayala Land TechnoHub
* Vertis North

Gated communities and other locations

Gated communities|

* Ayala Alabang
* BF Homes Caloocan
* BF Homes Parañaque
* BF International Village
* Dasmariñas Village
* Forbes Park
* Philam

Unofficial districts and villages|

* Bagong Silang
* Baseco
* Divisoria
* Enlisted Men's Barrios (EMBO)
* Isla de Convalecencia
* San Francisco del Monte
* Novaliches
* University Belt

Former neighborhoods|

* Isla Pulo
* Parián
* Smokey Mountain

See also
Administrative divisions of Metro Manila

* v
* t
* e

Visitor attractions in Metro Manila

Historical sites|

* Arch of the Centuries
* Bonifacio Monument
* Coconut Palace
* Intramuros
* Baluarte de San Diego
* Fort Santiago
* Plaza de Roma
* Malacañang Palace
* Manila American Cemetery
* Manila Central Post Office
* Manila Chinese Cemetery
* Manila City Hall
* Manila Hotel
* People Power Monument
* Pinaglabanan Shrine
* Plaza Miranda
* Quezon Memorial Shrine
* Rizal Monument

Religious buildings|

* EDSA Shrine
* Golden Mosque
* Las Piñas Church
* Manila Cathedral
* Marikina Church
* Quiapo Church
* San Agustin Church
* San Sebastian Church
* Seng Guan Temple
* Iglesia ni Cristo Central Temple

Museums and galleries|

* Ayala Museum
* Bahay Tsinoy
* Bantayog ng mga Bayani
* Book Stop Intramuros
* Casa Manila
* Lopez Museum
* Marikina Shoe Museum
* Metropolitan Museum
* Museo Pambata
* National Museum of Anthropology
* National Museum of Fine Arts
* National Museum of Natural History
* National Planetarium
* Rizal Shrine
* The Mind Museum
* UP Vargas Museum

Integrated resorts|

* Entertainment City
* City of Dreams Manila
* Okada Manila
* Solaire Resort
* Newport World Resorts

Amusement|

* KidZania Manila
* ABS-CBN Studio Experience
* SM by the Bay
* Star City

Parks and gardens|

* Ayala Triangle Gardens
* Baywalk
* La Mesa Eco Park
* Malabon Zoo
* Manila Ocean Park
* Manila Zoo
* Marikina River Park
* Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center
* Nayong Pilipino Cultural Park
* Paco Park
* Pasig Rainforest Park
* Quezon Memorial Circle
* Rizal Park

Shopping|

* Ayala Center
* Glorietta
* Greenbelt
* Ayala Malls Manila Bay
* Bonifacio High Street
* Divisoria
* Greenhills
* Riverbanks Center
* Power Plant Mall
* Quinta Market
* Robinsons Manila
* Robinsons Magnolia
* SM Mall of Asia
* Tutuban Center

Events and traditions|

* Aliwan Fiesta
* Feast of the Black Nazarene
* Cinemalaya Film Festival
* Cinemanila International Film Festival
* La Naval de Manila
* Manila International Auto Show
* Marikina Christmas Festival
* Metro Manila Film Festival
* Philippine Fashion Week
* Philippine International Pyromusical Competition
* Wattah Wattah Festival

Event venues|

* Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex
* Manila Film Center
* Philippine International Convention Center
* Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas
* Tanghalang Pambansa
* SM Mall of Asia Arena
* Meralco Theater
* Metropolitan Theater
* Marikina Riverbanks Amphitheater
* New Frontier Theater
* Newport Performing Arts Theater
* Philam Life Theater
* Smart Araneta Coliseum
* SMX Convention Center Manila
* World Trade Center Metro Manila

By type|

* Annual events
* Churches
* Cultural Properties
* Museums
* Parks
* Shopping malls

* v
* t
* e

Metro Manila

National Capital Region of the Philippines
Manila (capital city)

Administrative divisions|

* Caloocan
* Las Piñas
* Makati
* Malabon
* Mandaluyong
* Manila
* Marikina
* Muntinlupa
* Navotas
* Parañaque
* Pasay
* Pasig
* Pateros
* Quezon City
* San Juan
* Taguig
* Valenzuela
* Barangays
* Legislative districts

Geography|

* Manila Bay
* Pasig River
* Marikina River
* Laguna de Bay
* Sierra Madre
* La Mesa Watershed Reservation
* Marikina Valley fault system
* Rivers and esteros
* Islands
* Parks
* Beaches
* Slums
* Land reclamation
* Bay City
* Manggahan Floodway
* Greater Manila Area
* Mega Manila

Government|

* Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
* Chairperson
* Mayors
* Governor (defunct)

History|

* Prehistory
* Maynila
* Tondo
* Namayan
* Intramuros
* Province of Manila
* Manila–Acapulco Galleon
* Battles of La Naval de Manila
* British occupation of Manila
* 1880 Southern Luzon earthquakes
* Cry of Pugad Lawin
* Battle of Manila Bay
* Battle of Manila (1899)
* Province of Rizal
* City of Greater Manila
* Battle of Manila (1945)
* Manila massacre
* City of Man
* People Power Revolution
* World Youth Day 1995
* Rehabilitation of the Pasig River
* Rizal Day bombings
* Typhoon Ketsana
* COVID-19 pandemic

* Timeline
* Oldest buildings and structures
* Cultural properties
* Historical markers

Economy|

* Makati CBD
* Ayala Avenue
* Ortigas Center
* Bonifacio Global City
* Binondo
* Escolta Street
* Philippine Stock Exchange
* Manila Commodity Exchange
* Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
* Manila Mint
* Tourism
* Attractions
* Hotels
* Gambling
* Entertainment City
* Mixed-use developments
* Skyscrapers

Public services and utilities|

* Hospitals
* Police
* Manila Electric Company (Meralco)
* Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
* Water privatization
* Manila Water Company
* Maynilad Water Services
* Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission
* Laguna Lake Development Authority

Education|

* Colleges and universities
* University Belt
* Primary and secondary schools
* International schools
* Libraries

Culture|

* Annual events
* Cemeteries
* Museums
* Public art
* Religious buildings
* Roman Catholic churches
* Shopping malls
* Songs about Manila
* Manila sound
* Sporting events
* Sports venues
* Theaters and concert halls
* Art Deco theaters
* Newspapers
* Television stations
* Radio stations

Transportation|

* Government
* Department of Transportation (DOTr)
* MMDA
* LRTA
* PNR
* MIAA
* Road
* Bus routes
* P2P routes
* Intermodal terminals
* Rail
* LRT
* MRT
* Water
* Port of Manila
* Pasig River Ferry Service
* Aviation
* Traffic

Other topics|

* Imperial Manila
* Nicknames of Manila
* Notable Manileños
* Sister cities
* Metro Manila Dream Plan
* Burnham Plan of Manila
* Frost Plan of Quezon City

* Outline
* Index
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Philippine Registry of Cultural Property (PRECUP)

Government
cultural
agencies|

* Cultural Center of the Philippines
* Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
* National Archives
* National Commission for Culture and the Arts
* National Historical Commission of the Philippines
* National Library
* National Museum
* Intramuros Administration
* Sentro Rizal

Categories
of cultural
properties|

* UNESCO World Heritage Sites
* National Cultural Treasures
* Important Cultural Properties
* National Historical Landmarks
* National Shrines
* National Monuments
* National Heritage Houses
* Works of National Artists
* Marked Structures
* Other Cultural Properties

Related|

* National Cultural Heritage Act

* v
* t
* e

National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines

Built Heritage Declarations

Metro Manila|

* Las Piñas Bamboo Organ
* San Agustin Church
* Santa Ana Church
* Camarin de la Virgen
* NCCA Metropolitan Theater
* Bonifacio Monument
* San Sebastian Church
* Arch of the Centuries, Main Building, Central Seminary Building, Open Spaces, Baybayin Documents of the University of Santo Tomas
* Santo Domingo Church
* Rizal National Monument
* Sta. Cruz Church
* Quezon Memorial Shrine

Ilocos Region|

* Burial Caves in Sitio Alabok
* Cape Bojeador Lighthouse
* Calasiao Church
* Paoay Church
* Bacarra Church
* Magsingal Church
* Mestizo Section, Vigan
* Luna Church
* La Union Watchtowers

Cagayan Valley|

* Mahatao Church
* Tumauini Church
* Malaueg Church
* Dupax Church

Central Luzon|

* Masinloc Church
* Minalin Church
* Betis Church

Calabarzon|

* Tayabas Church
* Cape Santiago Lighthouse
* Balayan Church
* Malabrigo Point Lighthouse
* Maragondon Church
* Petroglyphs of the Rock-shelter
* Majayjay Church
* Tanay Church
* Tayabas Historic Bridges
* Silang Church

Mimaropa|

* Guyangan Cave System
* Romblon Church
* Petroglyphs in the Caves of the Tao't Bato Area
* Historic Bridges of Romblon
* Tabon Cave Complex
* Twin Forts of Romblon

Bicol Region|

* Tabaco Church
* Daraga Church

Western Visayas|

* San Joaquin Church and Campo Santo
* Panay Church
* Santa Barbara Church

Central Visayas|

* Santo Niño Basilica
* Magellan's Cross Pavilion
* Bohol Watchtowers
* Baclayon Church
* Calape Church
* Loon Church
* Panglao Church
* Boljoon Church
* Bacong Church
* Lazi Church
* Dimiao Church
* Loboc Church
* Maribojoc Church
* Dauis Church
* Loay Church
* Cortes Church

Eastern Visayas|

* Guiuan Church
* Capul Church

Zamboanga Peninsula|

* Relief Map of Mindanao
* Fort Pilar

Northern Mindanao|

* Jasaan Church
* Jimenez Church

Caraga Region|

* Balangays of Butuan

CAR|

* Ifugao Rice Terraces
* Mummy Caves of Alab
* Mummy Caves of Kabayan
* Mummy Caves of Sagada
* Petroglyphs of Alab
* Stone Agricultural Calendars of Dap-ay Guiday
* Tayum Church

BARMM|

* Karim Ul-Makhdum Mosque
* Kawayan Torogan

* v
* t
* e

Spanish / Hispanic Colonial architecture articles

Notable historic centers|

* Agaña
* Antigua Guatemala
* Albuquerque
* Arequipa
* Bogotá
* Campeche
* Cartagena de Indias
* Cebú
* Cienfuegos
* Coro
* Cuenca
* Cuernavaca
* Cusco
* Granada
* Guanajuato
* Havana
* Iloílo
* La Paz
* León
* Los Ángeles
* Lima
* Malabo
* Malolos
* Manila
* Mexico City
* Mompox
* Morelia
* New Orleans
* Oaxaca
* Old Panamá
* Panamá City
* Popayán
* Puebla
* Quito
* Saint Augustine
* San Antonio
* San Diego
* San Fernando
* San Francisco
* San Juan
* San Luis Potosí
* San Miguel de Allende
* Santa Cruz de la Sierra
* Santa Fe
* Santiago de Chile
* Santiago de Cuba
* Santo Domingo
* Sucre
* Taal
* Tayabas
* Trujillo
* Veracruz
* Vigan
* Zacatecas
* Zamboanga

Spanish missions|

* List of Spanish missions

Lists of buildings|

* Oldest

Cathedrals|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* Guam
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Philippines
* Puerto Rico
* United States
* Arizona
* California
* Florida
* Louisiana
* Texas
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Churches and monasteries|

* Baroque Churches of the Philippines
* Bohol
* Chiloé
* Mendicant monasteries in Mexico
* Popocatépetl

Fortifications|

* Presidio
* Caribbean coast of Panama
* Coasts of Chile
* Philippines
* Santo Domingo

Bridges and roads|

* Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
* Tayabas

Other building types|

* Alhóndiga
* Bahay na bato
* Balconies of Lima
* Bullring
* Convent
* Hacienda
* Haciendas in the Valley of Ameca
* Cabildo
* Colonial universities in Hispanic America
* Colonial universities in the Philippines
* Plaza

Architecture types|

* Baroque
* Andean
* Churrigueresque
* Earthquake
* Mexican
* Chilotan
* Monterey Colonial
* Neoclassical
* Renaissance
* Rococo
* Territorial

Modern Revival styles|

* California Churrigueresque Revival
* Mission Revival
* Spanish Colonial Revival
* Territorial Revival

* v
* t
* e

Spanish Empire

Timeline–immersed

* Catholic Monarchs
* Conquest of the Americas, Asia and the Pacific
* Treaty of Tordesillas
* Italian Wars
* Habsburgs
* Golden Age
* War of the League of Cognac
* Encomiendas
* New Laws in favour of the indigenous
* Expulsion of the Moriscos
* Ottoman–Habsburg wars
* French Wars of Religion
* Bruneian–Spanish conflict
* Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
* Piracy in the Caribbean
* Eighty Years' War
* Spanish–Moro conflict
* Thirty Years' War
* Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
* Portuguese Restoration War
* War of the Spanish Succession
* Queen Anne's War
* Bourbons
* Bourbon Reforms
* War of Jenkins' Ear
* Treaty of Madrid (1750)
* Seven Years' War
* Nootka Convention
* Napoleonic invasion
* Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
* Independence of Spanish continental Americas
* Adams–Onís Treaty
* Liberal constitution
* Carlist Wars
* Spanish–American War
* German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
* Spanish Civil War
* Independence of Morocco
* Independence of Equatorial Guinea
* Western Sahara conflict

Territories

| Europe|

* Spain
* Crown of Castille
* Crown of Aragon
* Union with Portugal
* Gibraltar
* Southern Italy (Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia)
* Milan
* Union with Holy Roman Empire
* Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
* Franche-Comté
* Pyrénées-Orientales

|

Americas (Spanish America)|

| North America|

* New Spain (Coastal Alaska, Central United States (Spanish Louisiana), Western United States (Spanish Texas), Florida, Mexico, Central America (Captaincy General of Yucatan), Spanish Caribbean)

|

Central America|

* Captaincy General of Guatemala
* Spanish West Indies (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico)
* Trinidad
* Jamaica
* Haiti
* Aruba
* Curazao
* Bonaire
* Belize

South America|

* New Granada (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, part of Guyana, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
* Peru (Peru, Acre, Chile)
* Río de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Misiones Orientales, Malvinas)

Asia and Oceania (Spanish East Indies)|

* Philippines
* Micronesia (Caroline, Guam, Mariana, Micronesia, Palau)
* Northern Taiwan
* Tidore

Africa|

* Equatorial Guinea
* Northern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby)

Antarctica|

* Terra Australis

Administration

| Organization|

* Ayuntamiento
* Cabildo
* Council of the Indies
* Germania
* Santa Hermandad

|

Law|

* Exequatur
* Laws of the Indies
* Papal bull
* Royal Decree of Graces
* School of Salamanca
* Trial of residence

Titles and positions|

* Alcalde
* Corregidor
* Municipal president
* Regidor
* Syndic
* Vecino

Administrative subdivisions

| Viceroyalties|

* Columbian
* New Spain
* New Granada
* Perú
* Río de la Plata

|

Captaincies General|

* Chile
* Cuba
* Guatemala
* Philippines
* Provincias Internas
* Puerto Rico
* Santo Domingo
* Venezuela
* Yucatán

Governorates|

* Castilla de Oro
* Cuba
* La Florida
* Louisiana
* New Andalusia (1501–1513)
* New Andalusia
* New Castile
* New Navarre
* New Spain
* Tierra Firme
* New Toledo
* New León
* Paraguay
* Río de la Plata
* Terra Australis

Audiencias|

* Bogotá
* Buenos Aires
* Caracas
* Charcas
* Concepción
* Cusco
* Guadalajara
* Guatemala
* Lima
* Manila
* Mexico
* Panamá
* Quito
* Santiago
* Santo Domingo

Economy

| Currencies|

* Dollar (Peso)
* Real
* Maravedí
* Escudo
* Columnario
* Doubloon

|

Trade|

* Manila galleon
* Spanish treasure fleet
* Casa de Contratación
* Spanish Road
* Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
* Barcelona Trading Company
* Consulate of the Sea
* Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
* Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires

Military

| Armies|

* Tercio
* Army of Flanders
* Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
* Indian auxiliaries
* Spanish Armada
* Ships of the line
* Royalists
* Legión
* Army of Africa

|

Strategists|

* Duke of Alba
* Antonio de Leyva
* Martín de Goiti
* Alfonso d'Avalos
* García de Toledo Osorio
* Duke of Savoy
* Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
* John of Austria
* Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
* Pedro de Zubiaur
* Ambrosio Spinola
* Blas de Lezo
* Bernardo de Gálvez

Mariners|

* Christopher Columbus
* Pinzón brothers
* Ferdinand Magellan
* Juan Sebastián Elcano
* Juan de la Cosa
* Juan Ponce de León
* Miguel López de Legazpi
* Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
* Sebastián de Ocampo
* Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
* Alonso de Ojeda
* Vasco Núñez de Balboa
* Alonso de Salazar
* Andrés de Urdaneta
* Antonio de Ulloa
* Ruy López de Villalobos
* Diego Columbus
* Alonso de Ercilla
* Nicolás de Ovando
* Juan de Ayala
* Sebastián Vizcaíno
* Juan Fernández
* Luis Fajardo
* Felipe González de Ahedo
* Francisco de Camargo
* Alonso de Camargo

Conquistadors|

* Hernán Cortés
* Francisco Pizarro
* Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
* Hernán Pérez de Quesada
* Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
* Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
* Pedro de Valdivia
* Gaspar de Portolà
* Pere Fages i Beleta
* Joan Orpí
* Pedro de Alvarado
* Martín de Ursúa
* Diego de Almagro
* Pánfilo de Narváez
* Diego de Mazariegos
* Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
* Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
* García López de Cárdenas

Notable battles|

| Old World|

| Won|

* Comuneros
* Bicocca
* Rome (1527)
* Landriano
* Pavia
* Tunis
* Mühlberg
* St. Quentin
* Gravelines
* Malta
* Lepanto
* Antwerp
* Azores
* Mons
* Gembloux
* Ostend
* English Armada
* Cape Celidonia
* White Mountain
* Breda
* Nördlingen
* Valenciennes
* Ceuta
* Bitonto
* Bailén
* Vitoria
* Tetouan
* Alhucemas

|

Lost|

* Capo d'Orso
* Vienna (1529)
* Preveza
* Siege of Castelnuovo
* Algiers
* Ceresole
* Balearic Islands (1558)
* Djerba
* Tunis
* Spanish Armada
* Leiden
* Rocroi
* Downs
* Montes Claros
* Passaro
* Manila Bay
* Trafalgar
* Somosierra
* Annual
* Mactan

New World|

| Won|

* Tenochtitlan
* Cajamarca
* Cusco
* Bogotá savanna
* Penco
* Mataquito
* Guadalupe Island
* Recife
* San Juan (1595)
* Bahia
* Colonia del Sacramento
* Comuneros (Paraguay)
* Cartagena de Indias
* Cuerno Verde
* Túpac Amaru II
* Túpac Katari
* Pensacola
* Newfoundland
* San Juan (1797)

|

Lost|

* La Noche Triste
* Iguape
* Tucapel
* Guiana
* Curalaba
* Comuneros (New Granada)
* Trinidad (1797)
* Chacabuco
* Boyacá
* Carabobo
* Pichincha
* Ayacucho
* Guam
* Santiago de Cuba
* Asomante

Spanish conquests

* Canary Islands
* The Americas
* Aztec
* Maya
* Chiapas
* Yucatán
* Guatemala
* Petén
* El Salvador
* Honduras
* Nicaragua
* Chibchan Nations
* Colombia
* Chile
* Inca
* Philippines

Other civil topics

* Spanish missions in the Americas
* Architecture
* Mesoamerican Codices
* Cusco painting tradition
* Indochristian painting in New Spain
* Quito painting tradition
* Africanist
* Tapada limeña
* Academia Antártica
* Colonial universities in Hispanic America
* Colonial universities in the Philippines
* General Archive of the Indies
* Colonial Spanish Horse
* Mustang
* Castas
* Criollos in the colonial society
* Old inquisition
* Slavery in Spanish Empire
* Asiento
* Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
* Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649

Cartography

| Cartographers|

* Juan de la Cruz Cano y Olmedilla
* Agustín Ibáñez y Bojons

|

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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