Isabella of Portugal

Holy Roman Empress from 1530 to 1539

This article is about the wife of Emperor Charles V. For other uses, see Isabella of Portugal (disambiguation).

Isabella of Portugal

Portrait of Isabella of Portugal by Titian, 1548

Holy Roman Empress
Tenure| 24 February 1530 – 1 May 1539

* Queen consort of Spain and Germany
* Archduchess consort of Austria
* Lady of the Netherlands

Tenure| 10 March 1526 – 1 May 1539

Born| 24 October 1503
Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Died| 1 May 1539(1539-05-01) (aged 35)
Toledo, Crown of Castile, Spain
Burial|

El Escorial

Spouse|

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

(m. 1526)​

Issue
Detail|

* Philip II, King of Spain
* Maria, Holy Roman Empress
* Joanna, Princess of Portugal

House| Aviz
Father| Manuel I of Portugal
Mother| Maria of Aragon
Signature|

Isabella of Portugal (Portuguese: Isabel de Portugal; 24 October 1503 – 1 May 1539) was the empress consort of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Duke of Burgundy. She was Queen of Spain and Germany, and Lady of the Netherlands from 10 March 1526 until her death in 1539, and became Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Italy in February 1530. She acted as regent of Spain during her husband's long absences.[1]

## Childhood

[edit]

Isabella was born in Lisbon on 24 October 1503 and named after her maternal grandmother (Isabella I).[2] She was the second child and first daughter of King Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife, Maria of Aragon. Isabella was second-in-line to the throne until the birth of her brother Luis in 1506.

Isabella was educated under the supervision of her governess Elvira de Mendoza. Her studies included mathematics, Renaissance classics, the languages of Latin, Spanish and French besides her native Portuguese, etiquette, and Christian doctrine. Isabella and her siblings were punished by their mother, "when they deserved it, without pardoning any of them".[citation needed] At the age of 14, her mother died. She and her sister Beatrice inherited her properties, plus the income from Viseu and Torres Vedras.

## Engagement and marriage

[edit]

Emperor Charles V and Empress Isabella. Peter Paul Rubens after Titian, 17th century. Exterior of The Palace of Charles V in Granada was built upon his wedding to Isabel of Portugal in 1526.

As the eldest daughter of Manuel the Fortunate, Isabella was a rather attractive candidate for marriage. The ideal candidate for her husband was her first cousin Charles, son of Maria's sister, Joanna I of Castile and her husband Philip, Duke of Burgundy. Their marriage would bring a strong alliance between Spain and Portugal, in accordance with the wishes of their grandparents, Isabella I of Castille and Ferdinand II of Aragón. It would also facilitate the continued exploration of the oceans without incurring clashes, as Portugal was the only naval power that could challenge Spain's supremacy in the Atlantic Ocean. Plus, as Charles was sovereign of multiple kingdoms, it was necessary that Portugal, Christendom's richest kingdom, would fall under Spain's orbit and not of France,[3] which had happened in the War of Castilian Succession. Moreover, because he had been raised in Burgundy, the Spanish nobles and subjects reportedly insisted that he should marry a princess from the Iberian peninsula.

However, the 18-year-old Charles was in no hurry to marry and instead sent his sister Eleanor to marry Isabella's widowed father in 1518. Charles's Flemish advisors, especially William de Croÿ, later convinced him to relegate the Portuguese alliance to the background and replace it with an alliance with England. In 1521, Charles became engaged to his other first cousin, Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, who was 16 years younger than Charles and still a child. Their engagement sought to undo an alliance between England and France articulated by the ambitious Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. Many in Portugal took their Infanta's rejection as an offense, but Isabella remained determined she would marry her powerful cousin or enter a convent. By 1525, Charles was no longer interested in an alliance with England and could wait no longer for Mary to get older because he was determined to have legitimate children. His engagement was called off, the alliance with England was abandoned, and he finally sought to marry Isabella. There were many more advantages – she was closer to him in age (she was only 3 years his junior), fluent in Spanish, and offered a dowry of 900,000 Portuguese cruzados (or Castilian folds), which was more than enough to solve many of his financial problems brought on by the Italian War of 1521–26.[4]

Charles wasted no time in securing a papal dispensation for first cousins and the marriage contract for an alliance with Portugal was made - Isabella would marry him and her brother, King John III of Portugal, would marry Charles' youngest sister, Catherine of Austria. Charles intended to wed and then leave his future wife as regent to govern Spain while he went to Central Europe to deal with political and religious troubles there. In January 1526, Isabella traveled to Spain.[5] Upon her arrival, she met the Duke of Calabria, the Archbishop of Toledo and the Duke of Béjar at the Spanish-Portuguese border. They escorted her to Seville, where she would wait a week for Charles. In the end, their wedding took place the very next day just after midnight on 11 March in the Palace of Alcázar of Seville.[6][7][8]

Although their marriage was political, Isabella captivated Charles, who tarried with her longer than anticipated. They honeymooned for several months at the Alhambra in Granada, where he ordered the seeds of a Persian flower that had never been seen before in Spain. The seeds eventually grew into red carnation, which delighted her. He then ordered thousands more to be planted in her honour, establishing the red carnation as Spain's floral emblem. Despite the mutual affection the couple shared, their marriage was not easy and Isabella struggled with Charles's long absences.[9] His first absence lasted from 1529 to April 1533. He remained in Spain for 2 years, only to depart again in December 1536. Although he came back briefly in 1538, he left almost immediately, returning in November 1539. As agreed by the nobles, their children were raised in Spain. She supervised their education and taught them Portuguese. She wrote to her husband regularly but often spent months without receiving letters.

## Regency

[edit]

Coat of arms of Isabella of Portugal as Empress

As Charles had planned, he appointed Isabella regent of Spain during his absence from the peninsula to lead his military campaigns and attend the administration of his other kingdoms between 1529–33 and 1537–39. She attended meetings of the governing councils and consulted with the ministers. As time passed, she took a more active role in the policy-making process, suggesting her own solutions rather than merely accepting recommendations. Her husband considered her deliberations "very prudent and well thought out".[citation needed]

### Economy

[edit]

The city of Toledo served as the main revenue of the imperial court of Charles V in Castille.[10]

Isabella was a profound expert on the problems of the peninsular kingdoms, intransigently defending the common good to particular interests. At the external level, her sensible actions were decisive in the defence of the coasts of the peninsula and of North Africa, which were infested by piracy. This allowed the flow of precious metals and turned Spain into one of the chief sources of the imperial treasury. Through her regencies, she ensured that Spain remained independent of the empire's expensive military policies and thus relatively prosperous during her lifetime. However, Castile became integrated into Charles's empire and suffered from high inflation after her death. The enormous budget deficit accumulated and inflation during her husband's later reign resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of their son Philip II.[citation needed]

### Domestic and foreign relations

[edit]

Isabella effectively defended the royal power in order to ensure the monarch's authority, as a response towards the previous rebellions against Charles for his foreign relationships. She traveled regularly in the autumn between Toledo, Valladolid, Seville, Barcelona, and Majorca. To deal with important matters of the empire, the couple wrote to each other more regularly. In foreign policy, Isabella actively intervened in the negotiations of marital alliances between the French and Spanish royal families. She was very concerned that her own children would not be forced to wed the much older offspring of King Francis I.

## Death

[edit]

The bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella at the Basilica in El Escorial

During several years, Isabella and the court traveled from city to city, moving in part to avoid exposure to epidemics. There is speculation that she suffered from consumption, with a contemporary describing her: "The Empress is the greatest pity in the world, she is so thin that she does not resemble a person". In 1539, she became pregnant for the seventh time, but contracted another fever in the third month that caused antenatal complications and gave birth to a stillborn son. She died two weeks later on 1 May 1539 at the age of 35, without her husband present.[11]

Charles was left so devastated that he could not bring himself to accompany his wife's body to the Royal Chapel of Granada, the burial place of the Catholic Monarchs. He instead instructed their son Philip to accompany his mother's body with Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía. Decomposition had so disfigured Isabella's body, however, that Gandía could not recognize her and was allegedly so horrified at what death had done to her beauty that he later became a Jesuit, gaining fame as San Francisco de Borja. Charles was so grief-stricken by her death that he shut himself in a monastery for 2 months, praying and mourning for her in solitude. He never recovered from her death and wore black for the rest of his life to show his mourning. He never remarried, though he had an affair long after her death that resulted in the birth of an illegitimate son, John of Austria. Charles died as a widower in 1558 while holding the same cross in his hand which she held in her hand when she died.

In 1574, Isabella's body was transferred by her son to the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, where she was originally interred into a small vault along with her husband directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel. This was done in accordance with his last will and testament, in which he left a codicil asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which the couple would be reburied together side by side, "half-body under the altar and half under the priest's feet". They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal Crypt were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal Crypt were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson Philip IV, the couple's remains were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica.[12] On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter Maria of Austria and Charles's sisters, Eleanor of Austria and Maria of Hungary, behind them. Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson Carlos, Prince of Asturias.

## Post-mortem tributes

[edit]

The bronze statue of Empress Isabella by Leone Leoni, 1550–1555, that was commissioned by Charles V, on display at the El Prado Museum, Madrid Titian's La Gloria, one of the several paintings commissioned by Charles V in memory of his wife Isabella

In memory of Isabella, Charles commissioned several tributes through art and music, beginning in 1540 when he commissioned the Flemish composer Thomas Crecquillon to compose new music in honour of the empress. Crecquillon composed his Missa Mort m'a privé as a memorial to her, which expresses her husband's grief and wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife.[13] Another musical tribute to her is Carole cur defles Isabellam that was composed in 1545 by the Franco-Flemish composer Nicolas Payen.

In 1543, Charles commissioned his favourite painter Titian to paint posthumous portraits of Isabella by using earlier ones of her as his model. Titian painted several portraits of her, which included his Portrait of Isabella of Portugal and La Gloria.[14] He later painted a double portrait of the imperial couple together, of which there is a copy by Peter Paul Rubens. Charles kept these portraits with him whenever he travelled and after he retired to the Monastery of Yuste in 1555.[15]

## Issue

[edit]

Isabella had seven children with Charles, of whom three survived including King Philip II of Spain and Maria, another Holy Roman Empress.[citation needed]

Name | Portrait | Lifespan | Notes

|
|
|

Philip II of Spain |  | 21 May 1527 –
13 September 1598  | Only surviving son, successor of his father in the Spanish crown. As grandson of Manuel I of Portugal, Phillip claimed the Portuguese throne after the death of Henry, the Cardinal-King in 1580, establishing the Iberian Union.
Maria |  | 21 June 1528 –
26 February 1603  | Married her first cousin Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor.
Ferdinand  |  | 22 November 1529 –
13 July 1530  | Died in infancy.
Son  |  | 29 June 1534  | Stillborn.
Joanna |  | 26 June 1535 –
7 September 1573  | Married her first cousin João Manuel, Prince of Portugal.
Juan  |  | 19 October 1537 –
20 March 1538  | Died in infancy.
Son  |  | 21 April 1539  | Miscarried and stillborn.

## Ancestry

[edit]

Ancestors of Isabella of Portugal

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Edward I of Portugal[18]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu[16]|

|  |  |
| 9\. Eleanor of Aragon[18]

| 2\. Manuel I of Portugal|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. John, Constable of Portugal[17]

| 5\. Beatrice of Portugal[16]|

|  |  |
| 11\. Isabel of Barcelos[17]

| 1\. Isabella of Portugal|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. John II of Aragon[19]

| 6\. Ferdinand II of Aragon[17]|

|  |  |
| 13\. Juana Enríquez[19]

| 3\. Maria of Aragon|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. John II of Castile[20]

| 7\. Isabella I of Castile[17]|

|  |  |
| 15\. Isabella of Portugal[20]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Cultural depictions

[edit]

Isabella of Portugal is portrayed by Blanca Suárez in the TVE series Carlos, Rey Emperador.

## See also

[edit]

* Descendants of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon
* Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Jansen 2002, p. 105.
2. ^ Sobral Neto 2011, p. 12.
3. ^ Alvar 2012, p. 32.
4. ^ Tracy 2002, p. 114.
5. ^ Sobral Neto 2011, p. 39.
6. ^ Sobral Neto 2011, p. 47.
7. ^ MacQuarrie 2007, p. 35.
8. ^ Ford 2011, p. 258.
9. ^ Blockmans 2002, p. 121.
10. ^ Martínez Gil 1999, pp. 259–308; Martínez Gil 2007, pp. 113–121
11. ^ Parker 2014, p. 12.
12. ^ de la Cuadra Blanco 1997, p. 367.
13. ^ Ham, Martin (2006). "Thomas Crecquillon: Missa 'Mort m'a privé', motets and chansons". The Brabant Ensemble. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
14. ^ "The Glory. 1551 – 1554. Oil on canvas". Museo del Prado (Prado Museum). Retrieved 23 October 2018.
15. ^ "The Empress Isabel of Portugal". Museo del Prado (Prado Museum). Retrieved 23 October 2018.
16. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Emanuel I." . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
17. ^ a b c d Liss, Peggy K. (10 November 2015). Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 11\. ISBN 9780812293203.
18. ^ a b Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). The Story of Portugal. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 139\. ISBN 9780722224731.
19. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
20. ^ a b Isabella I, Queen of Spain at the Encyclopædia Britannica

### Sources

[edit]

* Alvar, Alfredo (2012). Isabel y Carlos V: Amor y Gobierno en la Corte Española del Renacimiento (1503-1539) [Isabel and Carlos V: Love and Government in the Spanish Renaissance Court (1503-1539)] (in Spanish).
* Blockmans, Wim (2002). Emperor Charles V, 1500-1558.
* de la Cuadra Blanco, Juan Rafael (1997). La idea original de los enterramientos reales en el Escorial (PDF) (in Spanish). Madrid.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Ford, Richard (2011). A Hand-Book for Travellers in Spain, and Readers at Home: Describing the Country and Cities, the Natives and Their Manners. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108037532.
* Jansen, Sharon (2002). The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe. New York: Palgrave/Macmillan.
* MacQuarrie, Kim (2007). The Last Days of the Incas. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1416539353.
* Martínez Gil, Fernando (2007). "Corte renacentista". La invención de Toledo. Imágenes históricas de una identidad urbana. Almud, ediciones de Castilla-La Mancha. ISBN 978-84-934140-7-8.
* Martínez Gil, Fernando (1999). "Toledo es Corte (1480-1561)". Historia de Toledo. Azacanes. ISBN 84-88480-19-9.
* Parker, Geoffrey (2014). Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300196535.
* Sobral Neto, Margarida (2011). D. Isabel de Portugal: Imperatriz Perfeitíssima (1503-1539) (PDF) (in Portuguese).
* Tracy, James D. (2002). Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521814317.
* Isabella of Portugal (1503–1539)

Isabella of Portugal

House of Aviz

Cadet branch of the House of Burgundy

Born: 24 October 1503 Died: 1 May 1539

Royal titles
Vacant

Title last held by

Bianca Maria Sforza |  Holy Roman Empress;
Queen consort of Italy
1530–1539  | Vacant

Title next held by

Maria of Austria
Queen of the Romans;
Archduchess consort of Austria
1526–1539
with Anne of Bohemia and Hungary (1531–39) | Succeeded by

Anne of Bohemia
and Hungary

Vacant

Title last held by

Joan of Portugal |  Queen consort of Castile and León
1526–1539  | Vacant

Title next held by

Mary I of England
Vacant

Title last held by

Germaine of Foix |  Queen consort of Aragon, Majorca,
Valencia, Naples and Sicily;
Countess consort of Barcelona
1526–1539
Vacant

Title last held by

Joanna of Castile |  Lady of the Netherlands
1526–1539

* v
* t
* e

Infantas of Portugal

The generations indicate descent form Afonso I, and continues through the House of Aviz, the House of Habsburg through Infanta Isabel, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain, and the House of Braganza through Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza.

| 1st generation|

* Urraca, Queen of León
* Teresa, Countess of Flanders
* Infanta Mafalda

|

2nd generation|

* Teresa, Queen of León
* Infanta Sancha, Lady of Alenquer
* Mafalda, Queen of Castile
* Infanta Branca, Lady of Guadalajara
* Berengária, Queen of Denmark

3rd generation|

* Leonor, Queen of Denmark

4th generation|

* Infanta Branca, Lady of Las Huelgas
* Infanta Sancha

5th generation|

* Constança, Queen of Castile and León
* Infanta Maria, Lady of Meneses and Orduña

6th generation|

* Maria, Queen of Castile and León
* Leonor, Queen of Aragon

7th generation|

* Infanta Maria, Marchioness of Tortosa
* Infanta Beatriz, Countess of Alburquerque

8th generation|

* Beatriz, Queen of Castile and León
* Isabel, Duchess of Burgundy

9th generation|

* Leonor, Holy Roman Empress
* Infanta Catarina
* Joana, Queen of Castile and León
* Isabel, Queen of Portugal
* Beatriz, Lady of Ravenstein
* Infanta Filipa
* Isabel, Queen of Castile and León
* Infanta Beatriz, Duchess of Viseu

10th generation|

* Joanna, Princess of Portugal
* Leonor, Queen of Portugal
* Isabel, Duchess of Braganza

11th generation|

* Isabel, Queen of Spain
* Beatriz, Duchess of Savoy
* Infanta Maria, Duchess of Viseu

12th generation|

* Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal and Asturias
* Maria, Hereditary Princess of Parma
* Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza

13th generation|

* Isabel Clara, Archduchess of Austria*
* Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy*

14th generation|

* Ana, Queen of France*
* Infanta María*
* María Ana, Holy Roman Empress*
* Infanta Margarita*

15th generation|

* María Teresa, Queen of France*
* Joana, Princess of Beira
* Catarina, Queen of England and Scotland

16th generation|

* Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira
* Infanta Francisca Josefa

17th generation|

* Bárbara, Queen of Spain

18th generation|

* Maria I
* Infanta Maria Ana
* Maria Doroteia
* Benedita, Princess of Brazil

19th generation|

* Mariana Victoria, Infanta Gabriel of Spain

20th generation|

* Infanta Maria Teresa, Countess of Molina
* Maria Isabel, Queen of Spain
* Infanta Maria Francisca, Countess of Molina
* Infanta Isabel Maria
* Infanta Maria da Assunção
* Infanta Ana de Jesus, Marchioness of Loulé

21st generation|

* Maria II**
* Infanta Januária, Countess of Aquila**
* Infanta Paula**
* Francisca, Princess of Joinville**
* Infanta Maria Amélia**
* Infanta Maria das Neves, Duchess of San Jaimeƒ
* Maria Teresa, Archduchess Karl Ludwig of Austriaƒ
* Maria José, Duchess Karl Theodor in Bavariaƒ
* Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarãesƒ
* Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxembourgƒ
* Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parmaƒ

22nd generation|

* Maria Ana, Princess Georg of Saxony***
* Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern***
* Maria Teresa, Princess Karl Ludwig of Thurn und Taxisƒ◙
* Isabel Maria, Princess of Thurn und Taxisƒ◙
* Maria Ana, Princess Karl August of Thurn und Taxisƒ◙
* Infanta Maria Adelaide, Mrs. van Udenƒ◙

24th generation|

* Infanta Maria Francisca, Duchess of Coimbraƒ

* also an infanta of Spain and an archduchess of Austria, ** also an imperial princess of Brazil, *** also a princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duchess in Saxony, ◙ Also a princess of Braganza, ƒ title of pretense

* v
* t
* e

Queens and empresses of Germany

East Francia during the
Carolingian dynasty (843–911)|

* Hemma
* Liutgard of Saxony
* Richardis
* Ota

East Francia (911–919)
Kingdom of Germany (919–962)|

* Cunigunde of Swabia
* Matilda of Ringelheim
* Eadgyth
* Adelaide of Italy

Kingdom of Germany within the
Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)|

* Adelaide of Italy
* Theophanu
* Cunigunde of Luxembourg
* Gisela of Swabia
* Gunhilda of Denmark
* Agnes of Poitou
* Bertha of Savoy
* Eupraxia of Kiev
* Constance of Sicily
* Matilda of England
* Richenza of Northeim
* Gertrude of Comburg
* Gertrude of Sulzbach
* Adelaide of Vohburg
* Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
* Constance I of Sicily
* Irene Angelina
* Beatrice of Swabia
* Constance of Aragon
* Margaret of Austria
* Isabella II of Jerusalem
* Isabella of England
* Bianca Lancia
* Elisabeth of Bavaria
* Gertrude of Hohenberg
* Isabella of Burgundy
* Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg
* Elisabeth of Carinthia
* Margaret of Brabant
* Beatrice of Silesia
* Isabella of Aragon
* Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
* Blanche of Valois
* Anne of Bavaria
* Anna von Schweidnitz
* Elizabeth of Pomerania
* Joanna of Bavaria
* Sophia of Bavaria
* Elisabeth of Nuremberg
* Barbara of Cilli
* Elizabeth of Luxembourg
* Eleanor of Portugal
* Bianca Maria Sforza
* Isabella of Portugal
* Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
* Maria of Austria
* Anna of Tyrol
* Eleonora Gonzaga
* Maria Anna of Spain
* Maria Leopoldine of Austria
* Eleonora Gonzaga
* Margaret Theresa of Spain
* Claudia Felicitas of Austria
* Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
* Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
* Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
* Maria Amalia of Austria
* Maria Theresa
* Maria Josepha of Bavaria
* Maria Luisa of Spain
* Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily

German Empire (1871–1918)|

* Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
* Victoria of the United Kingdom
* Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein

* v
* t
* e

Spanish royal consorts

* Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano (2014–present)

* Sophía of Greece and Denmark (1975–2014)
* Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (1906–1931)
* Maria Christina of Austria (1879–1885)
* Mercedes of Orléans (1878)
* Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo (1870–1873)
* Francis, Duke of Cádiz (1846–1868)
* Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (1829–1833)
* Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony (1819–1829)
* Maria Isabel of Portugal (1816–1818)
* Julie Clary (1808–1813)
* Maria Luisa of Parma (1788–1808)
* Maria Amalia of Saxony (1759–1760)
* Barbara of Portugal (1746–1758)
* Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (1724)
* Elisabeth Farnese (1714–1724, 1724–1746)
* Maria Luisa of Savoy (1701–1714)
* Maria Anna of Neuburg (1690–1700)
* Marie Louise of Orléans (1679–1689)
* Mariana of Austria (1649–1665)
* Élisabeth of France (1621–1644)
* Margaret of Austria (1598–1611)
* Anna of Austria (1570–1580)
* Élisabeth of France (1559–1568)
* Mary I of England (1556–1558)
* Isabella of Portugal (1526–1539)

* v
* t
* e

Royal consorts of Castile

* Sancha of León (1037–1065)
* Alberta (1070–1072)
* Agnes of Aquitaine (1072–1077)
* Constance of Burgundy (1079–1093)
* Bertha (1094–1099)
* Isabel (1100–1107)
* Beatrice (1108–1109)
* Alfonso I of Aragon (1109–1115)
* Berengaria of Barcelona (1128–1149)
* Richeza of Poland (1152–1157)
* Blanca of Navarre (1151–1156)
* Eleanor of England (1177–1214)
* Mafalda of Portugal (1215–1216)
* Elisabeth of Swabia (1219–1235)
* Joan, Countess of Ponthieu (1237–1253)
* Violant of Aragon (1252–1284)
* María de Molina (1284–1295)
* Constance of Portugal (1302–1312)
* Constance of Peñafiel (1325–1327)
* Maria of Portugal (1328–1350)
* Blanche of Bourbon (1353–1361)
* Juana Manuel of Castile (1369–1379)
* Eleanor of Aragon (1379–1382)
* Beatrice of Portugal (1383–1390)
* Catherine of England (1390–1406)
* Maria of Aragon (1418–1445)
* Isabella of Portugal (1447–1454)
* Joan of Portugal (1454–1474)
* Isabella of Portugal (1526–1539)

* v
* t
* e

Royal consorts of León

Astur-Leonese house|

* Jimena of Pamplona
* Muniadona Nuñez
* Elvira Menéndez
* Aragonta Gonzalez
* Sancha Sánchez of Pamplona
* Urraca
* Oneca Sánchez of Pamplona
* Urraca Sánchez of Pamplona
* Urraca Fernández
* Teresa Ansúrez
* Sancha Gómez of Saldaña
* Velasquita Ramírez
* Elvira of Castile
* Elvira Menéndez
* Urraca Garcés of Pamplona
* Jimena Sánchez of Navarre

House of Jiménez|

* Sancha of León
* Agnes of Aquitaine
* Constance of Burgundy

House of Burgundy|

* Berengaria of Barcelona
* Richeza of Poland
* Urraca of Portugal
* Teresa Fernández de Traba
* Urraca López de Haro
* Theresa of Portugal
* Berengaria of Castile
* Elisabeth of Swabia
* Joan of Dammartin
* Violant of Aragon
* María de Molina
* Constance of Portugal
* Constanza Manuel
* Maria of Portugal
* Blanche of Bourbon

House of Trastámara|

* Juana Manuel
* Eleanor of Aragon
* Beatrice of Portugal
* Catherine of Lancaster
* Maria of Aragon
* Isabella of Portugal
* Joan of Portugal

House of Habsburg|

* Isabella of Portugal

* v
* t
* e

Royal consorts of Aragon

House of Jiménez|

* Ermesinda of Bigorre
* Agnes
* Isabella of Urgell
* Felicia of Roucy
* Agnes of Aquitaine
* Bertha
* Urraca of León
* Agnes of Aquitaine
* Ramon Berengeur IV of Barcelona

House of Barcelona|

* Sancha of Castile
* Maria of Montpellier
* Eleanor of Castile
* Violant of Hungary
* Constance II of Sicily
* Isabella of Castile
* Blanche of Anjou
* Marie of Lusignan
* Elisenda of Montcada
* Eleanor of Castile
* Maria of Navarre
* Eleanor of Portugal
* Eleanor of Sicily
* Sibila de Fortià
* Violant of Bar
* Maria de Luna
* Margaret of Prades

House of Trastámara|

* Eleanor of Alburquerque
* Maria of Castile
* Juana Enríquez
* Isabella I of Castile
* Germaine of Foix

House of Habsburg|

* Isabella of Portugal

* v
* t
* e

Queens of Italy

* Audofleda (493–526)
* Amalasuintha (526–534)
* Matasuntha (536–540)
* Berthora (549–552)
* Chlothsind (560s)
* Rosamund (567–573)
* Theodelinda (589–616)
* Gundiberga (626–652)
* Guntrude (712–744)
* Tassia (744–749)
* Ansa (756–774)
* Hildegard (774–783)
* Fastrada of Franconia (784–794)
* Luitgard of Sundgau (794–800)
* Bertha of Gellone (?)
* Cunigunda of Laon (?)
* Ermengarde of Tours (821–851)
* Engelberga of Parma (851–875)
* Richilde of Provence (875–877)
* Richardis of Swabia (879–888)
* Bertila of Spoleto (888–889)
* Ageltrude of Benevento (889–894)
* Ota of Neustria (896–899)
* Anna of Constantinople (900–905)
* Bertila of Spoleto (905–915)
* Anna of Provence (915–924)
* Bertha of Swabia (922–926)
* Alda (924–932)
* Marozia of Tusculum (932–933)
* Bertha of Swabia (937–948)
* Adelaide of Italy (948–950)
* Willa of Tuscany (950–953)
* Gerberga (957–963)
* Adelaide of Italy (951–973)
* Theophanu of Constantinople (972–983)
* Berta di Luni (1002–14)
* Cunigunde of Luxembourg (1004–24)
* Gisela of Swabia (1026–39)
* Agnes of Poitou (1043–56)
* Bertha of Savoy (1080–87)
* Eupraxia of Kiev (1089–93)
* Constance of Sicily (1095–98)
* Matilda of England (1114–25)
* Richenza of Northeim (1128–37)
* Beatrice I of Burgundy (1156–84)
* Constance I of Sicily (1191–97)
* Beatrice of Hohenstaufen (1212)
* Constance of Aragon (1212–22)
* Isabella II of Jerusalem (1225–28)
* Isabella of England (1235–41)
* Bianca Lancia (1244?)
* Margaret of Brabant (1311)
* Margaret II of Hainaut (1327–47)
* Anna of Świdnica (1355–62)
* Elizabeth of Pomerania (1363–78)
* Barbara of Cilli (1431–37)
* Eleanor of Portugal (1452–67)
* Isabella of Portugal (1530–39)
* Joséphine de Beauharnais (1805–10)
* Marie Louise of Austria (1810–14)
* Margherita of Savoy (1878–1900)
* Elena of Montenegro (1900–46)
* Marie-José of Belgium (1946)

* v
* t
* e

Royal consorts of Sicily

County of Sicily (1071–1130)|

* Judith d'Évreux
* Eremburga of Mortain
* Adelaide del Vasto
* Elvira of Castile

Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816)|

* Elvira of Castile
* Sibylla of Burgundy
* Beatrice of Rethel
* Margaret of Navarre
* Joan of England
* Sibylla of Acerra
* Irene Angelina
* Constance of Aragon
* Isabella II of Jerusalem
* Isabella of England
* Elisabeth of Bavaria
* Helena Angelina Doukaina
* Beatrice of Provence
* Margaret of Burgundy
* Isabella of Castile
* Blanche of Anjou
* Eleanor of Anjou
* Elizabeth of Carinthia
* Constance of Aragon
* Antonia of Baux
* Blanche I of Navarre
* Margaret of Prades
* Eleanor of Alburquerque
* Maria of Castile
* Juana Enríquez
* Isabella I of Castile
* Germaine of Foix
* Isabella of Portugal
* Mary I of England
* Elisabeth of Valois
* Anna of Austria
* Margaret of Austria
* Elisabeth of France
* Mariana of Austria
* Marie Louise d'Orléans
* Maria Anna of Neuburg
* Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy
* Anne Marie d'Orléans
* Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
* Maria Amalia of Saxony
* Maria Carolina of Austria

* v
* t
* e

Royal consorts of Naples

* Beatrice of Provence*
* Margaret of Burgundy*
* Mary of Hungary
* Sancia of Majorca
* Andrew, Duke of Calabria
* James IV of Majorca
* Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
* Margaret of Durazzo
* Mary of Lusignan
* Mary of Enghien
* James II, Count of La Marche
* Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine
* Maria of Castile*
* Isabella of Clermont
* Joanna of Aragon
* Joanna of Naples
* Isabella del Balzo
* Anne of Brittany
* Isabella I of Castile*
* Germaine of Foix*
* Isabella of Portugal*
* Mary I of England*
* Elisabeth of Valois*
* Anna of Austria*
* Margaret of Austria*
* Elisabeth of France*
* Mariana of Austria*
* Marie Louise d'Orléans*
* Maria Anna of Neuburg*
* Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel*
* Maria Amalia of Saxony*
* Maria Carolina of Austria*
* Julie Clary
* Caroline Bonaparte

*Also Queen of Sicily

* v
* t
* e

Austrian archduchesses by marriage

Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.

1st generation|

* Eleanor of Portugal
* Mechthild of the Palatinate
* Eleanor of Scotland
* Catherine of Saxony

2nd generation|

* Mary, Duchess of Burgundy
* Anne, Duchess of Brittany
* Bianca Maria Sforza

3rd generation|

* Joanna, Queen of Castile

4th generation|

* Infanta Isabella of Portugal
* Anne of Bohemia and Hungary

5th generation|

* Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal*
* Mary I of England*
* Infanta Maria of Spain^
* Anna Juliana Gonzaga
* Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria

6th generation|

* Archduchess Anna of Austria^
* Isabella Clara Eugenia^
* Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria
* Eleonora Gonzaga
* Claudia de' Medici

7th generation|

* Princess Elisabeth of France*
* Infanta Maria Ana of Spain^
* Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria^
* Eleonora Gonzaga
* Anna de' Medici
* Countess Palatine Hedwig of Sulzbach

8th generation|

* Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain^
* Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria^
* Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg

9th generation|

* Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg
* Princess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

10th generation|

* None

11th generation|

* Princess Isabella of Parma**
* Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria**
* Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain**
* Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa**

12th generation|

* Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg**
* Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily**
* Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily**
* Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg**
* Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia**
* Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym**
* Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg**
* Princess Elisabeth of Savoy**
* Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy

13th generation|

* Princess Sophie of Bavaria
* Princess Maria Anna of Saxony**
* Princess Hildegard of Bavaria
* Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria^
* Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria, Duchess of Modena

14th generation|

* Princess Charlotte of Belgium
* Princess Margaretha of Saxony
* Princess Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies
* Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal
* Princess Anna of Saxony**
* Princess Maria Immaculata of the Two Sicilies**
* Princess Isabella of Croÿ
* Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria^
* Princess Auguste Maria of Bavaria

15th generation|

* Princess Stéphanie of Belgium
* Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony
* Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies**
* Princess Blanca of Bourbon**
* Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria^**

16th generation|

* Princess Zita of Parma
* Princess Ileana of Romania**
* Princess Rosemary of Salm-Salm**
* Princess Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg

17th generation|

* Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen
* Princess Margherita of Savoy
* Princess Yolande of Ligne
* Laetitia d'Arenberg**

18th generation|

* Freiin Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva
* Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg
* Princess Astrid of Belgium
* Princess Marie Astrid of Luxembourg

*also an infanta of Spain by marriage; **also a princess of Tuscany by marriage; ^also an archduchess of Austria in her own right

* v
* t
* e

Royal consorts of Austria

House of Babenberg|

* Richardis of Sualafeldgau
* Glismod of West-Saxony
* Frozza Orseolo
* Adelaide of Eilenburg
* Swanhilde of Ungarnmark
* Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg
* Maria of Perg
* Agnes of Waiblingen
* Maria of Bohemia
* Gertrude of Süpplingenburg
* Theodora Komnene
* Helena of Hungary
* Theodora Angelina
* Agnes of Merania

Interregnum|

* Kunigunda of Halych

House of Habsburg
Austria|

* Gertrude of Hohenberg
* Elisabeth of Carinthia
* Blanche of France
* Elizabeth Richeza of Poland
* Isabella of Aragon
* Catherine of Savoy
* Joanna of Pfirt
* Elizabeth of Bavaria
* Anne of Bohemia
* Catherine of Bohemia
* Viridis Visconti
* Elisabeth of Bohemia
* Beatrice of Nuremberg
* Joanna Sophia of Bavaria
* Elizabeth of Luxembourg
* Eleanor of Portugal
* Bianca Maria Sforza
* Isabella of Portugal
* Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
* Maria of Austria
* Anna of Tyrol
* Eleonora Gonzaga
* Maria Anna of Spain
* Maria Leopoldine of Austria
* Eleonora Gonzaga
* Claudia de' Medici
* Anna de' Medici
* Hedwig of Sulzbach
* Margaret Theresa of Spain
* Claudia Felicitas of Austria
* Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
* Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
* Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
* Maria Josepha of Bavaria
* Maria Luisa of Spain
* Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
* Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este
* Caroline Augusta of Bavaria
* Maria Anna of Savoy
* Elisabeth of Bavaria
* Zita of Bourbon-Parma

House of Habsburg
Styria, Carinthia, Carniola|

* Viridis Visconti
* Joanna II of Naples
* Catherine of Burgundy
* Margaret of Pomerania
* Cymburgis of Masovia
* Eleanor of Portugal
* Mechthild of the Palatinate
* Bianca Maria Sforza
* Isabella of Portugal
* Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
* Maria Anna of Bavaria
* Maria Anna of Bavaria

House of Habsburg
Tyrol|

* Catherine of Bohemia
* Viridis Visconti
* Joanna II of Naples
* Elisabeth of the Palatinate
* Anna of Brunswick
* Eleanor of Scotland
* Catherine of Saxony
* Anne of Brittany
* Bianca Maria Sforza
* Isabella of Portugal
* Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
* Anna Juliana Gonzaga
* Anna of Tyrol
* Eleonora Gonzaga
* Claudia de' Medici
* Anna de' Medici
* Hedwig of Sulzbach
* Margaret Theresa of Spain
* Claudia Felicitas of Austria
* Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg

* v
* t
* e

Consorts of Luxembourg

County of Luxemburg (963–1354)

| Elder House of Luxembourg
(963–1136)|

* Hedwig of Nordgau
* Clementia of Aquitaine
* Mathilde of Northeim
* Ermengarde of Zutphen

|
|

House of Namur
(1136–1189)|

* Laurette of Flanders
* Agnes of Guelders

House of Hohenstaufen
(1196–1197)|

* Margaret, Countess of Blois

House of Namur
(1197–1247)|

* None

House of Limburg
(1247–1354)|

* Margaret of Bar
* Beatrice of Avesnes
* Margaret of Brabant
* Elizabeth of Bohemia
* Beatrice of Bourbon
* Blanche of Valois
* Anne of Bavaria
* Anna von Schweidnitz
* Joanna, Duchess of Brabant

Duchy of Luxemburg (1354–1794)

| House of Limburg
(1354–1443)|

* Joanna, Duchess of Brabant
* Joanna of Bavaria
* Agnes of Opole

|
|

House of Valois-Burgundy
(1443–1482)|

* Isabella of Portugal
* Margaret of York

House of Habsburg
(1482–1700)|

* Joanna of Castile
* Isabella of Portugal
* Mary I of England
* Elisabeth of Valois
* Anna of Austria
* Elisabeth of France
* Mariana of Austria
* Marie Louise d'Orléans
* Maria Anna of Neuburg

House of Bourbon
(1700–1712)|

* Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy

House of Wittelsbach
(1712–1713)|

* Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska

House of Habsburg
(1713–1780)|

* Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

House of Habsburg-Lorraine
(1780–1794)|

* Maria Luisa of Spain
* Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (since 1815)

| House of Orange-Nassau
(1815–1890)|

* Wilhelmine of Prussia
* Anna Pavlovna of Russia
* Sophie of Württemberg
* Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont

|
|

House of Nassau-Weilburg
(1890–present)|

* Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau
* Marie Anne of Portugal
* Felix of Bourbon-Parma
* Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium
* María Teresa Mestre y Batista-Falla

* v
* t
* e

Holy Roman Empresses

Carolingian Empire|

* Ermengarde of Hesbaye
* Judith of Bavaria
* Ermengarde of Tours
* Engelberga of Parma
* Richilde of Provence
* Saint Richardis of Nordgau
* Ageltrude of Benevento
* Ota of Neustria
* Anna of Constantinople
* Bertila of Parma
* Anna of Provence

Holy Roman Empire|

* Adelaide of Italy
* Theophanu of Constantinople
* Cunigunde of Luxembourg
* Gisela of Swabia
* Agnes of Poitou
* Bertha of Savoy
* Eupraxia of Kiev
* Matilda of England
* Richenza of Northeim
* Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy
* Constance, Queen of Sicily
* Beatrice of Swabia
* Maria of Brabant
* Constance of Aragon
* Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem
* Isabella of England
* Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
* Anna of Świdnica
* Elizabeth of Pomerania
* Barbara of Cilli
* Eleanor of Portugal
* Bianca Maria of Milan
* Isabella of Portugal
* Maria of Spain
* Anna of Tyrol
* Eleonora of Mantua
* Maria Anna of Spain
* Maria Leopoldine of Austria
* Eleonora of Mantua
* Margaret Theresa of Spain
* Claudia Felicitas of Austria
* Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
* Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
* Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
* Maria Amalia of Austria
* Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary
* Maria Josepha of Bavaria
* Ludovica of Spain
* Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily

* For Empresses after 1806, see Empresses of Austria and the corresponding template
* Category

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Catalonia

People|

* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC

*[m.]: married
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template