Isaac Bashevis Singer

Jewish American author (1903–1991)

For the American inventor, see Isaac Singer.

Isaac Bashevis Singer

Portrait c. 1980–1990

Born| Izaak Zynger
(1903-11-11)November 11, 1903
Leoncin, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
Died| July 24, 1991(1991-07-24) (aged 87)
Surfside, Florida, United States
Pen name| Bashevis,
Warszawski (pron. Varshavsky),
D. Segal
Occupation| Novelist, short story writer
Language| Yiddish
Citizenship| Poland, United States
Genre| Fictional prose
Notable works| The Magician of Lublin
A Day of Pleasure
Notable awards| Nobel Prize in Literature
1978

Signature

Isaac Bashevis Singer (Yiddish: יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער; 1904[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] – July 24, 1991) was a Polish-born Jewish-American novelist, short-story writer, memoirist, essayist, and translator. Some of his works were adapted for the theater. He wrote and published first in Yiddish and later translated his own works into English with the help of editors and collaborators.[9][10][11][12] He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1978.[13][14] A leading figure in the Yiddish literary movement, he was awarded two U.S. National Book Awards, one in Children's Literature for his memoir A Day of Pleasure: Stories of a Boy Growing Up in Warsaw (1970)[15] and one in Fiction for his collection A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1974).[16]

## Life

[edit]

Isaac (right) with his brother Israel Joshua Singer (1930s) Krochmalna Street in Warsaw near the place where the Singers lived (1940 or 1941) Singer's bench in Biłgoraj Commemorative plaque at 1 Krochmalna Street in Warsaw

Isaac Bashevis Singer was born in 1903[2] to a Jewish family in Leoncin village near Warsaw, Poland.[17] The Polish form of his birth name was Icek Hersz Zynger.[18] The exact date of his birth is uncertain, but most sources say it was probably November 11, a date similar to the one that Singer gave to his official biographer Paul Kresh,[19] his secretary Dvorah Telushkin,[20] and Rabbi William Berkowitz.[21] The year 1903 is consistent with the historical events that his brother refers to in their childhood memoirs, including the death of Theodor Herzl. The often-quoted birth date, July 14, 1904, was made up by the author in his youth, possibly to make himself younger to avoid the draft.[22]

His father was a Hasidic rabbi and his mother, Bathsheba, was the daughter of the rabbi of Biłgoraj. Singer later used her first name in an initial literary pseudonym, Izaak Baszewis, which he later expanded.[23] Both his older siblings, sister Esther Kreitman (1891–1954) and brother Israel Joshua Singer (1893–1944), became writers as well. Esther was the first of the family to write stories.[24]

The family moved to the court of the Rabbi of Radzymin in 1907, where his father became head of the Yeshiva. After the Yeshiva building burned down in 1908, the family moved to Warsaw, a flat at Krochmalna Street 10. In the spring of 1914, the Singers moved to No. 12.[25]

The street where Singer grew up was located in the impoverished, Yiddish-speaking Jewish quarter of Warsaw. There his father served as a rabbi, and was called on to be a judge, arbitrator, religious authority and spiritual leader in the Jewish community.[26] The unique atmosphere of pre-war Krochmalna Street can be found both in the collection of Varshavsky-stories, which tell stories from Singer's childhood,[27] as well as in those novels and stories which take place in pre-war Warsaw.[28]

### World War I

[edit]

In 1917, because of the hardships of World War I, the family split up. Singer moved with his mother and younger brother Moshe to his mother's hometown of Biłgoraj, a traditional shtetl, where his mother's brothers had followed his grandfather as rabbis.[26] When his father became a village rabbi again in 1921, Singer returned to Warsaw. He entered the Tachkemoni Rabbinical Seminary and soon decided that neither the school nor the profession suited him. He returned to Biłgoraj, where he tried to support himself by giving Hebrew lessons, but soon gave up and joined his parents, considering himself a failure. In 1923, his older brother Israel Joshua arranged for him to move to Warsaw to work as a proofreader for the Jewish magazine Literarishe Bleter [he], of which the brother was an editor.[29]

Cover of the Literarishe Bleter

### United States

[edit]

In 1935, four years before the Nazi invasion, Singer emigrated from Poland to the United States. He was fearful of the growing threat in neighboring Germany.[30] The move separated the author from his common-law first wife Runia Pontsch and son Israel Zamir (1929–2014); they emigrated to Moscow and then Palestine. The three met again in 1955.

Singer settled in New York City, where he took up work as a journalist and columnist for The Jewish Daily Forward (פֿאָרװערטס), a Yiddish-language newspaper. After a promising start, he became despondent and for some years felt "Lost in America" (title of his 1974 memoir published in Yiddish; published in English in 1981).

In 1938, he met Alma Wassermann née Haimann (1907–1996), a German-Jewish refugee from Munich. They married in 1940, and their union seemed to release energy in him; he returned to prolific writing and to contributing to the Forward. In addition to his pen name of "Bashevis", he published under the pen names of "Warszawski" (pron. Varshavsky) during World War II,[31] and "D. Segal".[32] They lived for many years in the Belnord apartment building on Manhattan's Upper West Side.[33]

In 1981, Singer delivered a commencement address at the University at Albany and was presented with an honorary doctorate.[34]

Singer died on July 24, 1991, in Surfside, Florida, after suffering a series of strokes. He was buried in Cedar Park Cemetery, Paramus, New Jersey.[35][36] A street in Surfside, Florida, is named Isaac Singer Boulevard in his honor, as is a city square in Lublin, Poland, and a street in Tel-Aviv.[37] The full academic scholarship for undergraduate students at the University of Miami is also named in his honor.

## Literary career

[edit]

Singer's first published story "Oyf der elter" ("In Old Age", 1925) won the literary competition of the Literarishe Bleter, where he worked as a proofreader.[38] A reflection of his formative years in "the kitchen of literature"[39] can be found in many of his later works. Singer published his first novel, Satan in Goray, in installments in the literary magazine Globus, which he had co-founded with his lifelong friend, the Yiddish poet Aaron Zeitlin in 1935. It is set in the years following 1648, when the Chmielnicki massacres, considered one of the greatest Jewish catastrophes, occurred. The story describes the Jewish messianic cult that arose in the village of Goraj. It explores the effects of the faraway false messiah, Shabbatai Zvi, on the local population. Its last chapter imitates the style of a medieval Yiddish chronicle. With a stark depiction of innocence crushed by circumstance, the novel appears to foreshadow coming danger. In his later work The Slave (1962), Singer returns to the aftermath of 1648 in a love story between a Jewish man and a gentile woman. He portrays the traumatized and desperate survivors of the historic catastrophe with even deeper understanding.

### The Family Moskat

[edit]

Singer became a literary contributor to The Jewish Daily Forward only after his older brother Israel died in 1944. That year, Singer published The Family Moskat in his brother's honor. His own style showed in the daring turns of his action and characters, with double adultery during the holiest of nights of Judaism, the evening of Yom Kippur (despite being printed in a Jewish family newspaper in 1945). He was nearly forced to stop writing the novel by his editor-in-chief, Abraham Cahan, but was saved by readers who wanted the story to continue.[citation needed] After this, his stories—which he had published in Yiddish literary newspapers before—were printed in the Forward as well. Throughout the 1940s, Singer's reputation grew.

Singer believed in the power of his native language and thought that there was still a large audience, including in New York, who longed to read in Yiddish. In an interview in Encounter (February 1979), he said that although the Jews of Poland had died, "something—call it spirit or whatever—is still somewhere in the universe. This is a mystical kind of feeling, but I feel there is truth in it."

Some of his colleagues and readers were shocked by his all-encompassing view of human nature. He wrote about female homosexuality ("Zeitl and Rickel",[40] "Tseytl un Rikl"), published in The Seance and Other Stories,[41] transvestism ("Yentl the Yeshiva Boy" in Short Friday), and of rabbis corrupted by demons ("Zeidlus the Pope" in Short Friday). In those novels and stories which refer to events in his own life, he portrays himself unflatteringly (with some degree of accuracy) as an artist who is self-centered yet has a keen eye for the sufferings and tribulations of others.

### Literary influences

[edit]

Singer had many literary influences. Besides the religious texts he studied, he grew up with a rich array of Jewish folktales and worldly Yiddish detective-stories about "Max Spitzkopf" and his assistant "Fuchs".[42] He read Russian, including Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment at the age of fourteen.[43] He wrote in memoirs about the importance of the Yiddish translations donated in book-crates from America, which he studied as a teenager in Bilgoraj: "I read everything: Stories, novels, plays, essays... I read Rajsen, Strindberg, Don Kaplanowitsch, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Maupassant and Chekhov."[43] He studied the philosophers Spinoza,[43] Arthur Schopenhauer,[24] and Otto Weininger.[44] Among his Yiddish contemporaries, Singer considered his elder brother to be his greatest artistic example. He was also a life-long friend and admirer of the author and poet Aaron Zeitlin.

His short stories, which some critics feel contain his most lasting contributions,[45] were influenced by Anton Chekhov and Guy de Maupassant. From Maupassant, Singer developed a finely grained sense of drama. Like those of the French master, Singer's stories can pack enormous visceral excitement in the space of a few pages.[citation needed] From Chekhov, Singer developed his ability to draw characters of enormous complexity and dignity in the briefest of spaces.[citation needed] In the foreword to his personally selected volume of his finest short stories, Singer describes Chekhov, Maupassant, and "the sublime scribe of the Joseph story in the Book of Genesis" as the masters of the short story form.[46]

Of his non-Yiddish-contemporaries, he was strongly influenced by the writings of Knut Hamsun, many of whose works he later translated, while he had a more critical attitude towards Thomas Mann, whose approach to writing he considered opposed to his own.[47] Contrary to Hamsun's approach, Singer shaped his world not only with the egos of his characters, but also from Jewish moral tradition embodied by his father in the stories about Singer's youth. There was a dichotomy between the life his heroes lead and the life they feel they should lead—which gives his art a modernity his predecessors did not express. Singer's stories often involve highly individualist and anti-conformist characters rebelling alone against society. In a 197interview, Singer stated that "every human being, if he is a real, sensitive human being, feels quite isolated. It is only the people with very little individuality who always feel that they belong." He added that "Since I believe that the purpose of literature is to stress individuality, I also, unwillingly, stress human lonesomeness".[48]

Singer's themes of witchcraft, mystery and legend draw on traditional sources, but they are contrasted with a modern and ironic consciousness. They are also concerned with the bizarre and the grotesque.[citation needed]

An important strand of his art is intra-familial strife, which he experienced when taking refuge with his mother and younger brother at his uncle's home in Biłgoraj. This is the central theme in Singer's family chronicles such as The Family Moskat (1950), The Manor (1967), and The Estate (1969). Some critics believe these show the influence of Thomas Mann's novel Buddenbrooks; Singer had translated Mann's Der Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain) into Yiddish as a young writer.

### Language

[edit]

Singer always wrote and published in Yiddish. His novels were serialized in newspapers, which also published his short stories. He edited his novels and stories for publication in English, which was used as the basis for translation into other languages. Some of Singer's stories and novels have not been translated.[49]

### Illustrators

[edit]

The artists who have illustrated Singer's novels, short stories, and children's books, include Raphael Soyer, Maurice Sendak, Larry Rivers, and Irene Lieblich. Singer personally selected Lieblich to illustrate two of his books for children, A Tale of Three Wishes and The Power of Light: Eight Stories for Hanukkah, after seeing her paintings at an Artists Equity exhibition in New York City. A Holocaust survivor, Lieblich was from Zamosc, Poland, a town adjacent to the area where Singer was raised. As their memories of shtetl life were so similar, Singer found Lieblich's images ideally suited to illustrate his texts. Of her style, Singer wrote that "her works are rooted in Jewish folklore and are faithful to Jewish life and the Jewish spirit."[50]

### Summary

[edit]

Singer published at least 18 novels, 14 children's books, a number of memoirs, essays and articles. He is best known as a writer of short stories, which have been published in more than a dozen collections. The first collection of Singer's short stories in English, Gimpel the Fool, was published in 1957. The title story was translated by Saul Bellow and published in May 1953 in the Partisan Review. Selections from Singer's "Varshavsky-stories" in the Daily Forward were later published in anthologies such as My Father's Court (1966). Later collections include A Crown of Feathers (1973), with notable masterpieces in between, such as The Spinoza of Market Street (1961) and A Friend of Kafka (1970). His stories and novels reflect the world of the East European Jewry in which he grew up. After his many years in America, his stories also portrayed the world of the immigrants and their pursuit of an elusive American dream, which seems always beyond reach.

Prior to Singer's winning the Nobel Prize, English translations of dozens of his stories were published in popular magazines like The New Yorker,[51] Playboy and Esquire that published literary works.

Singer was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978.[14]

Between 1981 and 1989, Singer contributed articles to Moment, an independent magazine which focuses on the life of the American Jewish community.[52]

### Film adaptations

[edit]

His novel Enemies, a Love Story was adapted as a film by the same name (1989) and was quite popular, bringing new readers to his work. It features a Holocaust survivor who deals with varying desires, complex family relationships, and a loss of faith.

Singer's story, "Yentl, the Yeshiva Boy" was adapted into a stage version by Leah Napolin (with Singer), which was the basis for the film Yentl (1983) starring and directed by Barbra Streisand.

Alan Arkin starred as Yasha, the principal character in the film version of The Magician of Lublin (1979), which also featured Shelley Winters, Louise Fletcher, Valerie Perrine and Lou Jacobi. In the final scene, Yasha achieves his lifelong ambition of being able to fly, though not as the magic trick he had originally planned.

Perhaps the most fascinating[53] Singer-inspired film is Mr. Singer's Nightmare and Mrs. Pupkos Beard (1974) directed by Bruce Davidson, a renowned photographer who became Singer's neighbor. This unique film is a half-hour mixture of documentary and fantasy for which Singer wrote the script and played the leading role.

The 2007 film Love Comes Lately, starring Otto Tausig, was adapted from several of Singer's stories.

## Views and opinions

[edit]

### Judaism

[edit]

Singer's relationship to Judaism was complex and unconventional. He identified as a skeptic and a loner, though he felt a connection to his Orthodox roots. Ultimately, he developed a view of religion and philosophy which he called "private mysticism". As he put it, "Since God was completely unknown and eternally silent, He could be endowed with whatever traits one elected to hang upon Him."[54][55]

Singer was raised Orthodox and learned all the Jewish prayers, studied Hebrew and learned Torah and Talmud. As he recounted in the autobiographical short story "In My Father's Court", he broke away from his parents in his early twenties. Influenced by his older brother, who had done the same, he began spending time with non-religious Bohemian artists in Warsaw. Although Singer believed in a God, as in traditional Judaism, he stopped attending Jewish religious services of any kind, even on the High Holy Days. He struggled throughout his life with the feeling that a kind and compassionate God would never support the great suffering he saw around him, especially the Holocaust deaths of so many of the Polish Jews from his childhood. In one interview with the photographer Richard Kaplan, he said, "I am angry at God because of what happened to my brothers": Singer's older brother died suddenly in February 1944, in New York, of a thrombosis; his younger brother perished in Soviet Russia around 1945, after being deported with his mother and wife to Southern Kazakhstan in Stalin's purges.

Despite the complexities of his religious outlook, Singer lived in the midst of the Jewish community throughout his life. He did not seem to be comfortable unless he was surrounded by Jews; particularly Jews born in Europe. Although he spoke English, Hebrew, and Polish fluently, he always considered Yiddish his natural tongue. He always wrote in Yiddish and he was the last notable American author to be writing in this language. After he had achieved success as a writer in New York, Singer and his wife began spending time during the winters in Miami with its Jewish community, many of them New Yorkers.

Eventually, as senior citizens, they moved to Miami. They identified closely with the Ashkenazi Jewish community. After his death, Singer was buried in a traditional Jewish ceremony in a Jewish cemetery in Paramus, New Jersey.

### Vegetarianism

[edit]

Singer was a prominent Jewish vegetarian[56] for the last 35 years of his life and often included vegetarian themes in his works. In his short story "The Slaughterer", he described the anguish of an appointed slaughterer trying to reconcile his compassion for animals with his job of killing them. He felt that the ingestion of meat was a denial of all ideals and all religions: "How can we speak of right and justice if we take an innocent creature and shed its blood?" When asked if he had become a vegetarian for health reasons, he replied: "I did it for the health of the chickens."

Vegetarianism is a recurrent theme in Singer's novel Enemies, a Love Story. One character, a Holocaust survivor, declares that "God himself eats meat—human flesh. There are no vegetarians—none. If you had seen what I have seen, you would know that God approves of slaughter,"[57] and another character points out "that what the Nazis had done to the Jews, man was doing to animals."[58] In The Letter Writer, Singer wrote "In relation to [animals], all people are Nazis; for the animals, it is an eternal Treblinka,"[59] which became a classic reference in the comparison of animal exploitation with the Holocaust.[60]

In the preface to Steven Rosen's Food for Spirit: Vegetarianism and the World Religions (1986), Singer wrote, "When a human kills an animal for food, he is neglecting his own hunger for justice. Man prays for mercy, but is unwilling to extend it to others. Why should man then expect mercy from God? It's unfair to expect something that you are not willing to give. It is inconsistent. I can never accept inconsistency or injustice. Even if it comes from God. If there would come a voice from God saying, 'I'm against vegetarianism!' I would say, 'Well, I am for it!' This is how strongly I feel in this regard."

### Politics

[edit]

Singer described himself as "conservative," adding that "I don't believe by flattering the masses all the time we really achieve much."[61] His conservative side was most apparent in his Yiddish writing and journalism, where he was openly hostile to Marxist sociopolitical agendas. In Forverts he once wrote, "It may seem like terrible apikorses [heresy], but conservative governments in America, England, France, have handled Jews no worse than liberal governments.... The Jew's worst enemies were always those elements that the modern Jew convinced himself (really hypnotized himself) were his friends."[13][62]

### Zionism

[edit]

The typewriter that Singer used during his visits to Israel in the 1970s

Issac Bashevis was ambivalent on the question of Zionism, and he viewed the immigration of Jews to Palestine critically. As a Polish Jew from Warsaw, he was historically confronted with the question of the Jewish fate during Nazi persecution. He exercised social responsibility towards the immigration of European and American Jewish groups to Israel after World War II. Strictly based on Jewish family doctrine rather than politics and socialism, his former partner Runya Pontsch and his son Israel Zamir emigrated to Palestine in 1938, in order to live a typical kibbutz life there. In his story The Certificate (1967), which has autobiographical character, he fictionalizes this question from a time in the mid-1920s when he was himself considering moving to the British Mandate Palestine. The protagonist of the story decides to leave Palestine, however, to move back into his shtetl. For Singer then, Zionism becomes the "road not taken". However, through his journalistic assignments in late 1955, Singer made his first trip to Israel, accompanied by his wife Alma. Describing the trip to his Yiddish readers, he introduces the world for the first time to the young state of Israel. In a change of mind, he then describes the Land of Israel as a "reality, and part of everyday life." Interestingly enough, he notes the cultural tensions between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jewish people during the boat trip from Naples to Haifa and during his stay in the new nation. With the description of Jewish immigration camps in the new land, he foresaw the difficulties and socio-economic tensions in Israel, and hence turned back to his critical views of Zionism. He scrutinized the ideology further, as he was advancing his thought of critical Zionism.[63][64]

## Legacy and honors

[edit]

* Jewish Book Council for The Slave, 1963[65]
* Itzik Manger Prize, 1973[66]
* National Book Award (United States), 1974[67]
* Nobel Prize for Literature, 1978
* A street in Surfside, Florida, named in his honor
* A street in New York City named in his honor (W. 86th St.)
* A street in Leoncin named in his honor (ul. Isaaca Bashevisa Singera)
* A commemorative plaque attached to a front wall of a building resided by Isaac Singer and his family during their dwelling in Radzymin (ul. Stary Rynek 7, 05-250 Radzymin)
* A park square in Radzymin named in his honor (skwer im. Isaaca Bashevisa Singera)
* A city square in Lublin, a hometown of the protagonist of The Magician of Lublin novel, named in writer's honor (pl. Isaaka Singera)
* A street in Biłgoraj named in his honor (ul. Isaaca Bashevisa Singera)
* Induction into the Jewish-American Hall of Fame[68]

Singer is the only American Nobel Laureate in Literature not to receive a Pulitzer Prize award or citation.[citation needed]

## Published works

[edit]

Note: Publication dates refer to English editions, not the Yiddish originals, which often predate the versions in translation by 10 to 20 years.

### Novels

[edit]

* Satan in Goray (serialized: 1933, book: 1935)—Yiddish original: דער שטן אין גאריי
* Eulogy to a Shoelace—Yiddish original: די קלײנע שוסטערלעך
* The Family Moskat (1950)—Yiddish original: די פאמיליע מושקאט
* The Magician of Lublin (1960)—Yiddish original: דער קונצנמאכער פון לובלין
* The Slave (1962)—Yiddish original: דער קנעכט
* The Manor (1967)
* The Estate (1969)
* Enemies, a Love Story (1972)—Yiddish original: שׂונאים. געשיכטע פֿון אַ ליבע
* The Wicked City (1972)
* The Fools of Chelm and Their History (Yiddish: 1967, English: 1973)
* Shosha (1978)
* Old Love (1979)
* Reaches of Heaven: A Story of the Baal Shem Tov (1980)
* The Penitent (1983)—Yiddish original: דער בעל תשובה
* Teibele and Her Demon (1983) (play)
* The King of the Fields (1988)
* Scum (1991)
* The Certificate (1992)[69]
* Meshugah (1994)[69]
* Shadows on the Hudson (1997)

### Short story collections

[edit]

* Gimpel the Fool and Other Stories (1957)—Yiddish original: גימפּל תּם
* The Spinoza of Market Street (1961)
* Short Friday and Other Stories (1963)
* The Séance and Other Stories. 1968a.
* A Friend of Kafka and Other Stories (1970)
* A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1974)—shared the National Book Award, fiction, with Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon[16]
* Passions and Other Stories (1975)
* Old Love (1979)
* The Collected Stories. 1982.
* The Image and Other Stories (1985)
* The Death of Methuselah and Other Stories (1988)

### Juvenile literature

[edit]

* Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories, illustrated by Maurice Sendak (1966) – runner up for the Newbery Medal (Newbery Honor Book)[70]
* Mazel and Shlimazel, illus. Margot Zemach (1967)
* The Fearsome Inn, illus. Nonny Hogrogian (1967) – Newbery Honor Book[70]
* When Shlemiel Went to Warsaw and Other Stories, illus. Margot Zemach (1968) – Newbery Honor Book[70]—Yiddish original: ווען שלימואל איז געגאנגען קיין ווארשע
* The Golem, illus. Uri Shulevitz (1969)
* Elijah the Slave: A Hebrew Legend Retold, illus. Antonio Frasconi (1970)
* Joseph and Koza: or the Sacrifice to the Vistula, illus. Symeon Shimin (1970)
* Alone in the Wild Forest, illus. Margot Zemach (1971)
* The Topsy-Turvy Emperor of China, illus. William Pène du Bois (1971)
* The Wicked City, illus. Leonard Everett Fisher (1972)
* The Fools of Chelm and Their History, illus. Uri Shulevitz (1973)
* Why Noah Chose the Dove, illus. Eric Carle (1974)
* A Tale of Three Wishes, illus. Irene Lieblich (1975)
* Naftali the Storyteller and His Horse, Sus, illus. Margot Zemach (1976)
* The Power of Light – Eight Stories for Hanukkah, illus. Irene Lieblich (1980)
* Yentl the Yeshiva Boy, illus. Uri Shulevitz (1983)
* Stories for Children (1984) – collection
* Shrew Todie and Lyzer the Miser and Other Children's Stories (1994)
* The Parakeet Named Dreidel (2015)

### Nonfiction

[edit]

* The Hasidim (1973)

### Autobiographical writings

[edit]

* Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1967) [1963], In My Father's Court, NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux—Yiddish original: מיין טאטנ'ס בית דין שטוב
* Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1969), A Day of Pleasure, Stories of a Boy Growing Up in Warsaw, New York: Doubleday. National Book Award, Children's Literature[15]
* Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1976), A Little Boy in Search of God, New York: Doubleday.
* Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1978), A Young Man in Search of Love, New York: Doubleday.
* Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1981), Lost in America, New York: Doubleday.
* Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1984), Love and exile, New York: Doubleday.
* Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1999), More Stories from My Father's Court, NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux

### Short stories

[edit]

* Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1963), The New Winds, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
* Singer, Isaac Bashevis (Spring 1968), "Zeitl and Rickel", The Hudson Review, 20th Anniversary Issue, 21 (1), Mirra Ginsburg transl.: 127–37, doi:10.2307/3849538, JSTOR 3849538.

### Collected works

[edit]

* Singer, Isaac Bashevis (2004), Stavans, Ilan (ed.), Stories, vol. 1, Library of America, ISBN 978-1-931082-61-7.
* 

 (2004), 

 (ed.), Stories, vol. 2, Library of America, ISBN 978-1-931082-62-4.
* 

 (2004), 

 (ed.), Stories, vol. 3, Library of America, ISBN 978-1-931082-63-1.

### Films and stage productions based on Singer's work

[edit]

* Enemies, A Love Story (1989)
* Love Comes Lately (2007)
* The Magician of Lublin (1979)
* Yentl (1983)
* Mr. Singer's Nightmare or Mrs. Pupkos Beard[71]
* Fool's Paradise

## See also

[edit]

* Children's literature portal

* Jewish vegetarianism
* List of animal rights advocates
* List of Jewish Nobel laureates
* List of Poles
* Yiddish Literature

## Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Singer, Bashevis (1935). Satan in Goray. London: Vintage (published 2014). pp. Foreword (the literal third page in the book). ISBN 9780099285472.
2. ^ a b "Is today actually Isaac Bashevis Singer's birthday?". Literary Hub. November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
3. ^ Singer, Isaac Bashevis (November 11, 2019). "Who Needs Literature?". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
4. ^ "Authors". Jewish Review of Books. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
5. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer, Author at The American Scholar". The American Scholar. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
6. ^ "Biography". Isaac Bashevis Singer. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
7. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer (1903–1991)". Lapham's Quarterly. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
8. ^ Singer, Isaac Bashevis (May 24, 2017). "Isaac Bashevis Singer". Narrative Magazine. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
9. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer | American author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
10. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer". Oxford Reference. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
11. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer". www.peterowen.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
12. ^ "Immigration". Yiddish Book Center. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
13. ^ a b "Singer, Isaac Bashevis", The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe.
14. ^ a b Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1978), Lecture, Nobel prize.
15. ^ a b "National Book Awards – 1970". National Book Foundation. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
16. ^ a b "National Book Awards – 1974". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
With essay by Harold Augenbraum from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.
17. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
18. ^ Florence Noiville (2008). Isaac B. Singer: A Life. Northwestern University Press. p. 65\. ISBN 978-0810124820.
19. ^ Kresh 1979, p. 390.
20. ^ Telushkin 1997, p. 266.
21. ^ "New York Day by Day;". The New York Times. September 3, 1984. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
22. ^ Tree 2004, pp. 18–19.
23. ^ Several of his professional identification cards using localized spellings and further variants of these names are reproduced in: Wollitz, Seth L. (2001). Staley, Thomas F. (ed.). The Hidden Isaac Bashevis Singer. Literary Modernism Series. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-79147-3. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
24. ^ a b Carr 1992.
25. ^ Leociak, J (2011), Spojrzenia na warszawskie getto. Ulica Krochmalna [Glimpses of the Warsaw Ghetto], Warszawa: Dom Spotkań z Historią, p. 29, OCLC 800883074
26. ^ a b Singer 1967.
27. ^ Best known: My Father's Court 1966
28. ^ Die familye Mushkat/The Family Moskat 1950, Shoym 1967/Scum 1991, etc.
29. ^ Singer 1976.
30. ^ Maul, Kristina (2007), Communication and Society in Jewish American Short Stories, GRIN Verlag, p. 19, ISBN 9783638843201.
31. ^ SHMERUK, CHONE; Pekal, Anna (1991). "Isaac Bashevis Singer on Bruno Schulz". The Polish Review. 36 (2): 161–167. ISSN 0032-2970. JSTOR 25778558.
32. ^ See both bibliographies (given on this page).
33. ^ Horsley, Carter B, "The Belnord", The City Review, archived from the original on March 30, 2010.
34. ^ "University at Albany's 137th Annual Commencement", YouTube (video), May 24, 1981, archived from the original on December 11, 2021.
35. ^ Strauss, Robert (March 28, 2004). "Sometimes the Grave Is a Fine and Public Place". The New York Times. Retrieved August 21, 2007. "Cedar Park Cemetery in Paramus  [sic] tends toward performers. Martin Balsam, who won both a Tony and an Oscar, was buried there in 1996. Joe E. Lewis, the comic whose rough life was portrayed by Frank Sinatra in the 1957 movie, The Joker Is Wild, is nearby. (As are two illustrious non-performers, the Nobel Prize writer Isaac Bashevis Singer and the poet Delmore Schwartz.)".
36. ^ Pace, Eric (July 26, 1991). "Isaac Bashevis Singer, Nobel Laureate for His Yiddish Stories, Is Dead at 87". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2008. "Isaac Bashevis Singer, whose vivid evocations of Jewish life in his native Poland and of his experiences as an immigrant in America won him the Nobel Prize in Literature, died on Wednesday. He was 87 years old and lived in Surfside, Florida".
37. ^ "His son Israel Zamir in the inauguration". Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
38. ^ "Singer, Isaac Bashevis", by Joseph Sherman, YIVO Encyclopedia
39. ^ Telushkin 1997, p. 123.
40. ^ Singer 1968.
41. ^ Singer 1968a.
42. ^ Tree 2004, p. 35.
43. ^ a b c Singer 1963.
44. ^ Tree 2004, p. 68.
45. ^ Searls, Damion (September 1, 2012). "A Guide to Isaac Bashevis Singer". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved April 27, 2022. "The opinion seems to have hardened into indisputable fact that Singer's stories are better than his novels, but I'm not convinced."
46. ^ Singer 1982, p. vii.
47. ^ Tree 2004, p. 88.
48. ^ Gilman, Sander L.; Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1974). "Interview: Isaac Bashevis Singer". Diacritics. 4 (1): 30–33. doi:10.2307/464611. ISSN 0300-7162. JSTOR 464611.
49. ^ Searls, Damion (September 1, 2012). "A Guide to Isaac Bashevis Singer". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved April 26, 2022. "There are several novels still untranslated into English."
50. ^ The Pakn Treger. The Center. 2002.
51. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 8, 2024.
52. ^ Bashevis Singer, Isaac. Moment Magazine. Digital Archives: Opinion Archives.
53. ^ Tree 2004, p. 161.
54. ^ Grace Farrell, Isaac Bashevis Singer: Conversations, p. 236, University Press of Mississippi, 1992.
55. ^ Singer 1984, p. 99.
56. ^ "Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904–1991)", History of Vegetarianism, IVU, archived from the original on December 22, 2008, retrieved February 18, 2009.
57. ^ Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1972). Enemies, a Love Story. Noonday Press. p. 33\. ISBN 0374515220.
58. ^ Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1972). Enemies, a Love Story. Noonday Press. p. 145\. ISBN 0374515220.
59. ^ Singer 1982, p. 271.
60. ^ Patterson, Charles (2002). Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust. New York: Lantern Books, pp. 181–188.
61. ^ Burgin, Richard; Singer, Isaac Bashevis (Spring 1980), "A Conversation with Isaac Bashevis Singer", Chicago Review, 31 (4): 57, doi:10.2307/25304019, hdl:2027/spo.act2080.0017.002, JSTOR 25304019
62. ^ Hadda 1997, pp. 137–38.
63. ^ David Stromberg (June 12, 2018 ). "Faith in Place: Isaac Bashevis Singer in Israel". lareviewofbooks.org. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
64. ^ Sale Roger (November 2, 1975). Isaac Bashevis Singer, also known as 'I' The New Work Times. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
65. ^ "Past Winners". Jewish Book Council. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
66. ^ Stromberg, David (June 13, 2016). "Rebellion and Creativity: Contextualizing Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Author's Note" to The Penitent". In Geveb: A Journal of Yiddish Studies.
67. ^ 1974 Archived August 15, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (one of two).
68. ^ "LITERATURE HONOREE ― ISAAC BASHEVIS SINGER – THE JEWISH-AMERICAN HALL OF FAME". Retrieved June 10, 2021.
69. ^ a b Mendelsohn, Ezra (1997). "The Perils of Translation: Isaac Bashevis Singer in English and Hebrew". The Perils of Translation: Isaac Bashevis Singer. Oxford University Press. pp. 228–233. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112030.003.0013. ISBN 978-0-19-511203-0.
70. ^ a b c "Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922–Present" Archived October 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Association for Library Service to Children. ALA. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
71. ^ "Warsaw Stories" (various reprints beginning with a version of this biography). Eilat Gordin Levitan.

## General and cited references

[edit]

* Burgess, Anthony (1998), Rencontre au Sommet (in French), Paris: Éd. Mille et une nuits.
* Richard Burgin. Conversations with Isaac Bashevis Singer. NY: Doubleday, 1985.
* Carr, Maurice (December 1992), "My Uncle Itzhak: A Memoir of I.B. Singer", Commentary.
* Lester Goran. The Bright Streets of Surfside: The Memoir of a Friendship with Isaac Bashevis Singer. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1994.
* Hadda, Janet (1997), Isaac Bashevis Singer: A Life, New York: Oxford University Press.
* Kresh, Paul (1979), Isaac Bashevis Singer: The Magician of West 86th Street, New York: Dial Press.
* Roberta Saltzman. Isaac Bashevis Singer: a bibliography of his works in Yiddish and English, 1960–1991. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4315-3
* Dorothea Straus. Under the Canopy. New York: George Braziller, 1982. ISBN 0-8076-1028-3
* Florence Noiville. Isaac B. Singer, A Life, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006
* Olidort, Shoshana. "Proverbial Language and Literary Truth in the Work of Isaac Bashevis Singer." Prooftexts 38, no. 3 (2021): 510-531.
* Telushkin, Dvorah (1997). Master of Dreams: A Memoir of Isaac Bashevis Singer. New York: Morrow.
* Tree, Stephen (2004), Isaac Bashevis Singer, Munich: DTV Deutscher Taschenbuch, ISBN 978-3423244152.
* Agata Tuszyńska. Lost Landscapes: In Search of Isaac Bashevis Singer and the Jews of Poland. New York: Morrow, 1998. Hardcover. ISBN 0688122140 via Google Books, preview.
* Wolitz, Seth L, ed. (2001), The Hidden Isaac Bashevis Singer, Austin: University of Texas Press.
* Israel Zamir. Journey to My Father, Isaac Bashevis Singer. New York: Arcade 1995.
* Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm The Roots Are Polish. Toronto: Canadian-Polish Research Institute, 2004. ISBN 0-920517-05-6

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isaac Bashevis Singer.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Isaac Bashevis Singer.

* Official website
* Isaac Bashevis Singer at Find a Grave
* Isaac Bashevis Singer on Nobelprize.org
* American Masters
* Singer page at Library of America
* The Paris Review Interview with Isaac Bashevis Singer Archived March 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
* Isaac Bashevis Singer Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin
* Snger's Biography by Florence Noiville at Google Books
* Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories
* Video Lecture on Isaac Bashevis Singer: Singer in the Shtetl, the Shtetl in Singer by Dr. Henry Abramson of Touro College South
* Finding aid to Isaac Bashevis Singer manuscripts at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.

* v
* t
* e

Works by Isaac Bashevis Singer

Novels|

* The Family Moskat (1950)
* Satan in Goray (1955)
* The Magician of Lublin (1960)
* The Slave (1962)
* The Manor (1967)
* The Estate (1969)
* The Golem (1969)
* The Wicked City (1972)
* Enemies, A Love Story (1972)
* Shosha (1978)
* The Penitent (1983)
* The Certificate (1992)
* Meshugah (1994)
* Shadows on the Hudson (1997)

Short stories|

* "Gimpel the Fool" (1956)
* Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories (1966)
* A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1973)
* "The Reencounter" (1983)

Non-fiction|

* A Day of Pleasure (1969)
* Rencontre au Sommet (1998)

Plays|

* Yentl (1975)

Works adapted into films|

* The Magician of Lublin (1979)
* Yentl (1983)
* Enemies, A Love Story (1989)
* Love Comes Lately (2007)

Works adapted into operas|

* Fool's Paradise (1994)

* v
* t
* e

National Book Award for Fiction (1950–1974)

* The Man with the Golden Arm by Nelson Algren (1950)
* Collected Stories of William Faulkner by William Faulkner (1951)
* From Here to Eternity by James Jones (1952)
* Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison (1953)
* The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow (1954)
* A Fable by William Faulkner (1955)
* Ten North Frederick by John O'Hara (1956)
* The Field of Vision by Wright Morris (1957)
* The Wapshot Chronicle by John Cheever (1958)
* The Magic Barrel by Bernard Malamud (1959)
* Goodbye, Columbus by Philip Roth (1960)
* The Waters of Kronos by Conrad Richter (1961)
* The Moviegoer by Walker Percy (1962)
* Morte d'Urban by J. F. Powers (1963)
* The Centaur by John Updike (1964)
* Herzog by Saul Bellow (1965)
* The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter (1966)
* The Fixer by Bernard Malamud (1967)
* The Eighth Day by Thornton Wilder (1968)
* Steps by Jerzy Kosiński (1969)
* them by Joyce Carol Oates (1970)
* Mr. Sammler's Planet by Saul Bellow (1971)
* The Complete Stories by Flannery O'Connor (1972)
* Chimera by John Barth (1973)
* Augustus by John Williams (1973)
* Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon (1974)
* A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer (1974)

* Complete list
* (1950–1974)
* (1975–1999)
* (2000–2024)

* v
* t
* e

Recipients of the Bancarella Prize

1950s|

* 1953 Ernest Hemingway
* 1954 Giovannino Guareschi
* 1955 Hervé Le Boterf
* 1956 Han Suyin
* 1957 Werner Keller
* 1958 Boris Pasternak
* 1959 Heinrich Gerlach

1960s|

* 1960 Bonaventura Tecchi
* 1961 André Schwarz-Bart
* 1962 Cornelius Ryan
* 1963 Paolo Caccia Dominioni
* 1964 Giulio Bedeschi
* 1965 Luigi Preti
* 1966 Vincenzo Pappalettera
* 1967 Indro Montanelli
* 1968 Isaac Bashevis Singer
* 1969 Peter Colosimo

1970s|

* 1970 Oriana Fallaci
* 1971 Enzo Biagi
* 1972 Alberto Bevilacqua
* 1973 Roberto Gervaso
* 1974 Giuseppe Berto
* 1975 Susanna Agnelli
* 1976 Carlo Cassola
* 1977 Giorgio Saviane
* 1978 Alex Haley
* 1979 Massimo Grillandi

1980s|

* 1980 Maurice Denuzière
* 1981 Sergio Zavoli
* 1982 Gary Jennings
* 1983 Renato Barneschi
* 1984 Luciano De Crescenzo
* 1985 Giulio Andreotti
* 1986 Pasquale Festa Campanile
* 1987 Enzo Biagi
* 1988 Cesare Marchi
* 1989 Umberto Eco

1990s|

* 1990 Vittorio Sgarbi
* 1991 Antonio Spinosa
* 1992 Alberto Bevilacqua
* 1993 Carmen Covito
* 1994 John Grisham
* 1995 Jostein Gaarder
* 1996 Stefano Zecchi
* 1997 Giampaolo Pansa
* 1998 Paco Ignacio Taibo
* 1999 Ken Follett

2000s|

* 2000 Michael Connelly
* 2001 Andrea Camilleri
* 2002 Federico Audisio
* 2003 Alessandra Appiano
* 2004 Bruno Vespa
* 2005 Gianrico Carofiglio
* 2006 Andrea Vitali
* 2007 Frank Schätzing
* 2008 Valerio Massimo Manfredi
* 2009 Donato Carrisi

2010s|

* 2010 Elizabeth Strout
* 2011 Mauro Corona
* 2012 Marcello Simoni
* 2013 Anna Premoli
* 2014 Michela Marzano
* 2015 Sara Rattaro
* 2016 Margherita Oggero
* 2017 Matteo Strukul
* 2018 Dolores Redondo
* 2019 Alessia Gazzola

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature

1901–1920|

* 1901: Sully Prudhomme
* 1902: Theodor Mommsen
* 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
* 1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray
* 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz
* 1906: Giosuè Carducci
* 1907: Rudyard Kipling
* 1908: Rudolf Eucken
* 1909: Selma Lagerlöf
* 1910: Paul Heyse
* 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck
* 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann
* 1913: Rabindranath Tagore
* 1914
* 1915: Romain Rolland
* 1916: Verner von Heidenstam
* 1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan
* 1918
* 1919: Carl Spitteler
* 1920: Knut Hamsun

1921–1940|

* 1921: Anatole France
* 1922: Jacinto Benavente
* 1923: W. B. Yeats
* 1924: Władysław Reymont
* 1925: George Bernard Shaw
* 1926: Grazia Deledda
* 1927: Henri Bergson
* 1928: Sigrid Undset
* 1929: Thomas Mann
* 1930: Sinclair Lewis
* 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumously)
* 1932: John Galsworthy
* 1933: Ivan Bunin
* 1934: Luigi Pirandello
* 1935
* 1936: Eugene O'Neill
* 1937: Roger Martin du Gard
* 1938: Pearl S. Buck
* 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää
* 1940

1941–1960|

* 1941
* 1942
* 1943
* 1944: Johannes V. Jensen
* 1945: Gabriela Mistral
* 1946: Hermann Hesse
* 1947: André Gide
* 1948: T. S. Eliot
* 1949: William Faulkner
* 1950: Bertrand Russell
* 1951: Pär Lagerkvist
* 1952: François Mauriac
* 1953: Winston Churchill
* 1954: Ernest Hemingway
* 1955: Halldór Laxness
* 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez
* 1957: Albert Camus
* 1958: Boris Pasternak
* 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo
* 1960: Saint-John Perse

1961–1980|

* 1961: Ivo Andrić
* 1962: John Steinbeck
* 1963: Giorgos Seferis
* 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award)
* 1965: Mikhail Sholokhov
* 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs
* 1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias
* 1968: Yasunari Kawabata
* 1969: Samuel Beckett
* 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
* 1971: Pablo Neruda
* 1972: Heinrich Böll
* 1973: Patrick White
* 1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson
* 1975: Eugenio Montale
* 1976: Saul Bellow
* 1977: Vicente Aleixandre
* 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer
* 1979: Odysseas Elytis
* 1980: Czesław Miłosz

1981–2000|

* 1981: Elias Canetti
* 1982: Gabriel García Márquez
* 1983: William Golding
* 1984: Jaroslav Seifert
* 1985: Claude Simon
* 1986: Wole Soyinka
* 1987: Joseph Brodsky
* 1988: Naguib Mahfouz
* 1989: Camilo José Cela
* 1990: Octavio Paz
* 1991: Nadine Gordimer
* 1992: Derek Walcott
* 1993: Toni Morrison
* 1994: Kenzaburō Ōe
* 1995: Seamus Heaney
* 1996: Wisława Szymborska
* 1997: Dario Fo
* 1998: José Saramago
* 1999: Günter Grass
* 2000: Gao Xingjian

2001–2020|

* 2001: V. S. Naipaul
* 2002: Imre Kertész
* 2003: J. M. Coetzee
* 2004: Elfriede Jelinek
* 2005: Harold Pinter
* 2006: Orhan Pamuk
* 2007: Doris Lessing
* 2008: J. M. G. Le Clézio
* 2009: Herta Müller
* 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa
* 2011: Tomas Tranströmer
* 2012: Mo Yan
* 2013: Alice Munro
* 2014: Patrick Modiano
* 2015: Svetlana Alexievich
* 2016: Bob Dylan
* 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro
* 2018: Olga Tokarczuk
* 2019: Peter Handke
* 2020: Louise Glück

2021–present|

* 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah
* 2022: Annie Ernaux
* 2023: Jon Fosse
* 2024: Han Kang

* v
* t
* e

1978 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Peter D. Mitchell (United Kingdom)

Literature (1978)|

* Isaac Bashevis Singer (Poland/United States)

Peace|

* Anwar Sadat (Egypt)
* Menachem Begin (Israel)

Physics|

* Pyotr Kapitsa (Soviet Union)
* Arno Allan Penzias (United States)
* Robert Woodrow Wilson (United States)

Physiology or Medicine|

* Werner Arber (Switzerland)
* Daniel Nathans (United States)
* Hamilton O. Smith (United States)

Economic Sciences|

* Herbert A. Simon (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983

* v
* t
* e

Veganism and vegetarianism

Perspectives|

| Veganism|

* Animal-free agriculture
* Black veganism
* Fruitarianism
* History
* Raw veganism
* Straight edge
* Hardline
* Nutrition
* Vegan organic agriculture
* Vegan school meal
* Vegan studies

|

Vegetarianism|

* Economic vegetarianism
* Environmental vegetarianism
* History
* Orthopathy
* Lacto vegetarianism
* Lacto-ovo vegetarianism
* Ovo vegetarianism
* Cuisine
* Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
* Ecofeminism
* Nutrition
* By country

Lists|

* Vegetarians
* Vegans
* Fictional characters
* Festivals
* Organizations
* Restaurants
* Vegan media

Ethics|

| Secular|

* Animal rights
* Animal welfare
* Carnism
* Deep ecology
* Environmental vegetarianism
* Ethics of eating meat
* Meat paradox
* Nonviolence
* Replaceability argument
* Sentientism
* Speciesism
* Tirukkuṟaḷ

|

Religious|

* Buddhism
* Christianity (Seventh-day Adventist Church)
* Hinduism
* Sattvic
* Ahimsa
* Islam
* Jainism
* Judaism
* Pythagoreanism
* Rastafari
* Sikhism
* Taoism

Food
and drink|

* Agave syrup
* Chicken fillet roll
* Coconut burger
* Dairy alternatives
* Coconut milk
* Plant cream
* Plant milk
* Soy yogurt
* Cheese
* Fruits
* Grains
* cereals
* legumes
* Gelatin substitutes
* Agar
* Carrageenan
* Gulaman
* Konjac jelly
* Microbial cellulose
* Jambon
* Meat alternative
* List of meat substitutes
* Miso
* Mochi
* Mock duck
* Nutritional yeast
* Quinoa
* Quorn
* Seitan
* Tempeh
* Tofu
* Tofurkey
* Vegetables
* Vegetarian bacon
* Hot dog
* Vegetarian mark
* Sausage
* Sausage roll
* Beer
* Wine
* Veggie burger

Groups
and events|

| Vegan|

* American Vegan Society
* Beauty Without Cruelty
* Food Empowerment Project
* Go Vegan
* Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme
* Our Hen House
* Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
* Plamil Foods
* Vegan Awareness Foundation
* Vegan flag
* Vegan Outreach
* Vegan Prisoners Support Group
* The Vegan Society
* Veganmania
* Veganuary
* Veganz
* World Vegan Day

|

Vegetarian|

* Alcott House
* Bible Christian Church
* Boston Vegetarian Society
* Christian Vegetarian Association
* European Vegetarian Union
* French Vegetarian Society
* Hare Krishna Food for Life
* International Vegetarian Union
* Jewish Veg
* Meat-free days
* Meatless Monday
* Friday Fast
* North American Vegetarian Society
* Order of the Golden Age
* ProVeg Deutschland
* ProVeg International
* ProVeg Nederland
* Swissveg
* Toronto Vegetarian Association
* Vegetarian Federal Union
* Vegetarian Society
* Vegetarian Society (Singapore)
* Veggie Pride
* Viva! Health
* World Esperantist Vegetarian Association
* World Vegetarian Day

Companies|

* List of vegetarian and vegan companies

Books,
reports,
journals|

* On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
* An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802)
* Vegetable Cookery (1812)
* A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813)
* Reasons for not Eating Animal Food (1814)
* Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
* Nature's Own Book (1835)
* Fruits and Farinacea (1845)
* The Pleasure Boat (1845)
* The Ethics of Diet (1883)
* What is Vegetarianism? (1886)
* Shelley's Vegetarianism (1891)
* Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses (1892)
* Why I Am a Vegetarian (1895)
* Figs or Pigs? (1896)
* Fifty Years of Food Reform (1898)
* Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian (1903)
* The Meat Fetish (1904)
* The New Ethics (1907)
* A Fleshless Diet (1910)
* The Benefits of Vegetarianism (1927)
* Living the Good Life (1954)
* Ten Talents (1968)
* Diet for a Small Planet (1971)
* The Vegetarian Epicure (1972)
* Moosewood Collective Cookbooks (1973)
* The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook (1975)
* Laurel's Kitchen (1976)
* Moosewood Cookbook (1977)
* Fit for Life (1985)
* Diet for a New America (1987)
* The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990)
* Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone (1997)
* The China Study (2005)
* Skinny Bitch (2005)
* Livestock's Long Shadow (2006)
* The Bloodless Revolution (2006)
* Eating Animals (2009)
* Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009)
* The Vegan Studies Project (2015)
* Animal (De)liberation (2016)
* The End of Animal Farming (2018)
* Vegetable Kingdom (2020)
* Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
* Meat Atlas (annual)

Films and shows|

* The Animals Film (1981)
* Diet for a New America (film) (1991)
* A Cow at My Table (1998)
* Meet Your Meat (2002)
* Post Punk Kitchen (2003–2005)
* Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
* Earthlings (2005)
* A Sacred Duty (2007)
* Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead (2010)
* Planeat (2010)
* Forks Over Knives (2011)
* Vegucated (2011)
* Live and Let Live (2013)
* Cowspiracy (2014)
* PlantPure Nation (2015)
* What the Health (2017)
* Carnage (2017)
* Dominion (2018)
* Eating You Alive (2018)
* The Game Changers (2018)
* Maa Ka Doodh (2023)
* You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment (2024)

Magazines|

* Naked Food
* Satya
* Vegetarian Times
* VegNews
* The Animals' Agenda

Academics,
activists,
authors,
physicians|

| Vegan|

* Elisa Aaltola
* Carol J. Adams
* Suzanne M. Babich
* Martin Balluch
* Neal D. Barnard
* David Benatar
* Steven Best
* Yves Bonnardel
* Will Bonsall
* Will Bulsiewicz
* Georges Butaud
* Jodey Castricano
* T. Colin Campbell
* Robert Cook
* Brenda Davis
* Garth Davis
* Jan Deckers
* Alan Desmond
* George Dornbusch
* Mylan Engel
* Caldwell Esselstyn
* Gary L. Francione
* Joel Fuhrman
* Kristi Funk
* Valéry Giroux
* Lewis Gompertz
* Michael Greger
* A. Breeze Harper
* Oscar Horta
* Melanie Joy
* Joel Kahn
* Avery Yale Kamila
* Michael Klaper
* Aph Ko
* Renan Larue
* Maxwell G. Lee
* Thomas Lepeltier
* Howard Lyman
* Al-Ma'arri
* Reed Mangels
* John A. McDougall
* James E. McWilliams
* Vesanto Melina
* Gemma Newman
* David Nibert
* Jack Norris
* David Olivier
* David Pearce
* Emelia Quinn
* Tom Regan
* Jérôme Segal
* Peter Singer
* David Sztybel
* Sunaura Taylor
* Richard Twine
* Kim A. Williams
* Corey Lee Wrenn
* Laura Wright
* Sophie Zaïkowska

|

Vegetarian|

* Phyllis B. Acosta
* William Alcott
* Bertrand P. Allinson
* Thomas Allinson
* Charles R. Attwood
* William Axon
* Eduard Baltzer
* Horace A. Barrows
* Geoffrey Barstow
* Sidney H. Beard
* George Bedborough
* Ernest Bell
* Robert Bell
* Ragnar Berg
* Rynn Berry
* Maximilian Bircher-Benner
* George Black
* Ernest Bonnejoy
* Lucius Duncan Bulkley
* J. L. Buttner
* Paul Carton
* Job Caudwell
* James Clark
* George Cheyne
* Henry S. Clubb
* Antonio Cocchi
* Edwin Collier
* Lenna F. Cooper
* Daniël de Clercq
* Daniel Dombrowski
* James Elmslie Duncan
* Eknath Easwaran
* T. Forster
* Charles W. Forward
* Michael Allen Fox
* Peter Foxcroft
* Greta Gaard
* Mahatma Gandhi
* Narasinh Narayan Godbole
* Jeremiah Hacker
* John Haddon
* Walter Hadwen
* Alexander Haig
* Edward Hare
* William Harvey
* Philippe Hecquet
* Brian Hines
* Martin Luther Holbrook
* Isaac Jennings
* John Harvey Kellogg
* Norman Kerr
* Daniel H. Kress
* William Lambe
* W. R. C. Latson
* Elmer Lee
* Susan M. Levin
* Andrew Linzey
* Clair Linzey
* Jacques de Marquette
* Alice Garrett Marsh
* Elmer McCollum
* William Metcalfe
* Eli Peck Miller
* Harry Willis Miller
* J. Howard Moore
* Reuben D. Mussey
* Helen Nearing
* Scott Nearing
* Francis William Newman
* R. E. O'Callaghan
* Josiah Oldfield
* Dean Ornish
* Felix Ortt
* Cyril V. Pink
* A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
* Rod Preece
* James Rachels
* Ulma Doyle Register
* Rollo Russell
* Henry Stephens Salt
* Johan Lindström Saxon
* James Scholefield
* Richard H. Schwartz
* James Simpson
* Ernest Lester Smith
* William O. Stephens
* Alan Stoddard
* Russell Thacher Trall
* Frederick Towgood
* Sidney Trist
* Valluvar
* Emil Weilshäuser
* Ellen G. White
* Severin Wielobycki
* Howard Williams
* Frank Wokes
* W. A. Sibly
* Jon Wynne-Tyson
* Tzachi Zamir
* Kathleen Keen Zolber

Chefs and
cookbook authors|

* Nava Atlas
* Mayim Bialik
* Carleigh Bodrug
* Gypsy Boots
* BOSH!
* Martha Brotherton
* Edward Espe Brown
* Tabitha Brown (actress)
* Suzy Amis Cameron
* Hannah Che
* Pinky Cole
* Chloe Coscarelli
* Yamuna Devi
* Sue Donaldson
* Crescent Dragonwagon
* Rose Elliot
* Rip Esselstyn
* Toni Fiore
* Carol Lee Flinders
* Alexis Gauthier
* Dick Gregory
* Richa Hingle
* Madhur Jaffrey
* Mollie Katzen
* Frances Moore Lappé
* Deborah Madison
* Linda McCartney
* Mary McCartney
* Hetty Lui McKinnon
* Tracye McQuirter
* Joanne Lee Molinaro
* Moosewood Collective
* Charity Morgan
* Isa Chandra Moskowitz
* Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
* Gaz Oakley
* Colleen Patrick-Goudreau
* Mathew Pritchard
* Satchidananda Saraswati
* Derek Sarno
* Miyoko Schinner
* Alicia Silverstone
* Hannah Sunderani
* Bryant Terry
* Anna Thomas
* Haile Thomas
* Lauren Toyota
* Jeeca Uy
* Umberto Veronesi
* Nisha Vora
* Alan Wakeman
* Joe Yonan

Restaurants|

* Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli
* Cinnaholic
* Crossroads Kitchen
* Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro
* Greens Restaurant
* Hiltl Restaurant
* Little Pine (restaurant)
* Moosewood Restaurant
* Purezza
* Slutty Vegan
* Souley Vegan
* The Sound Lounge, London
* Veggie Galaxy
* Veggie Grill

Former restaurants|

* Cranks (restaurant)
* Food for Thought (restaurant)
* InSpiral Lounge
* Lentil as Anything
* Minerva Café
* New Riverside Cafe
* Nix (restaurant)
* Penny Cafeteria
* Pink Peacock
* The Hollow Reed
* The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel

Related|

* Vegetarian and vegan symbolism
* List of vegan media
* Juice fasting
* Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
* Vegaphobia
* Plant-based diet
* Plant-based action plan
* Sustainable diet
* Low-carbon
* Planetary health
* Flexitarianism
* Pescetarianism
* Pollotarianism

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Chile
* Greece
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Finland
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN
* MusicBrainz

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* 2

*[c.]: circa
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template