Iraq Museum

National museum of Iraq

Iraq Museum

Entrance of the Iraq Museum

Established| 1926; 99 years ago (1926)
Location| Baghdad, Iraq
Coordinates| 33°19′43″N 44°23′9″E﻿ / ﻿33.32861°N 44.38583°E﻿ / 33.32861; 44.38583
Collection size| 170,000 – 200,000
Visitors| Open
Director| Luma Yas
Website| theiraqmuseum.com

The Iraq Museum (Arabic: المتحف العراقي) is the national museum of Iraq, located in Baghdad. It is sometimes informally called the National Museum of Iraq. The Iraq Museum contains precious relics from the Mesopotamian, Abbasid, and Persian civilizations.[1] It was looted during and after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Despite international efforts, only some of the stolen artifacts have been returned.[2] After being closed for many years while being refurbished, and rarely open for public viewing, the museum was officially reopened in February 2015.[3]

## Foundation

[edit]

After World War I, archaeologists from Europe and the United States began several excavations throughout Iraq. In an effort to keep those findings from leaving Iraq, Gertrude Bell (a British traveller, intelligence agent, archaeologist, and author) began collecting the artifacts in a government building in Baghdad in 1922. In 1926, on the 14th of June, the Iraqi government moved the collection to a new building and established the Baghdad Antiquities Museum, with Bell as its director.[4] Bell died later that year; the new director was Sidney Smith.[5]

In 1966, the collection was moved again, to a two-story, 45,000-square-meter (480,000-square-foot) building in Baghdad's Al-Ṣāliḥiyyah neighborhood in the Al-Karkh district on the east side of the Tigris River. It is with this move that the name of the museum was changed to the Iraq Museum. It was originally known as the Baghdad Archaeological Museum.

Bahija Khalil became the director of the Iraq Museum in 1983. She was the first woman director[6] and she held that role until 1989.

## Collections

[edit]

Exhibit during renovations in 2007

Due to the archaeological riches of Mesopotamia, the museum's collections are considered to be among the most important in the world, and it has a fine record of scholarship and display. The British connection with the museum — and with Iraq — has resulted in exhibits always being displayed bilingually, in both English and Arabic. It contains important artifacts from the over 5,000-year-long history of Mesopotamia in 28 galleries and vaults.

The collections of The Iraq Museum include art and artifacts from ancient Sumerian, Assyrian and Babylonian civilizations. The museum also has galleries devoted to collections of both pre-Islamic and Islamic Arabian art and artifacts. Of its many noteworthy collections, the Nimrud gold collection—which features gold jewelry and figures of the precious stone that date to the 9th-century BCE—and the collection of stone carvings and cuneiform tablets from Uruk are exceptional. The Uruk treasures date to between 3500 and 3000 BCE.[4]

## Damage and losses during 2003 war

[edit]

The Iraq Museum in Baghdad was looted in 2003 but has since reopened. A statue of Nabu, the 8th century BC Assyrian god of wisdom, stands before the building.

In the months preceding the 2003 Iraq war, starting in December and January, various antiquities experts, including representatives from the American Council for Cultural Policy asked the Pentagon and the UK government to ensure the museum's safety from both combat and looting, but no promises were made. U.S. forces did not bomb the site, despite them bombing a number of uninhabited Iraqi archaeological sites.

On April 9, 2003, the last of the museum curators and staff left the museum, including director Nawala Al-Mutawalli.[7] Iraqi forces engaged U.S. forces a few blocks away, as well as the nearby Special Republican Guard compound. Lt. Col. Eric Schwartz of the U.S. third Infantry Division declared that he "was unable to enter the compound and secure it since they attempted to avoid returning fire at the building. Sniper positions, discarded ammunition, and 15 Iraqi Army uniforms were later discovered in the building". The positions turned out to be museum arranged sandbags and protective foam support and mitigation barriers for large size artefacts, the uniforms and ammunition turning out to belong to the museum curators and staff (being reserve military personnel in state of war) and to the contrary to the U.S. statement, no traces of any serious engagement were detected anywhere in the museum and its surrounding yard. Iraqi staff as a protective measure had built a fortified wall along the western side of the compound, allowing concealed movement between the front and rear of the museum, and the U.S. forces could have secured the museum by simply encircling and isolating it preventing the looters from accessing the facility.[8]

Thefts took place between April 10 and 12, and when a number of museum staff returned to the building on April 12, they fended off further attempts by looters to enter the museum and had to wait until April 16 for the deployment of the U.S. forces around the museum. A special team headed by Marine Col. Matthew Bogdanos initiated an investigation on April 21. His investigation indicated that there were three separate thefts by three distinct groups over the four days. While the staff instituted a storage plan to prevent theft and damage (also used during the Iran–Iraq War and the first Gulf War), many larger statues, steles, and friezes had been left in the public galleries, protected with foam and surrounded by sandbags.[2] Forty pieces were stolen from these galleries, mostly the more valuable ones. Of these only 13 had been recovered as of January 2005, including the three most valuable: the Sacred Vase of Warka (though broken in fourteen pieces, which was the original state it was found in when first excavated), the Mask of Warka, and the Bassetki Statue.[8]

According to museum officials, the looters concentrated on the heart of the exhibition: "the Warka Vase, a Sumerian alabaster piece more than 5,000 years old; a bronze Uruk statue from the Akkadian period, also 5,000 years old, which weighs 660 pounds; and the headless statue of Entemena. The Harp of Ur was torn apart by looters who removed its gold inlay."[9] Among the stolen artefacts is the bronze Bassetki Statue, a life-size statue of a young man, originally found in the village Basitke in the northern part of Iraq, an Akkadian Empire piece that goes back to 2300 B.C. and the stone statue of King Schalmanezer, from the eighth century BC.[10]

In addition, the museum's above-ground storage rooms were looted. Approximately 3,100 excavation site pieces (jars, vessels, pottery shards, etc.) were stolen, of which only 3,000 have been recovered. The thefts did not appear to be discriminating; for example, an entire shelf of fakes was stolen, while an adjacent shelf of much greater value was undisturbed.[8]

The third occurrence of theft was in the underground storage rooms. The thieves attempted to steal the most easily transportable objects, which had been intentionally stored in the most remote location possible. Of the four rooms, the only portion disturbed was a single corner in the furthest room, where cabinets contained 100 small boxes containing cylinder seals, beads, and jewelry. Evidence indicated that the thieves possessed special master keys to the cabinets but dropped them in the dark. Instead, they stole 10,000 small objects that were lying in plastic boxes on the floor. Of them, only 2,500 have approximately been recovered.[8]

The statue of Entemena, back in the museum

One of the most valuable artifacts looted was a headless stone statue of the Sumerian king Entemena of Lagash. The Entemena statue, "estimated to be 4,400 years old, is the first significant artifact returned all the way from the United States and by far the most important piece found outside Iraq. American officials declined to discuss how they recovered the statue."[11][12] The statue of the king, located in the center of the museum's second-floor Sumerian Hall, weighs hundreds of pounds, making it the heaviest piece stolen from the museum – the looters "probably rolled or slid it down marble stairs to remove it, smashing the steps and damaging other artifacts."[11][12]

The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) announced the recovery of the statue of King Entemena of Lagash on July 25, 2006, in the United States again. The statue was returned to the Iraq government.[13] It was discovered in the United States with the help of Hicham Aboutaam, an art dealer in New York.[13]

### International reaction to the looting

[edit]

The U.S. government was criticised for doing nothing to protect the museum after occupying Baghdad.[14] Dr Irving Finkel of the British Museum said the looting was "entirely predictable and could easily have been stopped."[15] Martin E. Sullivan, chairman of the U.S. president's Advisory Committee on Cultural Property, and U.S. State Department cultural advisers Gary Vikan and Richard S. Lanier resigned in protest at the failure of US forces to prevent the looting.[16]

The extent of the looting of The Iraq Museum has been disputed. Based on a miscommunication by the first crews on the scene, and the empty display cases in the main galleries that in most cases had held objects which museum curators had removed before the First Gulf War and invasion, news organizations for weeks reported that as much as 170,000 catalogued lots (501,000 pieces) had been looted. The accurate figure was around 15,000 items, including 5,000 extremely valuable cylinder seals.

On April 12, 2003, The Associated Press reported: "The famed Iraq National Museum, home of extraordinary Babylonian, Sumerian and Assyrian collections and rare Islamic texts, sat empty Saturday – except for shattered glass display cases and cracked pottery bowls that littered the floor."

On April 14, National Public Radio's Robert Siegel announced on All Things Considered: "As it turned out, American troops were but a few hundred yards away as the country's heritage was stripped bare."

Reacting to the loss, French President Jacques Chirac on April 16, 2003, declared the incident "a crime against humanity."[citation needed]

When asked why the U.S. military did not try to guard the museum in the days after the invasion succeeded, Gen. Richard Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said "If you remember, when some of that looting was going on, people were being killed, people were being wounded ... It's as much as anything else a matter of priorities." Civil Affairs expert William Sumner, who was tasked with handling arts, monuments and archives, explained that the postwar Civil Affairs planners "didn't foresee the marines as going out and assigning marine units as security ... The issue of archaeological sites was considered a targeting problem," to be dealt with by those flying bombing missions.[17] Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, speaking about the museum's looting, said "stuff happens"[18] and "to try to pass off the fact of that unfortunate activity to a deficit in the war plan strikes me as a stretch," and described the period of looting in general as "untidiness." Secretary of State Colin Powell said, "The United States understands its obligations and will be taking a leading role with respect to antiquities in general but this museum in particular," but all such promises were only partially honoured considering the staggering increase in Iraqi archaeological site looting during the U.S. occupation period of Iraq.

Two weeks after the museum thefts, Dr. Donny George Youkhanna, General Director Research Studies for the Board of Antiquities in Iraq, stated of the looting, "It's the crime of the century because it affects the heritage of all mankind." After the U.S. Marines set up headquarters in Baghdad's Palestine Hotel, Dr Youkhanna confirmed that he personally went there to plead for troops to protect the museum's onsite collection, but no guards were sent for another three days.

### Attempts to recover lost items

[edit]

The Warka Vase, back in the museum

A few days later, agents of the FBI were sent to Iraq to search for stolen Museum property. UNESCO organized an emergency meeting of antiquities experts on April 17, 2003, in Paris to deal with the aftermath of the looting and its effects on the global art and antiquities market.

On April 18, 2003, the Baghdad Museum Project was formed in the United States with a proposal to assure the Iraq Museum every possibility of the eventual safe return of its collection, even if that is to take hundreds of years. Rather than focus only on law enforcement and the current antiquities market, the group set its mission as being to (1) establish a comprehensive online catalog of all cultural artifacts in the museum's collection, (2) create a virtual Baghdad Museum that is accessible to the general public over the Internet, (3) build a 3D collaborative workspace within the virtual Baghdad Museum for design and fundraising purposes, and (4) establish a resource center within the virtual Baghdad Museum for community cultural development. Various ancient items believed looted from the museum have surfaced in neighboring countries on their way to the United States, Israel, Europe, Switzerland, and Japan, and even on eBay.

On May 7, 2003, U.S. officials announced that nearly 40,000 manuscripts and 700 artifacts belonging to the Iraq Museum in Baghdad were recovered by U.S. Customs agents working with museum experts in Iraq. Some looters had returned items after promises of rewards and amnesty, and many items previously reported missing had actually been hidden in secret storage vaults prior to the outbreak of war. On June 7, 2003, the U.S. occupation authorities announced that world-famous treasures of Nimrud were preserved in a secret vault in the Iraqi Central Bank.[19] The artifacts included necklaces, plates, gold earrings, finger and toe rings, bowls and flasks. But, around 15,000 and the tiny items including some of the most valuable artifacts on the antiquities markets remain missing.

The museum has been protected since its looting, but archaeological sites in Iraq were left almost entirely unprotected by coalition forces, and there has been massive looting, starting from the early days of the warfare and between summer 2003 and the end of 2007. Estimates are that 400–600,000 artifacts have been plundered. Iraqi sculptor Mohammed Ghani Hikmat spearheaded efforts by the Iraqi artist community to recover artworks looted from the museum.[20] Approximately 150 of Hikmat's pieces were stolen from the museum alone.[20] Hikmat's group has only recovered approximately 100 of the museum's works, as of September 2011.[20]

United States Marine Colonel, and Manhattan Assistant District Attorney Matthew Bogdanos led the search for these stolen artifacts for over five years from 2003.[21] Up to the year 2006 approximately 10,000 artifacts were recovered through his efforts.[22][23] Antiquities recovered include the Warka Vase and the Mask of Warka.[22][24]

The Oriental Institute (Chicago) took the very first and most outstanding initiative to inform the rest of the world about the ransacking of the Iraqi Museum's collection during the US-led invasion of Iraq. The institute set up a new webpage (named Lost Treasures from Iraq)[3] on its website on April 15, 2003, just a few days after this plundering, sending a worldwide message about the lost, stolen, or probably “status unknown” artifacts. In addition, the website created a mass mailing list (“IraqiCrisis”)[25] about the lost items from the Iraq Museum. However, the pertinent webpage about the looted Mesopotamian artifacts from the Iraq Museum was last updated on April 10, 2008, and then archived. The website seems to not update its information after then. Gradually, many artifacts which were labeled by the Lost Treasure from Iraq website as stolen or status unknown were found to be on display at museums inside Iraq for several years before the US-led invasion of Iraq.[26] In addition, many others were still safe at the Iraq Museum and were not pillaged. This reflects prominent miscommunication and/or disconnection between the pertinent bodies responsible for the storage, registration, and display of these artifacts. As of December 16, 2022, the databases of the Iraq Museum on the Lost Treasures from Iraq appear not to be updated after April 14, 2008, to correct this.[27]

* Cylinder seal from Tell Agrab, Iraq, on display at the Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq since 1961. The Lost Treasures from Iraq designates it as "feard to be stolen".[28]

* Head of a Sumerian male worshipper from Tell Asmar (Eshnunna), Iraq, on display at the Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq since 1961. The Lost Treasures from Iraq designates it as "status unknown".[29]

* Headless statue of a Sumerian male worshipper, from Khafajah, Iraq, on display at the Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq since 1961. The Lost Treasures from Iraq does not mention any status.[30]

* Male Statuette from Khafajah, Iraq. On display at the Iraq Museum. The Lost Treasures from Iraq designates it as "status unknown".[31]

* Quadriga from Tell Agrab, Iraq. On display at the Iraq Museum. The Lost Treasures from Iraq designates it as "status unknown".[32]

## Recent work

[edit]

At various Iraq reconstruction conferences, the Baghdad Museum Project gave presentations to the reconstruction community advocating the preservation of Iraq's cultural heritage in rebuilding projects. On August 27, 2006, Iraq's museum director Dr. Donny Youkhanna fled the country to Syria, as a result of murder threats he and his family members had received from terrorist groups that were assassinating all remaining Iraqi intellectuals and scientists.[33] Youkhanna held the position of visiting professor in the anthropology department of Stony Brook State University of New York until his death in March 2011.[1]

On June 9, 2009, the treasures of the Iraq Museum went online for the first time as Italy inaugurated the Virtual Museum of Iraq Archived June 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.[34] On November 24, 2009, Google announced that it would create a virtual copy of the museum's collections at its own expense, and make images of four millennia of archaeological treasures available online, free, by early 2010.[35][36] It is unclear the extent by which Google's effort overlaps with Italy's previous initiative. Google's Street View service was used to image much of the museum's exhibit areas and, as of November 2011, these images are online.

In 2017, forty ancient Iraqi artefacts drawn from the Iraq Museum and spanning six millennia, from the Neolithic Age to the Parthian Period, were shown alongside contemporary artworks at the Venice Biennale.[37] Most of these objects had never previously left Iraq, excluding a few that were recently recovered after the 2003 lootings of the museum. Commissioned by Ruya Foundation, the exhibition 'Archaic' attracted over 5,500 visitors during the preview week of the 57th Biennale, and was critically acclaimed by the press.[38][39][40]

## Reopening

[edit]

The museum opened its doors only sporadically between September 1980, during the Iran-Iraq War,[41][42] and 2015. After the U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq, the museum was rarely opened, including an opening on July 3, 2003, for several hours for a visit by journalists and Coalition Provisional Authority head Paul Bremer, as a signal that things were returning to normal. In December 2008, the museum was opened for a photo opportunity for Ahmad Chalabi, who returned a number of artifacts supposedly handed in to him by Iraqis. On February 23, 2009, the museum was opened at the behest of Iraqi prime minister Maliki, to demonstrate that things were returning to normal. Many archaeological officials protested against this opening, arguing that conditions were not yet safe enough to put the museum at risk; the museum's director was fired for airing her objections.

In a ceremony to mark the occasion, Qahtan Abbas, Iraq's tourism and antiquities minister, said that only 6,000 of the 15,000 items looted from the museum in 2003 had been returned.[43] And an estimated 600,000 archaeological pieces were looted by groups and militias allied with the United States since 2003, according to a book published in 2009.[44] In September 2011 Iraqi officials announced the renovated museum will permanently reopen in November, protected by new climate control and security systems. The United States and Italian governments have both contributed to the renovation effort.[45]

### Official reopening

[edit]

On February 28, 2015, the museum was officially reopened by Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi.[46] The museum also has items taken from the Mosul Museum, as ISIS has taken it over.[citation needed]

## Recovery

[edit]

On September 7, 2010, the Associated Press reported that 540 looted treasures were returned to Iraq.[47][48][49]

638 stolen artifacts were returned to the Iraq Museum after they were located in the office of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki.[50]

On January 30, 2012, a 6,500-year-old Sumerian gold jar, the head of a Sumerian battle axe and a stone from an Assyrian palace were among 45 relics returned to Iraq by Germany. Up to 10,000 of the Iraq Museum pieces are still missing, said Amira Eidan, general director of the museum at the time of the recovery.[51]

On August 3, 2021, multiple global news sites reported that the US has returned 17,000 looted ancient artifacts to Iraq, previously part of the collection at the Museum of the Bible.[52][53][54]

On March 8, 2023, the Federal Bureau of Investigation returned an ivory and gold leaf furniture piece dating back 7,500 years ago. It was previously on display at the Michael C. Carlos Museum. The museum purchased the artifact in 2006; its provenance records claimed it had previously been bought to the United States in 1969. After FBI agents determined that the records were falsified, the museum handed the artifact over to the FBI in December 2022. The FBI states that this is the first time an artifact looted from the Iraq Museum has been found in the possession of an American museum.[55][56]

## Gallery

[edit]

* Mask of Warka

* Warka Vase

* Sumerian worshiper from Tell Asmar

* Sumerian Statues from Eshnunna and Khafajah of Diyala region, Iraq Museum

* Statue of Entemena

* The Great Golden Lyre from Ur

* Terracotta lion from Shaduppum (Tell Harmal)

* The lady at the window, part of the Nimrud ivories

* Ivory statuette, part of the Nimrud ivories

* The Assyrian gallery at the Iraq Museum

* Throne dais of Shalmaneser III from Fort Shalmaneser

* Statue of Sanatruq, king of Hatra

* Iraq Museum, Baghdad, Iraq

* Iraq Museum, Baghdad, Iraq

## See also

[edit]

* Iraq portal

* Sulaymaniyah Museum
* Erbil Civilization Museum
* Basrah Museum
* Art of Mesopotamia

* List of museums in Iraq

* Lyres of Ur
* Taha Baqir
* Damage to Baghdad during the 2003 Iraq War
* Archaeological looting in Iraq

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Renowned Iraqi Scholar, Dr Donny George Youkhana, Appointed to Faculty at Stony Brook, The Graduate Review. Stony Brook University Archived November 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ a b Poole, Robert M. (February 2008). "Looting Iraq". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
3. ^ a b "Lost Treasures from Iraq". Oriental Institute. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
4. ^ a b "National Museum of Iraq" Archived April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012
5. ^ https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1355/the-iraq-museum-a-brightness-in-the-darkness/
6. ^ "Iraqi 'treasure' Lamia Al Gailani Werr dies in Amman". The National. January 19, 2019. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
7. ^ "Details of National Museum of Iraq looting emerge". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. June 30, 2003. Archived from the original on March 23, 2025. Retrieved March 23, 2025.
8. ^ a b c d Bogdanos, Matthew (2005). "Pieces of the Cradle". Marine Corps Gazette (January 2005). Marine Corps Association: 60–66.
9. ^ Thanassis Cambanis and Charles M. Sennott. Looters Pillage Babylon Leaving Iraqis, Archeologists Devastated. The Boston Globe Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News. April 21, 2003,
10. ^ Newsweek. The Last Word: Donny George. A Real-Life Treasure Hunt. Newsweek International. March 21, 2007. Available: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7169977/site/newsweek/ Archived June 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
11. ^ a b Barry Meier and James Glanz. Looted treasure returning to Iraq national museum. Archived 2019-09-05 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times. July 26, 2006
12. ^ a b "Sumerian statue looted from Iraq found by U.S. investigators". Arts. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 26, 2006. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
13. ^ a b Meier, Barry; Glanz, James (July 26, 2006). "U.S. Helps Recover Statue and Gives It Back to Iraqis". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
14. ^ Robbing the Cradle of Civilization Archived March 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Deutsche Welle, April 18, 2003
15. ^ Talbot, Ann. US government implicated in planned theft of Iraqi artistic treasures. 19 April 2003. World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 10 July 2020
16. ^ US experts resign over Iraq looting Archived March 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, April 18, 2003
17. ^ Rothfield, Lawrence The Rape of Mesopotamia (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2009), 82–83.
18. ^ Donald Rumsfeld book admits 'misstatements' over WMD sites Archived September 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, February 8, 2011.
19. ^ "Treasures of Nimrud found in vault: Missing Iraqi pieces far fewer than thought", Sunday Gazette-Mail, June 8, 2003, Hamza Hendawi
20. ^ a b c Schmidt, Michael S. (September 28, 2011). "Mohammed Ghani Hikmat, Iraqi Sculptor, Dies at 82". New York Times. Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
21. ^ Denton, Andrew (May 29, 2006). "Colonel Matthew Bogdanos". Enough Rope. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
22. ^ a b Bruce Cole (September 2006). "Treasure Hunting in Baghdad – A Conversation with Matthew Bogdanos". Humanities. 27 (5). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
23. ^ Hobson, Katherine (October 3, 2004). "P.S. Do you have the Ark?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013.
24. ^ "2003: Recovering History". Timeline. www.marines.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
25. ^ "Lost Treasures From Iraq IraqCrisis, A Moderated List". Oriental Institute. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
26. ^ Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed. "Lost Treasures From Iraq: Revisited & Identified". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
27. ^ "Iraq Museum Database". Oriental Institute. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
28. ^ "Lost Treasures from Iraq--Objects". Oriental Institute. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
29. ^ "Lost Treasures from Iraq--Objects". Oriental Institute. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
30. ^ "Lost Treasures from Iraq--Objects". Oriental Institute. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
31. ^ "Lost Treasures from Iraq--Objects". Oriental Institute. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
32. ^ "Lost Treasures from Iraq--Objects". Oriental Institute. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
33. ^ Leading Iraq archaeologist flees Archived August 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, August 26, 2006
34. ^ Italy puts Baghdad Museum online Archived 2020-03-22 at the Wayback Machine, Agenzia ANSA Società Cooperativa, June 9, 2009
35. ^ Iraq's national museum to showcase its treasures online with aid of Google Archived October 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, November 24, 2009
36. ^ Google Chief Announces Plan in Baghdad to Put Iraqi Artifacts Online Archived October 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, November 24, 2009
37. ^ Ruya Foundation, Archaic the Iraq Pavilion at the 57th Venice Biennale, March 10, 2017 [1] Archived 2019-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
38. ^ Wullschläger, Jackie (12 May 2017). "Financial Times". Archived from the original on 2019-08-08. Retrieved 2019-08-08.
39. ^ Cotter, Holland (May 22, 2017). "Venice Biennale: Whose Reflection Do You See? (Published 2017)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023.
40. ^ The Times
41. ^ Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed. "The Iraq Museum: A Brightness in the Darkness". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on November 15, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2025.
42. ^ Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed. "The Iraq Museum & Three Wars: Three Steps from Hell". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on November 27, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2025.
43. ^ Iraq reopens looted national museum  Archived February 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Aljazeera. March 2009
44. ^ Rothfield, Lawrence (April 2009). The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum (1 ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-72945-9. Retrieved March 1, 2015. E-book ISBN 978-0-226-72943-5
45. ^ Lawler, Andrew After Long Hiatus, Iraq Museum to Open Its Doors Archived October 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Science Magazine, September 26, 2011
46. ^ "Looted Iraqi Museum in Baghdad reopens 12 years on". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. February 28, 2015. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
47. ^ "Looted treasures are returned to Iraq - AP World News - the Charleston Gazette - West Virginia News and Sports -". Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
48. ^ "Looted treasures back in Iraq, but don't plan on seeing them | McClatchy". Archived from the original on September 21, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
49. ^ "Prized treasures return to Baghdad | PRI's the World". Archived from the original on April 1, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
50. ^ "Missing Iraqi antiquities located in PM Maliki's office". BBC News. September 20, 2010. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
51. ^ Kami, Aseel (January 30, 2012) "Sumerian gold jar, other relics returned to Iraq" Archived October 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Reuters Retrieved February 6, 2012
52. ^ Baghdad, Reuters in (August 3, 2021). "US to return 17,000 looted ancient artifacts to Iraq". the Guardian. Retrieved August 5, 2021. `{{cite web}}`: `|first=` has generic name (help)
53. ^ Arraf, Jane (August 3, 2021). "Iraq Reclaims 17,000 Looted Artefacts, Its Biggest-Ever Repatriation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 20, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
54. ^ Al-Heeti, Abrar (August 4, 2021). "Iraq reclaims 17,000 looted ancient artifacts held in the US". CNET. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
55. ^ "Stolen Art Returned to Iraq". Federal Bureau of Investigation. March 9, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
56. ^ "Stolen 2,700-year-old artifact returned to Iraq with help from FBI Boston". CBS News. Boston. March 9, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2024.

## News and editorials

[edit]

* Bogdanos, Matthew (June 17, 2009). "Matthew Bogdanos". Conversations with Allan Wolper (Interview). Interviewed by Allan Wolper. WBGO. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
* The Ghost in the Baghdad Museum, The New York Times, April 2, 2006, by Roger Cohen.
* Thousands of Iraqi artifacts found, CNN, May 7, 2003.
* Missing Antiquities: Loss Estimates Are Cut on Iraqi Artifacts, but Questions Remain, The New York Times, May 1, 2003.
* Relics: Experts' Pleas to Pentagon Didn't Save Museum, The New York Times, April 16, 2003.
* Antiquities: Curators Appeal for a Ban on Purchase of Iraqi Artifacts, The New York Times, April 16, 2003.
* Hundreds of looted items returned to Iraqi museum, CNN Web Site, November 11, 2003.
* Iraq and Ruin, The Guardian, May 2, 2003, Neal Ascherson interview with Donny George.
* Donny George: A Real-Life Treasure Hunt, Newsweek, March 21, 2005.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Museum of Iraq.

* https://www.theiraqmuseum.com/
* Dan Cruickshank Under Fire (Raiders Of The Lost Art) Archived October 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
* The Virtual Museum of Iraq Archived June 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
* Lost Treasures from Iraq Illustrated site by University of Chicago
* The 2003– Iraq War & Archaeology Archived March 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
* Bogdanos, Matthew. The Casualties of War: The Truth about the Iraq Museum American Journal of Archaeology, 109, 3 (July 2005)
* Bogdanos, Matthew. Thieves of Baghdad - and of the World's Cultural Property
* University of Chicago
* Rothfield, Lawrence. The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum, excerpt

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List of museums in Iraq

List of museums in Iraq

Museums|

* National Museum of Iraq
* Baghdadi Museum
* Natural History Museum, Baghdad
* Mosul Museum
* National Museum of Modern Art (Baghdad)
* Tikrit Museum
* Illusion Museum Erbil
* Erbil Civilization Museum
* Erbil Stones and Gems Museum
* Kurdish Textile Museum
* Sulaymaniyah Museum
* Dahuk National Museum
* Basrah Museum
* Museum of Nasiriyah
* Museum of Samawa
* Abd al-Karim Qasim Museum
* Museum of Samarra
* Iraqi Post Museum

* Category

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Iraq War (2003–2011)

Beginning of the Iraqi conflict

Prelude

| Background|

| Pre-1990|

* 17 July Revolution
* Iranian Revolution
* 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
* Iran–Iraq War
* British / U.S. support for Iraq
* Chemical attacks against Iran
* Anfal campaign
* Iran–Contra affair

|

1990–2003|

* Gulf War
* Invasion of Kuwait
* Nayirah testimony
* Sanctions against Iraq
* No-fly zones
* 1991 uprisings
* UNSCOM
* Arms-to-Iraq affair
* Oil-for-Food Programme
* Investigations
* September 11 attacks
* Aftermath
* War on terror
* 2001 anthrax attacks
* U.S. War in Afghanistan
* Invasion

Rationale|

* WMD claims
* Yellowcake uranium
* Aluminum tubes
* Biological weapons
* Chemical weapons
* "Curveball"
* Mobile weapon labs
* Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory
* Anthrax claims
* Prague
* Ricin claims
* Oil as a possible rationale

Issues|

* American imperialism
* Bush Doctrine
* Wolfowitz Doctrine
* Colin Powell's UN presentation
* Disarmament crisis
* UNMOVIC
* Failed peace initiatives
* Iraq resolution / UK parliament's support for invasion
* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
* Legality
* Legitimacy of the invasion
* Media coverage
* Military analyst program
* Rapid response operation
* Saddam's alleged shredder
* Preemptive war
* Saddam Hussein and human rights

Dossiers
and memos|

* Habbush letter
* Downing Street memo
* September Dossier
* Vilnius letter
* Letter of the eight
* Bush–Blair 2003 memo
* February Dossier
* Bush–Aznar memo

Overview

| Key events|

* Invasion (2003)
* Occupation (2003–2011)
* Insurgency
* 2003–06 period
* Anbar campaign
* Fallujah
* Capture of Saddam Hussein
* Interrogation
* Trial
* Execution / Reactions
* 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing
* Civil war (2006–08)
* 2007 U.S. troop surge
* timeline
* U.S. withdrawal
* Status of forces agreement

|

Invasion
(2003)|

* Timeline
* Preparations for invasion
* Multi-National Force
* Battle of Nasiriyah
* Fall of Baghdad
* Battle of Debecka Pass
* Firdos Square statue
* Mission Accomplished speech
* US public opinion

Occupation
(2003–2011)|

* Occupation of Ramadi
* De-Ba'athification
* 100 Orders
* CPA Order 2
* CPA Order 17
* U.S. military bases
* Blackwater
* Reconstruction
* Development Fund
* Economic reform
* UNAMI
* Al Qa'qaa high explosives
* U.S. kill or capture strategy

| Replacement
governments|

* Coalition Provisional Authority
* Iraqi Governing Council
* Interim Government
* 2005 parliamentary elections
* Transitional Government
* Constitution
* Ratification

|

Participants

| Countries|

* Australia
* Ba'athist Iraq
* Denmark
* El Salvador
* Georgia
* Iran
* Italy
* Japan
* Poland
* South Korea
* Thailand
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Insurgent
groups|

| Sunni
groups|

* Islamic Army in Iraq
* 1920 Revolution Brigades
* Jaish al-Rashideen
* Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance
* Hamas of Iraq
* Jeish Muhammad
* Mujahideen Shura Council
* Islamic State of Iraq
* Al-Qaeda in Iraq
* Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah
* Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna
* Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
* Black Banner Organization
* Wakefulness and Holy War
* Abu Theeb's group
* Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army
* Mujahideen Army

|

Shia
groups|

* Mahdi Army
* Abu Deraa's militia
* Badr Organization
* Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
* Sheibani Network
* Soldiers of Heaven
* Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
* Promised Day Brigade
* Kata'ib Hezbollah

Ba'ath
loyalists|

* Fedayeen Saddam
* Al-Awda
* Popular Army
* Al-Abud Network
* Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
* Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation

Battles and operations

| Operations|

| 2003|

* Ancient Babylon
* Catalyst
* Desert Scorpion
* Desert Thrust
* Falconer
* Iron Hammer
* Iron Justice
* Ivy Blizzard
* Northern Delay
* Airborne Dragon
* Panther Squeeze
* Peninsula Strike
* Planet X
* Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn)
* Telic

|

2004|

* Baton Rouge
* Bulldog Mammoth
* Iron Saber
* New Dawn (Al Fajr)
* Phantom Fury
* Phantom Linebacker
* Plymouth Rock
* Vigilant Resolve
* Warrior's Rage

2005|

* Cyclone
* Iron Hammer
* Matador
* New Market
* Spear (Romhe)
* Squeeze Play
* Steel Curtain

2006|

* Al Majid
* Gaugamela
* Iron Triangle
* Sinbad
* Swarmer
* Together Forward

2007|

* Alljah
* Arbead II
* Ardennes
* Black Eagle
* Commando Eagle
* Forsythe Park
* Imposing Law
* Leyte Gulf
* Marne Avalanche
* Marne Torch
* Mawtini
* Phantom Strike
* Phantom Thunder
* Saber Guardian
* Sledgehammer
* Stampede 3
* Tiger Hammer
* Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil)

2008|

* Defeat Al Qaeda in the North
* Augurs of Prosperity
* Phantom Phoenix

2009–2011|

* New Dawn

Battles|

| 2003|

| Invasion|

* Umm Qasr
* Al Faw
* Basra I
* Nasiriyah
* Karbala I
* Haditha Dam
* Najaf I
* Samawah I
* Karbala II
* Al Kut
* Hillah
* Karbala Gap
* Debecka Pass
* Baghdad I

|

* Majar al-Kabir
* Ramadan Offensive

2004|

* Spring fighting
* Karbala City Hall
* Fallujah I
* Siege of Sadr City
* Ramadi I
* Good Friday ambush
* Baghdad International Airport
* Husaybah
* Danny Boy
* Najaf II
* CIMIC House
* Samarra
* Fallujah II
* Mosul

2005|

* Lake Tharthar
* Abu Ghraib
* Al-Qa'im
* Hit convoy
* Haditha
* Tal Afar

2006|

* Baghdad II
* Ramadi II
* Diwaniya
* Al Rumaythah
* Amarah
* Turki

2007|

* Haifa Street
* Karbala provincial HQ
* Najaf III
* Shurta Nasir
* Basra II
* Baqubah
* Route Bismarck
* Donkey Island
* Karbala III

2008|

* Spring fighting
* Iraqi Day of Ashura
* Nineveh
* Basra III
* Al-Qaeda offensive

2009–2011|

* Palm Grove (2010)

Related events|

* Turkish incursions into northern Iraq
* 2007
* 2008
* Abu Kamal raid

War crimes

| Occupation forces|

| Killings and
massacres|

* During the 2003 invasion
* U.S. killings of journalists
* Fallujah killings
* Killing of Nadhem Abdullah (2003)
* Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir
* Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre (2004)
* Haifa Street helicopter incident (2005)
* Tal Afar shootings (2005)
* Basra prison incident (2005)
* Haditha massacre (2005)
* Mahmudiyah rape and killings (2006)
* Ishaqi massacre (2006)
* Baghdad detainee killings (2006)
* Hamdania incident (2006)
* Iraqi bodyguard killing (2006)
* Iron Triangle Murders (2006)
* Baghdad airstrike (2007)
* Nisour Square massacre (2007)
* Iraq War Logs (2010)

|

Chemical
weapons|

* Use of white phosphorus by the United States (2004–05)

Torture
and abuse|

* Abu Ghraib prison (2003–06)
* Camp Bucca (2003–09)
* Camp Nama (2003–04)
* Balad Air Base (2003–2011)
* Death of Nagem Hatab (2003)
* Killing of Baha Mousa (2003)
* Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush (2003)
* Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi (2003)
* Death of Fashad Mohamed (2004)

§ Other killings
and bombings|

| 2003|

* Jordanian embassy
* Canal Hotel
* Imam Ali mosque bombing
* Baghdad October 2003

|

2004|

* Erbil 2004
* Ashura massacre
* Basra 2004
* Mosul 2004
* 2004 church bombings
* Baghdad bombings
* 14 September
* 30 September
* Karbala and Najaf bombings
* Baqubah 2004
* Kufa mosque bombing

2005|

* Al Hillah 2005
* Erbil 2005
* Musayyib bombing
* Baghdad bombings
* August
* September
* Balad 2005
* Khanaqin bombings

2006|

* Karbala and Ramadi
* Al-Askari mosque 2006
* Buratha mosque bombing
* Sadr City bombings
* July
* November
* Hayy Al-Jihad massacre

2007|

* Mustansiriya University
* Baghdad bombings
* 22 January
* 3 February
* 12 February
* 18 February
* 29 March
* 18 April
* 26 July
* 1 August
* Al Hillah 2007
* Tal Afar 2007
* Iraqi Parliament
* 2007 Karbala mosque bombings
* Massacres of Yazidis
* April massacre
* Qahtaniyah bombings
* Makhmour
* Abu Sayda
* Al-Askari mosque 2007
* Al-Khilani mosque bombing
* Amirli bombing
* Kirkuk 2007
* Al Amarah bombings

2008|

* Bagdad bombings
* February
* March
* June
* Balad 2008
* Karbala 2008
* Al-Karmah
* Dujail bombing
* Balad Ruz bombing
* Attacks on Christians in Mosul

2009|

* Bagdad bombings
* March
* 6 April
* June
* August
* October
* December
* Baghdad–Miqdadiyah
* Taza bombing
* Kirkuk 2009
* Tal Afar 2009

2010|

* Nationwide attacks
* 10 May
* 25 August
* Bagdad bombings
* January
* February
* April
* August
* September
* November
* Baqubah 2010
* Baghdad church massacre

2011|

* Nationwide attacks
* January
* August
* Bagdad bombings
* January
* August
* October
* Arba'een bombings
* Tikrit assault
* Al Hillah 2011
* Samarra bombing
* Al Diwaniyah bombing
* Taji bombings
* Karbala 2011
* Basra 2011

Other war crimes|

* Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011)
* Archaeological looting
* Chlorine bombings
* Torture by the Wolf Brigade (2004–2011)

Prosecution|

* United States and the International Criminal Court
* Hague Invasion Act
* Prosecution for the 2003 invasion
* Abtan v. Blackwater
* Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
* Saleh v. Bush
* Taguba Report

§ All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetrators

Impact

| General|

* Casualties
* Iraq Body Count
* Iraq Family Health Survey
* Lancet surveys
* ORB survey
* Damage to Baghdad
* Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster
* Human rights
* Humanitarian crisis
* 2007 cholera outbreak
* Financial cost
* Refugees
* Iraqi Christians
* Mandaeans
* Violence against Iraqi academics

|

Political
controversies|

* Post-invasion WMD conjecture
* Iraq scandal in Finland
* Dixie Chicks comments
* Plame affair
* Hood event
* Death of David Kelly
* Hutton Inquiry
* Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz
* 2004 document leak
* Al Jazeera bombing memo
* Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy
* MoveOn.org ad controversy
* Six Days in Fallujah
* Role of Canada
* War resisters

| Investigations|

* Senate Report on WMD Intelligence
* Duelfer Report
* Chilcot Inquiry

|

Reactions|

| Pre-war|

* Pre-war international reactions
* Khuy Voyne!
* Saddam Hussein interview

|

* Views on the invasion
* U.S. public opinion
* Opposition
* Criticism
* United Nations
* Oprah's Anti-war series
* Iraqi map pendant
* Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan
* Photo Op
* A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq
* Bush shoe-throwing incident

Protests|

* Halloween 2002
* February 15, 2003
* March 20, 2003
* Bring Them Home Now Tour
* January 20, 2005
* September 24, 2005
* January 27, 2007
* March 17, 2007
* 2007 Port of Tacoma
* September 15, 2007
* March 19, 2008

Aftermath in Iraq|

* The rise of ISIL
* Insurgency (2011–13)
* War in Iraq (2013–17)
* War against ISIL (2014–present)
* U.S.-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)
* Insurgency (2017–present)

Miscellaneous

| Terminology|

* Axis of evil
* Outposts of tyranny
* "Baghdad Bob"
* "Chemical Ali"
* Coalition of the willing
* Dead checking
* Embedded journalism
* Freedom fries
* Friedman Unit
* "Mother of All Bombs"
* "Mrs. Anthrax"
* Old Europe and New Europe
* Regime change
* Shock and awe
* "Sixteen Words"
* "Smoking gun / mushroom cloud"
* Star Spangled Ice Cream
* Strategic reset
* "There are unknown unknowns"
* Triangle of Death
* "Yo, Blair"

| Critical|

* Global arrogance
* Inverted totalitarianism
* "The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time"

|

Memorials|

* Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon)
* Al-Shaheed Monument
* Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London)
* Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial
* Old North Memorial Garden
* Saving Iraqi Culture

Lists|

* Assassinations
* Aviation shootdowns and accidents
* Bombings
* Coalition military operations
* Documentaries
* Iraqi security forces fatality reports
* Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards
* Private contractor deaths

Timeline|

* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011

Related

* Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
* Chelsea Manning
* CIA black sites
* Efforts to impeach George W. Bush
* "Enhanced interrogation techniques"
* Torture in the United States
* Extraordinary rendition
* Green Zone
* Guantanamo Bay detention camp
* Gulf of Tonkin incident
* Resolution
* Military–industrial complex
* Neoconservatism
* Patriot Act
* Petrodollar warfare theory
* Post-9/11
* Special Relationship
* The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs
* Unilateralism
* Unitary executive theory
* U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East
* WikiLeaks
* Ba'ath Party archives

Outline /  Category /  Wikinews /  Multimedia

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Ancient Mesopotamia

Geography|

| Modern|

* Upper Mesopotamia
* Lower Mesopotamia
* Mesopotamian Marshes
* Persian Gulf
* Syrian Desert
* Taurus Mountains
* Tigris–Euphrates river system
* Euphrates
* Tigris
* Zagros Mountains
* Hamrin Mountains
* Sinjar Mountains

|

Ancient|

* Fertile Crescent
* Adiabene
* Akkad
* Armani
* Assyria
* Babylonia
* Chaldea
* Elam
* Gutium
* Hamazi
* Hittites
* Kassites
* Media
* Mitanni
* Simurrum
* Subartu
* Suhum
* Sumer
* Tukri
* Urartu
* Cities

(Pre)history|

| Prehistory|

* Acheulean
* Mousterian
* Trialetian
* Zarzian
* Natufian
* Nemrik
* Khiamian
* Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
* Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
* Hassuna/Samarra
* Halaf
* Ubaid
* Uruk
* Jemdet Nasr
* Kish civilization

|

History|

* Early Dynastic
* Akkadian
* Gutians
* Simurrum
* Ur III
* Isin-Larsa
* Old Babylonian
* Kassite
* Middle Babylonian
* Neo-Assyrian
* Neo-Babylonian
* Fall of Babylon
* Achaemenid
* Seleucid
* Parthian
* Roman
* Sasanian
* Muslim conquest

Languages|

* Akkadian
* Amorite
* Aramaic
* Eblaite
* Elamite
* Gutian
* Hittite
* Hurrian
* Kassite
* Luwian
* Median
* Middle Persian
* Old Persian
* Parthian
* Proto-Armenian
* Sutean
* Sumerian
* Urartian

Culture/society|

* Agriculture
* Architecture
* Art
* Akitu
* Cuneiform
* Babylonian astronomy
* Babylonian mathematics
* Akkadian literature
* Economy of Sumer
* Warfare in Sumer
* Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
* Sumerian cuisine
* Sumerian literature
* Music
* Indus-Mesopotamia relations
* Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
* Royal titles
* List of rulers

Archaeology|

* Looting
* Destruction by ISIL
* Tell

Religion|

* Sumerian religion
* Babylonian religion
* Deities
* Mesopotamian myths
* Divination
* Prayers
* Ziggurat (Temple)

Academia|

* Assyriology
* Assyriologists
* Hittitology
* Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
* Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
* Chicago Hittite Dictionary

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Australia
* Norway
* Sweden
* Israel

Artists|

* ULAN

People|

* ISIL: OCLC-MENMI

Other|

* IdRef
* Kulturenvanteri monument
* Yale LUX

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