Isambard Kingdom Brunel

British mechanical and civil engineer (1806–1859)

"Brunel" redirects here. For other uses, see Brunel (disambiguation).

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

FRS

Brunel by the launching chains of the SS Great Eastern, by Robert Howlett, 1857

Born| (1806-04-09)9 April 1806

Portsmouth, Hampshire, England

Died| 15 September 1859(1859-09-15) (aged 53)

Westminster, London

Education|

* Lycée Henri-IV
* University of Caen

Spouse|

Mary Elizabeth Horsley

(m. 1836)​

Children| 3, including Henry Marc
Parents|

* Marc Isambard Brunel
* Sophia Kingdom

Engineering career
Discipline|

* Civil engineer
* Structural engineer
* Marine engineer

Institutions|

* Royal Society
* Institution of Civil Engineers

Projects|

* Great Western Railway
* Clifton Suspension Bridge
* SS Great Britain

Significant design| Royal Albert Bridge
Signature

Isambard Kingdom Brunel (/ˈɪzəmbɑːrd ˈkɪŋdəm bruːˈnɛl/ IZZ-əm-bard KING-dəm broo-NELL; 9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859[1]) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer[2] who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history",[3] "one of the 19th-century engineering giants",[4] and "one of the greatest figures of the Industrial Revolution, [who] changed the face of the English landscape with his groundbreaking designs and ingenious constructions".[5] Brunel built dockyards, the Great Western Railway (GWR), a series of steamships including the first purpose-built transatlantic steamship, and numerous important bridges and tunnels. His designs revolutionised public transport and modern engineering.

Though Brunel's projects were not always successful, they often contained innovative solutions to long-standing engineering problems. During his career, Brunel achieved many engineering firsts, including assisting his father in the building of the first tunnel under a navigable river (the River Thames) and the development of the SS Great Britain, the first propeller-driven, ocean-going iron ship, which, when launched in 1843, was the largest ship ever built.[6][7]

On the GWR, Brunel set standards for a well-built railway, using careful surveys to minimise gradients and curves. This necessitated expensive construction techniques, new bridges, new viaducts, and the two-mile-long (3.2 km) Box Tunnel. One controversial feature was the "broad gauge" of 7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm), instead of what was later to be known as "standard gauge" of 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm). He astonished Britain by proposing to extend the GWR westward to North America by building steam-powered, iron-hulled ships. He designed and built three ships that revolutionised naval engineering: the SS Great Western (1838), the SS Great Britain (1843), and the SS Great Eastern (1859).

In 2002, Brunel was placed second in a BBC public poll to determine the "100 Greatest Britons". In 2006, the bicentenary of his birth, a major programme of events celebrated his life and work under the name Brunel 200.[8]

## Early life

[edit]

Isambard Kingdom Brunel was born on 9 April 1806 in Britain Street, Portsea, Portsmouth, Hampshire, where his father was working on block-making machinery.[9][10] He was named Isambard after his father, the French civil engineer Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, and Kingdom after his English mother, Sophia Kingdom.[11] His mother's sister, Elizabeth Kingdom, was married to Thomas Mudge Jr, son of Thomas Mudge the horologist.[12] He had two elder sisters, Sophia, the eldest child,[13] and Emma. The whole family moved to London in 1808 for his father's work. Brunel had a happy childhood, despite the family's constant money worries, with his father acting as his teacher during his early years. His father taught him drawing and observational techniques from the age of four, and Brunel had learned Euclidean geometry by eight. During this time, he learned to speak French fluently and the basic principles of engineering. He was encouraged to draw interesting buildings and identify any faults in their structure, and like his father he demonstrated an aptitude for mathematics and mechanics.[14][15]

When Brunel was eight, he was sent to Dr Morrell's boarding school in Hove, where he learned classics. His father, a Frenchman by birth, was determined that Brunel should have access to the high-quality education he had enjoyed in his youth in France. Accordingly, at the age of 14, the younger Brunel was enrolled firstly at a college in Caen,[16] then at Lycée Henri-IV in Paris.[14][17]

When Brunel was 15, his father, who had accumulated debts of over £5,000 (equivalent to £538,000 in 2023), was sent to a debtors' prison. After three months went by with no prospect of release, Marc Brunel let it be known that he was considering an offer from the Tsar of Russia. In August 1821, facing the prospect of losing a prominent engineer, the government relented and issued Marc £5,000 to clear his debts in exchange for his promise to remain in Britain.[18][19]

When Brunel completed his studies at Henri-IV in 1822, his father had him presented as a candidate at the renowned engineering school École Polytechnique, but as a foreigner, he was deemed ineligible for entry. Brunel subsequently studied under the prominent master clockmaker and horologist Abraham-Louis Breguet, who praised Brunel's potential in letters to his father.[14] In late 1822, having completed his apprenticeship, Brunel returned to England.[17]

## Thames Tunnel

[edit]

Main article: Thames Tunnel

The Thames Tunnel in September 2005

Brunel worked for several years as an assistant engineer on the project to create a tunnel under London's River Thames between Rotherhithe and Wapping, with tunnellers driving a horizontal shaft from one side of the river to the other under the most difficult and dangerous conditions. The project was funded by the Thames Tunnel Company and Brunel's father, Marc, was the chief engineer.[20] The American Naturalist said, "It is stated also that the operations of the Teredo [Shipworm] suggested to Mr. Brunel his method of tunnelling the Thames."[21]

The composition of the riverbed at Rotherhithe was often little more than waterlogged sediment and loose gravel. An ingenious tunnelling shield designed by Marc Brunel helped protect workers from cave-ins,[22] but two incidents of severe flooding halted work for long periods, killing several workers and badly injuring the younger Brunel.[23] The latter incident, in 1828, killed the two most senior miners, and Brunel himself narrowly escaped death. He was seriously injured and spent six months recuperating,[24] during which time he began a design for a bridge in Bristol, which would later be completed as the Clifton Suspension Bridge.[2] The event stopped work on the tunnel for several years.[25]

Though the Thames Tunnel was eventually completed during Marc Brunel's lifetime, his son had no further involvement with the tunnel proper, only using the abandoned works at Rotherhithe to further his abortive Gaz experiments. This was based on an idea of his father's and was intended to develop into an engine that ran on power generated from alternately heating and cooling carbon dioxide made from ammonium carbonate and sulphuric acid. Despite interest from several parties, the Admiralty included, the experiments were judged by Brunel to be a failure on the grounds of fuel economy alone, and were discontinued after 1834.[26]

In 1865, the East London Railway Company purchased the Thames Tunnel for £200,000, and four years later the first trains passed through it. Subsequently, the tunnel became part of the London Underground system, and it remains in use today, originally as part of the East London Line, now incorporated into the London Overground.[27]

## Bridges and viaducts

[edit]

Brunel is perhaps best remembered for designs for the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol, begun in 1831. The bridge was built to designs based on Brunel's, but with significant changes. Spanning over 702 ft (214 m), and nominally 249 ft (76 m) above the River Avon, it had the longest span of any bridge in the world at the time of construction.[28] Brunel submitted four designs to a committee headed by Thomas Telford, but Telford rejected all entries, proposing his own design instead. Vociferous opposition from the public forced the organising committee to hold a new competition, which was won by Brunel.[29]

Afterwards, Brunel wrote to his brother-in-law, the politician Benjamin Hawes: "Of all the wonderful feats I have performed, since I have been in this part of the world, I think yesterday I performed the most wonderful. I produced unanimity among 15 men who were all quarrelling about that most ticklish subject—taste".[30]

Work on the Clifton bridge started in 1831, but was suspended due to the Queen Square riots caused by the arrival of Sir Charles Wetherell in Clifton. The riots drove away investors, leaving no money for the project, and construction ceased.[31][32]

Brunel did not live to see the bridge finished, although his colleagues and admirers at the Institution of Civil Engineers felt it would be a fitting memorial, and started to raise new funds and to amend the design. Work recommenced in 1862, three years after Brunel's death, and was completed in 1864.[30] In 2011, it was suggested, by historian and biographer Adrian Vaughan, that Brunel did not design the bridge, as eventually built, as the later changes to its design were substantial.[33] His views reflected a sentiment stated fifty-two years earlier by Tom Rolt in his 1959 book Brunel. Re-engineering of suspension chains recovered from an earlier suspension bridge was one of many reasons given why Brunel's design could not be followed exactly.[citation needed]

Hungerford Bridge, a suspension footbridge across the Thames near Charing Cross Station in London, was opened in May 1845. Its central span was 676.5 feet (206.2 m), and its cost was £106,000.[34] It was replaced by a new railway bridge in 1859, and the suspension chains were used to complete the Clifton Suspension Bridge.[29]

The Clifton Suspension Bridge still stands, and over 4 million vehicles traverse it every year.[35]

Brunel designed many bridges for his railway projects, including the Royal Albert Bridge spanning the River Tamar at Saltash near Plymouth, Somerset Bridge (an unusual laminated timber-framed bridge near Bridgwater[36]), the Windsor Railway Bridge, and the Maidenhead Railway Bridge over the Thames in Berkshire. This last was the flattest, widest brick arch bridge in the world and is still carrying main line trains to the west, even though today's trains are about ten times heavier than in Brunel's time.[37]

Throughout his railway building career, but particularly on the South Devon and Cornwall Railways where economy was needed and there were many valleys to cross, Brunel made extensive use of wood for the construction of substantial viaducts;[38] these have had to be replaced over the years as their primary material, Kyanised Baltic Pine, became uneconomical to obtain.[39]

Brunel designed the Royal Albert Bridge in 1855 for the Cornwall Railway, after Parliament rejected his original plan for a train ferry across the Hamoaze—the estuary of the tidal Tamar, Tavy and Lynher. The bridge (of bowstring girder or tied arch construction) consists of two main spans of 455 ft (139 m), 100 ft (30 m) above mean high spring tide, plus 17 much shorter approach spans. Opened by Prince Albert on 2 May 1859, it was completed in the year of Brunel's death.[40]

Several of Brunel's bridges over the Great Western Railway might be demolished because the line is to be electrified, and there is inadequate clearance for overhead wires. Buckinghamshire County Council is negotiating to have further options pursued, in order that all nine of the remaining historic bridges on the line can be saved.[41][42]

When the Cornwall Railway company constructed a railway line between Plymouth and Truro, opening in 1859, and extended it to Falmouth in 1863, on the advice of Brunel, they constructed the river crossings in the form of wooden viaducts, 42 in total, consisting of timber deck spans supported by fans of timber bracing built on masonry piers. This unusual method of construction substantially reduced the first cost of construction compared to an all-masonry structure, but at the cost of more expensive maintenance. In 1934 the last of Brunel's timber viaducts was dismantled and replaced by a masonry structure.[43]

Brunel's last major undertaking was the unique Three Bridges, London. Work began in 1856, and was completed in 1859.[44] The three bridges in question are arranged to allow the routes of the Grand Junction Canal, Great Western and Brentford Railway, and Windmill Lane to cross each other.[45]

* The Clifton Suspension Bridge spans Avon Gorge, linking Clifton in Bristol to Leigh Woods in North Somerset.

* The Maidenhead Railway Bridge, at the time the largest span for a brick arch bridge

* The Royal Albert Bridge spanning the river Tamar at Saltash

* Moorswater Viaduct at Liskeard, Cornwall as built

## Great Western Railway

[edit]

See also: Great Western Railway

Paddington station, still a mainline station, was the London terminus of the Great Western Railway.

In the early part of Brunel's life, the use of railways began to take off as a major means of transport for goods. This influenced Brunel's involvement in railway engineering, including railway bridge engineering.[citation needed]

In 1833, before the Thames Tunnel was complete, Brunel was appointed chief engineer of the Great Western Railway, one of the wonders of Victorian Britain, running from London to Bristol and later Exeter.[46] The company was founded at a public meeting in Bristol in 1833, and was incorporated by Act of Parliament in 1835. It was Brunel's vision that passengers would be able to purchase one ticket at London Paddington and travel from London to New York, changing from the Great Western Railway to the Great Western steamship at the terminus in Neyland, West Wales.[46]

He surveyed the entire length of the route between London and Bristol himself, with the help of many including his solicitor Jeremiah Osborne of Bristol Law Firm Osborne Clarke who on one occasion rowed Brunel down the River Avon to survey the bank of the river for the route.[47][48] Brunel even designed the Royal Hotel in Bath which opened in 1846 opposite the railway station.[49]

A broad-gauge train on mixed-gauge track

Brunel made two controversial decisions: to use a broad gauge of 7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm) for the track, which he believed would offer superior running at high speeds; and to take a route that passed north of the Marlborough Downs—an area with no significant towns, though it offered potential connections to Oxford and Gloucester—and then to follow the Thames Valley into London. His decision to use broad gauge for the line was controversial in that almost all British railways to date had used standard gauge. Brunel said that this was nothing more than a carry-over from the mine railways that George Stephenson had worked on prior to making the world's first passenger railway. Brunel proved through both calculation and a series of trials that his broader gauge was the optimum size for providing both higher speeds[50] and a stable and comfortable ride to passengers. In addition the wider gauge allowed for larger goods wagons and thus greater freight capacity.[51]

Drawing on Brunel's experience with the Thames Tunnel, the Great Western contained a series of technical achievements—viaducts such as the one in Ivybridge, specially designed stations, and tunnels including the Box Tunnel, which was the longest railway tunnel in the world at that time.[52] With the opening of the Box Tunnel, the line from London to Bristol was complete and ready for trains on 30 June 1841.[53]

The initial group of locomotives ordered by Brunel to his own specifications proved unsatisfactory, apart from the North Star locomotive, and 20-year-old Daniel Gooch (later Sir Daniel) was appointed as Superintendent of Locomotive Engines. Brunel and Gooch chose to locate their locomotive works at the village of Swindon, at the point where the gradual ascent from London turned into the steeper descent to the Avon valley at Bath.[citation needed]

Drawings for Weston Junction Station, by Brunel

After Brunel's death, the decision was taken that standard gauge should be used for all railways in the country. At the original Welsh terminus of the Great Western railway at Neyland, sections of the broad gauge rails are used as handrails at the quayside, and information boards there depict various aspects of Brunel's life. There is also a larger-than-life bronze statue of him holding a steamship in one hand and a locomotive in the other. The statue has been replaced after an earlier theft.[54][55]

The present London Paddington station was designed by Brunel and opened in 1854. Examples of his designs for smaller stations on the Great Western and associated lines which survive in good condition include Mortimer, Charlbury and Bridgend (all Italianate) and Culham (Tudorbethan). Surviving examples of wooden train sheds in his style are at Frome[56] and Kingswear.[57]

The Swindon Steam Railway Museum has many artefacts from Brunel's time on the Great Western Railway.[58] The Didcot Railway Centre has a reconstructed segment of 7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm) track as designed by Brunel and working steam locomotives in the same gauge.[citation needed]

Parts of society viewed the railways more negatively. Some landowners felt the railways were a threat to amenities or property values and others requested tunnels on their land so the railway could not be seen.[50]

## Brunel's "atmospheric caper"

[edit]

A reconstruction of Brunel's atmospheric railway, using a segment of the original piping at Didcot Railway Centre

Though unsuccessful, another of Brunel's uses of technical innovations was the atmospheric railway, the extension of the Great Western Railway (GWR) southward from Exeter towards Plymouth, technically the South Devon Railway (SDR), though supported by the GWR. Instead of using locomotives, the trains were moved by Clegg and Samuda's patented system of atmospheric (vacuum) traction, whereby stationary pumps sucked the air from a pipe placed in the centre of the track.[59]

The section from Exeter to Newton (now Newton Abbot) was completed on this principle, and trains ran at approximately 68 miles per hour (109 km/h).[60] Pumping stations with distinctive square chimneys were sited at 2-mile (3.2 km) intervals.[60] 15 in (380 mm) pipes were used on the level portions, and 22-inch (559 mm) pipes were intended for the steeper gradients.[61]

The technology required the use of leather flaps to seal the vacuum pipes. The natural oils were drawn out of the leather by the vacuum, making the leather vulnerable to water, rotting it and breaking the fibres when it froze during the winter of 1847. It had to be kept supple with tallow, which is attractive to rats. The flaps were eaten, and vacuum operation lasted less than a year, from 1847 (experimental service began in September; operations from February 1848) to 10 September 1848.[62] Deterioration of the valve due to the reaction of tannin and iron oxide has been cited as the last straw that sank the project, as the continuous valve began to tear from its rivets over most of its length, and the estimated replacement cost of £25,000 was considered prohibitive.[63]

The system never managed to prove itself. The accounts of the SDR for 1848 suggest that atmospheric traction cost 3s 1d per mile compared to 1s 4d/mile for conventional steam power (because of many operating issues associated with the atmospheric, few of which were solved during its working life, the actual cost efficiency is impossible to calculate). Several South Devon Railway engine houses still stand, including that at Totnes (scheduled as a grade II listed monument in 2007) and at Starcross.[64][65]

A section of the pipe, without the leather covers, is preserved at the Didcot Railway Centre.[66]

Inventor Max Schlienger unveiled a working model of an updated atmospheric railroad at his vineyard in the Northern California town of Ukiah in 2017.[67]

## Transatlantic shipping

[edit]

Brunel had proposed extending its transport network by boat from Bristol across the Atlantic Ocean to New York City before the Great Western Railway opened in 1835. The Great Western Steamship Company was formed by Thomas Guppy for that purpose. It was widely disputed whether it would be commercially viable for a ship powered purely by steam to make such long journeys. Technological developments in the early 1830s—including the invention of the surface condenser, which allowed boilers to run on salt water without stopping to be cleaned—made longer journeys more possible, but it was generally thought that a ship would not be able to carry enough fuel for the trip and have room for commercial cargo.[68][69][70]

Brunel applied the experimental evidence of Beaufoy[71] and further developed the theory that the amount a ship could carry increased as the cube of its dimensions, whereas the amount of resistance a ship experienced from the water as it travelled increased by only a square of its dimensions.[72] This would mean that moving a larger ship would take proportionately less fuel than a smaller ship. To test this theory, Brunel offered his services for free to the Great Western Steamship Company, which appointed him to its building committee and entrusted him with designing its first ship, the Great Western.[68][69][70]

When it was built, the Great Western was the longest ship in the world at 236 ft (72 m) with a 250-foot (76 m) keel. The ship was constructed mainly from wood, but Brunel added bolts and iron diagonal reinforcements to maintain the keel's strength. In addition to its steam-powered paddle wheels, the ship carried four masts for sails. The Great Western embarked on her maiden voyage from Avonmouth, Bristol, to New York on 8 April 1838 with 600 long tons (610,000 kg) of coal, cargo and seven passengers on board. Brunel himself missed this initial crossing, having been injured during a fire aboard the ship as she was returning from fitting out in London. As the fire delayed the launch several days, the Great Western missed its opportunity to claim the title as the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam power alone.[69][73][74]

Even with a four-day head start, the competing Sirius arrived only one day earlier, having virtually exhausted its coal supply. In contrast, the Great Western crossing of the Atlantic took 15 days and five hours, and the ship arrived at her destination with a third of its coal still remaining, demonstrating that Brunel's calculations were correct. The Great Western had proved the viability of commercial transatlantic steamship service, which led the Great Western Steamboat Company to use her in regular service between Bristol and New York from 1838 to 1846. She made 64 crossings, and was the first ship to hold the Blue Riband with a crossing time of 13 days westbound and 12 days 6 hours eastbound. The service was commercially successful enough for a sister ship to be required, which Brunel was asked to design.[69][73][74]

Brunel had become convinced of the superiority of propeller-driven ships over paddle wheels. After tests conducted aboard the propeller-driven steamship Archimedes, he incorporated a large six-bladed propeller into his design for the 322-foot (98 m) Great Britain, which was launched in 1843.[75] Great Britain is considered the first modern ship, being built of metal rather than wood, powered by an engine rather than wind or oars, and driven by propeller rather than paddle wheel. She was the first iron-hulled, propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.[76] Her maiden voyage was made in August and September 1845, from Liverpool to New York. In 1846, she was run aground at Dundrum, County Down. She was salvaged and employed in the Australian service.[1] She is currently fully preserved and open to the public in Bristol, UK.[77]

In 1852 Brunel turned to a third ship, larger than her predecessors, intended for voyages to India and Australia. The Great Eastern (originally dubbed Leviathan) was cutting-edge technology for her time: almost 700 ft (210 m) long, fitted out with the most luxurious appointments, and capable of carrying over 4,000 passengers. Great Eastern was designed to cruise non-stop from London to Sydney and back (since engineers of the time mistakenly believed that Australia had no coal reserves), and she remained the largest ship built until the start of the 20th century. Like many of Brunel's ambitious projects, the ship soon ran over budget and behind schedule in the face of a series of technical problems.[78]

The ship has been portrayed as a white elephant, but it has been argued by David P. Billington that in this case, Brunel's failure was principally one of economics—his ships were simply years ahead of their time.[79] His vision and engineering innovations made the building of large-scale, propeller-driven, all-metal steamships a practical reality, but the prevailing economic and industrial conditions meant that it would be several decades before transoceanic steamship travel emerged as a viable industry.[79]

Great Eastern was built at John Scott Russell's Napier Yard in London, and after two trial trips in 1859, set forth on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York on 17 June 1860.[80] Though a failure at her original purpose of passenger travel, she eventually found a role as an oceanic telegraph cable-layer. Under Captain Sir James Anderson, the Great Eastern played a significant role in laying the first lasting transatlantic telegraph cable, which enabled telecommunication between Europe and North America.[81][82]

* The maiden voyage of the Great Western in April 1838

* The launch of the Great Britain in 1843

* Great Eastern shortly before launch in 1858

* Brunel at the launch of the Great Eastern with John Scott Russell and Lord Derby, 1858

## Renkioi Hospital

[edit]

Main article: Renkioi Hospital

Britain entered into the Crimean War during 1854 and an old Turkish barracks became the British Army Hospital in Scutari. Injured men contracted a variety of illnesses—including cholera, dysentery, typhoid and malaria—due to poor conditions there,[83] and Florence Nightingale sent a plea to The Times for the government to produce a solution.[citation needed]

Brunel was working on the Great Eastern amongst other projects but accepted the task in February 1855 of designing and building the War Office requirement of a temporary, pre-fabricated hospital that could be shipped to Crimea and erected there. In five months the team he had assembled designed, built, and shipped pre-fabricated wood and canvas buildings, providing them complete with advice on transportation and positioning of the facilities.[84]

Brunel had been working with Gloucester Docks–based William Eassie on the launching stage for the Great Eastern. Eassie had designed and built wooden prefabricated huts used in both the Australian gold rush, as well as by the British and French Armies in the Crimea. Using wood supplied by timber importers Price & Co., Eassie fabricated 18 of the 50-patient wards designed by Brunel, shipped directly via 16 ships from Gloucester Docks to the Dardanelles. The Renkioi Hospital was subsequently erected near Scutari Hospital, where Nightingale was based, in the malaria-free area of Renkioi.[85]

His designs incorporated the necessities of hygiene: access to sanitation, ventilation, drainage, and even rudimentary temperature controls. They were feted as a great success, with some sources stating that of the approximately 1,300 patients treated in the hospital, there were only 50 deaths.[86] In the Scutari hospital it replaced, deaths were said to be as many as ten times this number. Nightingale referred to them as "those magnificent huts".[87] The practice of building hospitals from pre-fabricated modules survives today,[85] with hospitals such as the Bristol Royal Infirmary being created in this manner.

### Proposed artillery

[edit]

In 1854 and 1855, with the encouragement of John Fox Burgoyne, Brunel presented the Admiralty with designs for floating gun batteries. These were intended as siege weapons for attacking Russian ports. However, these proposals were not taken up, confirming Brunel's opinion of the Admiralty as being opposed to novel ideas.[88]

## Locations of Brunel's works

[edit]

Map this section's coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)

Point  | Coordinates
(Links to map resources)  | OS Grid Ref | Notes

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Bath Spa | 51°22′39″N 2°21′23″W﻿ / ﻿51.3775°N 2.3564°W﻿ / 51.3775; -2.3564﻿ (Bath Spa station) | ST7519764387  |
Bradford-on-Avon | 51°20′41″N 2°15′10″W﻿ / ﻿51.3448°N 2.2527°W﻿ / 51.3448; -2.2527﻿ (Bradford-on-Avon station) | ST8240160721  |
Bridgend | 51°30′25″N 3°34′30″W﻿ / ﻿51.5069°N 3.575°W﻿ / 51.5069; -3.575﻿ (Bridgend station) | SS9070579897  |
Bridgwater | 51°07′38″N 2°59′30″W﻿ / ﻿51.1272°N 2.9917°W﻿ / 51.1272; -2.9917﻿ (Bridgwater station) | ST3061036961  |
Bristol Temple Meads | 51°26′56″N 2°34′48″W﻿ / ﻿51.449°N 2.58°W﻿ / 51.449; -2.58﻿ (Bristol Temple Meads station) | ST5969972437  |
Charfield | 51°37′41″N 2°23′59″W﻿ / ﻿51.628051°N 2.399764°W﻿ / 51.628051; -2.399764﻿ (Charfield station) | ST7233192265  |
Charlbury | 51°52′19″N 1°29′24″W﻿ / ﻿51.872°N 1.49°W﻿ / 51.872; -1.49﻿ (Charlbury station) | SP3510819441  |
Chippenham | 51°27′45″N 2°06′55″W﻿ / ﻿51.4625°N 2.1154°W﻿ / 51.4625; -2.1154﻿ (Chippenham station) | ST9198373785  |
Cirencester Town | 51°42′52″N 1°58′18″W﻿ / ﻿51.7145°N 1.9717°W﻿ / 51.7145; -1.9717﻿ (Cirencester Town station) | SP0195401803  |
Crediton | 50°47′00″N 3°38′50″W﻿ / ﻿50.7832°N 3.6471°W﻿ / 50.7832; -3.6471﻿ (Crediton station) | SX8390299534  |
Culham | 51°39′14″N 1°14′13″W﻿ / ﻿51.654°N 1.237°W﻿ / 51.654; -1.237﻿ (Culham station) | SU5277795350  |
Exeter St Davids | 50°43′47″N 3°32′37″W﻿ / ﻿50.7296°N 3.5435°W﻿ / 50.7296; -3.5435﻿ (Exeter St Davids station) | SX9107793419  |
Exeter St Thomas | 50°43′02″N 3°32′19″W﻿ / ﻿50.7171°N 3.5386°W﻿ / 50.7171; -3.5386﻿ (Exeter St Thomas station) | SX9139692026  |
Liskeard | 50°26′49″N 4°28′08″W﻿ / ﻿50.447°N 4.469°W﻿ / 50.447; -4.469﻿ (Liskeard station) | SX2472763775  |
Mortimer | 51°22′20″N 1°02′08″W﻿ / ﻿51.3721°N 1.0356°W﻿ / 51.3721; -1.0356﻿ (Mortimer station) | SU6712064162  |
Paddington | 51°31′02″N 0°10′39″W﻿ / ﻿51.5173°N 0.1774°W﻿ / 51.5173; -0.1774﻿ (Paddington station) | TQ2644681447  |
Hilton Hotel, Paddington | 51°30′57″N 0°10′33″W﻿ / ﻿51.5157°N 0.1758°W﻿ / 51.5157; -0.1758﻿ (Hilton Hotel, Paddington) | TQ2655981272  |
St Germans | 50°23′38″N 4°18′32″W﻿ / ﻿50.394°N 4.309°W﻿ / 50.394; -4.309﻿ (St Germans station) | SX3590157518  |
Salisbury | 51°04′15″N 1°48′16″W﻿ / ﻿51.0709°N 1.8045°W﻿ / 51.0709; -1.8045﻿ (Salisbury (GWR) station) | SU1369530251  |
Stroud | 51°44′42″N 2°13′08″W﻿ / ﻿51.745°N 2.219°W﻿ / 51.745; -2.219﻿ (Stroud station) | SO8488105217  |
Weston Junction | 51°20′21″N 2°56′53″W﻿ / ﻿51.3393°N 2.948°W﻿ / 51.3393; -2.948﻿ (Weston Junction station) | ST3397260505  |
Yatton | 51°23′27″N 2°49′40″W﻿ / ﻿51.3909°N 2.8278°W﻿ / 51.3909; -2.8278﻿ (Yatton station) | ST4240966142  |
Angarrack viaduct | 50°11′36″N 5°23′08″W﻿ / ﻿50.1933°N 5.3855°W﻿ / 50.1933; -5.3855﻿ (Angarrack viaduct) | SW5839538138  |
Avon Bridge | 51°26′59″N 2°33′28″W﻿ / ﻿51.4497°N 2.5578°W﻿ / 51.4497; -2.5578﻿ (Avon Bridge) | ST6124272503  |
Bishop's Bridge | 51°31′07″N 0°10′47″W﻿ / ﻿51.5185°N 0.1796°W﻿ / 51.5185; -0.1796﻿ (Bishop's Bridge) | TQ2629481574  |
Chepstow Bridge | 51°38′37″N 2°40′01″W﻿ / ﻿51.6436°N 2.6669°W﻿ / 51.6436; -2.6669﻿ (Chepstow Bridge) | ST5385594133  |
Chippenham viaduct | 51°27′40″N 2°07′09″W﻿ / ﻿51.4612°N 2.1192°W﻿ / 51.4612; -2.1192﻿ (Chippenham viaduct) | ST9171973642  |
Clifton Suspension Bridge | 51°27′18″N 2°37′40″W﻿ / ﻿51.4549°N 2.6279°W﻿ / 51.4549; -2.6279﻿ (Clifton Suspension Bridge) | ST5637773121  |
Carnon | 50°13′24″N 5°06′22″W﻿ / ﻿50.2234°N 5.1062°W﻿ / 50.2234; -5.1062﻿ (Carnon viaduct) | SW7846240623  |
St Pinnock | 50°27′11″N 4°34′07″W﻿ / ﻿50.4531°N 4.5685°W﻿ / 50.4531; -4.5685﻿ (St Pinnock Viaduct) | SX1768764692  |
Cumberland Basin swing bridges | 51°26′53″N 2°37′10″W﻿ / ﻿51.4480°N 2.6194°W﻿ / 51.4480; -2.6194﻿ (Cumberland Basin swing bridges) | ST5695872355  |
"Devil's Bridge", Uphill | 51°19′04″N 2°58′04″W﻿ / ﻿51.3178°N 2.9677°W﻿ / 51.3178; -2.9677﻿ ("Devil's Bridge", Uphill) | ST3256858133  |
Gatehampton Railway Bridge | 51°30′42″N 1°07′40″W﻿ / ﻿51.5117°N 1.1279°W﻿ / 51.5117; -1.1279﻿ (Gatehampton Railway Bridge) | SU6051179607  |
Hungerford Bridge | 51°30′22″N 0°07′12″W﻿ / ﻿51.5061°N 0.12°W﻿ / 51.5061; -0.12﻿ (Hungerford Bridge) | TQ3046080304  |
Landore Viaduct | 51°38′43″N 3°56′02″W﻿ / ﻿51.6453°N 3.9340°W﻿ / 51.6453; -3.9340﻿ (Landore Viaduct) | SS6619895879  |
Loughor Viaduct | 51°39′45″N 4°04′58″W﻿ / ﻿51.6624°N 4.0827°W﻿ / 51.6624; -4.0827﻿ (Loughor Viaduct) | SS5596998062  |
Maidenhead Bridge | 51°31′16″N 0°42′06″W﻿ / ﻿51.5211°N 0.70167°W﻿ / 51.5211; -0.70167﻿ (Maidenhead Bridge) | SU9006881096  |
Moulsford Railway Bridge | 51°33′29″N 1°08′33″W﻿ / ﻿51.55806°N 1.1425°W﻿ / 51.55806; -1.1425﻿ (Moulsford Railway Bridge) | SU5943984753  |
Royal Albert Bridge | 50°24′27″N 4°12′12″W﻿ / ﻿50.4076°N 4.2034°W﻿ / 50.4076; -4.2034﻿ (Royal Albert Bridge) | SX4345058802  |
Somerset Bridge | 51°06′59″N 2°59′10″W﻿ / ﻿51.1164°N 2.9860°W﻿ / 51.1164; -2.9860﻿ (Somerset Bridge) | ST3099335755  |
Three Bridges, London | 51°30′16″N 0°21′19″W﻿ / ﻿51.5044°N 0.3554°W﻿ / 51.5044; -0.3554﻿ (Three Bridges, London) | TQ1412879722  |
Usk Bridge | 51°35′28″N 2°59′40″W﻿ / ﻿51.5911°N 2.9945°W﻿ / 51.5911; -2.9945﻿ (Usk Bridge) | ST3111288552  |
Wharncliffe Viaduct | 51°30′39″N 0°20′39″W﻿ / ﻿51.5108°N 0.3442°W﻿ / 51.5108; -0.3442﻿ (Wharncliffe Viaduct) | TQ1488880453  |
Windsor Bridge | 51°29′12″N 0°37′04″W﻿ / ﻿51.4868°N 0.6179°W﻿ / 51.4868; -0.6179﻿ (Windsor Bridge) | SU9595077387  |
Box Tunnel | 51°25′17″N 2°13′34″W﻿ / ﻿51.4213°N 2.2262°W﻿ / 51.4213; -2.2262﻿ (Box Tunnel) | ST8427569219  |
Cockett Tunnel | 51°38′07″N 3°58′19″W﻿ / ﻿51.6353°N 3.9720°W﻿ / 51.6353; -3.9720﻿ (Cockett Tunnel) | SS6354394837  |
Llansamlet arches | 51°39′40″N 3°52′42″W﻿ / ﻿51.6610°N 3.8782°W﻿ / 51.6610; -3.8782﻿ (Llansamlet arches) | SS7010697523  |
Sapperton Tunnel | 51°43′25″N 2°06′06″W﻿ / ﻿51.7236°N 2.1017°W﻿ / 51.7236; -2.1017﻿ (Sapperton Tunnel) | SO9297502820  |
Sonning Cutting | 51°27′42″N 0°54′48″W﻿ / ﻿51.4617°N 0.9132°W﻿ / 51.4617; -0.9132﻿ (Sonning Cutting) | SU7549474254  |
South Devon Railway sea wall | 50°35′14″N 3°27′18″W﻿ / ﻿50.5871°N 3.4551°W﻿ / 50.5871; -3.4551﻿ (South Devon Railway sea wall) | SX9700477450  |
Thames Tunnel | 51°30′11″N 0°03′16″W﻿ / ﻿51.5031°N 0.0544°W﻿ / 51.5031; -0.0544﻿ (Thames Tunnel) | TQ3501880083  |
Wellington Bank, Somerset | 50°57′31″N 3°16′57″W﻿ / ﻿50.9585°N 3.2825°W﻿ / 50.9585; -3.2825﻿ (Wellington Bank) | ST0993618522  |
Brentford Dock | 51°28′54″N 0°18′08″W﻿ / ﻿51.4818°N 0.3022°W﻿ / 51.4818; -0.3022﻿ (Brentford Dock) | TQ1787877291  |
Bristol Harbour | 51°27′N 2°36′W﻿ / ﻿51.45°N 2.6°W﻿ / 51.45; -2.6﻿ (Bristol Harbour) | ST5831072560  |
Cumberland Basin | 51°26′53″N 2°37′10″W﻿ / ﻿51.4481°N 2.6194°W﻿ / 51.4481; -2.6194﻿ (Cumberland Basin) | ST5695872355  |
Underfall Yard | 51°26′48″N 2°37′03″W﻿ / ﻿51.4468°N 2.6174°W﻿ / 51.4468; -2.6174﻿ (Underfall Yard) | ST5709872214  |
Millbay Docks | 50°22′05″N 4°08′53″W﻿ / ﻿50.368°N 4.148°W﻿ / 50.368; -4.148﻿ (Millbay Docks) | SX4725854284  |
Westport Canal | 51°00′N 2°51′W﻿ / ﻿51°N 2.85°W﻿ / 51; -2.85﻿ (Westport Canal) | ST4036222693  |
Starcross engine house | 50°37′36″N 3°26′49″W﻿ / ﻿50.6266°N 3.4470°W﻿ / 50.6266; -3.4470﻿ (Starcross engine house) | SX9766581829  |
Brook House, Steventon | 51°37′19″N 1°19′09″W﻿ / ﻿51.6220°N 1.3192°W﻿ / 51.6220; -1.3192﻿ (Brook House, Steventon) | SU4712591735  |
Crew's Hole tar works | 51°27′14″N 2°32′13″W﻿ / ﻿51.454°N 2.537°W﻿ / 51.454; -2.537﻿ (Crew's Hole tar works) | ST6269172970  |
Crystal Palace water towers | 51°25′20″N 0°04′34″W﻿ / ﻿51.42209°N 0.0760°W﻿ / 51.42209; -0.0760﻿ (Crystal Palace water towers) | TQ3375971041  |
Crystal Palace water towers | 51°25′20″N 0°04′34″W﻿ / ﻿51.42209°N 0.0760°W﻿ / 51.42209; -0.0760﻿ (Crystal Palace water towers) | TQ3375971041  |
Great Exhibition | 51°30′11″N 0°10′12″W﻿ / ﻿51.5031°N 0.17°W﻿ / 51.5031; -0.17﻿ (Great Exhibition) | TQ2699979876  |
Malmaison Hotel, Reading | 51°27′27″N 0°58′18″W﻿ / ﻿51.4574°N 0.9718°W﻿ / 51.4574; -0.9718﻿ (Malmaison Hotel, Reading) | SU7143173713  |

## Personal life

[edit]

On 10 June 1830 Brunel was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[89][90]

Brunel married Mary Elizabeth Horsley (b. 1813) on 5 July 1836. She came from an accomplished musical and artistic family, being the eldest daughter of composer and organist William Horsley. They established a home at Duke Street, Westminster, in London.[91]

The Brunel family grave, Kensal Green Cemetery, London

While performing a conjuring trick for the amusement of his children in 1843 Brunel accidentally inhaled a half-sovereign coin, which became lodged in his windpipe. A special pair of forceps failed to remove it, as did a machine devised by Brunel to shake it loose. At the suggestion of his father, Brunel was strapped to a board and turned upside-down, and the coin was jerked free.[92] He recuperated at Teignmouth, and enjoyed the area so much that he purchased an estate at Watcombe in Torquay, Devon. Here he commissioned William Burn to design Brunel Manor and its gardens to be his country home.[93] He never saw the house or gardens finished as he died before it was completed.[94]

Brunel, a heavy smoker,[95] who had been diagnosed with Bright's disease (nephritis),[96] suffered a stroke on 5 September 1859, just before the Great Eastern made her first voyage to New York.[97] He died ten days later at the age of 53 and was buried, like his father, in Kensal Green Cemetery, London.[98][99] He is commemorated at Westminster Abbey in a window on the south side of the nave.[100] Many mourned Brunel's passing, in spite and because of his business ventures; an obituary in The Morning Chronicle noted:

> Brunel was the right man for the nation, but unfortunately, he was not the right man for the shareholders. They must stoop who must gather gold, and Brunel could never stoop. The history of invention records no instance of grand novelties so boldly imagined and so successfully carried out by the same individual.[101]

Brunel was survived by his wife, Mary, and three children: Isambard Brunel Junior (1837–1902), Henry Marc Brunel (1842–1903) and Florence Mary Brunel (1847–1876). Henry Marc later became a successful civil engineer.[102][103]

## Legacy

[edit]

Bronze statue of Brunel on the Victoria Embankment in London

A celebrated engineer in his era, Brunel remains revered today, as evidenced by numerous monuments to him. In London, there is a statue of Brunel on the Victoria Embankment (pictured), and further statues at Brunel University and Paddington station. Other statues are in Bristol, Plymouth, Swindon, Milford Haven and Saltash. A statue in Neyland in Pembrokeshire in Wales was stolen in August 2010.[104] The topmast of the Great Eastern is used as a flagpole at the entrance to Anfield, Liverpool Football Club's ground.[105] Contemporary locations bear Brunel's name, such as Brunel University in London,[106] shopping centres in Swindon and also Bletchley, Milton Keynes, and a collection of streets in Exeter: Isambard Terrace, Kingdom Mews, and Brunel Close. A road, car park, and school in his home city of Portsmouth are also named in his honour, along with one of the city's largest public houses.[107] There is an engineering lab building at the University of Plymouth named in his honour.[108]

In a public poll conducted by the BBC in 2001 to select the 100 Greatest Britons, Brunel was placed second, behind Winston Churchill.[109] Brunel's life and works have been depicted in numerous books, films and television programs. The 2003 book and BBC TV series Seven Wonders of the Industrial World included a dramatisation of the building of the Great Eastern.

Many of Brunel's bridges are still in use. Brunel's first engineering project, the Thames Tunnel, is now part of the London Overground network. The Brunel Engine House at Rotherhithe, which once housed the steam engines that powered the tunnel pumps, now houses the Brunel Museum dedicated to the work and lives of Marc Isambard and Isambard Kingdom Brunel.[110] Many of Brunel's original papers and designs are now held in the Brunel Institute alongside the SS Great Britain in Bristol, and are freely available for researchers and visitors.[111]

Brunel is credited with turning the town of Swindon into one of the fastest-growing towns in Europe during the 19th century.[112] Brunel's choice to locate the Great Western Railway locomotive sheds there caused a need for housing for the workers, which in turn gave Brunel the impetus to build hospitals, churches and housing estates in what is known today as the 'Railway Village'.[113] According to some sources, Brunel's addition of a Mechanics Institute for recreation and hospitals and clinics for his workers gave Aneurin Bevan the basis for the creation of the National Health Service.[114]

FGW HST 43003 power car

GWR Castle Class steam locomotive no. 5069 was named Isambard Kingdom Brunel,[115] after the engineer;[116] and BR Western Region class 47 diesel locomotive no. D1662 (later 47484) was also named Isambard Kingdom Brunel.[117] GWR's successor Great Western Railway has named both its old InterCity 125 power car 43003 and new InterCity Electric Train 800004 as Isambard Kingdom Brunel.[citation needed]

The Royal Mint struck two £2 coins in 2006 to "celebrate the 200th anniversary of Isambard Kingdom Brunel and his achievements".[118] The first depicts Brunel with a section of the Royal Albert Bridge and the second shows the roof of Paddington Station. In the same year the Post Office issued a set of six wide commemorative stamps (SG 2607-12) showing the Royal Albert Bridge, the Box Tunnel, Paddington Station, the Great Eastern, the Clifton Suspension Bridge, and the Maidenhead Railway Bridge.[119][120]

The words "I.K. BRUNEL ENGINEER 1859" were fixed to either end of the Royal Albert Bridge to commemorate his death in 1859, the year the bridge opened. The words were later partly obscured by maintenance access ladders but were revealed again by Network Rail in 2006 to honour his bicentenary.[121]

Brunel was the subject of Great, a 1975 animated film directed by Bob Godfrey. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 48th Academy Awards in March 1976.[122]

At the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Brunel was portrayed by Kenneth Branagh in a segment showing the Industrial Revolution.[123]

Brunel is a central character in Howard Rodman's novel The Great Eastern, published in 2019 by Melville House Publishing.[124]

A fictionalized version of Brunel is a key figure in the construction of Even Greater London in the alternate-history comedy podcast Victoriocity.[125]

Two Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) used by Crossrail were named for Brunel's wife Mary and his mother Sophia.[126]

## See also

[edit]

* Biography portal
* Trains portal

* Lindsey House – Brunel's childhood home

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
2. ^ a b "Isambard Kingdom Brunel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
3. ^ Spratt, H.P. (1958). "Isambard Kingdom Brunel". Nature. 181 (4626): 1754–55\. Bibcode:1958Natur.181.1754S. doi:10.1038/1811754a0. S2CID 4255226. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
4. ^ Spratt, H.P. (1958). "Isambard Kingdom Brunel". Nature. 181 (4626): 1754–55\. Bibcode:1958Natur.181.1754S. doi:10.1038/1811754a0. S2CID 4255226. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
5. ^ Rolt, Lionel Thomas Caswall (1957). Isambard Kingdom Brunel (first ed.). London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 245.
6. ^ Wilson 1994, pp. 202–03.
7. ^ "Isambard Kingdom Brunel". SS Great Britain. 29 March 2006. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
8. ^ "Home". Brunel 200. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
9. ^ Brunel 1870, p. 2.
10. ^ Timbs, John (1860). Stories of inventors and discoverers in science and the useful arts. London: Kent and Co. pp. 102, 285–86\. OCLC 1349834.
11. ^ Brindle, Steven (2005). Brunel: The Man Who Built the World. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 28\. ISBN 978-0-297-84408-2.
12. ^ Stephens, Richard. "Thomas Mudge". artandthecountryhouse.com. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
13. ^ "Isambard Kingdom Brunel: Family History". tracingancestors-uk.com. 3 February 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
14. ^ a b c Buchanan (2006), p. 18
15. ^ Gillings 2006, pp. 1, 11.
16. ^ L.T.C. Rolt, Isambard Kingdom Brunel: A Biography, p. 17.
17. ^ a b Brunel, Isambard (1870), p. 5.
18. ^ Gillings 2006, pp. 11–12.
19. ^ Worth, Martin (1999). Sweat and Inspiration: Pioneers of the Industrial Age. Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd. p. 87\. ISBN 978-0-7509-1660-8.
20. ^ Dumpleton & Miller 2002, pp. 14–15.
21. ^ Stearnes, R.E.C. "Toredo, or Shipworm." The American Naturalist, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Feb. 1886), p. 136.
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24. ^ Sources disagree about where Brunel convalesced; Buchanan (p. 30) says Brighton, while Dumpleton and Miller (p. 16) say Bristol and connect this to his subsequent work on the Clifton Suspension Bridge there.
25. ^ Dumpleton & Miller 2002, p. 15.
26. ^ Rolt 1989, pp. 41–42.
27. ^ Bagust, Harold, The Greater Genius?, 2006, Ian Allan Publishing, ISBN 0-7110-3175-4, pp. 97–100.
28. ^ Rolt 1989, p. 53.
29. ^ a b "The Clifton Suspension Bridge". Brunel 200. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
30. ^ a b Peters, Professor G Ross. "Brunel: 'The Practical Prophet'". BBC History. Archived from the original on 24 April 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
31. ^ Bryan, Tim (1999). Brunel: The Great Engineer. Shepperton: Ian Allan. pp. 35–41. ISBN 978-0-7110-2686-5.
32. ^ MacLeod, Donald (18 April 2006). "Higher diary". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
33. ^ "Isambard Kingdom Brunel did not design Clifton Suspension Bridge, says historian". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
34. ^ "The Hungerford Suspension Bridge". The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine: 223. May 1845.
35. ^ "Get set to pay more on suspension bridge". Bristol Evening Post. 6 January 2007. p. 12.
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37. ^ Gordon, JE (1978). Structures: or why things don't fall down. London: Penguin. p. 200\. ISBN 978-0-14-013628-9.
38. ^ Lewis, Brian (2007). Brunel's timber bridges and viaducts. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-3218-7.
39. ^ Binding 1993, p. 30.
40. ^ "History". Royal Albert Bridge. Archived from the original on 9 November 2006. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
41. ^ Senior Archaeological Officer (20 September 2006). "Crossrail and the Great Western World Heritage site" (PDF). Buckinghamshire Historic Environment Forum. Buckinghamshire County Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
42. ^ "World Heritage Sites: The Tentative List of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" (PDF). Buildings, Monuments and Sites Division. Department for Culture, Media and Sport. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
43. ^ Brunel’s Timber Viaducts
44. ^ "Disused Stations: Station". disused-stations.org.uk.
45. ^ "Grand Union Canal Walk".
46. ^ a b Crittal, Elizabeth (1959). "Railways". A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 4. British History Online. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
47. ^ "Clifton Rugby Football Club History". Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
48. ^ "Brunel 200 – Working With Visionaries" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
49. ^ "Initially the Station Hotel, it was given the royal prefix as a reminder of Queen Victoria's visit to Bath". Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
50. ^ a b Pudney, John (1974). Brunel and His World. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-13047-6.
51. ^ Ollivier, John (1846). The Broad Gauge: The Bane of the Great Western Railway Company.
52. ^ Dumpleton & Miller 2002, p. 20.
53. ^ MacDermot, E T (1927). History of the Great Western Railway, volume I 1833–1863. London: Great Western Railway.
54. ^ "Neyland – Brunel's railway town". Western Telegraph. 22 April 2006. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
55. ^ "Stolen statue of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in Neyland is replaced". BBC News. BBC. 13 April 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
56. ^ "Frome Station roof". Engineering Timelines. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
57. ^ "Kingswear Station" (PDF). South Hams District Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
58. ^ "Steam: Museum of the Great Western Railway". Swindon Borough Council. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
59. ^ Buchanan, R A (May 1992). "The Atmospheric Railway of I.K. Brunel". Social Studies of Science. 22 (2): 231–43\. doi:10.1177/030631292022002003. JSTOR 285614. S2CID 146426568.
60. ^ a b Dumpleton and Miller (2002), p. 22
61. ^ Gregory, R.H. (1982). The South Devon Railway. The Oakwood Press. p. 22\. ISBN 0-85361-286-2.
62. ^ Parkin, Jim (2000). Engineering Judgement and Risk. Institution of Civil Engineers. ISBN 978-0-7277-2873-9.
63. ^ Woolmar, Christian (2014). The Iron Road: The Illustrated History of Railways. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0241181867.
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66. ^ "Broad Gauge Railway". Centre Guide. Didcot Railway Centre. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
67. ^ Davies, Alex (14 June 2017). "Meet the 89-Year-Old Reinventing the Train in His Backyard". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
68. ^ a b Buchanan 2006, pp. 57–59.
69. ^ a b c d Beckett (2006), pp. 171–73
70. ^ a b Dumpleton & Miller 2002, pp. 34–46.
71. ^ Beaufoy 1834.
72. ^ Garrison 1998, p. 188.
73. ^ a b Buchanan 2006, pp. 58–59.
74. ^ a b Dumpleton & Miller 2002, pp. 26–32.
75. ^ Nasmyth, James (1897). Smiles, Samuel (ed.). James Nasmyth: Engineer, An Autobiography. Archived at Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
76. ^ Lienhard, John H (2003). The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Oxford University Press (US). ISBN 978-0-19-516731-3.
77. ^ "Visit Bristol's No.1 Attraction | Brunel's SS Great Britain |". www.ssgreatbritain.org. The SS Great Britain Trust. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
78. ^ Dumpleton & Miller 2002, pp. 94–113.
79. ^ a b Billington 1985, pp. 50–59.
80. ^ Mortimer, John (2005). Zerah Colburn: The Spirit of Darkness. Arima Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84549-196-3.
81. ^ Dumpleton & Miller 2002, pp. 130–148.
82. ^ "The Atlantic Cable". The New York Times. 30 July 1866. ProQuest 392481871.
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85. ^ a b "Lessons from Renkioi". Hospital Development Magazine. 10 November 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2006.
86. ^ "Palmerston, Brunel and Florence Nightingale's Field Hospital" (PDF). HMSwarrior.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2006.
87. ^ "Britain's Modern Brunels". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 30 November 2006.
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93. ^ Tudor 2007, p. 19.
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107. ^ "The Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Portsmouth | Our Pubs". J D Wetherspoon. 12 April 2006. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
108. ^ "Facilities at the University of Plymouth's Brunel Laboratories". University of Plymouth. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
109. ^ "Churchill voted greatest Briton". BBC News online. 24 November 2002. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
110. ^ "Brunel Museum". Brunel Museum. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
111. ^ "Visit the Brunel Institute | Visit Bristol's No. 1 Attraction | Brunel's SS Great Britain". www.ssgreatbritain.org. The SS Great Britain Trust.
112. ^ Tye, Stephanie (20 January 2006). "How Town was put on the map by Brunel". Swindon Advertiser. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
113. ^ Beckett 2006, pp. 115–22.
114. ^ "A Model for the NHS?". BBC Legacies. Archived from the original on 14 December 2004. Retrieved 30 November 2006.
115. ^ le Fleming 1960, p. H18.
116. ^ Davies 1993, p. P127.
117. ^ Marsden 1984, p. 66.
118. ^ "2006 Brunel The Man £2 Silver Proof". Royal Mint. Archived from the original on 22 May 2006. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
119. ^ Shoesmith, Kevin (17 February 2006). "Brunel's stamp of success celebrated". Swindon Advertiser. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
120. ^ "Brunel 200 Legacy: The British Postal Museum & Archive". www.brunel200.com. Brunel 200. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
121. ^ "Brunel Bicentennial Celebrations" (Press release). www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
122. ^ "The 48th Academy Awards (1976) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
123. ^ Boyle, Danny (28 July 2012). "Danny Boyle Welcomes The World To London". The Descrier. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
124. ^ "The Great Eastern » Melville House Books". Melville House. 4 June 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
125. ^ "Victoriocity – Podcast Review". The Cambridge Geek. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
126. ^ "Names of our first six tunnel boring machines announced". Crossrail. 13 March 2012. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012.

## References

[edit]

* Beaufoy, Mark (1834). Beaufoy, Henry (ed.). Nautical and Hydraulic Experiments, with numerous Scientific Miscellanies. Vol. I. South Lambeth, Surrey, UK: Privately published by the editor. Retrieved 26 December 2014. Only the first of a planned three volumes was published
* Beckett, Derrick (2006). Brunel's Britain. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-2360-1.
* Billington, David P (1985). The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02393-9.
* Binding, John (1993). Brunel's Cornish Viaducts. Penryn, Cornwall: Atlantic Transport Publishers. ISBN 0-906899-56-7.
* Brunel, Isambard (1870). The life of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, civil engineer. Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 3202088. (This is Isambard Brunel Junior, IKB's son.)
* Buchanan, R. Angus (2006). Brunel: the life and times of Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Hambledon & London. ISBN 978-1-85285-525-3.
* Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brunel, Isambard Kingdom" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
* Davies, Ken (April 1993). The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part fourteen: Names and their Origins – ... Lincoln: RCTS. ISBN 978-0-901115-75-1.
* Dumpleton, Bernard; Miller, Muriel (2002). Brunel's Three Ships. Intellect Books. ISBN 978-1-84150-800-9.
* Garrison, Ervan G. (1998). History of Engineering and Technology: Artful Methods (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0849398100.
* Gillings, Annabel (2006). Brunel (Life & Times). Haus Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-1-904950-44-8.
* le Fleming, H.M. (1960) [1953]. White, D.E. (ed.). The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part eight: Modern Passenger Classes (2nd ed.). Kenilworth: RCTS. ISBN 978-0-901115-19-5. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Marsden, Colin J. (1984). BR Locomotive Numbering. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-1445-9. EX/1184.
* Nokes, George Augustus (1895). A History of the Great Western Railway. Digby, Long & co. Retrieved 13 December 2015. (373 pages) Online at Internet Archive
* Rolt, L.T.C. (1989) [1957]. Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Prentice Hall Press. ISBN 978-0-582-10744-1.
* Tudor, Geoffrey (2007). Brunel's Hidden Kingdom. Paignton: Creative Media Publishing. ISBN 978-0954607128.
* Vaughan, Adrian (1991). Isambard Kingdom Brunel: Engineering Knight-Errant. John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-4636-5.
* Wilson, Arthur (1994). The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85573-301-5.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Steven Brindle (2004). Paddington Station: Its History and Architecture. English Heritage. ISBN 978-1-873592-70-0.
* Isambard Brunel (1970) [1870]. The Life of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Civil Engineer. David & Charles. Written by Brunel's son
* John Canning (1971). 50 Great Horror Stories. Guild Publishing. ISBN 978-0-5171367-1-3.[page needed] Anthology of true historical events with elements of horror
* Celia Brunel Noble (1938). The Brunels, Father and Son. Written by Brunel's granddaughter, it adds some family anecdotes and personal information over the previous volume
* Eugene Byrne and Simon Gurr (2006). Isambard Kingdom Brunel: A Graphic Biography. Brunel 200.
* Andrew Mathewson and Derek Laval (1992). Brunel's Tunnel...and Where It Led. Brunel Exhibition Rotherhithe. ISBN 978-0-9504361-1-1.
* Sir Alfred Pugsley, ed. (1976). The Works of Isambard Kingdom Brunel: An Engineering Appreciation. A technical presentation of Brunel's opus
* Rob Powell (1985). Brunel's Kingdom – Photography and the Making of History. Watershed Media Centre. ISBN 978-0-9510539-0-4. A study of how early photography portrayed Victorian industry and engineering, including the celebrated picture of Brunel and the launching chains of the Great Eastern.
* Christopher Silver (2007). Renkioi: Brunel's Forgotten Crimean War Hospital. Valonia Press 2007. ISBN 978-0-9557105-0-6.
* Derek Webb (2010). Is. Parthian Books. ISBN 978-1-906998-11-0. Children's book about the reincarnation of IKB with KeyStage 2 UK curriculum links.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

* The life of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Civil Engineer by Isambard Brunel Junior, at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about Isambard Kingdom Brunel at the Internet Archive
* "Obituary in". Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. The Times 19 September 1859
* Brunel biography with additional images from the Design Museum
* "Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859)". BBC History. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
* Brunel portal
* "Brunel Archives". University of Bristol. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
* "Review of 'The Intemperate Engineer' by Adrian Vaughan". Will Robinson. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
* "'The Life and Death of Isambard Kingdom Brunel' Short film". Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
* Brunel 200 Legacy

* v
* t
* e

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

Railways|

* Great Western
* Bristol and Exeter
* Bristol and Gloucester
* Bristol and South Wales Union
* Cheltenham and Great Western Union
* Cornwall
* Dartmouth and Torbay
* East Somerset
* Great Western and Brentford
* Llynvi Valley
* Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton
* South Devon
* South Devon and Tavistock
* South Wales
* South Wales Mineral
* Taff Vale
* Vale of Neath
* West Cornwall
* West Somerset
* Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth

Railway stations|

* Bath Spa
* Bradford-on-Avon
* Bridgend
* Bridgwater
* Bristol Temple Meads
* Charfield
* Charlbury
* Chippenham
* Cirencester Town
* Crediton
* Culham
* Exeter St Davids
* Exeter St Thomas
* Liskeard
* Mortimer
* Paddington
* The Railway Station
* Hilton Hotel, Paddington
* St Germans
* Salisbury
* Stroud
* Weston Junction
* Yatton

Bridges and viaducts|

* Angarrack viaduct
* Avon Bridge
* Bath:St James's Bridge; Skew Bridge; St James' Viaduct
* Bishop's Bridge
* Chepstow Bridge
* Chippenham viaduct
* Clifton Suspension Bridge
* Cornwall Railway viaducts
* Carnon
* St Pinnock
* Cumberland Basin swing bridges
* "Devil's Bridge", Uphill
* Gatehampton Railway Bridge
* Hungerford Bridge
* Landore Viaduct
* Loughor Viaduct
* Maidenhead Bridge
* Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway
* Moulsford Railway Bridge
* Royal Albert Bridge
* Somerset Bridge
* Three Bridges, London
* Usk Bridge
* Wharncliffe Viaduct
* Windsor Bridge

Tunnels and earthworks|

* Box Tunnel
* Cockett Tunnel
* Great Western Main Line
* Llansamlet arches
* Sapperton Tunnel
* Sonning Cutting
* South Devon Banks
* South Devon Railway sea wall
* Thames Tunnel
* Wellington Bank, Somerset

Ships, harbours and waterways|

* Great Western Steamship Company
* SS Great Western
* SS Great Britain
* Balanced rudder
* SS Great Eastern
* Isambard Kingdom Brunel Standing Before the Launching Chains of the Great Eastern (1857 photograph)
* SS Archimedes borrowed by Brunel, used for propeller tests
* Brentford Dock
* Bristol Harbour
* Cumberland Basin
* Underfall Yard
* Millbay Docks
* Westport Canal

Other building and engineering|

* Atmospheric railway
* Balloon flange girder
* Baulk road
* Broad gauge
* Brook House, Steventon
* Crew's Hole tar works
* Crystal Palace water towers
* Great Exhibition (Brunel on committee)
* Malmaison Hotel, Reading
* Renkioi Hospital
* Fellow of the Royal Society
* Institution of Civil Engineers (VP from 1850)
* Abraham-Louis Breguet (trained Brunel)
* Robert Pearson Brereton (Chief assistant)

Personal|

* Marc Isambard Brunel (father)
* Sophia Kingdom (mother)
* Lindsey House (childhood home)
* University of Caen Normandy
* Lycée Henri-IV
* Henry Marc Brunel (second son)
* Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream (picture commissioned by Brunel)
* Brunel Manor (commissioned by Brunel for his retirement)
* Sarah Guppy, whose portrait was painted by Brunel
* Kensal Green Cemetery

Legacy and commemoration|

* Statues of Brunel
* Victoria Embankment
* Paddington Station
* Bristol Temple Meads Station
* Brunel Museum
* Being Brunel
* Broad gauge running line
* Blue plaque, 98 Cheyne Walk
* List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks (SS Great Britain #97)
* Brunel University of London
* NR Brunel (Network Rail typeface)
* Brunel Award
* 100 Greatest Britons (Brunel #2)
* Two Brunel £2 coins in 2006
* 2012 London Olympics opening ceremony featured Brunel
* Brunel (opera project)

• Other works of Brunel

* v
* t
* e

Track gauge (list)

Minimum gauge|

* 15 in (381 mm)
* 400 mm (15+3⁄4 in)
* 16 in (406 mm)
* 18 in (457 mm)
* 19 in (483 mm)
* 500 mm (19+3⁄4 in)
* 20 in (508 mm)
* 21 in (533 mm)
* 1 ft 10 in (559 mm)

Narrow gauge|

* 2 foot and 600 mm
* 2 ft 3 in (686 mm)
* 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in)
* 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in)
* 2 ft 6 in (762 mm)
* 800 mm (2 ft 7+1⁄2 in)
* 891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) Swedish three foot
* 900 mm (2 ft 11+7⁄16 in)
* 3 ft (914 mm)
* 950 mm (3 ft 1+3⁄8 in) Italian metre gauge
* 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge
* 1,050 mm (3 ft 5+11⁄32 in),
* 1,055 mm (3 ft 5+1⁄2 in),
* 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)
* 1,093 mm (3 ft 7 in),
* 1,100 mm (3 ft 7+5⁄16 in),
* 1,200 mm (3 ft 11+1⁄4 in)
* 4 ft (1,219 mm)
* 4 ft 1 in (1,245 mm), Middleton Railway
* 4 ft 6 in (1,372 mm), Scotch gauge
* 4 ft 6+1⁄2 in (1,384 mm), Scotch gauge
* 4 ft 7+3⁄4 in (1,416 mm)
* 4 ft 8 in (1,422 mm), almost standard gauge
* 4 ft 8+1⁄4 in (1,429 mm)
* 1,432 mm (4 ft 8+3⁄8 in)

Standard gauge|

* 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in / 1,435 mm, Stephenson gauge

Broad gauge|

* 1,440 mm (4 ft 8+11⁄16 in)
* 1,445 mm (4 ft 8+7⁄8 in)
* 1,450 mm (4 ft 9+3⁄32 in)
* 4 ft 9+3⁄8 in (1,457 mm)
* 1,458 mm (4 ft 9+13⁄32 in)
* 4 ft 10+7⁄8 in (1,495 mm), Toronto gauge
* 5 ft / 1,524 mm and 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in), Russian gauge.
* 5 ft 2+1⁄4 in / 1,581 mm and 5 ft 2+1⁄2 in / 1,588 mm, Pennsylvania gauge
* 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm), Irish gauge
* 5 ft 4+1⁄2 in (1,638 mm), Baltimore gauge
* 1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in), Iberian gauge
* 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm), Indian gauge
* 1,945 mm (6 ft 4+9⁄16 in), De Arend
* 7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm), Brunel gauge
* 3,000 mm (9 ft 10+1⁄8 in), Breitspurbahn
* 8,200 mm (26 ft 10+27⁄32 in), Lärchwandschrägaufzug
* 9,000 mm (29 ft 6+5⁄16 in), Krasnoyarsk ship lift

List of track gauge articles|

* List of track gauges
* List of tram track gauges
* Miniature railways
* Minimum-gauge railways
* Large amusement railways

Gauge differences|

* Bogie exchange
* Break of gauge
* Dual gauge
* Gauge conversion
* list
* Variable gauge

Transport mode|

* Tram and light rail
* Rapid transit
* Miniature
* Scale model

Categories|

* by country
* by imperial units
* by metric units
* by name
* lists of track gauges

* v
* t
* e

Great Western Railway locomotives

Swindon
broad gauge|

| Brunel
(1833–1837)|

* Haigh Foundry
* Mather, Dixon
* Sharp, Roberts
* Charles Tayleur
* Hurricane
* Thunderer

|

Gooch
(1837–1864)|

* Ariadne
* Banking
* Bogie
* Caesar
* Firefly
* Hercules
* Iron Duke
* Leo
* Metropolitan
* Premier
* Prince
* Pyracmon
* Star
* Sun
* Victoria
* Waverley

J. Armstrong
(1864–1877)|

* Hawthorn
* Rover
* Sir Watkin
* Standard Goods
* Swindon
* 1076

Dean
(1877–1902)|

* Experimental locomotives (8, 14, 16)
* 3001
* 3501
* 3521

Wolverhampton
standard gauge|

| J. Armstrong
(1854–1864)|

* 7/8/30/110
* 17
* 111
* 302

|

G. Armstrong
(1864–1897)|

* 34
* 108
* 119
* 322 (tank)
* 517
* 633
* 645
* 655
* 850
* 1016
* 1501
* 1901
* 3571

Swindon
standard gauge|

| Gooch
(1855–1864)|

* 57
* 69
* 77/167
* 79
* 91
* 93
* 131/310
* 149 England/Chancellor
* 157 Sharps
* 320
* 322 Beyer

|

J. Armstrong
(1864–1877)|

* 55 Queen/Sir Alexander
* 455 Metro Tank
* 56/717
* 927 Coal Goods
* 360
* 378 Sir Daniel
* 388 Standard Goods
* 439 Bicycle
* 481
* 806
* 1076

Dean
(1877–1902)|

* Experimental locomotives (1, 7, 9, 10, 13, 34, 35, 1490, 1833)
* Armstrong
* 36
* 69 River
* 157 Sharpies/Cobham
* 1661
* 1813
* 1854
* 2021
* 2201
* 2301
* 2361
* 2600 Aberdare
* 2602 Kruger
* 2721
* 3031 Dean Single
* 3201
* 3206
* 3232
* 3252 Duke
* 3300 Bulldog
* 3521
* 3600
* 4100 Badminton
* Crane tanks

Churchward
(1902–1921)|

* 101
* 102 La France
* 103 President
* 111 The Great Bear
* 1361
* 2221 County Tank
* 2800
* 2900 Saint
* 3100 (later 5100)
* 3150
* 3700 City
* 3800 County
* 3901
* 4000 Star
* 4200
* 4300
* 4400
* 4500
* 4600
* 4700
* Petrol-electric railcar
* Rail motors

Collett
(1922–1941)|

* 12
* 1101
* 1366
* 2251
* 2884
* 3000 (ex-ROD 2-8-0)
* 3100
* 3200 (later 9000) Earl
* 4073 Castle
* 4575
* 4800 (later 1400)
* 4900 Hall
* 5101
* 5205
* 5400
* 5600
* 5700
* 5800
* 6000 King
* 6100
* 6400
* 6800 Grange
* 7200
* 7400
* 7800 Manor
* 8100
* Diesel railcars
* Diesel shunters
* 2

Hawksworth
(1941–1947)|

* 1000 County
* 1500
* 1600
* 6959 Modified Hall
* 9400
* Gas turbine-electric
* 18000
* 18100

Proposed designs|

* 8000 Cathedral

Absorbed
locomotives|

| Barry Railway|

* A
* B
* B1
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* K
* J
* L

|

Rhymney Railway|

* A
* AP
* B
* I
* K
* L
* L1
* M
* P
* P1
* R
* S
* S1

Taff Vale Railway|

* A
* C
* D
* E
* H
* K
* L
* M1
* N
* O
* O1
* O2
* O3
* O4
* S
* T
* U
* U1
* V

Other|

* Other absorbed locomotives

Narrow gauge
locomotives|

| Corris Railway|

* 3
* 4

|

Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway|

* 822–823

Vale of Rheidol Railway|

* 1198
* 7–9

By wheel
arrangement|

* 0-4-0ST
* 0-6-0PT
* 0-6-2T

General|

* Locomotive numbering and classification
* Oil burning steam locomotives
* 2-cylinder standard classes

* British Railways steam locomotives
* GWR locomotives
* LMS locomotives
* LNER locomotives
* Southern Railway locomotives

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Croatia
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Belgium

Artists|

* ULAN
* RKD Artists
* Musée d'Orsay

People|

* Trove
* Structurae
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* 2
* Te Papa (New Zealand)
* Yale LUX

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*[d]: penny
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