Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Ongoing conflict in Western Asia

Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Israel (orange) and Iran (green) shown within the Middle East
| Date| 16 February 1985[21] - ongoing
(39 years, 5 months, 4 weeks and 2 days)

|

Location|

Worldwide

Status|

Ongoing:

* Iran reinforces Syria and Hezbollah
* Israel tries to prevent weapon transfers to Hezbollah
* 2006 Lebanon War ends in military stalemate
* Beginning of the ongoing Gaza–Israel conflict in June 2006
* Israel tries to stop Iranian nuclear program[22]
* Iran grows major spheres of influence in the Middle East[23]
* Formation of the Arab–Israeli alliance
* Iran provides munitions to Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) in Gaza Strip
* Brief escalation to a direct conflict between the two countries in 2024

Belligerents

Iran

Proxies:

* Hezbollah[1]
* Hamas[2][3] (2006–2011; 2017–present)
* Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (2013–present)[4][5]
* Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ)[6][7]
* Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP–GC)[8] (2013–present)
* Sabireen Movement[9]
* Houthis[10]
* Popular Mobilization Forces[11][better source needed]
* National Defence Forces[12][13]
* Islamic Resistance in Iraq
* Liwa Fatemiyoun[14]
* Husseiniyoun[15]
* Liwa Zainebiyoun
*   * Al-Ashtar Brigades[16]

Israel

Alleged proxies:

* NCRI[17]
* Fursan al-Joulan (2013-19)[18][19][20]

Commanders and leaders
Ali Khamenei
(Supreme Leader of Iran, 1989–present)
Masoud Pezeshkian
(President of Iran, 2024–present)
Mohammad Mokhber (briefly in 2024)
Ebrahim Raisi †
(2021–2024)
Hassan Rouhani
(2013–2021)
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
(2005–2013)
Hassan Nasrallah
(Secretary-General of Hezbollah)
Yahya Sinwar
(Hamas leader, 2024–present)
Ismail Haniyeh X
(Hamas leader, 2017–2024)
Khaled Meshal
(Hamas leader, 1996–2017)
Ahmad Sa'adat
(PFLP Leader)
Ziyad al-Nakhalah
(PIJ Leader)|  Benjamin Netanyahu
(Prime Minister of Israel, 2009–2021; 2022–present)
Ariel Sharon
(2005–2006)
Ehud Olmert
(2006–2009)
Naftali Bennett
(2021–2022)
Yair Lapid
(2022)

* v
* t
* e

Iran–Israel proxy conflict

2024 Iran–Israel conflict

* Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
* Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries
* 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel
* 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran
* Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh

Hezbollah–Israel conflict

* South Lebanon conflict
* Shebaa Farms conflict
* January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident
* Operation Northern Shield
* April 2023 shellings
* Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) (Airstrike on Beirut)

Gaza–Israel conflict

* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* 2014 Gaza War
* May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes
* Israel–Hamas war

Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war

* Golan border incidents

Israel–Yemen conflict

* Red Sea crisis
* Galaxy Leader hijacking
* 2024 Tel Aviv drone attack
* 2024 Israeli strikes on Yemen

Nuclear program of Iran

* Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists
* AMAD Project
* Bid Kaneh explosion
* Stuxnet
* 2020 Iran explosions
* 2021 Natanz incident
* 2023 Iran drone attacks

International incidents

* Operation Outside the Box
* 2009 Sudan airstrikes
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats
* 2012 Bangkok bombings
* 2012 Cyprus terrorist plot
* 2012 Burgas bus bombing
* 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq
* 2022 Erbil missile attacks
* 2022 Istanbul terror plot
* December 2023 Cyprus terror plot
* Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria
* 2024 Erbil attack
* Tower 22 drone attack

* v
* t
* e

Spillover of the Israel–Hamas war

Timeline

* * *

Lebanon

* Israel-Hezbollah (Timeline)
* Attacks on journalists
* Dahieh attack
* US embassy shooting
* Majdal Shams attack
* Haret Hreik airstrike

Iran, Iraq and Syria

* Attacks on U.S. bases
* Tower 22 drone attack
* Al-Asad Airbase missile attack
* February 2024 US Airstrikes
* Eastern Syria airstrikes
* Sayyed Razi Mousavi assassination
* 2024 Erbil attack
* Assassination of Sadegh Omidzadeh
* 2024 Homs airstrikes
* Iranian consulate airstrike
* 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
* 2024 Iranian strikes in Israel
* 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran
* Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh

Yemen and the Red Sea

* Red Sea crisis
* Galaxy Leader hijacking
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Attack on the Chem Pluto
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* Operation Prosperity Guardian (Combined Task Force 153)
* 2024 missile strikes
* 2024 Tel Aviv drone attack
* 2024 Israeli strikes on Yemen

Deaths

* Alim Abdallah
* Issam Abdallah
* Saleh al-Arouri
* Ali Hussein Barji
* Razi Mousavi
* Wissam al-Tawil
* Sadegh Omidzadeh
* Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi
* Mohammad Reza Zahedi
* Fouad Shuker
* Ismail Haniyeh

Related topics

* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Hezbollah–Israel conflict

The Iran–Israel proxy conflict, also known as the Iran–Israel proxy war[24] or Iran–Israel Cold War,[25] is an ongoing proxy conflict between Iran and Israel. In the Israeli–Lebanese conflict, Iran has supported Lebanese Shia militias, most notably Hezbollah. In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Iran has backed Palestinian groups such as Hamas. Israel has supported Iranian rebels, such as the People's Mujahedin of Iran, conducted airstrikes against Iranian allies in Syria and assassinated Iranian nuclear scientists. In 2018 Israeli forces directly attacked Iranian forces in Syria.[26]

Motivated by the periphery doctrine, Imperial Iran and Israel had close relations, seeing Arab powers as a common threat. After the 1979 Islamic revolution, Iran cut off relations, but covert ties continued during the subsequent Iran–Iraq War. Iran trained and armed Hezbollah during Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, and continued to back Shia militias throughout the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon.[27] Even before 1979, Iranian Islamists had materially supported the Palestinians; after 1979 Iran attempted relations with the Palestine Liberation Organization, and later with Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hamas. Israel fought a war with Hezbollah in 2006. Israel has fought several wars with Palestinians in and around the Gaza Strip: in 2008-2009, 2012, 2014, 2021 and 2023-2024. The 1982 Lebanon War and Israel–Hamas war have been the deadliest wars of the Arab–Israeli conflict.[28]

Various reasons have been given for the Iran-Israel conflict. Iran and Israel had previously enjoyed warm ties due to common threats, but by 1990s the USSR had dissolved and Iraq had been weakened.[29] Iranian Islamists have long championed the Palestinian people, whom they perceive as oppressed.[30] Scholars believe that by supporting the Palestinians, Iran seeks greater acceptance among Sunnis and Arabs, both of whom dominate the Middle East.[31][32] Ideologically, Iran seeks to replace Israel with a one-state solution (though Iran has at times also supported the two-state solution[33]) and has predicted Israel's demise.[34] Israel sees Iran as an existential threat,[35] and accuses its regime of harboring genocidal intentions.[36] Consequently, Israel has sought sanctions and military action against Iran to stop it from acquiring nuclear weapons.[37]

## Background

[edit]

Main articles: Iran–Israel relations and South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)

Iranian Islamists have a long history of sympathizing with the Palestinians. In 1949, Iranian ayotallah Mahmoud Taleghani visited the West Bank and was moved by the plight of Palestinian refugees.[38] Taleqani than began advocating for Palestinians inside Iran in the 1950s and 1960s; after the 1967 war Taleghani started raising funds (e.g. zakat) inside Iran to be sent to Palestinians.[38] The Iranian government at the time was alarmed at these activities and SAVAK documents indicate that the government believed that the Iranian public was sympathetic to the Palestinian people.[39] Likewise Ruhollah Khomeini championed the Palestinian people before he became Iran's Supreme Leader in 1979. He also criticized the Pahlavi dynasty's ties with Israel, viewing Israel as a supporter of the Pahlavi regime.[40] Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Khomeini's new government adopted a policy of hostility towards Israel. The new Iranian government saw Israel as a colonial outpost.[41] Iran withdrew recognition of Israel as a state, and severed all diplomatic, commercial and other ties with Israel,[42] referring to its government as the "Zionist regime"[43] and Israel as "occupied Palestine".

Despite the tension between the two countries, Israel provided support to Iran during the Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988. During the war, Israel was one of the main suppliers of military equipment to Iran and also provided military instructors. Israel gave direct support to Iran's war effort when it bombed and destroyed Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor in Operation Babylon. The nuclear reactor was considered a central component of Iraq's nuclear weapons program.[44]

The 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon resulted in the departure of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from Lebanon. The ensuing creation of the Security Zone in South Lebanon temporarily benefited Israeli allies in Lebanon and the civilian Israeli population, the Galilee suffered fewer violent attacks by Hezbollah than previously by PLO in the 1970s (hundreds of Israeli civilian casualties).[citation needed] However, the wholesale massacres perpetrated by Israeli proxies (the Maronite Lebanese Forces and right-wing Phalangists) against Lebanese Shias had as a long-term consequence the emergence of a homegrown Lebanese, rather than Palestinian, resistance movement within South Lebanon, which by the second half of the 1990s was posing more strategic trouble to Israel than the PLO could pose in the 1970s.[45][46]

## History

[edit]

### Relationship with PLO

[edit]

Starting in the 1960s, many Iranians (both leftist and religious) had volunteered to fight against Israel with various Palestinian organizations, including the Palestinian Liberation Organization.[47] Some of these volunteers, who had received training in Lebanon and Jordan, then returned to Iran to fight against the Shah.[47]

Yasser Arafat visited Iran on February 17, 1979, becoming the first foreign leader to visit the country after the Islamic Revolution.[47] During Arafat's visit, Iran severed ties with Israel and expelled Israeli diplomats.[47] The PLO found Iran's revolution inspiring, given that Khomenei, who had been exiled from his homeland, defeated a militarily powerful enemy supported by the US, something that the PLO thought it could replicate against Israel.[48] On the other hand, Palestinians felt Arab nationalism was at a dead end.[48] Arabs were defeated in the 1967 war, Jordan expelled the PLO in 1970 and Egypt recognized Israel in 1978.[48][47]

During the Iran hostage crisis, the PLO attempted to mediate with the Iranian students, but failed.[49] In addition, secret documents were allegedly discovered at the US embassy detailing Israeli support for the Shah's regime.[50]

At the start of the Iran-Iraq war, Yasser Arafat tried to mediate between Saddam Hussein and Khomenei.[51] Arafat feared the war would distract from the Palestinian cause.[51] Arafat travelled personally on September 20, 1980, to Baghdad and Tehran, but his efforts were unsuccessful. Arafat eventually sided with Iraq during the war.[52] Despite this, Iranian leaders kept a pro-Palestinian stance.[53]

### Israeli occupation of Lebanon

[edit]

In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon. The leaders of the Lebanese Shia community appealed to Iran for help.[54] Khomeini sent his defense minister and military leaders to Syria to assist, however he eventually concluded that Iran could not fight a two-front war given its ongoing war with Iraq.[55]

Despite Israeli success in eradicating PLO bases and partial withdrawal in 1985, the Israeli invasion had actually increased the severity of conflict with local Lebanese militias and resulted in the consolidation of several local Shia Muslim movements in Lebanon, including Hezbollah and Amal, from a previously unorganized guerrilla movement in the south. Over the years, military casualties of both sides grew higher, as both parties used more modern weaponry, and Hezbollah progressed in its tactics.

Iran supplied the militant organization Hezbollah with substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid while persuading Hezbollah to take action against Israel.[56][57][58] Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed among its four main goals "Israel's final departure from Lebanon as a prelude to its final obliteration."[59] According to reports released in February 2010, Hezbollah received $400 million from Iran.[57] By the early 1990s, Hezbollah, with support from Syria and Iran, emerged as the leading group and military power, monopolizing the directorship of the guerrilla activity in South Lebanon.[citation needed]

### 2000s

[edit]

#### Shabaa Farms conflict

[edit]

Since the Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon and take-over of Hezbollah over the assets of the South Lebanon Army in May 2000, the conflict continued at low-level, centered around Shabaa Farms \- a small region on the Hermon mountain slope.

With the election of Iranian hardliner Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in 2005, relations between Iran and Israel became increasingly tense as the countries engaged in a series of proxy conflicts and covert operations against each other.

#### 2006 War

[edit]

A grenade launcher with a symbol of Iran displayed by Israel as "found in Lebanon during the 2006 Lebanon War"

During the 2006 Lebanon War, Iranian Revolutionary Guards were believed to have directly assisted Hezbollah fighters in their attacks on Israel. Multiple sources suggested that hundreds of Revolutionary Guard operatives participated in the firing of rockets into Israel during the war, and secured Hezbollah's long-range missiles. Revolutionary Guard operatives were allegedly seen operating openly at Hezbollah outposts during the war. In addition, Revolutionary Guard operatives were alleged to have supervised Hezbollah's attack on the INS Hanit with a C-802 anti-ship missile. The attack severely damaged the warship and killed four crewmen. It is alleged that between six and nine Revolutionary Guard operatives were killed by the Israeli military during the war. According to the Israeli media, their bodies were transferred to Syria and from there flown to Tehran.[60] On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a suspected nuclear reactor in Syria, with ten North Koreans reportedly killed.[61]

#### Evolving Iranian support to Hamas

[edit]

During and immediately after the Gaza War, the Israeli Air Force, with the assistance of Israeli commandos, was reported to have allegedly carried out three airstrikes against Iranian arms being smuggled to Hamas through Sudan, as Iran launched an intensive effort to supply Hamas with weapons and ammunition. Israel hinted that it was behind the attacks. Two truck convoys were destroyed, and an arms-laden ship was sunk in the Red Sea.[62]

On 4 November 2009, Israel captured a ship in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and its cargo of hundreds of tons of weapons allegedly bound from Iran to Hezbollah.

### Proxy conflicts and sabotage

[edit]

#### 2010

[edit]

In 2010, a wave of assassinations targeting Iranian nuclear scientists began. The assassinations were widely believed to be the work of Mossad, Israel's foreign intelligence service. According to Iran and global media sources, the methods used to kill the scientists is reminiscent of the way Mossad had previously assassinated targets. The assassinations were alleged to be an attempt to stop Iran's nuclear program, or to ensure that it cannot recover following a strike on Iranian nuclear facilities.[63] In the first attack, particle physicist Masoud Alimohammadi was killed on 12 January 2010 when a booby-trapped motorcycle parked near his car exploded. On 12 October 2010, an explosion occurred at an IRGC military base near the city of Khorramabad, killing 18 soldiers.[64] On 29 November 2010, two senior Iranian nuclear scientists, Majid Shahriari and Fereydoon Abbasi, were targeted by hitmen on motorcycles, who attached bombs to their cars and detonated them from a distance. Shahriari was killed, while Abbasi was severely wounded. On 23 July 2011, Darioush Rezaeinejad was shot dead in eastern Tehran. On 11 January 2012, Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan and his driver were killed by a bomb attached to their car from a motorcycle.[65]

In June 2010 Stuxnet, an advanced computer worm was discovered. It is believed that it had been developed by US and Israel to attack Iran's nuclear facilities.[66] In a study conducted by ISIS it is estimated that Stuxnet might have damaged as many as 1,000 centrifuges (10% of all installed) in the Natanz enrichment plant.[67] Other computer viruses and malware, including Duqu and Flame, were reportedly related to Stuxnet.[68][69] Iran claims that its adversaries regularly engineer sales of faulty equipment and attacks by computer viruses to sabotage its nuclear program.[70][71][72]

#### 2011

[edit]

On 15 March 2011, Israel seized a ship from Syria bringing Iranian weapons to Gaza.[73] In addition, the Mossad was also suspected of being responsible for an explosion that reportedly damaged the nuclear facility at Isfahan. Iran denied that any explosion had occurred, but The Times reported damage to the nuclear plant based on satellite images, and quoted Israeli intelligence sources as saying that the blast indeed targeted a nuclear site, and was "no accident".[74] Hours after the blast took place, Hezbollah fired two rockets into northern Israel. The Israel Defense Forces reacted by firing four artillery shells at the area from where the launch originated. It was speculated that the attack was ordered by Iran and Syria as a warning to Israel.[75] The Israeli attack was reported to have killed 7 people, including foreign nationals.[76] Another 12 people were injured, of whom 7 later died in hospital.[76][77]

The Mossad was suspected of being behind an explosion at a Revolutionary Guard missile base in November 2011. The blast killed 17 Revolutionary Guard operatives, including General Hassan Moqaddam, described as a key figure in Iran's missile program.[78] Israeli journalist Ron Ben-Yishai wrote that several lower-ranked Iranian missile experts had probably been previously killed in several explosions at various sites.[63]

In response to Israeli covert operations, Iranian agents reportedly began trying to hit Israeli and Jewish targets; potential targets were then placed on high alert. Yoram Cohen, the head of Shin Bet, claimed that three planned attacks in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Thailand were thwarted at the last minute.[79] On 11 October 2011, the United States claimed to have foiled an alleged Iranian plot that included bombing the Israeli and Saudi embassies in Washington DC and Buenos Aires.[80]

#### 2012

[edit]

On 13 February 2012, Israeli embassy staff in Georgia and India were targeted. In Georgia, a car bomb failed to explode near the embassy and was safely detonated by Georgian police. In India, the car bomb exploded, injuring four people. Amongst the wounded was the wife of an Israeli Defense Ministry employee.[81] Israel accused Iran of being behind the attacks.[82][83] The following day, three alleged Iranian agents were uncovered in Bangkok, Thailand, thought to have been planning to kill Israeli diplomatic officials, including the ambassador, by attaching bombs to embassy cars. The cell was uncovered when one of their bombs exploded. Police responded, and the Iranian agent present at the house threw an explosive device at officers that tore his legs off, and was subsequently taken into custody. A second suspect was arrested as he tried to catch a flight out of the country, and the third escaped to Malaysia, where he was arrested by Royal Malaysian Police.[84] Thai police subsequently arrested two people suspected of involvement.[85][86] Indian police arrested a Delhi-based journalist in connection with February's car bomb, which injured four Israelis including the wife of an Israeli diplomat. Journalist Syed Mohammed Kazmi was arrested on 6 March 2012, after being in contact with a suspect that police believe might have stuck a magnetic bomb to the diplomat's car. It is said Kazmi was an Indian citizen who worked for an Iranian publication.[87]

On 18 July 2012, a bus carrying Israeli tourists in Bulgaria was destroyed in a bombing attack that killed five Israeli tourists and the Bulgarian driver, and injured 32 people. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu blamed Iran and Hezbollah for the attack.[88] In July 2012, a senior Israeli defense official stated that since May 2011, more than 20 terrorist attacks planned by Iranians or suspected Hezbollah agents against Israeli targets worldwide had been foiled, including in South Africa, Azerbaijan, Kenya, Turkey, Thailand, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Nepal, Nigeria, and Peru, and that Iranian and Hezbollah operatives were incarcerated in jails throughout the world.[89][90][91][92][93]

On 6 October 2012, Israeli airplanes shot down a small UAV as it flew over northern Negev.[94] Hezbollah confirmed it sent the drone and Nasrallah said in a televised speech that the drone's parts were manufactured in Iran.[95]

On 24 October 2012, Sudan claimed that Israel had bombed a munitions factory, allegedly belonging to Iran's Revolutionary Guard, south of Khartoum.[96][97][98]

In November 2012, Israel reported that an Iranian ship was being loaded with rockets to be exported to countries within range of Israel and that Israel "will attack and destroy any shipment of arms".[99]

#### 2013

[edit]

In January 2013, rumors were released that the Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant had been hit by an explosion. Further reports by IAEA concluded that there had been no such incident.[100]

On 25 April 2013, Israeli aircraft shot down a drone off the coast of Haifa, allegedly belonging to Hezbollah.[101]

On 7 May 2013, residents of Tehran reported hearing three blasts in an area where Iran maintains its missile research and depots. Later, an Iranian website said the blasts occurred at a privately owned chemical factory.[102]

On 10 December, Hamas announced that they have resumed ties with Iran after a brief cut off over the Syrian conflict.[103]

#### 2014

[edit]

A court in Jerusalem has sentenced an Israeli man, Yitzhak Bergel, to four-and-a-half years in prison for offering to spy for Iran. Bergel belongs to the anti-Zionist Neturei Karta, an ultra-Orthodox Jewish sect which is vehemently opposed to the State of Israel's existence.[104]

On 5 March 2014, the Israeli navy intercepted the Klos-C cargo ship. Israel stated Iran was using the vessel to smuggle dozens of long-range rockets to Gaza, including Syrian-manufactured M-302 rockets. The operation, named Full Disclosure and carried out by Shayetet 13 special forces, took place in the Red Sea, 1,500 kilometers away from Israel and some 160 kilometers from Port Sudan.[105]

Iranian state media reported that on 24 August 2014, IRGC had shot down an Israeli drone near Natanz fuel enrichment plant. The Israeli military did not comment on the reports.[106]

Two workers were killed in an explosion that took place at a military explosives factory southeast of Tehran, near the suspected nuclear reactor in Parchin.[107] In what seemed to be a response ordered by Iran,[108] Hezbollah set off an explosive device on the border between Lebanon and the Israeli-controlled side of the Shebaa farms, wounding two Israeli soldiers. Israel responded with artillery fire toward two Hezbollah positions in southern Lebanon.[109]

### During the Syrian civil war

[edit]

Main article: Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war

Further information: Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war and Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war

Israel and Syria have observed a truce since Israel reaffirmed its control over most of the Golan Heights in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, but the Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011, has led to several incidents of fire exchange across the once-peaceful borders. The Israeli military is reportedly preparing itself for potential threats should there be a power vacuum in Syria. "After Assad and after establishing or strengthening their foothold in Syria, they are going to move and deflect their effort and attack Israel," an Israeli official told The Associated Press in January 2014. Some experts say that while the encroaching militant forces on Israel's border will heighten security measures, the advancements are not likely to create significant changes to Israel's policy disengagement in the Syria crisis.[110]

In the Syrian Civil War, hoping to bolster its logistics and force projection capabilities in the area, Tehran aims to clear a path from the Iranian capital to Damascus and the Mediterranean coast.[111][112] The Israeli government is convinced that Iran is interested in creating territorial contiguity from Iran to the Mediterranean and in transferring military forces – including naval vessels, fighter planes and thousands of troops – to permanent bases in Syria and is trying to "Lebanonize" Syria and take over using Shi'ite militias, as it had done with Hezbollah in Lebanon.[113] As Israeli Defence Minister Avigdor Lieberman has warned, "everything possible will be done to prevent the existence of a Shi'ite corridor from Tehran to Damascus".[114] In 2017, Israeli intelligence discovered an Iranian base being built in Syria just 50 km from the Israeli border.[115]

The assistance provided by Iran's IRGC Quds Force under General Qasem Soleimani, Hezbollah, and Russia to the Syrian government enabled Bashar al-Assad to emerge victorious from the war in 2017, which ensured that the "worst-case scenario" for Israel, a contiguous "Axis of Resistance" stretching from Iran and Iraq through Syria to the Lebanese-Israeli border, had been realized. Mossad director Yossi Cohen said in 2018 that Israel's failure to prevent an Assad victory in Syria, together with Israel's failure to defeat Hezbollah in 2006, had meant that "[Iranian General] Qassem Soleimani, should he be so minded, could drive his car from Tehran to Lebanon's border with Israel without being stopped. And the same route would be open to truckloads of rockets bound for Iran's main regional proxy, Hezbollah."[116]

#### Covert operations (2013–2017)

[edit]

On several occasions between 2013 and 2017 Israel reportedly carried out or supported attacks on Hezbollah and Iranian targets within Syrian territories or Lebanon. One of the first reliably reported incidents took place on 30 January 2013, when Israeli aircraft struck a Syrian convoy allegedly transporting Iranian weapons to Hezbollah.[117] Habitually, Israel refused to comment on the incident, a stance that is believed to seek to ensure that the Syrian government did not feel obliged to retaliate.[117]

More incidents were attributed to IAF on May 2013, December 2014 and April 2015. Some of those reports were confirmed by the Syrian Arab Republic, whereas others were denied. Israel systematically refused to comment on alleged targeting of Hezbollah and Ba'athist Syrian targets in Syrian territory. In 2015, suspected Hezbollah militants launched a retaliatory attack on Israeli forces in Shebaa farms as a response to an Israeli airstrike in the Syrian Golan that killed Hezbollah and IRGC senior operatives. In March 2017, Syria launched anti-aircraft missiles towards the Israeli-controlled part of the Golan Heights, allegedly targeting Israeli IAF aircraft, which Syria claimed were on their way to attack targets in Palmyra in Syria. After the incident, the State of Israel stated it was targeting weapons shipments headed toward anti-Israeli forces, specifically Hezbollah, located in Lebanon. Israel denied Syria's claim that one jet fighter was shot down and another damaged. Israel has not reported any pilots or aircraft missing in Syria, or anywhere else in the Middle East following the incident. According to some sources, the incident was the first time Israeli officials clearly confirmed an Israeli strike on a Hezbollah convoy during the Syrian Civil War.[118] As of September 2017, this was the only time such confirmation was issued.

In January 2014, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu warned that Iran's nuclear program would only be set back six weeks as a result of its interim agreement with the international community.[119] In one of the region's oddest pairings, Israel and the Gulf Arab states led by Saudi Arabia increasingly are finding common ground — and a common political language — on their mutual dismay over the prospect of a nuclear deal in Geneva that could curb Tehran's atomic program but leave the main elements intact, such as uranium enrichment.[120] In June 2017, former Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon stated that "We and the Arabs, the same Arabs who organized in a coalition in the Six-Day War to try to destroy the Jewish state, today find themselves in the same boat with us ... The Sunni Arab countries, apart from Qatar, are largely in the same boat with us since we all see a nuclear Iran as the number one threat against all of us".[121]

#### Open engagement (2017–2018)

[edit]

Beginning in January 2017, the Israeli Air Force began flying almost daily attack missions against Iranian targets in Syria, dropping about 2,000 bombs in 2018 alone. Some Iranian targets were also attacked by Israeli surface-to-surface missiles or in raids by Israeli special forces. According to former IDF Chief of Staff Gadi Eizenkot, the decision to strike Iranian bases in Syria was made after Iran changed its strategy in 2016 as the US-led military intervention against ISIL was drawing to an end, planning to exploit the power vacuum to establish hegemony in Syria, building bases and bringing in foreign Shiite fighters. Although the full extent of the campaign would not be revealed until 2019, by early December 2017 the Israeli Air Force confirmed it had attacked arms convoys of Ba'athist Syria and Lebanon's Hezbollah nearly 100 times during more than six years of the conflict in Syria. In January 2019, outgoing IDF Chief of Staff Gadi Eizenkot claimed that up to that point, only a few dozen Iranian military personnel had been killed in the attacks, as Israel had taken care to primarily target Iranian infrastructure while sparing personnel so as not to give Iran any pretext to retaliate.[122][123]

#### Heist of Iranian nuclear secrets in 2018

[edit]

It was reported that the Mossad stole nuclear secrets from a secure warehouse in Tehran in January 2018. According to reports, the agents came in a truck semitrailer at midnight, cut into dozens of safes with "high intensity torches", and carted out "50,000 pages and 163 compact discs of memos, videos and plans" before leaving in time to make their escape when the guards came for the morning shift at 7 am.[124][125] According to the Israelis, the documents and files (which it shared with European countries and the United States),[126] demonstrated that the Iranian AMAD Project aimed to develop nuclear weapons, that Iran had a nuclear program when it claimed to have "largely suspended it", and that there were two nuclear sites in Iran that had been hidden from inspectors.[127] This was followed by the Trump administration withdrawing the United States from the JCPOA and reimposing US sanctions on Iran.[128][129] Shortly after retiring as head of Mossad, Yossi Cohen admitted he oversaw the operation to steal the Iranian documents during a televised interview in June 2021.[130] Benjamin Netanyahu's 2022 book revealed several new details of the operation, including an intent to sabotage the nuclear program by stealing irreplaceable documents, in addition to proving its mere existence.[131]

### Syria, Iraq and Lebanon (2019–2020)

[edit]

Main article: 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq

In July 2019, it was reported that Israel had expanded its strikes against Iranian missile shipments to Iraq, with Israeli F-35 combat planes allegedly striking Iranian targets in Iraq twice.[132] Israeli airstrikes reportedly targeted Iran-backed militias in Iraq during 2019.[133]

On September 16, 2019, air strikes, targeting three positions of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards and allied Iraqi militias, killed at least 10 pro-Iranian militiamen in Albu Kamal, Syria. The strikes were allegedly blamed on Israel.[134] According to the time, the increase of Iran-Israel tension concurs with discussion of a possible rapprochement between Iran and the U.S.[135]

Israeli aircraft or drones attacked a Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) position in Qousaya, located in the Beqaa Valley of Lebanon, close to the border with Syria on Sunday night, 26 August 2019, according to Lebanese media reports. The attack came a day after two drones exploded in the Lebanese capital Beirut.[136][137]

According to an official from the Palestinian position in the town three air strikes hit the PFLP-GC military position in Quasaya early morning 26 August 2019 causing only material damage.[138]

On 27 July 2020, explosions and exchange of fire were heard during a "security incident" at the border between the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights and Lebanon.[139] The incident involved Israeli soldiers and four Hezbollah fighters who allegedly crossed the border, and came days after a Hezbollah member was killed by Israeli airstrikes in Syria and an Israeli drone crashed in Lebanon.[140] The Israel Defense Forces said that there were no Israeli casualties and that the four Hezbollah fighters fled back to Lebanon after being shot at. However, Hezbollah denied that their forces attacked the Israeli army, and said that their fighters had not crossed the border in a released statement. The group said that Israel opened fire first. Two dozen explosions were heard in Lebanon; an Israeli shell smashed in a civilian home, narrowly missing a family in the house at the time, but nobody was hurt.[141][139][142][143]

### Assassinations, cyberwarfare and sabotage

[edit]

#### 2020

[edit]

See also: 2020 Iran explosions

The US assassinated Qasem Soleimani on 3 January, reversing policy of the prior administration which had warned Iran of Israeli attempts at assassinating Soleimani. The Iranians retaliated with Operation Martyr Soleimani, in which 11 Qiam 1 missiles hit Al-Asad Airbase, causing traumatic brain injuries to 110 American soldiers. On the same day, the IRGC mistakenly shot down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, killing all 176 passengers and crew aboard, including 82 Iranian citizens. This triggered another wave of Iranian anti-government protests (part of the larger 2019–2020 Iranian protests), with many Iranians calling for the removal of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.[144] When giant U.S. and Israeli flags were painted on the ground for crowds of Iranian protestors to trample on them, according to video filmed at the scene that has been verified by NBC News, the crowds of people outside Beheshti University refused to trample over them.[145]

On May 9, 2020, Israel was reportedly behind a cyberattack that disrupted the Shahid Rajaee port in the Strait of Hormuz, causing traffic jams of delivery trucks and delays in shipments. It was suggested the attack was a response to a failed Iranian cyberattack on an Israeli water facility of the Sharon central region in April.[146]

In June and July, a series of explosions targeted Iran's nuclear and missile programs and various other infrastructure. There were accidents and damages reported in the Parchin military complex near Tehran on 26 June, the Sina At'har clinic in northern Tehran on 30 June,[147] the Natanz nuclear facility on 2 July, the Shahid Medhaj power plant (Zargan) in Ahvaz and the Karun petrochemical center in the city of Mahshahr on 4 July. It has been speculated that Israel was involved,[148] and the damage at the centrifuge plant in Natanz alone could delay the Iranian nuclear weapons program by one or two years, according to intelligence officials.[149] On July 6, another explosion occurred at the Sepahan Boresh factory in the city of Baqershahr.[150] On July 9, explosions were reported at a missile depot belonging to Iran's Revolutionary Guards Corps west of Tehran.[151] On July 11, an explosion took place at the basement of an old two-story house containing gas cylinders in northern Tehran.[152] On July 12, a fire broke out at the Shahid Tondgooyan Petrochemical Company in southwest Iran.[153] On July 13, an explosion occurred at a gas condensate plant of the Kavian Fariman industrial zone in the Razavi Khorasan Province.[154] On July 15, a large fire broke out at a shipyard in the city of Bushehr, spreading to seven wooden boats.[155] On July 18, an oil pipeline exploded in the Ahvaz region in southern Iran.[156] On July 19, another explosion took place in a power station in Isfahan.[157] On August 4, a massive explosion took place at the Beirut port caused by ammonium nitrate that was stored at the place. According to the German newspaper Die Welt, Iran supplied Hezbollah with hundreds of tons of ammonium nitrate between 2013 and 2014, while around that time Lebanon confiscated thousands of tons of the explosive substance that years later led to the blast.[158]

Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah, the second-in-command of al-Qaeda, was killed on 7 August 2020 in Tehran.[159]

Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, head of Iran's nuclear weapons program, was assassinated on 27 November 2020 in Absard.[160]

#### Attacks on ships and incidents in 2021

[edit]

Israeli commandos carried out attacks which damaged numerous Iranian cargo ships carrying oil and weapons to Syria from late 2019 to 2021.[161] Israeli-owned ships were attacked in the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea, allegedly by Iran.[162] Israel was also reportedly behind an attack on an Iranian intelligence ship of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy in the Red Sea, which was heavily damaged by a limpet mine in April 2021.[163]

On April 10, 2021, Iran began injecting uranium hexafluoride gas into advanced IR-6 and IR-5 centrifuges at Natanz, but an accident occurred in the electricity distribution network the next day due to Mossad activity, according to Western and Iranian sources.[164] On April 13 2021, In what seemed to be an Iranian response, an Israeli-owned ship was attacked by a missile or a drone near the shores of the Fujairah emirate in the United Arab Emirates, causing light damage to the vessel.[165] On April 24, an Iranian fuel tanker was reportedly attacked off the Syrian coast by an Israeli drone, causing damage but no casualties.[166]

On May 7, a massive fire broke out in Iran's southwestern city of Bushehr near the only functioning nuclear power plant of the country. The IRGC-affiliated Tasnim News Agency reported that the fire was intentional, although its cause was unknown.[167] On May 9, an explosion occurred at an oil tanker off the coast of Syria, causing a small fire in one of its engines.[168] On May 23, at least nine people were injured in a blast at an Iranian plant that reportedly produces UAVs in Isfahan. The blast occurred after Prime Minister Netanyahu said a drone armed with explosives that was downed by Israeli forces earlier in the week was launched by Iran toward Israel from either Syria or Iraq, amid the fighting in Gaza.[169] On May 26, an explosion took place at a petrochemical complex in the city of Asaluyeh in southern Iran, killing a worker and injuring two.[170]

On June 2, a fire broke out at an Iranian navy vessel, the IRIS Kharg, near the port of Jask in the Gulf of Oman, although the entire crew was able to safely disembark before the ship sank.[171][172] Later in the day there was a gas leak at an oil refinery in Tehran which caused a massive fire. No injuries were reported.[173] On June 5, an explosion took place at the Zarand Iranian Steel Company in eastern Iran. No injuries were reported.[174] On June 20, it was reported that Iran's sole nuclear power plant at Bushehr underwent an emergency shutdown that would last between three and four days.[175] On June 23, a major damage was caused to one of the buildings of Iran's Atomic Energy Organization, although Iranian authorities denied there was any damage or casualties as a result of the sabotage attempt.[176]

On July 3, an Israeli-owned cargo ship was struck by an "unknown weapon" in the northern Indian Ocean, causing a fire to erupt onboard the vessel, although no injuries were reported. Israeli sources suspect that Iran was behind the attack.[177] On July 5, a large fire was reported at a warehouse or factory near the city of Karaj, where an alleged previous attack targeted a nuclear facility reportedly used to produce centrifuges.[178] On July 14, Iranian media reported an explosion at an office building in western Tehran, causing heavy damage to part of the building.[179] On July 29, an Israeli-operated oil tanker was attacked near the coast of Oman. According to senior Israeli officials, the attack was conducted by Iran.[180]

On August 10, a major explosion took place on a commercial ship docked at the Latakia port in Syria. Some reports identified the targeted ship as Iranian.[181] The same day a fire broke out at an Iranian petrochemical factory on Khark Island in the Persian Gulf.[182]

On September 26, three people were injured in a fire at an IRGC research center west of Tehran.[183]

On October 26, a cyberattack crippled gas stations across Iran. It was reported that some hacked systems displayed messages addressing Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, demanding to know "where is the gas."[184]

On November 7, it was reported that Mossad thwarted multiple Iranian attacks on Israelis in Tanzania, Senegal and Ghana. African authorities arrested five suspects. Iran has also attempted to strike Israel overseas and using cyberattacks.[185]

#### Assassinations and covert bilateral attacks in 2022–2023

[edit]

In February 2022, an Israeli attack against an Iranian base destroyed hundrends of drones, which prompted Iran to fire missiles on an American consulate in Irbil (Iraqi Kurdistan) the following month. An Iranian cyberattack on Israeli websites was also reported.[186]

In March 2022, Reuters reported that Israel was carrying out airstrikes against Iranian personnel and militias in Syria backed by Iran. The report said that Israel "seeks to prevent Iran from transferring weapons to Hezbollah".[187]

On May 22, Col. Hassan Sayyad Khodaei, a senior member of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, was shot dead in his car in Tehran. He was among those responsible within the Guard's elite Quds Force for carrying out Iranian operations in Iraq and Syria.[188] On May 25, an engineer was killed and another employee was wounded during an incident at the Parchin military facility south of Tehran.[189] Also in May, Israeli and Turkish security agencies foiled an Iranian plot to kidnap Israeli tourists in Turkey.[190] Another plot was foiled in June following a Mossad rescue operation in Istanbul.[191]

On June 12, Argentinian authorities immobilized an Iranian Mahan Air cargo plane that was leased to a Venezuelan state-owned airline. The passports of five Iranian passengers traveling on the plane were confiscated, some of whom were purportedly linked to the IRGC.[192] On June 13, Mohammad Abdous, an Iranian Air Force scientist from the Aerospace Unit working on several projects, was killed during a mission at a base in northern Iran. The incident occurred less than 24 hours after Ali Kamani, another member of the air force's Aerospace Unit, died in a car accident in the city of Khomein.[193] The New York Times reported that Iranian officials suspect Israel poisoned engineer Ayoob Entezari and geologist Kamran Aghamolaei.[194] On June 14, an explosion at a chemical factory in the southern city of Firouzabad injured over 100 Iranian workers, most of them lightly.[195] On June 15, another IRGC officer of the aerospace division, Wahab Premarzian, died in the city of Maragheh.[196] On June 19, an explosion was reported at an IRGC missile base in west Tehran. The site had been targeted last year as well.[197] On June 27, A large cyberattack forced the Iranian state-owned Khuzestan Steel Company to halt production, with two other major steel producers also being targeted. Israeli military correspondents hinted that Israel was responsible for the assault in retaliation for a suspected Iranian cyberattack that caused rocket sirens to be heard in Jerusalem and Eilat the previous week.[198]

In July, IRGC engineer Said Thamardar Mutlak was killed in a suspected Mossad assassination in Shiraz, while Iranian state-media reported that a Mossad-linked spy network planning to carry out "unprecedented acts of sabotage and terrorist operations" in Iran was captured by IRGC intelligence.[199]

On August 22, IRGC Brigadier General Abolfazal Alijani was killed in the Aleppo region of Syria.[200]

On September 1, an explosion occurred at a key oil refinery in Abadan that supplies 25% of Iran's fuel needs. No injuries were reported.[201]

On November 15, an oil tanker owned by an Israeli billionaire was attacked off the coast of Oman by an Iranian drone belonging to the IRGC, causing damage but no injuries.[202][203] The same day security services in Georgia announced they foiled an Iranian plot to assassinate an Israeli businessman in that country, which was supposed to have been carried out by a Pakistani hit squad hired by Iran and assisted by the IRGC.[204] On November 23, Iran blamed Israel for the death of a senior adviser of the IRGC's aerospace division who was killed by a roadside bomb near Damascus.[205]

On January 28, 2023, a series of bomb-carrying drones attacked an Iranian defense factory in Isfahan, causing material damage at the plant, while a fire broke out at a refinery in the country's northwest the same day.[206] According to The Wall Street Journal, Israel was responsible for the strike.[207]

On February 17, the IRGC launched a drone attack against an Israeli-owned vessel in the Persian Gulf, causing minor damage.[208] In March, Greek authorities—with help from Mossad—arrested two foreigners that were part of an Iranian cell looking to attack Jews and Israelis in that country.[209]

In April, Shin Bet announced the arrest of two Palestinians in the West Bank who were recruited by Hezbollah and the Iranian Quds Force to carry out attacks on their behalf.[210]

In June, a planned attack by IRGC members against Jews and Israelis in Cyprus was foiled by Cypriot intelligence services in cooperation with US and Israeli agencies.[211]

In September, a suspected explosion struck an Iranian missile base in the city of Khorramabad, with some observers suggesting it was a Mossad operation.[212] On September 27, Shin Bet arrested a five-person cell, consisting of three Palestinians and two Israeli citizens, that security officials claimed was an Iranian-led cell gathering intelligence to assassinate far-right Israeli minister Itamar Ben-Gvir and far-right activist Yehuda Glick.[213] On September 28, a fire broke out at a car battery factory owned by the Iranian Defense Ministry for the second time in less than a week.[214]

### During the Israel–Hamas war

[edit]

Further information: 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel and 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran

See also: Israel–Hamas war

The armed conflict between Israel and Palestinian militant groups led by Hamas[215][a] began on 7 October 2023,[216][217][218] with a coordinated surprise offensive on Israel. The attack began with a rocket barrage of at least 3,000 rockets launched from the Hamas-controlled Gaza Strip against Israel. In parallel, approximately 2,500 Palestinian militants breached the Gaza–Israel barrier, attacking military bases and massacring civilians in neighboring Israeli communities.[219] At least 1,200 people were killed, including 360 at a music festival.[220][221][222] Unarmed civilian hostages and captured Israeli soldiers were taken to the Gaza Strip, including women and children.[223][224][225][226] The surprise Palestinian attack was met with Israeli retaliatory strikes,[227] and Israel formally declared war on Hamas and its allies a day later.[227]

Iran, which reportedly assisted Hamas with planning the attack,[228] threatened Israel to immediately stop the war on Gaza.[229] A conflict was reported between militants in Lebanon, including Hezbollah, and Israeli forces on 8 and 9 October.[230]

Iran and its proxies, Russia and to a lesser extent China have launched a disinformation campaign against Israel, Ukraine – which condemned the attacks – and their main ally, the United States, accusing Israel and the United States of committing war crimes in Gaza. The Institute for Strategic Dialogue's report singled out Iranian accounts on Facebook and X that glorified the crimes of Hamas and encouraged more violence against Israeli civilians.[231] Researchers have documented at least 40,000 bots or fake social media accounts, as well as strategic use of state-controlled media outlets like RT, Sputnik and Tasnim.[231]

Amidst the war, the Houthi insurgent group extended the conflict's reach by launching missile attacks directed towards Israeli territory.[232]

In December, two Iranian suspects linked to the IRGC were arrested in Cyprus for planning to target Israelis there.[233] On December 16, Iran reportedly executed a spy working for the Mossad in Sistan and Baluchestan province.[234] On December 18, Iranian media reported disruptions at 60% of gas stations across the country after a cyberattack by the hacktivist group Predatory Sparrow.[235] On 23 December, a drone reportedly from Iran struck an Israeli-affiliated, Liberian-flagged chemical products tanker identified by Asian News International as MV Chem Pluto in the Arabian Sea, 200 nautical miles (370 km) southwest of the coast of Veraval, India.[236][237] The attack caused a fire on board, but there were no injuries reported. The tanker, which was carrying crude oil, had a crew of 20 Indians, and came from a port in Saudi Arabia. The Indian Navy responded to the incident, and sent ICGS Vikram to the tanker.[238][239]

On 25 December, Sayyed Razi Mousavi, a top commander and senior adviser of the IRGC, was killed by an Israeli airstrike in the Sayyida Zeinab area.[240][241] On December 28, eleven leaders of the IRGC were killed in an airstrike targeting the Damascus International Airport, according to Saudi media. It was reported that the IRGC commanders were meeting high-ranking delegates at the time of the strike. [242] On 29 December, Iran executed four people for allegedly spying for the Mossad, and arrested several others.[243] On January 20, 2024, an airstrike killed five elite Iranian Revolutionary Guards in a building in Damascus. Iran blamed Israel.[244] On 29 January, Iran executed four people who were accused of planning to carry out a bomb plot ordered by Mossad against a factory producing military equipment.[245] In February, it was reported that the IRGC has recruited British Shia Muslims visiting religious sites in Iran and Iraq to spy or carry out attacks on Jews and Iranian dissidents living in the UK.[246] On 14 February, explosions struck a natural gas pipeline in Iran, with an official blaming "sabotage and terrorist action".[247]

On 1 April 2024, the Iranian consulate annex building adjacent to the Iranian embassy in Damascus, Syria, was struck by an Israeli airstrike, killing 16 people, including Brigadier General Mohammad Reza Zahedi, a senior Quds Force commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), and seven other IRGC officers.[248][249] On 13 April, Iran retaliated against the attack with missile and drone strikes in Israel.[250] On 19 April, Israel launched a series of retaliatory missile strikes on Iranian military sites. Iranian officials have also reported explosions at military sites in Syria and Iraq.[251] Iran is the third-largest producer in oil cartel OPEC, so there was concern about rising oil prices.[252]

It was reported in the end of April that Israel killed an IRGC operative in Tehran who was allegedly involved in targeting Jews in Germany.[253]

In May 2024, reports emerged detailing Iran's alleged orchestration of terror attacks targeting Israeli embassies in Europe, facilitated by local criminal networks. The Swedish Security Service verified Iran's involvement in these security-threatening activities aimed at Israeli and Jewish establishments in Sweden. Subsequently, Swedish authorities reinforced security protocols at these sites.[254]

On the night between July 30 and July 31, two senior figures of Iranian backed proxy groups were killed in assasinations attributed to Israel by Iran. CNN described this as humiliating news for Iran.[255]

## Iranian supporters and alleged proxies

[edit]

Further information: Axis of Resistance

### Syria

[edit]

Main articles: Iran–Syria relations and Iranian involvement in the Syrian Civil War

Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and President Ebrahim Raisi meeting with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad on 8 May 2022

Iran and Syria are close strategic allies, and Iran has provided significant support for the Syrian government in the Syrian Civil War, including logistical, technical and financial support, as well as training and some combat troops. Iran sees the survival of the Syrian government as being crucial to its regional interests.[256][257] The Supreme Leader of Iran, Ali Khamenei, was reported in September 2011 to be vocally in favor of the Syrian government. When the uprising developed into the Syrian Civil War, there were increasing reports of Iranian military support, and of Iranian training of NDF (National Defence Forces) both in Syria and Iran.[258]

Iranian security and intelligence services are advising and assisting the Syrian military in order to preserve Bashar al-Assad's hold on power.[256] Those efforts include training, technical support, and combat troops.[256][259] Thousands of Iranian operatives – as many as 10,000 by the end of 2013[257] – have fought in the Syrian civil war on the pro-government side, including regular troops and militia members. In 2018, Tehran said that 2,100 Iranian soldiers have been killed in Syria and Iraq over the past seven years.[260][261] Iran has also sponsored and facilitated the involvement of Shia militias from across the region to fight in Syria, including Lebanese Hezbollah, Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun, Pakistani Liwa Zainebiyoun, Iraqi Harakat al-Nujaba, Kataib Seyyed al-Shuhada and Kataib Hezbollah, and Bahraini Saraya Al-Mukhtar.[262][263][264][265][266][267][268][269]

### Hezbollah

[edit]

See also: Funding of Hezbollah

Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah with Ali Khamenei and Qods Force commander Qassem Soleimani

Hezbollah has grown to an organization with seats in the Lebanese government, a radio and a satellite television-station, programs for social development and large-scale military deployment of fighters beyond Lebanon's borders.[270][271][272] The organization has been called a "state within a state".[273] Hezbollah is part of the March 8 Alliance within Lebanon, in opposition to the March 14 Alliance. Hezbollah maintains strong support among Lebanon's Shi'a population,[274] while Sunnis have disagreed with the group's agenda.[275][276] Following the end of the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon in 2000, its military strength grew significantly,[277][278] such that its paramilitary wing is considered more powerful than the Lebanese Army.[279][280] Hezbollah receives military training, weapons, and financial support from Iran, and political support from Syria.[281] Hezbollah also fought against Israel in the 2006 Lebanon War.

Hezbollah has been a major combatant in the Syrian Civil War, helping to ensure the survival of the Iran-backed Assad government. Active support and troop deployment began in 2012, steadily increasing thereafter.[282] Hezbollah deployed several thousand fighters in Syria and by 2015 lost up to 1,500 fighters in combat.[283] Hezbollah has also been very active to prevent rebel penetration from Syria to Lebanon, being one of the most active forces in the Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon. By March 2019, 1,677 Lebanese Hezbollah fighters had reportedly been killed in Syria.[284]

### Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

[edit]

Further information: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

### Hamas (2005–2011)

[edit]

Further information: Governance of the Gaza Strip

Between 2005 and 2011, Iran was one of the main funders and suppliers of Hamas. Israel estimates the Hamas' Brigades have a core of several hundred members, who received military training, including training in Iran and in Syria (before the Syrian Civil War).[285] In 2011, after the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, Hamas distanced itself from the Syrian government and its members began leaving Syria. Since 2012, Hamas has ceased receiving any support from Iran due to Hamas' support of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. In a speech for the spokesman of the Qassam brigades in 2014 on Hamas's 27 anniversary he thanked Iran for aid in finance and weapons.[2]

### Sudan (2005–2015)

[edit]

Main article: Iran–Sudan relations

In 2008, Sudan and Iran signed a military cooperation agreement. The agreement was signed by Iran's Defense Minister Mostafa Mohammad-Najjar and his Sudanese counterpart Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein.[286]

In 2011, however, Sudan reduced its cooperation with Iran after the start of the Syrian Civil War.

In 2015, Sudan completely severed its ties with Iran, by participating in the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni Crisis on behalf of the Sunni Arab alliance.[287]

### Palestinian Islamic Jihad

[edit]

Iran is a major financial supporter of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ).[288][289][290][291] Following the Israeli and Egyptian squeeze on Hamas in early 2014, PIJ has seen its power steadily increase with the backing of funds from Iran.[292] Its financial backing is believed to also come from Syria.

### Popular Mobilization Forces

[edit]

Main article: Popular Mobilization Forces

## Israeli supporters and alleged proxies

[edit]

### United States

[edit]

Main articles: Israel–United States relations and Israel–United States military relations

Vice President Joe Biden with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Jerusalem in 2016

Israel's closest military ally, the United States, has a long history of violence against Iran, including the August 1953 overthrow of the Mossadegh government by U.S. and U.K. covert operatives, and the decades long U.S. support for the authoritarian rule of the Shah.[293][294][295][296] The U.S. provided major military and other support to Saddam Hussein's Iraq for decades after Iraq attacked Iran, and in 1988, the United States launched Operation Praying Mantis against Iran, the largest American naval combat operation since World War II.[297] The United States has military bases that virtually encircle Iran.[298]

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken did not rule out a military intervention to stop Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons.[299][300]

### Saudi Arabia

[edit]

Main articles: Iran–Saudi Arabia relations, Israel–Saudi Arabia relations, and Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

While Iran is the world's main Shia Muslim-led power, Saudi Arabia sees itself as the leading Sunni Muslim power.[301] In what has been described as a cold war, the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, waged on multiple levels over geopolitical, economic, and sectarian influence in pursuit of regional hegemony, has been a major features of western Asia since 1979.[302][303] American support for Saudi Arabia and its allies as well as Russian and Chinese support for Iran and its allies have drawn comparisons to the dynamics of the Cold War era, and the proxy conflict has been characterized as a front in what Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev has referred to as the "New Cold War".[304][305][306] The rivalry today is primarily a political and economic struggle exacerbated by religious differences, and sectarianism in the region is exploited by both countries for geopolitical purposes as part of the conflict.[303][307][308]

Israel and Saudi Arabia do not have any official diplomatic relations. However, news reports have indicated extensive behind-the-scenes diplomatic and intelligence cooperation between the countries, in pursuit of mutual goals against regional enemy Iran.[309][310]

The 2023 Israel–Hamas war had a significant impact on diplomatic efforts. Speculation arose that Iran was trying to sabotage relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia,[311] with former head of research for Shin Bet Neomi Neumann saying the attack could have been timed in part due to Iran's hopes to scuttle efforts to normalize relations between Israel and its Sunni rival.[312] On 9 October, Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Nasser Kanaani denied claims of Tehran's involvement in Hamas's attack.[313] On 12 October, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman discussed the Israel-Gaza situation with Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi.[314] On 13 October, Saudi Arabia criticized Israel for the displacement of Palestinians from Gaza and the attacks on "defenceless civilians". On 14 October, Saudi Arabia suspended talks on the possible normalization of relations with Israel.[315]

### Azerbaijan

[edit]

Main articles: Azerbaijan–Israel relations and Azerbaijan–Iran relations

Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev and Israeli President Isaac Herzog in Baku, May 2023

### People's Mujahedin of Iran

[edit]

* In 2012, an NBC news story quoted two unnamed US officials who stated that the MEK was financed, trained, and armed by Israel in killing Iranian nuclear scientists.[316][317][318][319] The MEK denied this claim.[319]
* According to a New Yorker report, members of the Mujahideen-e-Khalq received training in the U.S. and Israeli funding for their operations against the Iranian government.[320] The MEK denied this claim.

## Notable wars and violent events

[edit]

Time  | Name  | Deaths[citation needed] | Result

|
|
|

1985–2000  | South Lebanon conflict | 559 Israelis

621 soldiers of the South Lebanon Army 1,276 Hezbollah soldiers

| Hezbollah victory
Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon
2000–2006  | 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict | 25 Israelis

16 Hezbollah soldiers

| Inconclusive, Israel retains control over Shebaa Farms, Beginning of the 2006 Lebanon War
2006  | Second Lebanon War | 165 Israelis
1,954 Lebanese  | Stalemate, both sides claim victory
2008–2009  | First Gaza War | 14 Israelis
1,434 Palestinians  | Israeli victory
2012  | Operation Pillar of Defense | 6 Israelis
158 Palestinians  | Both sides claim victory
2013–ongoing  | Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war | 631+ Syrian and Iranian soldiers[321] | Ongoing
2014  | Second Gaza War | 73 Israelis
2,251 Palestinians  | Both sides claim victory
2021  | 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis | 13 Israelis
274 Palestinians  | Both sides claim victory
2023–ongoing  | Israel–Hamas war | 1,450+ Israelis
32,000+ Palestinians  | Ongoing
2023–ongoing  | Israel–Hezbollah conflict | 21+ Israelis
300+ Lebanese
30+ Palestinians
50+ Syrians  | Ongoing
2024  | 2024 Iran–Israel conflict | 16 Iranian and proxy  | Inconclusive

## International responses

[edit]

### Russia

[edit]

Main article: Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu and Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2018

Russian foreign policy in the Middle East during the early 2000s, in light of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict.

After 2001 the government of Vladimir Putin intensified Russia's involvement in the region, supporting Iran's nuclear programs and forgiving Syria 73% of its $13 billion debt.[322]

According to March 2007 brief entitled Russia's New Middle Eastern Policy: Back to Bismarck? by Ariel Cohen (Institute for Contemporary Affairs),

> Syria ... was supplying Hizbullah with Russian weapons. In 2006, Israeli forces found evidence of the Russian-made Kornet-E and Metis-M anti-tank systems in Hizbullah's possession in southern Lebanon. The Russian response to accusations that it was supplying terrorist groups with weapons was an announcement, in February 2007, that Russia's military will conduct inspections of Syrian weapons storage facilities with the goal of preventing the weapons from reaching unintended customers. Predictably, such developments placed considerable strain on the already-deteriorating relations between Russia and Israel... For several years Russia has been attempting to engage in military cooperation with both Israel and Syria. However, the levels of cooperation with the two states are inversely related and an escalation of arms sales to Syria can only damage the relationship with Israel. Russian-Syrian military cooperation has gone through numerous stages: high levels of cooperation during the Soviet era, which was virtually halted until 2005, and now Russia's attempt to balance its relationship with both Israel and Syria. However, Russia's recent eastward leanings might indicate that Moscow is prepared to enter a new stage in its military cooperation with Syria, even if this is to the detriment of its relationship with Israel.[323]

Israel–Russia relations improved after the Russian military intervention in Syria in September 2015. From then until July 2018, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Putin met a total of 9 times.[324] Prior to and immediately after the 2016 United States presidential election, Israel began lobbying the United States to strike a deal with Russia over restricting the Iranian military presence in Syria in exchange for removing U.S. sanctions against Russia.[325]

In 2019, Russia rejected an Iranian request to buy S-400 missile defense system. Ruslan Pukhov, head of the Center of Analysis of Strategies and Technologies in Moscow, said: "If Russia decides to provide Iran with S-400, it will be a direct challenge to Saudi Arabia and Israel, so it will be against Russia's own national interests."[326]

## See also

[edit]

* Politics portal
* Iran portal
* Israel portal

* 2024 Iranian strikes in Israel
* Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)
* Arab Cold War
* Arab–Israeli conflict
* Axis of Resistance
* Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war
* Iran–Israel relations
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Israeli–Lebanese conflict
* List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The list of groups included Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine and the Lions' Den.

## References

[edit]

* Alavi, Seyed Ali (2019). Iran and Palestine: Past, Present, Future. Foreword: Arshin Adib-Moghaddam. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780367228293. OCLC 1123089621.
* Parsi, Trita (2007). Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the U.S. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300120578. OCLC 124164797.

1. ^ Shatz, Adam (29 April 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah". The New York Review of Books. 51 (7). Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
2. ^ a b "Iran punishes Hamas for stance on Syria". Al Arabiya English. 1 June 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2019. "Iran's annual financial aid to Hamas is believed to be around $20 million, which helps the group run its government in the Gaza Strip. Both parties enjoyed warm ties since 2006 when Hamas won an election against the Western-backed Fatah movement. But the crisis in Syria has led to problems between them."
3. ^ Rasgon, Adam (12 February 2018). "Renewed Hamas-Iran ties make risk of two-front war more realistic". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
4. ^ "Iran Increases Aid to PFLP Thanks to Syria Stance". Al Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East. 17 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
5. ^ "Is the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine back from the dead?". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 14 May 2020. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
6. ^ Ayyoub, Abeer (21 January 2013). "Iran Strengthens Ties To Palestinian Islamic Jihad". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
7. ^ "Palestinian Islamic Jihad". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
8. ^ Balousha, Hazem (17 September 2013). "Iran Increases Aid to PFLP Thanks to Syria Stance". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
9. ^ "US move turns spotlight on Al Sabreen movement, the arms of Iran in Palestine". Al Arabiya English. 2 February 2018. Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
10. ^ "Yemen's Houthi rebels threaten to attack Israel". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
11. ^ "Israel strikes Popular Mobilisation Forces' sites in Iraq". Middle East Monitor. 10 September 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
12. ^ Siegel, Jacob (5 June 2015). "The Myth of Iran's Military Mastermind". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
13. ^ "Syria war: Israel Patriot missile downs 'target' over Golan". BBC News. 27 April 2017. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
14. ^ "Iran's Afghan mercenaries threaten Israel: Final target is the Golan". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 24 December 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
15. ^ "The Huseynyun: Iran's new IRGC-backed movement in Azerbaijan". 9 October 2021.
16. ^ "Analysis: Iranian-backed group in Bahrain creates sub-unit to target Israeli interests". FDD's Long War Journal. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
17. ^ Hafezi, Parisa (30 November 2020). "Iran opposition suspected alongside Israel in scientist's killing, Shamkani says". U.S. News & World Report. Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
18. ^ Israel 'giving secret aid to Syrian rebels', report says: Direct funding, food, fuel and medical supplies allegedly provided by Israeli state to keep Isis and Iranian-allied forces in neighbouring civil war at bay The Independent, 19 June 2017.
19. ^ "Israel secretly armed and funded 12 Syrian rebel groups, report says". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
20. ^ Gross, Judah Ari. "IDF chief finally acknowledges that Israel supplied weapons to Syrian rebels". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
21. ^ "Israel leaves front lines in south Lebanon". UPI. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
22. ^ Jordan, Will; Radhakrishnan, Rahul (23 February 2015). "Mossad contradicted Netanyahu on Iran nuclear programme". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
23. ^ Mudallali, Amal (8 October 2014). "The Iranian Sphere of Influence Expands Into Yemen". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
24. ^ Gerges, Fawas (5 May 2013). "Israel attacks show Syria's conflict becoming a regional proxy war". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
25. ^ Ahmari, Sohrab (9 March 2012). "Iran Around Tel Aviv: An Iranian Writer Travels the Jewish State as the Cold War Between Israel and Iran Gets Hot". Tablet. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
26. ^ Holmes, Oliver; Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (10 May 2018). "Fears grow as Israel and Iran edge closer to conflict". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019. "Israel and Iran have been urged to step back from the brink after their most serious direct confrontation, with Israeli missiles being fired over war-torn Syria in a "wide-scale" retaliatory attack many fear could drag the foes into a spiralling war."
27. ^ Parsi 2007, p. 216.
28. ^ Times, International New York. "Gaza deaths surpass any Arab loss in wars with Israel in past 40 years". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
29. ^ Israel and Iran: A Dangerous Rivalry. p. 18\. "The strategic factors driving such collaboration in the past—Nasserism, the Soviets, and Iraq—are no longer present today. "
30. ^ Alavi 2019, p. 2, 6.
31. ^ "Israel and the Origins of Iran's Arab Option: Dissection of a Strategy Misunderstood". Middle East Journal. 60 (3).
32. ^ "Iran and Israel: From allies to archenemies, how did they get here?".
33. ^ Parsi 2007, p. 213-214.
34. ^ "What Drives Israel-Iran Hostility? How Might it be Resolved?".
35. ^ "Does Iran pose an existential threat? Israeli Voice Index November 2021". August 2021.
36. ^ Tarzi, Amin, ed. (2009). Iranian Puzzle Piece: Understanding Iran in the Global Context (PDF) (Report). Marine Corps University. p. 72\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2019. "Iranian rhetoric and statements from leaders that reflect hatred and deny Israeli legitimacy, reinforced by military parades in Tehran featuring missiles with signs proclaiming 'Wipe Israel off the Map' and 'Destination Tel Aviv,' ... Iranian President Mahmud Ahmadinejad's genocidal declarations reflect a fundamentalist and apocalyptic Islamist whose words and intentions are focused on the destruction of Israel. ... In 2001, former President Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani called the establishment of Israel the 'worst event in history' and declared that 'in due time the Islamic world will have a military nuclear device, and then the strategy of the West would reach a dead end, since one bomb is enough to destroy all Israel.' ... Similar attention was given to bellicose statements by Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Hoseyni Khamenei, such as 'the cancerous tumor called Israel must be uprooted.'"
37. ^ New York Times, 4 Sept. 2019, "The Secret History of the Push to Strike Iran: Hawks in Israel and America Have Spent More than a Decade Agitating for War Against the Islamic Republic's Nuclear Program. Will Trump Finally Deliver?" Archived 29 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine
38. ^ a b Alavi 2019, p. 24.
39. ^ Alavi 2019, p. 25.
40. ^ "Iran to examine Holocaust evidence". Al Jazeera. 3 September 2006. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
41. ^ Ioanes, Ellen (14 October 2023). "How does Iran fit into the war between Israel and Hamas?". Vox.
42. ^ Nikou, Semira N. "Timeline of Iran's Foreign Relations". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
43. ^ Selbourne, David (2005). The Losing Battle with Islam. Prometheus Books. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-59102-362-3.
44. ^ Trita Parsi (2007). Treacherous alliance. Internet Archive. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12057-8.
45. ^ "What to know about Hezbollah, the powerful Iran-backed group on Israel's border". CNN. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
46. ^ Lamb, Franklin (23 September 2008). "Hezbollah and the Palestinians". The Palestine Chronicle. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
47. ^ a b c d e "When the road to Palestine passed through Iran". L'Orient Today. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
48. ^ a b c Alavi 2019, p. 51.
49. ^ Alavi 2019, p. 60.
50. ^ Alavi 2019, p. 58.
51. ^ a b Alavi 2019, p. 63.
52. ^ Alavi 2019, p. 66.
53. ^ Alavi 2019, p. 77.
54. ^ Parsi 2007, p. 102.
55. ^ Parsi 2007, p. 103.
56. ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (14 October 2002). "In the Party of God: Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2007.
57. ^ a b "Iran Massively Rearming Hezbollah in Violation of UN Security Council Resolution". American Chronicle. 28 March 2010. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011.
58. ^ Background Information on Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations (PDF) (Report). United States Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
59. ^ Norton, Augustus (1987). Amal and the Shi'a: the struggle for the Soul of Lebanon. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 167–187. ISBN 978-0-292-73040-3. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
60. ^ Klein, Aaron (27 July 2006). "Iranian soldiers join Hizbullah in fighting". Ynet. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
61. ^ Tak Kumakura (28 April 2008). "North Koreans May Have Died in Israel Attack on Syria, NHK Says". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
62. ^ "Israel carried out 3 attacks on Sudan arms smugglers". Haaretz. 28 March 2009. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
63. ^ a b Ben-Yishai, Ron (12 January 2012). "Killing the brains". Ynet. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
64. ^ Yong, William (13 October 2010). "18 Iran Guards Killed by Blast at Their Base". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
65. ^ Meikle, James (11 January 2012). "Iran: timeline of attacks". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
66. ^ Zetter, Kim (25 March 2013). "Legal Experts: Stuxnet Attack on Iran Was Illegal 'Act of Force'". Wired. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
67. ^ "Did Stuxnet Take Out 1,000 Centrifuges at the Natanz Enrichment Plant?" (PDF). Institute for Science and International Security. 22 December 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
68. ^ Brodkin, Jon (27 October 2011). "Spotted in Iran, trojan Duqu may not be "son of Stuxnet" after all". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
69. ^ Lee, Dave (4 June 2012). "Flame: Attackers 'sought confidential Iran data'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
70. ^ "Iran: Israel, US are behind attempt to sabotage Arak reactor". Ynet. 17 March 2014. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
71. ^ "Iran Says Nuclear Equipment Was Sabotaged". The New York Times. 22 September 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
72. ^ "Iran official: German firm planted bombs in parts meant for nuclear program". Haaretz. 22 September 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
73. ^ "Navy intercepts ship with Iranian arms bound for Hamas". The Jerusalem Post. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
74. ^ "Blast at Isfahan damaged nuclear facility". Ynet. 30 November 2011. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
75. ^ Nisman, Daniel (29 November 2011). "A message from Iran". Ynet. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
76. ^ a b Cohen, Dudi (12 December 2011). "Iran: 7 killed in steel factory blast". Ynet. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
77. ^ Cohen, Dudi (16 December 2011). "Iran: Factory blast death toll reaches 16". Ynet. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
78. ^ "Iranian missile expert killed in explosion". The Guardian. 14 November 2011. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
79. ^ Sherwood, Harriet (3 February 2012). "Iran 'trying to attack Israeli targets in retaliation for scientists' deaths'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
80. ^ Stevens, John; Tree, Oliver (11 October 2011). "'Factions' Of Iran's Government Behind Terrorist Plot, Holder Says". NPR. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
81. ^ Magnezi, Aviel (13 February 2012). "Israeli missions in India, Georgia targeted". Ynet. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
82. ^ Azulay, Moran (13 February 2012). "Netanyahu: Iran responsible for attacks on Israeli embassies". Ynet. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
83. ^ "Israel embassy car blast: Indian intelligence hints at Iran's hand". The Times of India. 14 February 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
84. ^ "Malaysia police arrest suspect in Bangkok blasts". Ynet. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
85. ^ Ynet, AP and (17 February 2012). "Thai police: 2 more suspects in terror case". Ynet. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
86. ^ "Thai official: Iran terrorists targeted Israeli diplomats". Ynet. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
87. ^ "Indian journalist held for attack on Israeli envoy". BBC News India. 7 March 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
88. ^ "PM Netanyahu's Remarks Following Terror Attack in Bulgaria". Yeshiva World News. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
89. ^ Eichner, Itamar (20 July 2012). "PM reveals: South Africa attack against Israelis thwarted". Ynet. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
90. ^ Tait, Robert (23 April 2013). "Iranian travelling on fake Israeli passport 'arrested in Nepal'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
91. ^ "Nigeria nabs terrorists planning attacks on Israelis". The Jerusalem Post. 21 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
92. ^ "Nigeria foils latest Hezbollah plot to attack Israelis". The Jerusalem Post. 30 May 2013. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
93. ^ "Hezbollah member held in Peru for planning terror attack". Haaretz. 30 October 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
94. ^ "IAF shoots down UAV in northern Negev". The Jerusalem Post. 23 November 2011. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
95. ^ Karouny, Mariam (11 October 2012). "Hezbollah confirms it sent drone downed over Israel". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
96. ^ Black, Ian (25 October 2012). "'Israeli attack' on Sudanese arms factory offers glimpse of secret war". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
97. ^ Blair, David (24 October 2012). "Israeli jets 'bombed weapons factory in Khartoum', Sudan claims". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
98. ^ "Khartoum fire blamed on Israeli bombing". Al Jazeera. 25 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
99. ^ "Report: Israeli spy satellites spot Iranian ship being loaded with rockets for Gaza". Haaretz. 25 November 2012. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
100. ^ "The IAEA Says It Has Inspectors At Iran's Fordo Nuclear Site And There Has Been No Explosion". Business Insider. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
101. ^ "IAF shoots down drone from Lebanon off Haifa". The Jerusalem Post. 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
102. ^ Lappin, Yakkov (8 May 2013). "Triple explosion reportedly shakes western Tehran". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
103. ^ "Hamas says it has resumed ties with Iran". The Tower. 11 December 2013. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
104. ^ "Israel jails anti-Zionist for offering to spy for Iran". BBC News. 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
105. ^ Lappin, Yaakov (5 March 2014). "Israel Navy intercepts Gaza-bound Iranian rocket ship near Port Sudan". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
106. ^ Medina, Daniel A. (26 August 2014). "A downed Israeli drone could advance Iran's own drone program". Quartz. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
107. ^ Okbi, Yasser; Hashavua, Maariv (6 October 2014). "Report: Two dead after explosion in Iranian nuclear facility". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
108. ^ Okbi, Yasser; Hashavua, Maariv (10 October 2014). "Report: Hezbollah attack on Har Dov ordered by Iran following explosion at nuclear facility". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
109. ^ Kershner, Isabel; Barnard, Anne (7 October 2014). "Hezbollah Attack Along Border With Lebanon Wounds Two Israeli Soldiers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
110. ^ Ibrahim, Arwa (12 September 2014). "Golan unrest spells militant threat for Israel's Syria borders". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
111. ^ Lamrani, Omar (20 June 2017). "The Race to the Iraqi Border Begins". Stratfor. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
112. ^ Chulov, Martin (16 May 2017). "Iran changes course of road to Mediterranean coast to avoid US forces". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
113. ^ Ravid, Barak (23 August 2017). "Netanyahu: I told Putin Iranian forces must be removed from Syria". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
114. ^ "Israel acts decisively in Syria". The Australian. 12 September 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
115. ^ "Iran building a permanent military base in Syria — report". The Times of Israel. 10 November 2017. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
116. ^ "Qassem Soleimani and Iran's Unique Regional Strategy". 8 November 2018.
117. ^ a b "Israel strikes Syrian weapons en route to Hezbollah". The Jerusalem Post. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
118. ^ Ahronheim, Anna (17 March 2017). "Netanyahu: Syria strikes were to block transfer of weapons to Hezbollah". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
119. ^ "Israel's Netanyahu says Iran nuclear program delayed six weeks by deal". Fox News. 29 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
120. ^ Murphy, Brian (20 November 2013). "Israel, Gulf in 'Strange Alliance' Against Iran". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
121. ^ "Ya'alon: No More Arab Coalition Against Us, Also Containment Is Victory". The Jewish Press. 5 June 2017. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
122. ^ "Israeli missiles hit military post near Damascus: Syrian state TV". Reuters. 2 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
123. ^ Bettini, Daniel (13 January 2019). "IDF chief reveals Israel's 'silent' war on Iran". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
124. ^ Filkins, Dexter (18 May 2020). "TheTwilight of the Iranian Revolution". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
125. ^ Sanger, David E.; Bergman, Ronen (15 July 2018). "How Israel, in Dark of Night, Torched Its Way to Iran's Nuclear Secrets". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
126. ^ European intelligence officials briefed in Israel on Iran's nuclear archive Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Times of Israel, May 5, 2018
127. ^ Mossad's stunning op in Iran overshadows the actual intelligence it stole Archived 19 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Times of Israel, May 1, 2018
128. ^ Fulbright, Alexander (17 July 2018). "In recording, Netanyahu boasts Israel convinced Trump to quit Iran nuclear deal". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
129. ^ "Trump administration to reinstate all Iran sanctions". BBC News. 3 November 2018. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
130. ^ In stunning, revelatory interview, ex-Mossad chief warns Iran, defends Netanyahu Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Times of Israel, June 11, 2021
131. ^ "Netanyahu reveals new details on Mossad's operations in Iran". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
132. ^ Bachner, Michael (30 July 2019). "Israel said to hit Iranian sites in Iraq, expanding strikes on missile shipments". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
133. ^ Tercatin, Rosella (23 August 2019). "American officials confirm Israel behind strikes in Iraq – report". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
134. ^ "Air strikes kill 10 pro-Iran Iraqi fighters in Syria". i24NEWS. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
135. ^ "Israel Is Escalating Its Shadow War With Iran. Here's What to Know". 29 August 2019. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
136. ^ "Lebanese President: Israeli attacks are a declaration of war – Arab-Israeli Conflict". The Jerusalem Post. 26 August 2019. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
137. ^ "Lebanon president: Israel drone attack a declaration of war". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
138. ^ "Lebanese defiant after drone strikes, Israelis near border unfazed". Reuters. 26 August 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
139. ^ a b "Netanyahu warns Hezbollah against playing with fire after frontier incident". Reuters. 27 July 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
140. ^ "Israeli army says one of its drones crashed inside Lebanon". Al Jazeera. 26 July 2020. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
141. ^ "Lebanon's Hezbollah denies infiltration attempt or clashes near Lebanese frontier". Reuters. 27 July 2020. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
142. ^ "i24NEWS". i24 News. 27 July 2020. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
143. ^ Azhari, Timour. "Lebanon's Hezbollah accuses Israel of fabricating border clash". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
144. ^ Ayesh, Rashaan; Falconer, Rebecca (13 January 2020). "Iranian protesters call for Khamenei's resignation over plane crash". Axios.
145. ^ "Iranians refuse to trample on U.S. and Israeli flags as protests flare". NBC News. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
146. ^ Bergman, Ronen; Halbfinger, David M. (19 May 2020). "Israel Hack of Iran Port Is Latest Salvo in Exchange of Cyberattacks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
147. ^ "Gas explosion at Iran medical clinic kills 19". The Guardian. 1 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
148. ^ "Explosion reportedly damages power plant in Iran, the latest in series of blasts". The Times of Israel. 4 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
149. ^ Harel, Amos (8 July 2020). "Experts: Natanz Explosion Set Back Iran's Nuclear Program by More Than a Year". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
150. ^ Joffre, Tzvi (7 July 2020). "Explosion reported at factory near Iran nuclear archive site". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
151. ^ Joffre, Tzvi (10 July 2020). "Explosions, power outages reported near Tehran". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
152. ^ Joffre, Tzvi; Uriel-Beeri, Tamar (12 July 2020). "Explosion shakes buildings in Tehran – report". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
153. ^ "Fire breaks out at petrochemical facility in southwest Iran". The Jerusalem Post. 12 July 2020. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
154. ^ Joffre, Tzvi (13 July 2020). "Explosion, fire at gas plant in east Iran". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
155. ^ "7 wooden boats catch fire in shipyard at Iran port". The Times of Israel. 15 July 2020. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
156. ^ "In latest in series of blasts, explosion reported at Iranian oil pipeline". The Times of Israel. 18 July 2020. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
157. ^ "In yet another blast in Iran, explosion hits power plant in Isfahan". The Times of Israel. 19 July 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
158. ^ "Report: Iran sold Hezbollah hundreds of tons of ammonium nitrate in 2013". The Times of Israel. 20 August 2020.
159. ^ Kubovich, Yaniv (17 November 2020). "Revealing Assassination of Al-Qaida's No. 2 Was Message to Biden, Israeli Sources Say". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
160. ^ "Iran's nuclear program chief Mohsen Fakhrizadeh assassinated near Tehran". The Jerusalem Post. 27 November 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
161. ^ Kingsley, Patrick; Bergman, Ronen; Fassihi, Farnaz; Schmitt, Eric (26 March 2021). "Israel's Shadow War With Iran Moves Out to Sea". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
162. ^ "Israeli-owned ship hit by missile in suspected Iranian attack: Israeli official". Reuters. 25 March 2021. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
163. ^ "Iranian vessel, said to be IRGC-linked spy ship, hit by limpet mine in Red Sea". The Times of Israel. 6 April 2021. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
164. ^ Jeremy Bob, Yonah; Harkov, Lahav; Joffre, Tzvi (13 April 2021). "'Mossad behind attack on Iran's Natanz nuclear facility'". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
165. ^ Joffre, Tzvi (14 April 2021). "Iran fires missile at Israeli-owned ship near UAE – report". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
166. ^ "Iranian fuel tanker attacked by drone, Israel suspected". The Jerusalem Post. 24 April 2021. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
167. ^ "Massive fire breaks out near Iran's Bushehr nuclear power plant – Watch". The Jerusalem Post. 8 May 2021. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
168. ^ "Mysterious explosion on oil tanker off coast of Syria – report". The Jerusalem Post. 9 May 2021. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
169. ^ "Iran reports explosion at plant that reportedly produces UAVs". The Times of Israel. 23 May 2021. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
170. ^ "Blast at Iran petrochemical complex kills a worker and injures 2". The Times of Israel. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
171. ^ "Fire on Iran navy ship at mouth of Gulf, crew evacuated -report". Jerusalem Post. 2 June 2021. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
172. ^ "Iran's biggest navy ship sinks after fire in Gulf of Oman – media". Reuters. 2 June 2021. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
173. ^ "Iran Says Refinery Engulfed in Fire to Be Back Online Thursday". Bloomberg News. 2 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
174. ^ "Blast at Iranian steel plant, latest in series of incidents". Jerusalem Post. 6 June 2021. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
175. ^ "Iran's sole nuclear power plant undergoes unexplained emergency shutdown". Times of Israel. 20 June 2021. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
176. ^ "Iran atomic facility substantially damaged in attack – sources". Jerusalem Post. 23 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
177. ^ "Israeli-owned vessel bound for UAE said struck in Indian Ocean". Times of Israel. 3 July 2021. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
178. ^ "Blast and large blaze reported at state-owned warehouse near Tehran". Times of Israel. 5 July 2021. Archived from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
179. ^ "Explosion reported at office building in Tehran". Jerusalem Post. 15 July 2021. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
180. ^ "Israel accuses Iran over deadly oil tanker attack". BBC News. 31 July 2021. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
181. ^ "Explosion reported at Syria's Latakia port on ship that may be Iranian". Times of Israel. 10 August 2021. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
182. ^ "Fire breaks out in Iranian petrochemical factory – report". Jerusalem Post. 10 August 2021. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
183. ^ Joffre, Tzvi (26 September 2021). "Iran: Fire at Islamic Revolutionary Guard facility injures 3 – report". The Jerusalem Post. Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
184. ^ Jeremy Bob, Yonah (26 October 2021). "Iran gas stations hit by massive cyberattack – report". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
185. ^ Jeremy Bob, Yonah (7 November 2021). "Mossad thwarts Iranian attacks on Israelis in Africa - report". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
186. ^ Harel, Amos (15 March 2022). "Hundreds of Iranian Drones of Various Sizes Destroyed in Israel-attributed Attack Last Month". Haaretz. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
187. ^ Lubold, Gordon; Gordon, Michael R. (13 March 2022). "Missiles From Iran Struck in Vicinity of U.S. Consulate in Northern Iraq, Officials Say". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
188. ^ "Senior Iran Revolutionary Guards member said assassinated in Tehran". The Times of Israel. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
189. ^ "Engineer said killed in incident at Iran's Parchin military facility". The Times of Israel. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
190. ^ "Iranian kidnapping of Israeli tourists said thwarted in Turkey last month". The Times of Israel. 12 June 2022.
191. ^ Uniyal, Vijeta (23 June 2022). "Iranian Terror Cell Plotting to Kill Israelis Nabbed in Turkey". Legal Insurrection. Retrieved 4 August 2022. "Death squad comprising of 'eight suspects, including Iranian nationals, who were plotting attacks on Israeli citizens in Turkey.'"
192. ^ Marsden, Ariella (12 June 2022). "Argentina seizes Iranian Mahan Air aircraft, confiscates passports". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
193. ^ "Iranian aerospace scientist dies 'during mission' in northern Iran base". The Jerusalem Post. 13 June 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
194. ^ "Iran suspects Israel killed 2 scientists by poisoning their food — report". The Times of Israel. 14 June 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
195. ^ Karimi, Nasser (14 June 2022). "Iran media: Scores injured in explosion at chemical factory". AP News. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
196. ^ "Third IRGC officer reported dead within a week in Iran". The Times of Israel. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
197. ^ Joffre, Tzvi (20 June 2022). "Explosion may have hit IRGC missile base in west Tehran - report". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
198. ^ Fabian, Emanuel (29 June 2022). "Gantz says Iran and Hezbollah tried to hack UN peace force, steal deployment data". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
199. ^ "Iranian IRGC senior missile engineer killed - report". The Jerusalem Post. 24 July 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
200. ^ "Senior IRGC officer killed in Syria - report". The Jerusalem Post. 23 August 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
201. ^ "Explosion rocks key oil refinery in southwest Iran". The Times of Israel. 2 September 2022.
202. ^ "US and Israel blame Iran after drone strikes oil tanker off Oman". The Guardian. 16 November 2022.
203. ^ Fabian, Emanuel (17 November 2022). "Officials: Drone that hit Israeli-owned tanker near Oman was launched from IRGC base". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
204. ^ Eichner, Itamar (15 November 2022). "Israeli businessman named as target of Iranian assassination plot in Georgia". Ynetnews. Ynet news.
205. ^ "IRGC officer killed by roadside bomb in Syria; Iran blames Israel, vows revenge". The Times of Israel. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
206. ^ "Armed drones strike Iranian defense 'workshop' in Isfahan". The Times of Israel. 29 January 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
207. ^ Nissenbaum, Dion; Faucon, Benoit; Lubold, Gordon (29 January 2023). "Israel Strikes Iran Amid International Push to Contain Tehran". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
208. ^ "Iran attacks ship owned by Israeli businessman Eyal Ofer - report". The Jerusalem Post. 18 February 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
209. ^ "Mossad helps foil Iranian terror cell planning attacks on Israelis in Greece". The Jerusalem Post. 28 March 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
210. ^ Starr, Michael (17 April 2023). "Iran IRGC, Hezbollah recruitment in West Bank foiled, two arrested". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
211. ^ "Cyprus thwarts Iranian attack targeting Jews and Israelis — reports". The Times of Israel. 25 June 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
212. ^ "Suspected explosion hits area of Iran missile base; Israeli involvement speculated". The Times of Israel. 26 September 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
213. ^ Starr, Michael (27 September 2023). "Israel foils Iran terror plot to 'assassinate' Ben-Gvir - Shin Bet". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
214. ^ "Fire erupts at battery factory run by Iranian Defense Ministry for 2nd time in days". The Times of Israel. 28 September 2023.
215. ^ Simpson, John (11 October 2023). "Why BBC doesn't call Hamas militants 'terrorists' - John Simpson". BBC News. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
216. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (7 October 2023). "Why did Hamas invade Israel?". Vox. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
217. ^ Erlanger, Steven (7 October 2023). "An Attack From Gaza and an Israeli Declaration of War. Now What?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
218. ^ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (9 October 2023). "Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (9 October 2023)" (Press release). ReliefWeb. United Nations (UN). Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023. "On Saturday, 7 October — a Jewish sabbath day, the end of the weeklong Jewish festival of Sukkot, and a day after the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War — Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel."
219. ^ "Hamas Leaves Trail of Terror in Israel". The New York Times. 10 October 2023. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
220. ^ Gillett, Francesca (8 October 2023). "How an Israel music festival turned into a nightmare after Hamas attack". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
221. ^ Tabachnick, Cara (8 October 2023). "Israelis search for loved ones with posts and pleas on social media". CBS News. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
222. ^ "Thousands flee rocket and gunfire at all-night desert 'Nature Party'; dozens missing". The Times of Israel. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
223. ^ McKernan, Bethan (7 October 2023). "Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
224. ^ "Video appears to show Hamas taking Israeli civilian hostage". NBC News. 7 October 2023 - via YouTube.
225. ^ "Holocaust survivor who uses a wheelchair was dragged into Gaza as Israel-Hamas war rages on". USA TODAY. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
226. ^ "Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
227. ^ a b George, Susannah; Dadouch, Sarah; Parker, Claire; Rubin, Shira (9 October 2023). "Israel formally declares war against Hamas as more than 1,000 killed on both sides". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
228. ^ Said, Summer; Faucon, Benoit; Kalin, Stephen. "Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
229. ^ "Iran's foreign minister warns Israel from Beirut to stop Gaza attacks or risk 'huge earthquake'". Associated Press. 14 October 2023.
230. ^ "Israel Orders 'Complete Siege' of Gaza as Troops Battle to Secure Border Areas". The New York Times. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
231. ^ a b Myers, Steven Lee; Frenkel, Sheera (3 November 2023). "In a Worldwide War of Words, Russia, China and Iran Back Hamas". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
232. ^ Fabian, Emanuel. "Red Sea long-range missile intercepted by Arrow system — IDF". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
233. ^ "2 Iranians linked to Revolutionary Guard arrested in Cyprus over plan to target Israelis". The Times of Israel. 10 December 2023.
234. ^ "Iran executes agent of Israel's Mossad intelligence service - official media". Reuters. 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
235. ^ "Hacktivist group claims to take out gas stations across Iran". Jerusalem Post. 18 December 2023.
236. ^ "Israel-affiliated merchant vessel hit by aerial vehicle off India". Reuters. 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
237. ^ "Tanker hit off India coast by drone from Iran - US". BBC News. 23 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
238. ^ "Drone attack hits ship off India's coast with 20 Indians on board, crew safe". Hindustan Times. 23 December 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
239. ^ "Israel-affiliated merchant vessel hit by aerial vehicle off India's coast". The Indian Express. 23 December 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
240. ^ "Air strike kills Iranian commander in Syria". BBC News. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
241. ^ "Israeli air strike in Syria kills top Iranian military adviser". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
242. ^ "Top Iranian commanders killed in Damascus airport strike - report". The Jerusalem Post. 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
243. ^ "Iran executes 4 people for alleged links with Israel's Mossad". ABC News. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
244. ^ "Iran blames Israel for Damascus strike that killed five Revolutionary Guards". Financial Times. 20 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
245. ^ "Iran executes four convicted of Israeli bomb plot". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
246. ^ "Iran recruiting British citizens to spy on Jews, dissidents - report". Jerusalem Post. 11 February 2024.
247. ^ "Blasts hit a natural gas pipeline in Iran and an official says it was an act of sabotage". Associated Press. 14 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
248. ^ Wintour, Patrick (2 April 2024). "Iran vows revenge after two generals killed in Israeli strike on Syria consulate". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
249. ^ "Death toll update | Woman and her son among 16 people killed in Israeli raid on building attached to Iranian embassy". The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.
250. ^ "Iran launches air attack on Israel, with drones 'hours' away". Al Jazeera. 13 April 2024. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
251. ^ "Iran says drones downed over Isfahan after explosions heard". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
252. ^ "Oil prices could see 'super spike well above $100' if conflict escalates after Iran's attack on Israel". CNBC. 14 April 2024.
253. ^ "Israel kills Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps operative in Iran – report". Jerusalem Post. 29 April 2024.
254. ^ Berman, Lazar (30 May 2024). "Mossad: Iran-backed criminal networks behind attacks on Israeli embassies in Europe". The Times of Israel.
255. ^ Walsh, Nick Paton (31 July 2024). "Analysis: Iran has no good options after two deadly strikes on senior allies". CNN. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
256. ^ a b c Iranian Strategy in Syria Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Institute for the Study of War, Executive Summary + Full report, May 2013
257. ^ a b Iran boosts support to Syria Archived 8 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, telegraph, 21 February 2014
258. ^ BBC Newsnight, report on Iranian military advisor Hadari, 28 October 2013 'Iran's Secret Army' [1] Archived 6 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, [2] Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
259. ^ "Syria's crisis: The long road to Damascus: There are signs that the Syrian regime may become still more violent", The Economist, 11 February 2012.
260. ^ "Tehran: 2,100 Iranian soldiers killed in Syria and Iraq". Middle East Monitor. 7 March 2018. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
261. ^ Iranian Strategy in Syria
262. ^ "What Does Syria Mean for the Region's Shia". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
263. ^ Phillip Smyth (8 March 2016). "How Iran Is Building Its Syrian Hezbollah". The Washington Institute. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
264. ^ "Iran mourns 7 Afghans killed fighting for Damascus ally". The Daily Star. Daily Star Lebanon. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
265. ^ "The Zainabiyoun Brigade: A Pakistani Shiite Militia Amid the Syrian Conflict". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
266. ^ "Hezbollah deploying elite force to Aleppo: Iran media". NOW. 8 August 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
267. ^ al-Jaffal, Omar (29 October 2013). "Iraqi Shiites Join Syria War". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
268. ^ Michael Knights and Matthew Levitt (January 2018). "The Evolution of Shia Insurgency in Bahrain". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
269. ^ "Bahraini group 'among militias backing Assad'". Trade Arabia. 20 November 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
270. ^ Hubbard, Ben (20 March 2014). "Syrian Fighting Gives Hezbollah New but Diffuse Purpose". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014. "....the fighting has also diluted the resources that used to go exclusively to facing Israel, exacerbated sectarian divisions in the region, and alienated large segments of the majority Sunni population who once embraced Hezbollah as a liberation force... Never before have Hezbollah guerrillas fought alongside a formal army, waged war outside Lebanon or initiated broad offensives aimed at seizing territory."
271. ^ Deeb, Lara (31 July 2006). "Hizballah: A Primer". Middle East Report. Archived from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
272. ^ Goldman, Adam (28 May 2014). "Hezbollah operative wanted by FBI dies in fighting in Syria". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014. "...Hasan Nasrallah has called the deployment of his fighters to Syria a 'new phase' for the movement, and it marks the first time the group has sent significant numbers of men outside Lebanon's borders."
273. ^ "Iran–Syria vs. Israel, Round 1: Assessments & Lessons Learned". Defense Industry Daily. 13 September 2013. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
274. ^ "Huge Beirut protest backs Syria". BBC News. 8 March 2005. Archived from the original on 2 June 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2007.
275. ^ "Hariri: Sunnis 'refuse' to join Hezbollah-Al Qaida war". Gulf News. AFP. 25 January 2014. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
276. ^ Blanford, Nicholas (23 June 2013). "Why Hezbollah has openly joined the Syrian fight". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
277. ^ "UN: Hezbollah has increased military strength since 2006 war". Haaretz. 25 October 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
278. ^ Frykberg, Mel (29 August 2008). "Mideast Powers, Proxies and Paymasters Bluster and Rearm". Middle East Times. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011. "And if there is one thing that ideologically and diametrically opposed Hezbollah and Israel agree on, it is Hezbollah's growing military strength."
279. ^ Barnard, Anne (20 May 2013). "Hezbollah's Role in Syria War Shakes the Lebanese". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013. "Hezbollah, stronger than the Lebanese Army, has the power to drag the country into war without a government decision, as in 2006, when it set off the war by capturing two Israeli soldiers."
280. ^ Morris, Loveday (12 June 2013). "For Lebanon's Sunnis, growing rage at Hezbollah over role in Syria". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013. "... Hezbollah, which has a fighting force generally considered more powerful than the Lebanese army."
281. ^ Filkins, Dexter (30 September 2013). "The Shadow Commander". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2013. "From 2000 to 2006, Iran contributed a hundred million dollars a year to Hezbollah. Its fighters are attractive proxies: unlike the Iranians, they speak Arabic, making them better equipped to operate in Syria and elsewhere in the Arab world."
282. ^ "Hezbollah in Syria's war". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
283. ^ "Hizbullah's learning curve: Deadly experience". The Economist. 22 August 2015. Archived from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
284. ^ See More than 570 thousand people were killed on the Syrian territory within 8 years of revolution demanding freedom, democracy, justice, and equality. Archived 12 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine
285. ^ "Hamas's Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades". Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
286. ^ "Sudan, Iran sign military cooperation agreement". Sudan Tribune. 8 March 2008. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
287. ^ Feteha, Ahmed; Gunn, Michael (27 March 2015). "Sudan Joining Saudi Campaign in Yemen Shows Shift in Region Ties". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
288. ^ Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles in Terror: The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 201.
289. ^ Rekhess, Elie (May 1995). "The Terrorist Connection – Iran, The Islamic Jihad and Hamas". Justice. 5. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
290. ^ "Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ)". National Counterterrorism Center. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
291. ^ "Palestinian Islamic Jihad". Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
292. ^ "The Gaza Strip: Who's in charge?". The Economist. 29 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
293. ^ Clandestine Service History: Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, Mar. 1954: p. iii.
294. ^ Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. I.B.Tauris. 2007. pp. 775 of 1082. ISBN 978-1-84511-347-6. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
295. ^ "Secrets of History: The United States in Iran". The New York Times. 20 January 2013. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013.
296. ^ CIA declassifies more of "Zendebad, Shah!" – internal study of 1953 Iran coup Archived 18 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Danielle Siegel and Malcolm Byrne, National Security Archive, Feb. 12, 2018
297. ^ Love, Robert William. History of the U.S. Navy. Harrisburg: Stackpole Books, 1992. ISBN 978-0-8117-1863-9 p. 787
298. ^ Tarzi, Amin, ed. (2009). Iranian Puzzle Piece: Understanding Iran in the Global Context (PDF) (Report). Marine Corps University. p. 24\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
299. ^ "Backing 'every' option against Iran, Blinken appears to nod at military action". The Times of Israel. 14 October 2021.
300. ^ "Blinken Declines to Rule Out Military Option Should Iran Nuclear Talks Fail". Haaretz. 31 October 2021.
301. ^ Marcus, Jonathan (16 September 2019). "Why Saudi Arabia and Iran are bitter rivals". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
302. ^ See:
* Koelbl, Susanne; Shafy, Samiha; Zand, Bernhard (9 May 2016). "Saudia [sic] Arabia and Iran: The Cold War of Islam". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
* Pollack, Kenneth M. (8 January 2016). "Fear and Loathing in Saudi Arabia". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
* Ellis, Sam (17 July 2017). "The Middle East's cold war, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
303. ^ a b Fathollah-Nejad, Ali (25 October 2017). "The Iranian–Saudi Hegemonic Rivalry". Belfer Center. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
304. ^ Klare, Michael (1 June 2013). "Welcome to Cold War II". Tom Dispatch. RealClearWorld. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
305. ^ Meyer, Henry; Wishart, Ian; Biryukov, Andrey (13 February 2016). "Russia's Medvedev: We Are in 'a New Cold War'". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
306. ^ Blanchard, Ben (16 November 2017). "China's Xi offers support for Saudi amid regional uncertainty". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
307. ^ Erickson, Amanda (20 December 2017). "What's behind the feud between Saudi Arabia and Iran? Power". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
308. ^ "The 'Cold War' between Iran and Saudi Arabia is heating up. Here are 5 things you should know about it". Agence France-Presse. 12 November 2017. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
309. ^ Greg Myre (25 September 2006). "Olmert reportedly held secret meeting with king of Saudi Arabia". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
310. ^ YASSER OKBI and MAARIV HASHAVUA (5 January 2016). "IDF officer to Saudi paper: Israel has 'common language' with moderate Arab states". JPost. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
311. ^ Dettmer, Jamie; Oliver, Christian (7 October 2023). "Iran's support for Hamas fans suspicion it's wrecking Israel-Saudi deal". Politico. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
312. ^ "Hamas-Israel war slams door on cautious US-Iran thaw". France 24. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
313. ^ "Iran Denies It Had Role In Hamas Attack On Israel". Barron's. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
314. ^ "Saudi Arabia puts Israel deal on ice amid war, engages with Iran: Report". Al Jazeera. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
315. ^ "Saudi Arabia pauses normalisation talks with Israel amid ongoing war with Hamas". France 24. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
316. ^ Williams, Brian (6 December 2014). "Israel teams with terror group to kill Iran's nuclear scientists, U.S. officials tell NBC News". NBC News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
317. ^ Dino Grandoni (9 February 2012). "Israel Helped Train Those Motorcycle Assassins in Iran". The Atlantic.
318. ^ "Mossad training hit-squads in Iran to kill nuclear scientists: Report". The Express Tribune. 9 February 2012.
319. ^ a b "Terrorists, cultists – or champions of Iranian democracy? The wild wild story of the MEK". the Guardian. 9 November 2018.
320. ^ "Report: U.S., Israel helped train Iranian dissidents". Haaretz. 7 April 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
321. ^ "Israel's war-between-wars campaign in Syria most precise operation – report". MSN. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
322. ^ "Russia, Syria sign agreement for major arms deal". World Tribune. 26 January 2005. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
323. ^ Cohen, Ariel (20 March 2007). "Russia's New Middle Eastern Policy: Back to Bismarck?". Jerusalem Issue Briefs. 6 (25). Institute for Contemporary Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
324. ^ "Analysis: The message in the Netanyahu – Putin meeting". The Jerusalem Post. 11 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
325. ^ Entous, Adam (10 July 2018). "Israeli, Saudi, and Emirati Officials Privately Pushed for Trump to Strike a 'Grand Bargain' with Putin". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
326. ^ "Russia Rejects Iran's Request To Buy S-400 Systems". Defense World.net. 31 May 2019. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.

* v
* t
* e

Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Background|

* Iranian Revolution
* Iran–Iraq war
* 1999 arrest of Iranian Jews

2024 Iran–Israel conflict|

* Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
* reactions
* Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries
* Iranian strikes in Israel
* Israeli strikes on Iran

Hezbollah–Israel conflict|

* Israeli–Lebanese conflict
* South Lebanon conflict
* 1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
* 1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing
* AMIA bombing
* 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict
* 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid
* 2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid
* 2006 Lebanon War
* 2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange
* 2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt
* Francop Affair
* January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident
* Operation Northern Shield
* 2019 Beirut drone crash
* 2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings
* Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
* 2024 Haret Hreik airstrike
* Projectile attacks from Lebanon

Israeli–Palestinian conflict|

* Karine A affair
* Victoria Affair
* Operation Full Disclosure

Gaza–Israel conflict|

* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* 2014 Gaza War
* Israel–Hamas war
* Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh

Syrian civil war|

* January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike
* May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes
* December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes
* January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident
* April 2015 Qalamoun incident
* March 2017 Israel–Syria incident
* February 2018 Israel–Syria incident
* Operation House of Cards
* September 2018 Syria missile strikes
* August 2019 Syria missile strikes
* November 2019 Syria missile strikes
* January 2021 Syria airstrikes
* July 2022 Damascus airstrikes
* 2023 Damascus airstrike
* Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents
* Hezbollah involvement

International incidents|

* Operation Outside the Box
* 2009 Sudan airstrikes
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats
* 2012 Bangkok bombings
* 2012 Cyprus terrorist plot
* 2012 Burgas bus bombing
* Yarmouk munitions factory explosion
* 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq
* 2022 Erbil missile attacks
* 2022 Istanbul terror plot
* 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria
* 2024 Israeli strikes on Yemen

Nuclear program of Iran|

* Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists
* Ardeshir Hosseinpour
* Massoud Ali-Mohammadi
* Majid Shahriari
* Fereydoon Abbasi
* Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan
* Mohsen Fakhrizadeh
* AMAD Project
* Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive
* Bid Kaneh explosion
* Stuxnet
* 2020 Iran explosions
* 2021 Natanz incident
* 2023 Iran drone attacks

Related|

* Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Russia–Hamas relations
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Axis of Resistance
* Arab–Israeli alliance
* Abraham Accords
* Warsaw Middle East conference
* People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
* Little Satan
* Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel
* Views on military action against Iran
* Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
* Iranian support for Hamas
* Israel and state-sponsored terrorism
* Quds Day
* Prisoner X2
* Tehran

Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict

* v
* t
* e

Israel–Hamas war

* Timeline
* Outline

Engage-
ments|

| 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|

| Attacks on civilians|

* Netiv HaAsara
* Alumim
* Be'eri
* Elhanan Team
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nahal Oz
* Nirim
* Nova music festival
* Psyduck music festival

|

Battles|

* Re'im
* Sderot
* Sufa
* Zikim
* Israeli female tank crew fight

General topics|

* Allegations of genocide
* Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees
* Denial
* Sexual and gender-based violence
* Screams Before Silence

Israeli invasion
of Gaza|

* Beit Hanoun
* Gaza City
* Khan Yunis
* Rafah
* Background

| Airstrikes on refugee camps|

* Jabalia
* 31 October
* Al-Shati
* Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes
* Al-Maghazi
* Tel al-Sultan attack
* Al-Mawasi (May)
* Nuseirat refugee camp massacre
* Al-Mawasi (June)
* Al-Shati (July)
* Al-Mawasi (July)

|

Attacks on schools|

* Al-Fakhoora
* Shadia Abu Ghazala
* Al-Sardi
* Al-Awda
* Hamama
* Khadija

Attacks on health facilities|

* Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion
* Al-Shifa Hospital siege
* alleged military use
* ambulance airstrike
* Gaza Strip mass graves
* Kamal Adwan Hospital siege
* Killing of health workers
* Nasser Hospital siege
* Nasser Hospital mass graves

Other attacks|

* Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza
* Church of Saint Porphyrius
* Engineer's Building airstrike
* Rafah strikes
* Flour massacre
* Kuwait Roundabout mass killings
* Palestinians evacuating Gaza City
* World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack
* 9 July 2024 attacks
* Khan Yunis

General topics|

* AI-assisted targeting
* Bombing of the Gaza Strip
* Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
* Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war
* Gaza genocide
* Torture

Other theaters|

* Israel–Lebanon border clashes
* Attacks on journalists
* Israeli incursions in the West Bank
* Killing of Benjamin Achimeir
* April 2024 Israeli settler rampages
* Givat Shaul shooting
* Majdal Shams attack
* Tower 22 drone attack
* Israeli incursions in Tulkarm

| Iran–Israel conflict|

* Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
* Iranian strikes in Israel
* Israeli strikes on Iran
* Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh

|

Red Sea crisis|

* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* 2024 missile strikes in Yemen
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* 2024 Israeli strikes on Yemen

Hostage
crisis|

* 2023 hostage–prisoner exchange
* Kidnapped from Israel
* Hostages and Missing Families Forum
* Hostages Square

| Hostages|

* Bibas family
* Oded Lifshitz
* Hersh Goldberg-Polin
* Naama Levy

|

Rescued hostages|

* Operation Golden Hand
* Ori Megidish
* Nuseirat operation
* Noa Argamani

Released hostages|

* Rachel Edry
* Yarden Roman-Gat
* Mia Schem

Deceased hostages|

* Alex Dancyg
* Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka

General
topics|

* 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Ceasefire
* COGAT
* Effect on children in Gaza
* Humanitarian aid
* International recognition of the State of Palestine
* Israeli interrogations
* Women
* Wikipedia

| Historical context|

* Arab–Israeli conflict
* Background to the Israel–Hamas war
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Palestinian freedom of movement
* Israel and apartheid
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip
* Human shields
* Israeli settlement
* Israeli outpost
* Israeli settler violence
* Israeli disengagement from Gaza
* Palestinian rocket attacks
* Palestinian tunnel warfare
* anti-tunnel barrier
* Women

|

Effects|

* Calls for the destruction of Israel
* Israeli government response
* Israeli war cabinet
* Mass detentions
* Economic impact
* Environment impact in Gaza
* Evacuations
* Gaza Strip evacuations
* Humanitarian crisis
* Gaza floating pier
* Healthcare collapse
* Premature baby crisis
* Famine
* Societal breakdown
* Media coverage
* Violence against journalists
* Misinformation
* Pallywood
* Palestinian genocide accusation
* United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war
* Sexual violence against Palestinians
* War crimes
* Hamas
* Israeli
* Cemetery destruction and necroviolence
* Israeli torture in the occupied territories
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza

| Reactions|

* Calls for a ceasefire
* Three-phase proposal
* Diplomatic impact
* University donors
* European Union
* Islamic Summit Conference
* Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit
* Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference
* Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip
* 2024 Beijing Declaration

| Military aid|

* US support for Israel
* UK support for Israel

|

Discrimination|

* Antisemitism
* Riots in the North Caucasus
* Anti-Palestinianism
* Islamophobia
* Violent incidents
* 2023 Nicosia Israeli embassy bombing
* Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume
* Death of Paul Kessler
* Vermont student shooting
* Zürich stabbing attack
* 2024 University of Texas at Austin stabbing

Protests|

* University campuses
* Columbia
* Sciences Po
* UCLA
* France
* March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism
* Indonesia
* 2023 Bitung clashes
* Israel
* Humanitarian aid blockade
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Artists4Ceasefire
* DNC protests
* March on Washington for Gaza
* March for Israel
* National March on Washington: Free Palestine
* Protest votes
* Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell
* Pakistan
* D-Chowk Dharna
* 2024 Faizabad sit-in

UN resolutions|

* A/RES/ES-10/21
* S/RES/2712
* A/RES/ES-10/22
* S/RES/2720
* S/RES/2728
* S/RES/2735

UN inquiry|

* Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory
* War crimes and crimes against humanity report

Global courts|

* South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)
* Nicaragua v. Germany
* Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices
* Arrest warrants

Courts|

* Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden

Casualties|

| Israel|

| Security
forces|

* Alim Abdallah
* Yitzhak Ben-Bashat
* Jayar Davidov
* Eli Ginsberg
* Salman Habaka
* Asaf Hamami
* Yitzhar Hofman
* Roi Levy
* Izhar Peled
* Yonatan Steinberg

|

Civilians|

* Lior Asulin
* Yuval Castleman
* Hayim Katsman
* Ofir Libstein
* Shani Louk
* Aner Shapira
* Vivian Silver
* Yahav Winner

Palestine|

| Hamas|

* Ismail Haniyeh
* Saleh al-Arouri
* Abdul Fatah Dukhan
* Mohammed Dababish
* Wissam Farhat
* Ahmed Ghandour
* Mohammed Deif
* Marwan Issa
* Fursan Khalifa
* Osama Mazini
* Ayman Nofal
* Jamila al-Shanti
* Ali Al Qadi
* Alaa Shreiteh
* Faiq Al-Mabhouh

|

Other
militants|

* Fouad Abu Butihan
* Jihad Shehadeh

Civilians|

* Tawfic Abdel Jabbar
* Hiba Abu Nada
* Refaat Alareer
* Hammam Alloh
* Nahida and Samar Anton
* Ibrahim al-Astal
* Ahmad Bahar
* Mohammed Barakat
* Mohammad Bhar
* Rashid Dabour
* Mohamed al-Dalou
* Awni El-Dous
* Omar Ferwana
* Sidra Hassouna
* Yazan al-Kafarneh
* Ibrahim Qusaya
* Hind Rajab
* Mohammed Shabir
* Omar Abu Shawish
* Sufian Tayeh
* Wael Al Zard

Spillover|

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Ali Hussein Barji
* Razi Mousavi
* Wissam al-Tawil
* Sadegh Omidzadeh
* Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi
* Mohammad Reza Zahedi
* Fuad Shukr

Journalists|

* Issam Abdallah
* Samer Abu Daqqa
* Roee Edan
* Belal Jadallah

General topics|

* Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Friendly fire

Related
people|

| Israelis|

* Nimrod Aloni
* Rachel Goldberg-Polin
* Eitan Okun
* Yagel Oshri
* Inbal Rabin-Lieberman
* Amir Tibon

|

Palestinians|

* Wael Al-Dahdouh
* Plestia Alaqad
* Motaz Azaiza
* Bisan Owda
* Mustafa Moien Ayyash

Other
topics|

* Ahmed Abdel Khalek
* Al-Saqqa House
* Al Qarara Cultural Museum
* All Eyes on Rafah
* Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war
* Blockout 2024
* Central Archives of Gaza City
* Bearing Witness
* From the river to the sea
* Gaza Daily
* "Harbu Darbu"
* "Hind's Hall"
* "Hurricane"
* Israeli demolition of Palestinian property
* Palestinian sports during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
* "Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population"
* Project Nimbus
* "Rajieen"

* Category

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Iran

Africa|

* Algeria
* Burkina Faso
* Egypt
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Libya
* Morocco
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tunisia

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Cuba
* Ecuador
* Mexico
* United States
* after 1979
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* China
* Georgia
* History
* India
* Indonesia
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Belarus
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Hungary
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia

Former|

* Czechoslovakia
* Rome
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations|

* Arab League
* European Union
* NATO

Disputes|

* Nuclear program of Iran
* Views on the nuclear program of Iran
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Israeli–Sunni Coalition
* Sanctions
* U.S. sanctions

Related|

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Minister of Foreign Affairs
* Diplomatic missions of / in Iran
* Trade Promotion Organization of Iran
* Foreign direct investment in Iran
* Propaganda in Iran
* Iranian diaspora
* Ambassadors from Iran

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Israel

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Botswana
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Kenya
* Liberia
* Libya
* Malawi
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somaliland
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zimbabwe

Americas|

* Argentina
* Barbados
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Haiti
* Mexico
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* United States
* military
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Cambodia
* China
* Hong Kong
* East Timor
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Monaco
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* Marshall Islands
* Micronesia
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Tonga

Former states|

* East Germany
* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral|

* Arab world
* Arab League
* Arab–Israeli conflict
* Arab–Israeli alliance
* European Union
* United Nations

Diplomacy|

* Alliance of the periphery
* Camp David Accords
* Egypt
* Jordan
* Oslo Accords
* Abraham Accords
* United Arab Emirates
* Bahrain
* Sudan
* Morocco
* Diplomatic missions
* of Israel
* in Israel
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* International recognition
* Legitimacy

* v
* t
* e

Iran–Saudi Arabia relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia
* Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran
* Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran

Diplomacy|

* Safari Club

Conflicts|

* Iranian Revolution
* 1979 Khuzestan insurgency
* Arab separatism in Khuzestan
* Qatif conflict
* 1979 Qatif Uprising
* Iran–Iraq War
* Action of June 5, 1984
* Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
* Qatar diplomatic crisis
* 2011 Egyptian revolution
* 2011 Bahraini uprising
* Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain
* insurgency in Bahrain
* First Libyan civil war
* Syrian civil war
* Hezbollah involvement
* Iranian involvement
* Saudi involvement
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Axis of Resistance
* Iranian intervention in Iraq
* Yemeni crisis
* Houthi insurgency
* Operation Scorched Earth
* Operation Blow to the Head
* Yemeni revolution
* Yemeni civil war
* Saudi-led intervention in Yemen
* Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict
* Houthi takeover in Yemen
* Second Libyan civil war
* Western Iran clashes

Incidents|

* 1987 Mecca incident
* Khobar Towers bombing
* 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests
* 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* Execution of Nimr al-Nimr
* 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran
* 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* 2015 Mina stampede
* 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute
* 2017–2020 Qatif unrest
* 2018 Riyadh missile strike
* International Maritime Security Construct
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231
* May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
* 2019 Afif attack
* Abha International Airport attacks
* Abqaiq–Khurais attack

Iranian relations
with GCC member states|

* Bahrain
* Kuwait
* Oman
* Qatar
* United Arab Emirates

Related|

* Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry
* Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Arab League–Iran relations
* Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran
* Warsaw Middle East conference
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Opposition to military action against Iran
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
* Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
* Gulf Cooperation Council
* People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
* Iran International
* Shia–Sunni relations
* Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia

Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations

* v
* t
* e

Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Background|

* Iranian Revolution
* 1979 Khuzestan insurgency
* Arab separatism in Khuzestan
* Qatif conflict
* 1979 Qatif Uprising

Conflicts|

* Iran–Iraq War
* Action of June 5, 1984
* Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
* Qatar diplomatic crisis
* 2011 Egyptian revolution
* 2011 Bahraini uprising
* Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain
* insurgency in Bahrain
* First Libyan civil war
* Syrian civil war
* Hezbollah involvement
* Iranian involvement
* Saudi involvement
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Axis of Resistance
* War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* Iranian intervention in Iraq
* Yemeni crisis
* Houthi insurgency
* Operation Scorched Earth
* Operation Blow to the Head
* Yemeni revolution
* Yemeni civil war
* Saudi-led intervention in Yemen
* Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict
* Houthi takeover in Yemen
* Second Libyan civil war
* Western Iran clashes

Incidents|

* 1987 Mecca incident
* Khobar Towers bombing
* 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests
* 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* Execution of Nimr al-Nimr
* 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran
* 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* 2015 Mina stampede
* 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute
* 2017–2020 Qatif unrest
* 2018 Riyadh missile strike
* International Maritime Security Construct
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231
* May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
* 2019 Afif attack
* Abha International Airport attacks
* Abqaiq–Khurais attack

Iranian relations
with GCC member states|

* Bahrain
* Kuwait
* Oman
* Qatar
* United Arab Emirates

Related topics|

* Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Arab League–Iran relations
* Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran
* Warsaw Middle East conference
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Opposition to military action against Iran
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
* Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
* Gulf Cooperation Council
* People's Mujahedin of Iran
* Iran International
* Shia–Sunni relations
* Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia

Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

* v
* t
* e

Iran–United States relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.
* Ambassadors of Iran to the United States
* Embassy of the United States, Tehran
* Ambassadors of the United States to Iran
* Interests Section of Iran in the United States
* Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz
* Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
* Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
* Iranian Directorate
* Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group

Diplomacy|

* Persian Corridor
* Persian Gulf Command
* Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry
* 1953 Iranian coup d'état
* Abadan Crisis Timeline
* Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights
* Exercise Delawar
* Project Dark Gene
* Safari Club
* Island of Stability
* Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush
* Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei
* Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani
* Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
* Negotiations
* Joint Plan of Action
* Framework
* Reactions
* Criticism
* Aftermath
* U.S. withdrawal

Conflicts|

* Iran–Iraq War
* United States support for Iraq
* Bridgeton incident
* Iran Air Flight 655
* Iran Ajr
* Iran–Contra affair
* Operation Staunch
* Operation Eager Glacier
* Operation Earnest Will
* Operation Prime Chance
* Operation Nimble Archer
* Operation Praying Mantis
* Syrian civil war
* Yemeni Civil War
* Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran
* Abraham Accords
* February 2019 Warsaw Conference
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* International Maritime Security Construct
* Assassination of Qasem Soleimani
* reactions
* Thirteen revenge scenarios
* Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites
* Operation Martyr Soleimani
* 2020 Camp Taji attacks

Incidents after 1979|

* Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner
* Iranian Revolution
* Iran hostage crisis
* Timeline
* Guadeloupe Conference
* Operation Credible Sport
* Operation Eagle Claw
* Canadian Caper
* Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
* 1980 October Surprise theory
* Negotiations
* Algiers Accords
* America can't do a damn thing against us
* Beirut barracks bombings
* Khobar Towers bombing
* Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal
* Disappearance of Robert Levinson
* United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq
* United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil
* Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi
* 2008 Naval dispute
* Filipino Monkey
* Project Cassandra
* Detention of American hikers
* United States diplomatic cables leak
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* Strait of Hormuz dispute
* RQ-170 incident
* MV Maersk Tigris
* 2016 Naval incident
* Nuclear program of Iran
* Timeline
* P5+1
* Operation Merlin
* Charming Kitten
* Stuxnet
* Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani
* Arrest of Meng Wanzhou
* Deportation of Iranian students at US airports
* May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
* June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
* 2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone
* 2019 K-1 Air Base attack
* December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
* Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad
* 2020 Iran explosions
* 2021 Erbil rocket attacks
* 2021 Natanz incident
* February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
* Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape
* June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
* July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
* August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
* 2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident
* 2022 Erbil missile attacks
* 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
* Seizure of Suez Rajan and St Nikolas
* Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)
* 2024 Erbil attack
* Tower 22 drone attack
* Alleged Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections

Legislation|

* United States sanctions against Iran
* Maximum pressure campaign
* Executive Order 12170
* Executive Order 12172
* Executive Order 13769
* reactions
* Trump travel ban
* Executive Order 13780
* Executive Order 13876
* Iran and Libya Sanctions Act
* Iran Nonproliferation Act
* Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act
* Iran Freedom and Support Act
* Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act
* Kyl–Lieberman Amendment
* Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act
* Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act
* Public Law 113-100
* Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act
* Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
* Dames & Moore v. Regan
* United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran
* Oil Platforms case
* United States v. Banki
* Bank Markazi v. Peterson
* Certain Iranian Assets
* Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran
* Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity

Groups and individuals|

* Iran Action Group
* Iran–America Society
* Iranian Students Association in the United States
* National Iranian American Council
* Organization of Iranian American Communities
* Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans
* United Against Nuclear Iran
* Farashgard
* Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
* Jundallah
* Kingdom Assembly of Iran
* National Council of Iran
* National Council of Resistance of Iran
* People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
* Elliott Abrams
* Howard Baskerville
* William J. Fallon
* Brian Hook
* Joseph Macmanus
* Robert Malley
* Stephen D. Mull
* Jon Pattis
* Erwin David Rabhan
* Jason Rezaian
* Scott Ritter
* Craig Wadsworth
* Michael R. White
* Roxana Saberi
* Saeed Abedini
* Saeid Aboutaleb
* Shahram Amiri
* Sirous Asgari
* Mahmoud Reza Banki
* Haleh Esfandiari
* Amir Mirza Hekmati
* Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil
* Shahrzad Mirgholikhan
* Mohammad Hosseini
* Esha Momeni
* Mohammad Mosaddegh
* Baquer Namazi
* Siamak Namazi
* Sahar Nowrouzzadeh
* Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran
* Noor Pahlavi
* Trita Parsi
* Maryam Rajavi
* Abdolreza Shahlaei
* Ali Shakeri
* Masoud Soleimani
* Morad Tahbaz
* Kian Tajbakhsh
* Karan Vafadari
* Xiyue Wang
* Nizar Zakka
* Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees
* Abdul Majid Muhammed

Related|

* 1998 FIFA World Cup match
* Academic relations between Iran and the United States
* American Islam
* Anti-American sentiment in Iran
* Axis of evil
* CIA activities in Iran
* Copyright relations
* Death to America
* Dual containment
* Great Satan
* International Conference on Hollywoodism
* Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
* Iranian frozen assets
* Opposition to military action against Iran
* Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America
* State Sponsor of Terrorism
* United States involvement in regime change
* United States and state-sponsored terrorism
* 650 Fifth Avenue
* Alavi Foundation
* Alborz High School
* American Institute of Iranian Studies
* American School of Isfahan
* Community School, Tehran
* Damavand College
* Iran Bethel School
* Iranzamin School
* Saint Peter Church, Tehran
* Tehran American School
* "Bomb Iran"
* Overthrow
* Not for the Faint of Heart

Category

* v
* t
* e

Israel–United States relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of Israel, Washington, D.C.
* Ambassadors of Israel to the United States
* Embassy of the United States, Jerusalem
* Ambassadors of the United States to Israel
* Consulate General of Israel to the Pacific Northwest Region
* Consuls general of Israel to the United States
* Tel Aviv Branch Office of the Embassy of the United States
* Consulate General of the United States, Jerusalem
* Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs

Diplomacy|

* Rogers Plan
* Camp David Accords
* Egypt–Israel peace treaty
* Palestinian autonomy talks
* Strategic Cooperation Agreement
* May 17 Agreement
* Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement
* Oslo Accords
* Oslo I Accord
* Oslo II Accord
* Israel–Jordan peace treaty
* Wye River Memorandum
* 2000 Camp David Summit
* The Clinton Parameters
* Taba Summit
* Negroponte doctrine
* Road map for peace
* U.S.–Israel Joint Economic Development Group
* Annapolis Conference
* 2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
* 2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
* John Kerry Parameters
* United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel
* United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel
* February 2019 Warsaw Conference
* Trump peace plan
* Abraham Accords
* Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement
* Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement
* Israel–Sudan normalization agreement
* Israel–Morocco normalization agreement
* Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements
* Indo-Abrahamic Alliance
* I2U2 Group
* Negev Summit
* Israeli–Lebanese maritime border dispute

Incidents|

* Jack Parsons
* The Apollo Affair
* USS Liberty incident
* Lod Airport massacre
* Sami Esmail trial
* Lekem
* Jonathan Pollard
* Rachel Corrie
* 2004 Tashkent suicide bombings
* Steve J. Rosen
* Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal
* Ben-Ami Kadish
* Stewart Nozette
* Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* Gaza journey of MV Rachel Corrie
* Furkan Doğan
* United States diplomatic cables leak
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* Zivotofsky v. Clinton
* Zivotofsky v. Kerry
* Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information
* 2022 Erbil missile attacks
* Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell
* World Central Kitchen drone strikes

Military relations|

* 2012 US–Israel military exercise
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Arab–Israeli alliance
* Have Doughnut
* HAVE DRILL
* Joint Political Military Group
* Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Israeli procurement
* Major non-NATO ally
* Operation Joshua
* Operation Moses
* Operation Nickel Grass
* Operation Tipped Kettle
* Safari Club
* Stuxnet
* Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
* United States support for Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
* 2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners

Legislation|

* Lodge–Fish Resolution
* Jerusalem Embassy Act
* Kyl–Bingaman Amendment
* United States–Israel Strategic Partnership Act of 2014
* Israel Anti-Boycott Act
* Combating BDS Act

Related|

* Palestine–United States relations
* Israel lobby in the United States
* Anti-Israel lobby in the United States
* Opposition in the United States to the Israeli occupation
* Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine
* American Association for Palestinian Equal Rights
* America-Israel Cultural Foundation
* America–Israel Friendship League
* American Healthcare Professionals and Friends for Medicine in Israel
* American Jewish Committee
* American Palestine Public Affairs Forum
* American Israel Public Affairs Committee
* American Task Force on Palestine
* Anti-Defamation League
* BlueStar PR
* BIRD Foundation
* Bust of Golda Meir
* Center for Middle East Policy
* Christians United for Israel
* Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America
* Committee for Justice and Peace in the Holy Land
* Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations
* Coordinating Council on Jerusalem
* Creative Community for Peace
* Council for the National Interest
* The David Project
* Democratic Majority for Israel
* Emergency Committee for Israel
* Hibur
* If Americans Knew
* Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies
* Institute for Middle East Understanding
* Israeli-American Council
* Israel on Campus Coalition
* Israel Policy Forum
* Israel Project
* J Street
* Jewish Council for Public Affairs
* Jewish Institute for National Security of America
* Joint Action Committee for Political Affairs
* Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law
* Media Watch International
* Milstein Family Foundation
* NORPAC
* Project Interchange
* Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism
* StandWithUs
* United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation
* Zionist Organization of America
* Paul Findley
* Jerusalem American International School
* Walworth Barbour American International School
* 9/11 Living Memorial Plaza
* The Armageddon Network
* They Dare to Speak Out
* A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
* The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy
* The Occupation of the American Mind

Category:Israel–United States relations

* v
* t
* e

North Korea–United States relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Old Korean Legation Museum
* United States Special Representatives for North Korea
* Embassy of the United States, Seoul
* Ambassadors of the United States to South Korea
* Embassy of Sweden, Pyongyang
* Permanent Mission of North Korea to the United Nations
* Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs

Diplomacy|

* Agreed Framework
* Six-party talks
* 2018–19 Korean peace process
* Singapore Summit
* Reactions
* Hanoi Summit
* DMZ Summit
* Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula
* Recovery of US human remains from the Korean War

Conflicts|

* Korean conflict
* Korean War
* Hill 303 massacre
* Sinchon Massacre
* Operation Combat Fox
* Operation Formation Star
* Allegations of biological warfare
* Korean Armistice Agreement
* Iran–Iraq War
* CIA activities in North Korea
* Team Spirit
* Foal Eagle
* Operation Weasel
* Max Thunder
* Ulchi-Freedom Guardian
* Nuclear power in North Korea
* North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
* Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Incidents|

* Chaplain–Medic massacre
* Bloody Gulch massacre
* Charles Robert Jenkins
* USS Pueblo (AGER-2)
* 1969 EC-121 shootdown incident
* Lod Airport massacre
* Korean axe murder incident
* Evan Hunziker
* Axis of Evil
* Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon
* Delta Asia Financial Group
* Dai Hong Dan incident
* 2009 imprisonment of American journalists
* Euna Lee
* Laura Ling
* Han Park
* Aijalon Gomes
* Kenneth Bae
* Dennis Rodman
* Merrill Newman
* Matthew Todd Miller
* Jeffrey Edward Fowle
* The Interview
* Sony Pictures hack
* Otto Warmbier
* North Korean Embassy in Madrid incident
* Travis King
* Foreign nationals detained in North Korea

Legislation|

* Sanctions against North Korea
* Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act
* North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004
* North Korea Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2013
* Trump travel ban
* Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

Related|

* South Korea–United States relations
* 2008 New York Philharmonic visit to North Korea
* 38 North
* Anti-American sentiment in Korea
* Death to America
* Korean American National Coordinating Council
* Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities
* State Sponsors of Terrorism
* Stuxnet
* Superdollar
* Put It Down

Category:North Korea–United States relations

* v
* t
* e

Syria–United States relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of Syria, Washington, D.C.
* Ambassadors of Syria to the United States
* Ambassadors of the United States to Syria

Diplomacy|

* Syrian peace process

Conflicts|

* Syrian civil war
* February 2021 airstrike
* June 2021 airstrike
* 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
* Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Legislation|

* Sanctions against Syria
* Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act
* Trump travel ban
* Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

Related|

* CIA activities in Syria
* State Sponsors of Terrorism

Category:Syria–United States relations

* v
* t
* e

Post–Cold War conflicts in Asia

South Asia|

| India|

* Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
* 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Kargil War (1999)
* Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
* Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)
* Religious violence in India
* Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)

|

Pakistan|

* Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
* 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
* India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)
* Kargil War (1999)
* Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
* Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)
* Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)

Sri Lanka|

* JVP insurrection (1971)
* Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
* JVP insurrection (1987–1989)

Others|

* Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)
* Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
* Operation All Clear

East Asia|

| China|

* Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
* Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)
* Tibetan unrest (2008)

|

Korea (North
and South)|

* Korean conflict
* Maritime border incidents
* 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
* 2017–2018 crisis

Taiwan|

* Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)

Southeast Asia|

| Cambodia|

* Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)

|

Indonesia|

* Papua conflict (1969–present)
* Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)
* East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)

Myanmar|

* Myanmar conflict (1948–present)
* Karen conflict
* Kachin conflict
* Rohingya conflict
* Civil war (2021–present)

Thailand|

* South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
* Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)

East Timor|

* Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
* 1999 crisis
* 2006 crisis

Others|

* Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)
* Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)
* Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)
* NPA
* Moro
* FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)

Central Asia|

| Afghanistan|

* Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Afghan conflict
* Civil War
* 1989–1992
* 1992–1996
* 1996–2001
* 2001–2021 War
* Republican insurgency

|

Kazakhstan|

* Ethnic conflicts

Kyrgyzstan|

* 1990 Osh clashes
* 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution
* 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes

Tajikistan|

* Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)
* Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)

Uzbekistan|

* Fergana massacre (1989)
* Andijan massacre (2005)

Western Asia|

| Azerbaijan|

* Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
* First War
* 2016 conflict
* Second War

|

Bahrain|

* Bahraini uprising (2011)

Iran|

* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
* Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)
* Western Iran clashes (2016–present)
* Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
* Qatif conflict
* Iran–Israel (1985–present)
* South Lebanon (1985–2000)
* Lebanon War (2006)
* Syrian arena (2012–present)
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)

Iraq|

* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)
* Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997
* Iraqi conflict
* Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)
* Iraq War (2003–2011)
* Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
* War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* ISIL insurgency (2017–present)

Israel|

* Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
* Second Intifada (2000–2005)
* Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
* Iran–Israel (1985–present)
* Syrian arena (2012–present)

Lebanon|

* South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
* Lebanon War (2006)
* Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)
* Lebanon conflict (2008)

Palestine|

* Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
* Second Intifada (2000–2005)
* Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
* Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)

Saudi Arabia|

* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
* Qatif conflict
* Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)

Syria|

* Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
* Regional spillover

Turkey|

* Maoist insurgency
* DHKP/C insurgency
* Kurdish–Turkish conflict
* Turkey–ISIL conflict

Yemen|

* Civil war (1994)
* al-Qaeda (1998–2015)
* Houthi (2004–2015)
* South Yemen (2009–2015)
* Yemeni crisis (2011–present)
* Houthi takeover (2014–2015)
* Civil War (2014–present)

Inter-continental
conflict|

* Sinai insurgency (2011–present)

Related topics|

* War on terror
* Operation Inherent Resolve
* Arab Spring
* Arab Winter
* Colour revolutions

* v
* t
* e

List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

1910s|

* Italo-Turkish War
* World War I
* Middle Eastern theatre
* Battle of Robat Karim
* Arab Revolt
* Armenian genocide
* Assyrian genocide
* Mount Lebanon starvation
* Unification of Saudi Arabia
* Simko Shikak revolt
* 1919 Egyptian revolution
* Turkish War of Independence
* Anglo-Turkish War
* Al-Jazeera Front
* Greco-Turkish War
* Turkish–Armenian War
* Franco-Turkish War
* Revolts
* United States
* Mahmud Barzanji revolts

1920s|

* Franco-Syrian War
* Iraqi Revolt (1920)
* Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
* Adwan Rebellion
* Arab separatism in Khuzestan
* Great Syrian Revolt
* Sheikh Said rebellion

1930s|

* Ararat rebellion
* Ahmed Barzani revolt
* Simele massacre
* Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
* Goharshad Mosque rebellion
* 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
* 1935 Yazidi revolt
* 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
* Dersim rebellion

1940s|

* World War II
* Italian bombing of Palestine
* Allied invasion of Iraq
* Syria–Lebanon campaign
* Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
* 1943 Barzani revolt
* Alwaziri coup
* Al-Wathbah uprising
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Iran crisis of 1946
* Arab–Israeli conflict
* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* Suez Crisis
* 1967 Six-Day War
* 1973 Yom Kippur War
* 1982 Lebanon War

1950s|

* 1952 Egyptian revolution
* 1953 Iranian coup d'état
* Jebel Akhdar War
* Cyprus Emergency
* Suez Crisis
* Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
* 1958 Lebanon crisis
* 1958 Iraqi revolution
* 1959 Mosul uprising

1960s|

* Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
* First Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Dhofar Rebellion
* North Yemen civil war
* Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
* Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
* Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
* Aden Emergency
* 1964 Hama riot
* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* 1948 Palestine war
* First Intifada
* Second Intifada
* 1966 Syrian coup d'état

1970s|

* Black September in Jordan
* Yemenite War of 1972
* Turkish invasion of Cyprus
* Shatt al-Arab clashes
* Lebanese Civil War
* Political violence in Turkey
* Islamist uprising in Syria
* 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
* NDF Rebellion
* Yemenite War of 1979
* Iranian Revolution
* Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
* 1979 Qatif Uprising
* Grand Mosque seizure
* 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq

1980s|

* Iran–Iraq War
* 1980 Turkish coup d'état
* Kurdish–Turkish conflict
* Turkey–PKK conflict
* South Yemen civil war
* 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
* 1986 Damascus bombings
* 1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt
* Mecca massacre
* Abu Nidal's executions

1990s|

* Gulf War (1990–1991)
* 1991 Iraqi uprisings
* Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
* Yemeni Civil War (1994)
* Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
* Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
* Operation Desert Fox
* al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
* 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq

2000s|

* Iraq War
* Balochi insurgency in Iran
* 2004 Qamishli riots
* Houthi insurgency in Yemen
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* 2006 Lebanon War
* Fatah–Hamas conflict
* South Yemen insurgency

2010s|

* 2011 Bahraini uprising
* Egyptian Crisis
* Sinai insurgency
* Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
* Syrian civil war
* Turkish involvement in Syria
* Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
* Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
* War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
* Yemeni crisis
* Yemeni civil war (2014–present)

2020s|

* 2021 Beirut clashes
* Israel–Hamas war
* Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
* Red Sea crisis

This list includes World War I and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template