Islamic Dawa Party

Islamic political party in Iraq (founded 1958)

Not to be confused with Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation.

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Islamic Dawa Party

حزب الدعوة الإسلامية

General Secretary| Nouri al-Maliki
Founders| Mohammed Sadiq Al-Qamousee
Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
Sayed Talib Al-Refaii
Founded| July 1957
Headquarters| Baghdad, Iraq
Military wing| Jihadi Wing (1979–2003)
Quwat al-Shaheed al-Sadr (ar)
National Defence Brigades (ar)[1]
Ideology| Islamic economics[2]
Populism[3]
Religion| Shia Islam
National affiliation| State of Law Coalition
International affiliation| Axis of Resistance
Colours|     Green, red
Council of Representatives|

0 / 329

Party flag
Website
www.islamicdawaparty.org

* Politics of Iraq
* Political parties
* Elections

Armed Wing

Leader| Nouri al-Maliki[4]
Dates of operation| 1979 (1979)–2003 (2003)
Headquarters| Sadr Camp in Ahvaz, Iran
Active regions| Iraq
Lebanon
Kuwait
Allies|

*  Iran
* Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps[5]
* Hezbollah
* Islamic Jihad Organization[6]
*  United States[7][8][9]
* Ba'athist Syria[10]

Opponents|  Ba'athist Iraq
Battles and wars| Iran–Iraq War

* Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
* 1983–1988 Kuwait terror attacks

1991 uprisings in Iraq

* 1991 uprising in Basra
* 1991 uprising in Karbala

The Islamic Dawa Party (Arabic: حزب الدعوة الإسلامية, romanized: Ḥizb ad-Daʿwa al-Islāmiyya) is an Iraqi Shia Islamist political movement that was formed in 1957 by seminarians in Najaf, Iraq, and later formed branches in Lebanon and Kuwait. The Party backed the Iranian Revolution and also Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini during the Iran–Iraq War. It supported the invasion of Iraq. Iran played a crucial role in the development of the movement, especially its Lebanese branch which later became Hezbollah. In 2019, the Dawa Party was reportedly suffering from internal divisions and is in danger of losing its "political relevance".[9] The Islamic Dawa Party is led by Nouri Al-Maliki.

## History

[edit]

The Dawa party coalesced in the years around 1960 in Shia holy cities in southern Iraq. At the time, its primary goal was to counterbalance the intellectual hold that Marxism and other secular ideologies had on Iraqi Shia. Seminarian Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr quickly emerged as its leading figure and wrote its manifesto, al-Usus, probably in 1960. The group argued for the creation of an Islamic polity and a modern political movement, with a disciplined, cell-based structure inspired by Leninist organizational ideas, to propagate its beliefs. It defined its mission as to "establish an Islamic government and install a ruling apparatus until favorable conditions arise to enable the nation to give its opinion in a referendum.".[11] Party leaders and scholars have given different dates for the foundation of the movement, with estimates ranging from 1957 through the late 1960s. They also differ on when it adopted its name, when it started to be considered a party, and in which city - Najaf, or Karbala \- it was founded.[12]

A twin party was also founded in Lebanon by clerics who had studied in Najaf and supported Muhammad Baqr al-Sadr's vision of a resurgent Islam.[citation needed]

Hizb Al-Dawa gained strength in the 1970s recruiting from among the Shi'a ulama and youth. During the 1970s, the government shut down the Shi'a journal Risalat al-Islam and closed several religious educational institutions. The government passed a law obligating Iraqi students of the hawza to undertake national military service. The Ba'athists then began specifically targeting Al-Dawa members, arresting and imprisoning them from 1972 onwards.

In 1973, someone killed the alleged head of Al-Dawa's Baghdad branch in prison.

In 1974, 75 members of the party, were arrested and sentenced to death by the Ba'athist revolutionary court. This included 5 of the party's most preeminent members, who were Shaykh Aref al-Basri, Sayyid Izz al-Din al-Qubanchi, Sayyid Imad al-Din al-Tabatabaei, and the two Fa'izids, Nuri Tumah, and Husayn Jelokhan.[13] They were sentenced to death in December of that year.[14]

In 1975, the government canceled the annual procession from Najaf to Karbala, known as marad al-ras. Although subject to repressive measures throughout the 1970s, large-scale opposition to the government by Al-Dawa goes back to the Safar Intifada of February 1977.

Despite the government's ban on the celebration of marad al-ras, Al-Dawa organized the procession in 1977. They were subsequently attacked by police.[15] After this period it also interacted with the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the future dictator of Iran, during his exile in Najaf in Iraq.

Widely viewed in the West as a terrorist organization at the time, the Dawa party was banned in 1980 and its members sentenced to death in absentia by the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council.[16]

### Iranian Islamic Revolution and US Embassy Bombing

[edit]

Dawa supported the Islamic Revolution in Iran and in turn received support from the Iranian government. During the Iran–Iraq War, Iran backed a Dawa insurgency against Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist government in Iraq. In 1979, Dawa moved its headquarters to Tehran, the capital of Iran.[17] It bombed the Iraqi Embassy in Beirut in December 1981, the first of its international attacks.[18] Dawa party was thought to have been behind the bombing of the US embassy in Kuwait as well as other installations as punishment of Kuwait, America and France's military and financial assistance to Iraq in its war against Iran (see 1983 Kuwait bombings). One of those convicted for the bombing was Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, a member of Iraq's parliament and military commander of the Popular Mobilization Forces.[19]

Despite this cooperation, al-Sadr's and Khomeini's visions of an Islamic Republic differed sharply in certain respects. While Khomeini argued the power of the state should rest with the ulema, Al-Dawa supported the notion of power resting with the ummah, or in other words, the people. This disagreement was one factor that led to the formation of SCIRI as a separate group from Al-Dawa. Al-Dawa claimed to have many Sunni members in the 1980s and coordinated with several Sunni Islamist groups at that stage.[20] On 31 March 1980, the Ba'athist regime's Revolutionary Command Council passed a law sentencing to death all past and present members of the Dawa party, its affiliated organizations, and people working for its goals.[21] This was soon followed by a renewed and relentless purge of alleged and actual party members, with estimates varying on the numbers executed due to the secretive nature of the Iraqi regime.

In the West, Al-Dawa was widely viewed as a terrorist organization during the Iran–Iraq War, especially since the West tended to be more supportive of Iraq during that conflict. It is thought responsible for a host of assassination attempts in Iraq against the president, prime minister and others, as well as attacks against Western and Sunni targets elsewhere. In 1980 it attempted to assassinate Tariq Aziz, Hussein's longtime loyalist. In 1982 and 1987 it also attempted to assassinate Saddam Hussein. Following Saddam's 2003 overthrow, the former president was ultimately hanged for the Dujail Massacre, the judicial reprisals and torture carried out following a Dawa assassination attempt on himself in 1982.

### Dawa versus Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in the '80s

[edit]

Tensions between Al-Sadr and Dawa came to light when Al-Sadr forbade his students at the seminary (Hawza) from joining the Dawa party. Amongst the retaliatory steps taken, Dawa switched their allegiance to Abu Al-Qassim Al-Khoei another leading scholar in Najaf.[citation needed]

### 1990s

[edit]

After the Gulf War, the interests of Al-Dawa and the United States became more closely aligned. The efforts of Al-Dawa representatives and other opponents of Saddam Hussein led to the founding of the Iraqi National Congress, which relied heavily on United States funding.[7] INC's political platform promised "human rights and rule of law within a constitutional, democratic, and pluralistic Iraq". The Dawa Party itself participated in the congress between 1992 and 1995, withdrawing because of disagreements with Kurdish parties over how Iraq should be governed after Hussein's eventual ouster.[22]

### 2003 American invasion

[edit]

Most leaders of Al-Dawa remained in exile in Iran and elsewhere until the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. During this period, some of its factions moved to SCIRI.[23] Al-Dawa Party, took part in the 2002 Iraqi opposition's London conference in support of the invasion.[9]

### Recent development

[edit]

The Iraqi Islamic Dawa Party re-elected Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq between 2006 and 2014, as its secretary-general in July 2019.[24]

According to Harith Hassan of the Carnegie Middle East Center, Islamic Dawa was Iraq's leading party from 2003 to 2018, but during this time "its commitment to building an Islamic state waned and its priorities were shaped increasingly by the challenges of governance and the pursuit of clientelist politics".[9] It has felt compelled to focus on ethnosectarian (Shia) identity, political patronage, and the division of petroleum export spoils to win support, instead of selling its ideology and political programs to voters. As of 2019, it has become "divided by internal factions" and lost its "political relevance".[9]

## Ideology

[edit]

The political ideology of Al-Dawa is heavily influenced by work done by Baqr al-Sadr, who laid out four mandatory principles of governance in his 1975 work, Islamic Political System. These are:

1. Absolute sovereignty belongs to God.
2. Islamic injunctions are the basis of legislation. The legislative authority may enact any law not repugnant to Islam.
3. The people, as vice-regents of Allah, are entrusted with legislative and executive powers.
4. The jurist holding religious authority represents Islam. By confirming legislative and executive actions, he gives them legality.[25]

In his Islamic political system, Sadr sought "a balance" between the two forces of "consultation" (shura, the role of "the people") and the oversight role of the ‘ulama, specifically "the jurist holding religious authority represents Islam". He thought that political control should be

> “. . .exercised through the election by the people of the head of the executive power, after confirmation by the marja’iyya, [i.e. the most highly regarded scholarly sources of emulation or maraji3] and through the election of a parliament, which is in charge of confirming the members of government appointed by the Executive, and passing appropriate legislation to fill up the discretionary area.”[26]

Upon joining the party, allegiance must be sworn to the party.[27]

## Timeline

[edit]

* 1968–1969: Al-Dawa founded by Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in response to repression of Shi'i religious academies in Najaf by the Iraqi Ba'ath regime.[28]
* 1974: Ba'athist revolutionary court arrests and sentences 75 Al-Dawa members to death.
* 1975: Annual pilgrimage from Najaf to Karbala – called the Marad al-Ras – is cancelled by the Ba'ath government.
* 1977 February: The Safar Intifada. Al-Dawa organizes Marad al-Ras, in spite of government ban. Event is attacked by police.
* 1979: Iranian Revolution. Al-Dawa creates a military wing, later called Shahid al-Sadr.
* 1980 30 March: Ba'athist Revolutionary Command Council retroactively bans Al-Dawa; membership was made punishable by death. 96 Al-Dawa members are allegedly executed this month.
* 1980 1 April: Al-Dawa unsuccessfully attempts to assassinate Tariq Aziz, Foreign Minister at the time.
* 1980 9 April: Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and his sister Amina Sadr bint al-Huda are arrested and executed.
* 1981 Mid-December: Iraqi embassy in Beirut is leveled by a suicide bomber. Iraqi Al-Dawa party claims credit for the attack, citing Iraq's invasion of Iran. Perhaps the first Shia suicide bombing, the attack was an "oft-noticed precedent" for the 1983 bombing of the American Embassy and Marine barracks in Beirut.[29]
* 1982: Al-Dawa assassination attempt on Saddam Hussein in Dujail fails. Heavy crack-downs on Al-Dawa by Hussein's regime follow, leading to the Dujail Massacre. Many flee to Iran, where it suffers from competition with SCIRI.
* 1983 12 December: In Kuwait, the American and French embassies, Kuwait airport, the main oil refinery in Kuwait, and a residential area for Raytheon employees are bombed. 17 suspects were soon arrested, mostly Al-Dawa members, including Jamal Jafaar Mohammed (currently member of Iraq's parliament as a member of Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki's ruling coalition). Jamal Jafaar Mohammed escapes from Kuwait before the trial starts and is sentenced to death in absentia in 1984.
* 1987: Al-Dawa attacks Saddam's motorcade but again fails to kill him.
* 1996: Attempt made on the life of Saddam's son, Uday. Al-Dawa blamed.
* 2003: After the Invasion of Iraq Al-Dawa returns to Iraq, basing itself in the city of Nasiriya which the party now runs and controls.
* 2005 January: The United Iraqi Alliance, triumphs in the January 2005 Elections; Dawa leader Ibrahim al-Jaafari becomes Prime Minister.[citation needed]
* 2005 December: The United Iraqi Alliance, triumphs in the December 2005 Elections.
* 2006: Al-Dawa deputy leader Nouri al-Maliki replaces Ibrahim al-Jaafari as Prime Minister.

## Transliterations

[edit]

* Dawa
* Da'wa
* Daawa

(Original Arabic is دعوة with pharyngeal consonant—see Dawah.)

## Prominent members

[edit]

This list includes current as well as former party members

### Iraq

[edit]

Main article: Islamic Dawa Party - Iraq Organisation

* Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr (party founder)
* Ezzedine Salim (political theorist, former party leader)
* Hashim Al-Mosawy (former party secretary-general)
* Ibrahim al-Jaafari (63rd Prime Minister of Iraq, former party member)
* Nouri Al-Maliki (64th Prime Minister of Iraq, current party leader)
* Haider Al-Abadi (65th Prime Minister of Iraq, former party member)
* Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani (68th Prime Minister of Iraq, former party member)
* Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis (former deputy chairman of PMF, former secretary-general of Kataib Hezbollah, former party member)
* Falih Al-Fayyadh (former member of the National Security Council, current chairman of PMF, former party member)
* Khodayyir Abbas (surgeon, former interim Minister of Health, party member)
* Kasim Muhammad Taqi al-Sahlani (former senior party member)
* Ammar al-Saffar (former Deputy Minister of Health, kidnapped in 2006)
* Abdel Falah al-Sudani (former Minister of Education and Minister of Agriculture, party member)
* Sami al-Askari (senior adviser, party member)
* Dhiya Al-Shakarchi [ar] (thinker, former party member)

### Lebanon

[edit]

Main article: Islamic Dawa Party in Lebanon

* Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah (co-founder and former party leader)
* Mohammad Mehdi al-Hakim [ar] (co-founder)
* Mohammad Mehdi Shamseddine (co-founder)
* Subhi al-Tufayli (former party secretary-general)
* Abbas al-Musawi (former party secretary-general, co-founder of Hezbollah)
* Mohammad Yazbek (co-founder of Hezbollah)
* Hassan Nasrallah (former secretary-general of Hezbollah)
* Naim Qassem (current secretary-general of Hezbollah)
* Mohammad Raad (politician)
* Ragheb Harb (politician)

## See also

[edit]

* List of Islamic political parties

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Hashd Brigade Numbers Index". Archived from the original on 2018-03-03. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
2. ^ Behdad, Sohrab; Nomani, Farhad (2006). Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-20675-9. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
3. ^ "Populism, Authoritarianism, and National Security in al-Maliki's Iraq". Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
4. ^ "الساسة المعارضون "الشيعة" في الحكم!". Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2020-07-21.
5. ^ "أبرز 10 أحداث اتُّهِمَتْ فيها إيران بزعزعة أمن الخليج". البيت الخليجي للدراسات والنشر.
6. ^ "حزب الدعوة العراقي.. النسخة الشيعية لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين".
7. ^ a b "The Administration, Congress, and the Iraqi Opposition". Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
8. ^ "Daʾwa Party | political party, Iraq | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-11-09.
9. ^ a b c d e Hasan, Harith. "From Radical to Rentier Islamism: The Case of Iraq's Dawa Party". Carnegie Middle East Center.
10. ^ "إخفاء وثائق من أرشيف خارجيتي العراق ولبنان تتعلق بتفجير السفارة العراقية في بيروت - وجهات نظر". Archived from the original on 2020-08-27. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
11. ^ Jabar, Faleh (2003). The Shi'ite Movement in Iraq. Saqi Books. pp. 78–79\. ISBN 0863569889.
12. ^ Jabar, pages 95-96
13. ^ Sayyid-Ahmed, Rifat. "الإمام.. والطاغية؛ جدلية الصراع بين الحق والباطل في سيرة الإمام الشهيد الصدر وسيرة العراق". Shaheed Sadr Research and Studies Centre (in Arabic).
14. ^ Aziz, "The Role of Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr," p. 212.
15. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2006-10-05.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
16. ^ Wright, Robin (2001). Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-3342-5.
17. ^ Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, Simon & Schuster, (2001), p.124
18. ^ Hoffman, Bruce (March 1990). "Recent Trends and Future Prospects of Iranian-Sponsored International Terrorism" (PDF). RAND Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
19. ^ "U.S. military: Iraqi lawmaker is U.S. Embassy bomber". CNN. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
20. ^ Iraqi political groupings and individuals Archived 2007-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
21. ^ "Winter Soldier: Domingo Rosas". Antiwar.com Original. March 2005. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
22. ^ The Iraqi Shiites[permanent dead link] "Boston Review, Juan Cole"
23. ^ The Post-Saddam Danger from Iran Archived 2003-07-07 at the Wayback Machine, the New Republic, 7 October 2002
24. ^ "Division threatens Islamic Dawa after Maliki's reelection - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com.
25. ^ Shanahan, Rodger (June 2004). "The Islamic Da'wa Party: Past Development and Future Prospects". Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal. 8 (2). Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Citing:
* Wiley, Joyce N. (1992). The Islamic Movement of Iraqi Shi'as. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 126. ISBN 1555872727. Citing in turn:
* Baqr al-Sadr, Muḥammad (1982). Introduction to Islamic Political System. Translated by M. A. Ansari. Accra: Islamic Seminary/World Shia Muslim Organization. ISBN 9780941724340. OCLC 957307997.
26. ^ Chibli Mallat, The Renewal of Islamic Law, p. 73. cited in Shanahan, Rodger (June 2004). "The Islamic Da'wa Party: Past Development and Future Prospects". Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal. 8 (2). Archived from the original on 12 August 2014.
27. ^ Bernhardt, Florian (2012). Hizb ad-Da'wa al-Islamiya: Selbstverständnis, Strategien und Ziele einer irakisch-islamistischen Partei zwischen Kontinuität und Wandel (1957–2003). Würzburg, Germany: Ergon Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89913-932-7. OCLC 831856859.
28. ^ Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, New York, St. Martins Press, 1997, p. 27
29. ^ Hezbollah: A Short History by Augustus Richard Norton, Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 72

## External links

[edit]

* Official website

* v
* t
* e

Political parties in Iraq

Major political parties|

* Sadrists (73) (quit)
* Progress Party (37)
* State of Law Coalition (33)
* Islamic Dawa Party
* Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation
* Kurdistan Democratic Party (31)
* Fatah Alliance (17)
* Badr Organization
* Al-Sadiqoun Bloc
* Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
* Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (17)
* Azem Alliance (14)

Minor political parties|

* Emtidad Movement (9)
* New Generation Movement (9)
* Ishraqat Kanoon (6)
* Tasmim Alliance (5)
* Victory Alliance (4)
* Kurdistan Justice Group (2)
* Iraqi Turkmen Front (1)

Reserved Christian seats (5)|

* Babylon Movement (4)
* Independents (1)

Reserved minority seats (3)|

* Hareth Shanshal Sunaid (1) [Mandaean seat]
* Naif Khalaf Seydou (1) [Yazidi seat]
* Council of Free Shabaks (1) [Shabak seat]

Unrepresented in parliament|

* The Iraqis
* Iraqi Communist Party
* Iraqi National Congress
* Nasserist Socialist Vanguard Party
* National Wisdom Movement

Banned|

* Hizb ut-Tahrir
* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
* in Iraq
* pan-Arab organization
* al-Awda
* Arab Liberation Front

Politics of Iraq

Militant Islamism

* v
* t
* e

Militant Islamism in the Middle East and North Africa region

Ideology|

* Jihadism
* Salafi jihadism
* Pan-Islamism
* Qutbism
* Khomeinism
* Wahhabism

Phenomena|

* Islamic extremism
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Islamic terrorism

Organisations|

| Middle East|

* Abdullah Azzam Brigades
* Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades
* Ahrar al-Sham
* Ajnad al-Sham
* Al-Ashtar Brigades
* Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq
* Al-Nusra Front
* Al-Qaeda
* Al-Qaeda in Iraq
* Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
* Al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai
* Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
* Ansar al-Sham
* Ansar al-Sharia (Syria)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)
* Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
* Army of Conquest
* Army of Islam
* Baqir Brigade
* Hamas
* Hamas of Iraq
* Hezbollah
* Quwat al-Ridha
* Hezbollah Al-Hejaz
* Houthis
* Palestinian Islamic Jihad
* Islamic State of Iraq
* Islamic State
* Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
* Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
* Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Jaysh al-Islam
* Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)
* Jund Ansar Allah
* Jundallah (Iran)
* Khorasan group
* Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan
* Katibat Jabal al-Islam
* Levant Front
* Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem
* Masada al-Mujahideen
* Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement
* Peace Companies
* People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
* Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade
* Tahrir al-Sham
* Tawhid al-Jihad
* Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
* Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
* Kata'ib Hezbollah
* Badr Organization
* Mukhtar Army
* Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham
* Saraya al-Jihad
* Shield of Islam Brigade
* Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda
* Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas
* Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces
* Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada
* Kata'ib al-Imam Ali
* Kata'ib Jund al-Imam
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* Liwa Zainebiyoun
* Sabireen Movement
* Jaysh al-Mu'ammal
* Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
* Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya
* Promised Day Brigade
* 1920 Revolution Brigades
* Turkish Hezbollah
* Hamas of Iraq
* Hassan Al-Basri Brigades
* Islamic Dawa Party

|

North Africa|

* Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade
* al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
* Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)
* Ansar ul Islam
* Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
* Armed Islamic Group
* Derna Protection Force
* Egyptian Islamic Jihad
* al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya
* Takfir wal-Hijra
* Libyan Islamic Fighting Group
* Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
* Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
* Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
* Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries
* Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna
* Tunisian Combatant Group
* Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade

Leaders|

* Abu Ali al-Anbari
* Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
* Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
* Abu Suleiman al-Naser
* Ahmed al-Assir
* Anwar al-Awlaki
* Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
* Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah
* Abdul Nasser Qardash
* Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi
* Abu Ayyub al-Masri
* Abu Omar al-Baghdadi
* Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
* Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
* Mohammed Atef
* Mokhtar Belmokhtar
* Tariq al-Dahab
* Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim
* Massoud Rajavi
* Maryam Rajavi
* Abdelmalek Droukdel
* Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi
* Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri
* Abu Ubaidah al-Masri
* Saeed al-Masri
* Saleh Al-Qaraawi
* Haji Bakr
* Hassan Hattab
* Ahmed al-Sharaa
* Omar Abdel-Rahman
* Osama bin Laden
* Hassan Nasrallah
* Juhayman al-Otaybi
* Muqtada al-Sadr
* Saif al-Adel
* Shukri Mustafa
* Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj
* Nasir al-Wuhayshi
* Qasim al-Raymi
* Khalid Batarfi
* Ibrahim al-Banna
* Ahmed Yassin
* Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
* Ayman al-Zawahiri
* Abdelhamid Abou Zeid
* Abu Khayr al-Masri
* Abu Muhsin al-Masri
* Qais al-Khazali
* Hadi al-Amiri
* Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir
* Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi
* Wathiq al-Battat

Events|

* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Lebanese Civil War
* Iranian Revolution
* Iran–Iraq War
* Algerian Civil War
* Terrorism in Egypt
* Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
* Iraq War (2003–2011)
* Libyan crisis (2011–present)
* Syrian civil war (2012–present)
* War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* Yemeni civil war (2014–present)

Related|

* Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
* Houthi-controlled territory of Yemen
* ISIL territorial claims
* Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency
* Holy Shrine Defender

* Part of Islamism
* Militant Islamism in
* South Asia
* Southeast Asia
* Sub-Saharan Africa

* v
* t
* e

Militant Islamism in South Asia

Ideology|

* Deobandi
* Deobandi jihadism
* Wahhabism
* Salafi movement
* Salafi jihadism
* Pan-Islamism
* Pashtunwali

Phenomena|

* Islamic extremism
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Islamic terrorism

Organisations|

* Taliban
* Haqqani network
* Jamaat al Dawa al Quran
* Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
* Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
* Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
* Lashkar-e-Omar
* Jundallah
* Ansarul Sharia Pakistan
* Haji Namdar Group
* Ahrar-ul-Hind
* Hizbul Mujahideen
* Jaish-e-Mohammed
* Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)
* Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir
* Lashkar-e-Taiba
* Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
* Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh
* Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam
* Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh
* Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh
* Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
* Indian Mujahideen
* Popular Front of India
* Students' Islamic Movement of India (SIMI)
* Karnataka Forum for Dignity
* Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan

Leaders|

* Syed Ahmad Barelvi
* Hibatullah Akhundzada
* Riaz Basra
* Jalaluddin Haqqani
* Qari Hussain
* Mullah Akhtar Mansour
* Baitullah Mehsud
* Mohammed Omar
* Mullah Muhammad Rasul
* Hafiz Muhammad Saeed

Related|

* Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)
* Shabana
* Talibanization

* Part of Islamism
* Militant Islamism in
* MENA region
* Southeast Asia
* Sub-Saharan Africa

* v
* t
* e

Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia

Ideology|

* Islamism
* Jihadism
* Salafi jihadism
* Pan-Islamism

Phenomena|

* Islamic extremism
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Islamic terrorism

Organisations|

* Abu Sayyaf
* Islamic State - Philippines Province
* Al-Ma'unah
* Ansar Khalifa Philippines
* Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
* Barisan Revolusi Nasional
* Darul Islam
* Front for the Liberation of Champa
* Indonesian Mujahedeen Council
* Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
* Jamaah Ansharusy Syariah
* Jemaah Islamiyah
* Jamaah Ansharut Daulah
* Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid
* Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
* Kumpulan Mujahidin Malaysia
* Laskar Jihad
* Maute group
* Moro Islamic Liberation Front
* Mujahedeen KOMPAK
* Mujahidin Indonesia Timur
* Patani United Liberation Organisation
* Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement
* Runda Kumpulan Kecil
* United Mujahideen Front of Pattani

Leaders|

* Abdullah Sungkar
* Abu Bakar Bashir
* Abu Sabaya
* Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani
* Ataullah abu Ammar Jununi
* Azahari Husin
* Dulmatin
* Khadaffy Janjalani
* Les Kosem
* Mahmud Ahmad
* Murad Ebrahim
* Noordin Mohammad Top
* Nur Misuari
* Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo
* Zulkifli Abdhir

* Events

* South Thailand insurgency
* Timeline of events
* Islamic insurgency in the Philippines
* Cross border attacks in Sabah
* Insurgency in Aceh
* 1985 Borobudur bombing
* Sauk Siege
* Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings
* 2000 Sipadan kidnappings
* 2000 Philippine consulate bombing
* Rizal Day bombings
* Dos Palmas kidnappings
* Singapore embassies attack plot
* 2002 Bali bombings
* 2003 Davao City airport bombing
* 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing
* 2004 Palopo cafe bombing
* 2004 SuperFerry 14 bombing
* Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta
* 2005 Tentena market bombings
* 2005 Bali bombings
* 2005 Indonesian beheadings of Christian girls
* 2005 Palu market bombing
* 2007 Basilan beheading incident
* 2009 Jakarta bombings
* 2013 Ekayana Monastery bombing
* Mamasapano clash
* 2016 Jakarta attacks
* 2016 Movida Bar grenade attack
* 2016 Davao City bombing
* 2016 Samarinda church bombing
* 2017 Jakarta bombings
* 2018 Mako Brimob standoff
* Surabaya bombings
* 2018 Lamitan bombing
* 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings
* 2020 Jolo bombings
* 2021 Makassar cathedral bombing
* Indonesian National Police headquarters shooting
* Datu Paglas market occupation
* Indonesian People's Da'wah Party crackdown
* Istana Negara attempted shooting
* Astana Anyar bombing
* 2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack

* Part of Islamism
* Militant Islamism in
* MENA region
* South Asia
* Sub-Saharan Africa

* v
* t
* e

Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa

Ideology|

* Jihadism
* Salafi jihadism
* Pan-Islamism

Phenomena|

* Islamic extremism
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Islamic terrorism

Organisations|

* Al-Shabaab
* Islamic Courts Union
* Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
* Hizbul Islam
* Boko Haram
* Ansaru
* Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
* Al-Mulathameen
* Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin
* al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
* Ansar Dine
* Al-Mourabitoun
* Katiba Macina
* Ansarul Islam
* Katibat Salaheddin
* Ansar al-Sharia (Mali)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania)
* Allied Democratic Forces
* Islamic State
* Islamic State – Sahel Province
* Islamic State – West Africa Province
* Islamic State – Central Africa Province
* Islamic State – Somalia Province
* Islamic State - Mozambique Province
* Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique)

Leaders|

* Ali Yassin Mohamed
* Hassan Dahir Aweys
* Fuad Qalaf
* Abdul Qadir Mumin
* Mokhtar Belmokhtar
* Abou Zeid
* Abdelmalek Droukdel
* Abubakar Shekau
* Ahmad Diri
* Mohammed Yusuf
* Iyad Ag Ghaly
* Amadou Koufa
* Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi
* Sedane Ag Hita
* Ibrahim Malam Dicko
* Djaffar Dicko
* Musa Baluku

Events|

* War in the Sahel
* Mali War
* Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso
* Jihadist insurgency in Niger
* Somali Civil War (2009–present)
* Boko Haram insurgency
* Insurgency in Cabo Delgado

* Part of Islamism
* Militant Islamism in
* MENA region
* South Asia
* Southeast Asia

* v
* t
* e

Political parties in Bahrain

Pro-government parties|

* Al Asalah
* Al-Menber Islamic Society
* National Justice Movement
* Al Meethaq
* Economists Bloc

Opposition parties|

* Al Wefaq
* National Democratic Action Society
* Progressive Democratic Tribune
* Islamic Action Society
* Al Wahdawi
* Al Ekha

Banned parties|

* Al Wefaq
* National Democratic Action Society
* Bahrain Freedom Movement
* Haq Movement
* Al Wafa Islamic Movement

* Portal:Politics
* List of political parties
* Politics of Bahrain

* v
* t
* e

Political parties in Kuwait

National Assembly (65)|

* Independents (38)
* Islamic Salafi Alliance (3)
* National Islamic Alliance (Taalof) (2)
* Popular Action Bloc (2)
* Thawabit Al-Umma (2)
* Islamic Constitutional Movement (1)
* Justice and Peace Alliance (1)
* Kuwait Democratic Forum

Other parties|

* Civil Conservative Party
* Kuwaiti Progressive Movement
* National Democratic Alliance
* Popular Action Movement

* Portal:Politics
* List of political parties
* Politics of Kuwait

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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