Iron(III) chloride

Inorganic compound

Iron(III) chloride  |

Iron(III) chloride (anhydrous)

Iron(III) chloride (hydrate)

|

|  |

|

Names
IUPAC names

Iron(III) chloride
Iron trichloride

Other names

* Ferric chloride
* Molysite
* Flores martis

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 7705-08-0 Y
* 10025-77-1 (hexahydrate) Y
* 54862-84-9 (dihydrate) Y
* 64333-00-2 (3.5hydrate)

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChEBI |

* CHEBI:30808 Y

ChemSpider |

* 22792 Y

ECHA InfoCard | 100.028.846
EC Number |

* 231-729-4

PubChem CID

* 24380

RTECS number |

* LJ9100000

UNII |

* U38V3ZVV3V Y
* 0I2XIN602U (hexahydrate) Y
* Y048945596 (dihydrate) Y

UN number |

* 1773 (anhydrous)
* 2582 (aqueous solution)

CompTox Dashboard (EPA)

* DTXSID8020622

InChI

* InChI=1S/3ClH.Fe/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3 Y

Key: RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Y

* InChI=1S/3ClH.Fe/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3

Key: RBTARNINKXHZNM-DFZHHIFOAF

* Key: RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K

SMILES

* Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl

Properties

Chemical formula

| FeCl3
Molar mass |

* 162.204 g/mol (anhydrous)
* 270.295 g/mol (hexahydrate)[1]

Appearance  | Green-black by reflected light; purple-red by transmitted light; yellow solid as hexahydrate; brown as aqueous solution
Odor | Slight HCl
Density |

* 2.90 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
* 1.82 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)[1]

Melting point | 307.6 °C (585.7 °F; 580.8 K) (anhydrous)
37 °C (99 °F; 310 K) (hexahydrate)[1]
Boiling point |

* 316 °C (601 °F; 589 K) (anhydrous, decomposes)[1]
* 280 °C (536 °F; 553 K) (hexahydrate, decomposes)

Solubility in water

| 912 g/L (anhydrous or hexahydrate, 25 °C)[1]
Solubility in

* Acetone
* Methanol
* Ethanol
* Diethyl ether[1]

*   * 630 g/L (18 °C)
* Highly soluble
* 830 g/L
* Highly soluble

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

| +13,450·10−6 cm3/mol[2]
Viscosity | 12 cP (40% solution)
Hazards[4][5][Note 1]
GHS labelling:

Pictograms

Signal word

| Danger

Hazard statements

| H290, H302, H314

Precautionary statements

| P234, P260, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P390, P405, P406, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)  |

Flash point | Non-flammable
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):

REL (Recommended)

| TWA 1 mg/m3[3]
Safety data sheet (SDS)  | ICSC 1499
Related compounds

Other anions

* Iron(III) fluoride
* Iron(III) bromide

Other cations

* Iron(II) chloride
* Manganese(II) chloride
* Cobalt(II) chloride
* Ruthenium(III) chloride

Related coagulants

* Iron(II) sulfate
* Polyaluminium chloride

Structure

Crystal structure

| Hexagonal, hR24

Space group

| R3, No. 148[7]

Lattice constant

a = 0.6065 nm, b = 0.6065 nm, c = 1.742 nm

α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120°

Formula units (Z)

| 6

Coordination geometry

| Octahedral

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)

Infobox references

Chemical compound

Iron(III) chloride describes the inorganic compounds with the formula FeCl3(H2O)x. Also called ferric chloride, these compounds are some of the most important and commonplace compounds of iron. They are available both in anhydrous and in hydrated forms, which are both hygroscopic. They feature iron in its +3 oxidation state. The anhydrous derivative is a Lewis acid, while all forms are mild oxidizing agents. It is used as a water cleaner and as an etchant for metals.

## Electronic and optical properties

[edit]

Anhydrous iron(III) chloride evaporates at relatively low temperatures to give the bitetrahedral dimer.

All forms of ferric chloride are paramagnetic, owing to the presence of unpaired electrons residing in 3d orbitals. Although Fe(III) chloride can be octahedral or tetrahedral (or both, see structure section), all of these forms have five unpaired electrons, one per d-orbital. The high spin d5 electronic configuration requires that d-d electronic transitions are spin forbidden, in addition to violating the Laporte rule. This double forbidden-ness results in its solutions being only pale colored. Or, stated more technically, the optical transitions are non-intense. Aqueous ferric sulfate and ferric nitrate, which contain [Fe(H2O)6]3+, are nearly colorless, whereas the chloride solutions are yellow. Thus, the chloride ligands significantly influence the optical properties of the iron center.[8][9]

## Structure

[edit]

Iron(III) chloride can exist as an anhydrous material and a series of hydrates, which results in distinct structures.

### Anhydrous

[edit]

The anhydrous compound is a hygroscopic crystalline solid with a melting point of 307.6 °C. The colour depends on the viewing angle: by reflected light, the crystals appear dark green, but by transmitted light, they appear purple-red. Anhydrous iron(III) chloride has the BiI3 structure, with octahedral Fe(III) centres interconnected by two-coordinate chloride ligands.[7][10]

Iron(III) chloride has a relatively low melting point and boils at around 315 °C. The vapor consists of the dimer Fe2Cl6, much like aluminium chloride. This dimer dissociates into the monomeric FeCl3 (with D3h point group molecular symmetry) at higher temperatures, in competition with its reversible decomposition to give iron(II) chloride and chlorine gas.[11]

### Hydrates

[edit]

Ferric chloride form hydrates upon exposure to water, reflecting its Lewis acidity. All hydrates exhibit deliquescence, meaning that they become liquid by absorbing moisture from the air. Hydration invariably gives derivatives of aquo complexes with the formula [FeCl2(H2O)4]+. This cation can adopt either trans or cis stereochemistry, reflecting the relative location of the chloride ligands on the octahedral Fe center. Four hydrates have been characterized by X-ray crystallography: the dihydrate FeCl3*2H2O, the disesquihydrate FeCl3*2.5H2O, the trisesquihydrate FeCl3*3.5H2O, and finally the hexahydrate FeCl3*6H2O. These species differ with respect to the stereochemistry of the octahedral iron cation, the identity of the anions, and the presence or absence of water of crystallization.[9] The structural formulas are [trans−FeCl2(H2O)4][FeCl4], [cis−FeCl2(H2O)4][FeCl4]*H2O, [cis−FeCl2(H2O)4][FeCl4]*H2O, and [trans−FeCl2(H2O)4]Cl*2H2O. The first three members of this series have the tetrahedral tetrachloroferrate ([FeCl4]−) anion.[12]

### Solution

[edit]

A brown, acidic solution of iron(III) chloride.

Like the solid hydrates, aqueous solutions of ferric chloride also consist of the octahedral [FeCl2(H2O)4]+ of unspecified stereochemistry.[9] Detailed speciation of aqueous solutions of ferric chloride is challenging because the individual components do not have distinctive spectroscopic signatures. Iron(III) complexes, with a high spin d5 configuration, are kinetically labile, which means that ligands rapidly dissociate and reassociate. A further complication is that these solutions are strongly acidic, as expected for aquo complexes of a tricationic metal. Iron aquo complexes are prone to olation, the formation of polymeric oxo derivatives. Dilute solutions of ferric chloride produce soluble nanoparticles with molecular weight of 104, which exhibit the property of "aging", i.e., the structure change or evolve over the course of days.[13] The polymeric species formed by the hydrolysis of ferric chlorides are key to the use of ferric chloride for water treatment.

In contrast to the complicated behavior of its aqueous solutions, solutions of iron(III) chloride in diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran are well-behaved. Both ethers form 1:2 adducts of the general formula FeCl3(ether)2. In these complexes, the iron is pentacoordinate.[14]

## Preparation

[edit]

Several hundred tons of anhydrous iron(III) chloride are produced annually. The principal method, called direct chlorination, uses scrap iron as a precursor:[10]

2 Fe + 3 Cl2 → 2 FeCl3

The reaction is conducted at several hundred degrees such that the product is gaseous. Using excess chlorine guarantees that the intermediate ferrous chloride is converted to the ferric state.[10] A similar but laboratory-scale process also has been described.[15][16]

Aqueous solutions of iron(III) chloride are also produced industrially from a number of iron precursors, including iron oxides:

Fe2O3 \+ 6 HCl + 9 H2O → 2 FeCl3(H2O)6

In complementary route, iron metal can be oxidized by hydrochloric acid followed by chlorination:[10]

Fe + 2 HCl → FeCl2 \+ H2
FeCl2 \+ 0.5 Cl2 \+ 6 H2O → FeCl3(H2O)6

A number of variables apply to these processes, including the oxidation of iron by ferric chloride and the hydration of intermediates.[10] Hydrates of iron(III) chloride do not readily yield anhydrous ferric chloride. Attempted thermal dehydration yields hydrochloric acid and iron oxychloride. In the laboratory, hydrated iron(III) chloride can be converted to the anhydrous form by treatment with thionyl chloride[17] or trimethylsilyl chloride:[18]

FeCl3*6H2O + 12 (CH3)3SiCl → FeCl3 \+ 6 ((CH3)3Si)2O + 12 HCl
FeCl3*6H2O + 6 SOCl2 → FeCl3 \+ 6 SO2 \+ 12 HCl

## Reactions

[edit]

Being high spin d5 electronic configuration iron(III) chlorides are labile, meaning that its Cl- and H2O ligands exchange rapidly with free chloride and water.[9][19] In contrast to their kinetic lability, iron(III) chlorides are thermodynamically robust, as reflected by the vigorous methods applied to their synthesis, as described above.

### Anhydrous FeCl3

[edit]

Aside from lability, which applies to anhydrous and hydrated forms, the reactivity of anhydrous ferric chloride reveals two trends: It is a Lewis acid and an oxidizing agent.[20]

Reactions of anhydrous iron(III) chloride reflect its description as both oxophilic and a hard Lewis acid. Myriad manifestations of the oxophiliicty of iron(III) chloride are available. When heated with iron(III) oxide at 350 °C it reacts to give iron oxychloride:[21]

FeCl3 \+ Fe2O3 → 3FeOCl

Alkali metal alkoxides react to give the iron(III) alkoxide complexes. These products have more complicated structures than anhydrous iron(III) chloride.[22][23] In the solid phase a variety of multinuclear complexes have been described for the nominal stoichiometric reaction between FeCl3 and sodium ethoxide:

FeCl3 \+ 3 CH3CH2ONa → "Fe(OCH2CH3)3" + 3 NaCl

Iron(III) chloride forms a 1:2 adduct with Lewis bases such as triphenylphosphine oxide; e.g., FeCl3(OP(C6H5)3)2. The related 1:2 complex FeCl3(OEt2)2, where Et = C2H5), has been crystallized from ether solution.[14]

Iron(III) chloride also reacts with tetraethylammonium chloride to give the yellow salt of the tetrachloroferrate ion ((Et4N)[FeCl4]). Similarly, combining FeCl3 with NaCl and KCl gives Na[FeCl4] and K[FeCl4], respectively.[24]

In addition to these simple stoichiometric reactions, the Lewis acidity of ferric chloride enables its use in a variety of acid-catalyzed reactions as described below in the section on organic chemistry.[10]

In terms of its being an oxidant, iron(III) chloride oxidizes iron powder to form iron(II) chloride via a comproportionation reaction:[10]

2 FeCl3 \+ Fe → 3 FeCl2

A traditional synthesis of anhydrous ferrous chloride is the reduction of FeCl3 with chlorobenzene:[25]

2 FeCl3 \+ C6H5Cl → 2 FeCl2 \+ C6H4Cl2 \+ HCl

iron(III) chloride releases chlorine gas when heated above 160 °C, generating ferrous chloride:[16]

2FeCl3 → 2FeCl2 \+ Cl2

To suppress this reaction, the preparation of iron(III) chloride requires an excess of chlorinating agent, as discussed above.[16][10]

### Hydrated FeCl3

[edit]

Unlike the anhydrous material, hydrated ferric chloride is not a particularly strong Lewis acid since water ligands have quenched the Lewis acidity by binding to Fe(III). Instead, it is a Brønsted-Lowry acid, as the hydrogen atoms on the water ligands become more acidic when the water ligands bond to Fe(III).

Like the anhydrous material, hydrated ferric chloride is oxophilic. For example, oxalate salts react rapidly with aqueous iron(III) chloride to give [Fe(C2O4)3]3−, known as ferrioxalate. Other carboxylate sources, e.g., citrate and tartrate, bind as well to give carboxylate complexes. The affinity of iron(III) for oxygen ligands was the basis of qualitative tests for phenols. Although superseded by spectroscopic methods, the ferric chloride test is a traditional colorimetric test.[26] The affinity of iron(III) for phenols is exploited in the Trinder spot test.[27]

Aqueous iron(III) chloride serves as a one-electron oxidant illustrated by its reaction with copper(I) chloride to give copper(II) chloride and iron(II) chloride.

FeCl3 \+ CuCl → FeCl2 \+ CuCl2

This fundamental reaction is relevant to the use of ferric chloride solutions in etching copper.

### Organometallic chemistry

[edit]

The interaction of anhydrous iron(III) chloride with organolithium and organomagnesium compounds has been examined often. These studies are enabled because of the solubility of FeCl3 in ethereal solvents, which avoids the possibility of hydrolysis of the nucleophilic alkylating agents. Such studies may be relevant to the mechanism of FeCl3-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.[28] The isolation of organoiron(III) intermediates requires low-temperature reactions, lest the [FeR4]− intermediates degrade. Using methylmagnesium bromide as the alkylation agent, salts of Fe(CH3)4]− have been isolated.[29] Illustrating the sensitivity of these reactions, methyl lithium LiCH3 reacts with iron(III) chloride to give lithium tetrachloroferrate(II) Li2[FeCl4]:[30]

2 FeCl3 \+ LiCH3 → FeCl2 \+ Li[FeCl4] + 0.5 CH3CH3
Li[FeCl4] + LiCH3 → Li2[FeCl4] + 0.5 CH3CH3

To a significant extent, iron(III) acetylacetonate and related beta-diketonate complexes are more widely used than FeCl3 as ether-soluble sources of ferric ion.[20] These diketonate complexes have the advantages that they do not form hydrates, unlike iron(III) chloride, and they are more soluble in relevant solvents.[28] Cyclopentadienyl magnesium bromide undergoes a complex reaction with iron(III) chloride, resulting in ferrocene:[31]

3 C5H5MgBr + FeCl3 → Fe(C5H5)2 \+ 1/n (C5H5)n \+ 3 MgBrCl

This conversion, although not of practical value, was important in the history of organometallic chemistry where ferrocene is emblematic of the field.[32]

## Uses

[edit]

### Water treatment

[edit]

The largest applications of iron(III) chloride are sewage treatment and drinking water production. By forming highly dispersed networks of Fe-O-Fe containing materials, ferric chlorides serve as coagulant and flocculants.[33] In this application, an aqueous solution of FeCl3 is treated with base to form a floc of iron(III) hydroxide (Fe(OH)3), also formulated as FeO(OH) (ferrihydrite). This floc facilitates the separation of suspended materials, clarifying the water.[10]

Iron(III) chloride is also used to remove soluble phosphate from wastewater. Iron(III) phosphate is insoluble and thus precipitates as a solid.[34] One potential advantage of its use in water treatment, is that the ferric ion oxidizes (deodorizes) hydrogen sulfide.[35]

### Etching and metal cleaning

[edit]

It is also used as a leaching agent in chloride hydrometallurgy,[36] for example in the production of Si from FeSi (Silgrain process by Elkem).[37]

In another commercial application, a solution of iron(III) chloride is useful for etching copper according to the following equation:

2 FeCl3 \+ Cu → 2 FeCl2 \+ CuCl2

The soluble copper(II) chloride is rinsed away, leaving a copper pattern. This chemistry is used in the production of printed circuit boards (PCB).[19]

Iron(III) chloride is used in many other hobbies involving metallic objects.[38][39][40][41][42]

### Organic chemistry

[edit]

Structure of FeCl3(diethylether)2. Color code: Cl=green,Fe = blue, O = red.

In industry, iron(III) chloride is used as a catalyst for the reaction of ethylene with chlorine, forming ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane):[43]

H2C=CH2 \+ Cl2 → ClCH2CH2Cl

Ethylene dichloride is a commodity chemical, which is mainly used for the industrial production of vinyl chloride, the monomer for making PVC.[44]

Illustrating it use as a Lewis acid, iron(III) chloride catalyses electrophilic aromatic substitution and chlorinations. In this role, its function is similar to that of aluminium chloride. In some cases, mixtures of the two are used.[45]

#### Organic synthesis research

[edit]

Although iron(III) chlorides are seldom used in practical organic synthesis, they have received considerable attention as reagents because they are inexpensive, earth abundant, and relatively nontoxic. Many experiments probe both its redox activity and its Lewis acidity.[20] For example, iron(III) chloride oxidizes naphthols to naphthoquinones:[20][46] 3-Alkylthiophenes are polymerized to polythiophenes upon treatment with ferric chloride.[47] Iron(III) chloride has been shown to promote C-C coupling reaction.[48]

Several reagents have been developed based on supported iron(III) chloride. On silica gel, the anhydrous salt has been applied to certain dehydration and pinacol-type rearrangement reactions. A similar reagent but moistened induces hydrolysis or epimerization reactions.[49] On alumina, ferric chloride has been shown to accelerate ene reactions.[50]

When pretreated with sodium hydride, iron(III) chloride gives a hydride reducing agent that convert alkenes and ketones into alkanes and alcohols, respectively.[51]

### Histology

[edit]

Iron(III) chloride is a component of useful stains, such as Carnoy's solution, a histological fixative with many applications. Also, it is used to prepare Verhoeff's stain.[52]

## Natural occurrence

[edit]

Like many metal halides, FeCl3 naturally occurs as a trace mineral. The rare mineral molysite is usually associated with volcanoes and fumaroles.[53][54]

FeCl3-based aerosol are produced by a reaction between iron-rich dust and hydrochloric acid from sea salt. This iron salt aerosol causes about 1–5% of naturally occurring oxidization of methane and is thought to have a range of cooling effects; thus, it has been proposed as a catalyst for Atmospheric Methane Removal.[55]

The clouds of Venus are hypothesized to contain approximately 1% FeCl3 dissolved in sulfuric acid.[56][57]

## Safety

[edit]

Iron(III) chlorides are widely used in the treatment of drinking water,[10] so they pose few problems as poisons, at low concentrations.[improper synthesis?] Nonetheless, anhydrous iron(III) chloride, as well as concentrated FeCl3 aqueous solution, is highly corrosive, and must be handled using proper protective equipment.[20]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ An alternative GHS classification from the Japanese GHS Inter-ministerial Committee (2006)[6] notes the possibility of respiratory tract irritation from FeCl3 and differs slightly in other respects from the classification used here.

## References

[edit]

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37. ^ Dueñas Díez M, Fjeld M, Andersen E, et al. (2006). "Validation of a compartmental population balance model of an industrial leaching process: The Silgrain process". Chem. Eng. Sci. 61 (1): 229–245\. Bibcode:2006ChEnS..61..229D. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2005.01.047.
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## Further reading

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iron(III) chloride.

1. Lide DR, ed. (1990). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (71st ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan, US: CRC Press. ISBN 9780849304712.
2. Stecher PG, Finkel MJ, Siegmund OH, eds. (1960). The Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs (7th ed.). Rahway, New Jersey, US: Merck & Co.
3. Nicholls D (1974). Complexes and First-Row Transition Elements, Macmillan Press, London, 1973. A Macmillan chemistry text. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9780333170885.
4. Wells AF (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry. Oxford science publications (5th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198553700.
5. Reich HJ, Rigby HJ, eds. (1999). Acidic and Basic Reagents. Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 9780471979258.

* v
* t
* e

Iron compounds

Fe(−II)|

* H2Fe(CO)4
* Na2Fe(CO)4

Fe(0)|

* Fe(CO)5
* Fe2(CO)9
* Fe3(CO)12
* Fe(CO)3CH3COC2H2C6H6

Fe(I)|

* FeH

| Organoiron(I) compounds|

* (C5H5FeCO)2(CO)2

|

Fe(0,II)|

* Fe3C

Fe(II)|

* FeH2
* Mg2FeH6
* FeF2
* FeCl2
* Fe(ClO4)2
* FeBr2
* FeI2
* FeO
* Fe(OH)2
* FeS
* FeSO4
* (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O
* FeSe
* FeSeO4
* Fe(NO3)2
* Fe3(PO4)2
* FeSi2
* Fe(BF4)2
* FeCr2O4
* FeMoO4
* FeTiO3
* FeCO3
* FeC2O4
* Fe(C2H3O2)2
* Fe(C3H5O3)2
* FeC6H6O7
* FeC12H22O14
* FeI2(CO)4
* K4Fe(CN)6
* Na3Fe(C2O4)3 / K2Fe(C2O4)2

| Organoiron(II) compounds|

* Fe(C5H5)2
* Fe(C5H5)(CO)2I
* Fe(C5H4P(C6H5)2)2
* C4H4Fe(CO)3
* C4H6Fe(CO)3

|

Fe(0,III)|

* FeSi
* FeGe

Fe(II,III)|

* Fe3O4
* Fe3S4
* Prussian blue

Fe(III)|

* FeI3
* FeBr3
* FeCl3
* FeF3
* FeP
* Fe(NO3)3
* Fe(acac)3
* FeOCl
* [(C2H5)4N][O(FeCl3)2]
* FeO(OH)
* FePO4
* Fe4(P2O7)3
* Fe2(CrO4)3
* Fe2(C2O4)3
* Fe2O3
* Fe2(SeO3)3
* Fe2S3
* Fe2(SO4)3
* Fe(N3)3
* NH4Fe(SO4)2·12H2O
* C6H8O7·xFe3+·yNH3
* C
54H
105FeO

* K3Fe(CN)6
* K3Fe(C2O4)3

| Organoiron(III) compounds|

* Fe(C5H5)2BF4

|

Fe(IV)|

* FeF4

Fe(VI)|

* K2FeO4
* BaFeO4

Purported|

* Hemolithin (protein)

* v
* t
* e

Salts and covalent derivatives of the chloride ion

| HCl |  |  |  | He

|
|
|
|

LiCl | BeCl2 | B4Cl4
B12Cl12
BCl3
B2Cl4
+BO3 | C2Cl2
C2Cl4
C2Cl6
CCl4

+CO3 | NCl3
ClN3

+NO3 | ClxOy
Cl2O
Cl2O2
ClO
ClO2
Cl2O4
Cl2O6
Cl2O7
ClO4
+O | ClF
ClF3
ClF5 | Ne
NaCl | MgCl2 | AlCl
AlCl3 | Si5Cl12
Si2Cl6
SiCl4 | P2Cl4
PCl3
PCl5
+P | S2Cl2
SCl2
SCl4
+SO4 | Cl2 | Ar
KCl | CaCl
CaCl2 |  | ScCl3 | TiCl2
TiCl3
TiCl4 | VCl2
VCl3
VCl4
VCl5 | CrCl2
CrCl3
CrCl4 | MnCl2
MnCl3 | FeCl2
FeCl3 | CoCl2
CoCl3 | NiCl2 | CuCl
CuCl2 | ZnCl2 | GaCl
GaCl3 | GeCl2
GeCl4 | AsCl3
AsCl5
+As | Se2Cl2
SeCl2
SeCl4 | BrCl | Kr
RbCl | SrCl2 |  | YCl3 | ZrCl2
ZrCl3
ZrCl4 | NbCl3
NbCl4
NbCl5 | MoCl2
MoCl3
MoCl4
MoCl5
MoCl6 | TcCl3
TcCl4 | RuCl2
RuCl3
RuCl4 | RhCl3 | PdCl2 | AgCl | CdCl2 | InCl
InCl2
InCl3 | SnCl2
SnCl4 | SbCl3
SbCl5 | Te3Cl2
TeCl2
TeCl4 | ICl
ICl3 | XeCl
XeCl2
XeCl4
CsCl | BaCl2 | *  | LuCl3 | HfCl4 | TaCl3
TaCl4
TaCl5 | WCl2
WCl3
WCl4
WCl5
WCl6 | ReCl3
ReCl4
ReCl5
ReCl6 | OsCl2
OsCl3
OsCl4
OsCl5 | IrCl2
IrCl3
IrCl4 | PtCl2
PtCl4 | AuCl
(Au[AuCl4])2
AuCl3 | Hg2Cl2
HgCl2 | TlCl
TlCl3 | PbCl2
PbCl4 | BiCl3 | PoCl2
PoCl4 | AtCl | Rn
FrCl | RaCl2 | **  | LrCl3 | RfCl4 | DbCl5 | SgO2Cl2 | BhO3Cl | Hs  | Mt  | Ds  | Rg  | Cn  | Nh  | Fl  | Mc  | Lv  | Ts  | Og

*  | LaCl3 | CeCl3 | PrCl3 | NdCl2
NdCl3 | PmCl3 | SmCl2
SmCl3 | EuCl2
EuCl3 | GdCl3 | TbCl3 | DyCl2
DyCl3 | HoCl3 | ErCl3 | TmCl2
TmCl3 | YbCl2
YbCl3
**  | AcCl3 | ThCl3
ThCl4 | PaCl4
PaCl5 | UCl3
UCl4
UCl5
UCl6 | NpCl3
NpCl4 | PuCl3 | AmCl2
AmCl3 | CmCl3 | BkCl3 | CfCl3
CfCl2 | EsCl2
EsCl3 | FmCl2 | MdCl2 | NoCl2
*[CID]: Compound ID
*[EPA]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
*[H290]: H290: May be corrosive to metals
*[H302]: H302: Harmful if swallowed
*[H314]: H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
*[P234]: P234: Keep only in original container/packaging.
*[P260]: P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
*[P264]: P264: Wash ... thoroughly after handling.
*[P270]: P270: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
*[P273]: P273: Avoid release to the environment.
*[P280]: P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
*[P301+P312]: P301+P312: IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
*[P301+P330+P331]: P301+P330+P331: IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
*[P303+P361+P353]: P303+P361+P353: IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower].
*[P304+P340]: P304+P340: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
*[P305+P351+P338]: P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
*[P310]: P310: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
*[P321]: P321: Specific treatment (see ... on this label).
*[P363]: P363: Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
*[P390]: P390: Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
*[P405]: P405: Store locked up.
*[P406]: P406: Store in a corrosive resistant/... container with a resistant inner liner.
*[P501]: P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...
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*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template