Iron star

Hypothetical far-future compact star

In astronomy, the term iron star has been used for two unrelated types of star:

* a blue supergiant with a forest of forbidden FeII lines in its spectrum.
* a hypothetical type of compact star.

## Blue supergiant

[edit]

An iron star is a type of blue supergiant which has a forest of forbidden FeII lines in its spectrum. They are potentially quiescent hot luminous blue variables. Eta Carinae has been described as a prototypical example.[1][2]

## Compact iron star formation

[edit]

Formation of iron starsEvent type| Formation of a hypothetical type of compact star

|

Date| c. 101500 years from now
Duration| c. 101026 to 101076 years from now
Epoch| Extremely far future
Source| Fusion occurring via quantum tunnelling causing nuclei to fuse into iron-56 nuclei
Notable features| Only a possibility if protons do not decay
Followed by| Formation of neutron stars and black holes

[edit on Wikidata]

An iron star is a hypothetical type of compact star that could occur in the universe in the extremely far future, after perhaps 101500 years.

The premise behind the formation of iron stars states that muon-catalyzed fusion occurring via quantum tunnelling would cause the light nuclei in ordinary matter to fuse into iron-56 nuclei, due to its nature as the atomic nucleus with the lowest mass per nucleon.[3] Fission and alpha-particle emission would then make heavy nuclei decay into iron, converting stellar-mass objects to cold spheres of iron.[4] The formation of these stars is only a possibility if protons do not decay. Though the surface of a neutron star may be iron according to some predictions, it is distinct from an iron star.

By the end of 101026 to 101076 years, iron stars would have collapsed into neutron stars and black holes.[4]

## In popular culture

[edit]

* The Soviet film The Andromeda Nebula is about a starship low on fuel caught by an iron star's gravity, with the star itself being so dim that it can only be seen in the infrared. It is based on the novel Andromeda Nebula by Ivan Yefremov written when steady state theory was dominant and iron stars were expected to exist in the Milky Way.

## See also

[edit]

* Future of an expanding universe
* Hypothetical star
* Heat death of the universe

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Walborn, Nolan R.; Fitzpatrick, Edward L. (2000). "The OB Zoo: A Digital Atlas of Peculiar Spectra". The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 112 (767): 50. Bibcode:2000PASP..112...50W. doi:10.1086/316490.
2. ^ Clark, J. S.; Castro, N.; Garcia, M.; Herrero, A.; Najarro, F.; Negueruela, I.; Ritchie, B. W.; Smith, K. T. (2012). "On the nature of candidate luminous blue variables in M 33". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 541: A146. arXiv:1202.4409. Bibcode:2012A&A...541A.146C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118440. S2CID 17900583.
3. ^ "Nuclear Binding Energy". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
4. ^ a b Dyson, Freeman J. (1979). "Time without end: Physics and biology in an open universe". Reviews of Modern Physics. 51 (3): 447–460\. Bibcode:1979RvMP...51..447D. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447.

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