Islamic State of Afghanistan

1992–1996,2001 -2002 interim state in Central Asia established by the Peshawar Accords

This article is about the former state. For the country, see Afghanistan. For other Afghan states, see Republic of Afghanistan (disambiguation).

Islamic State of Afghanistan

* د افغانستان اسلامی دولت (Pashto)
Da Afǧānestãn Islâmi Dawlat
* دولت اسلامی افغانستان (Dari)
Dawlat-i Islāmī-yi Afğānistān

1992–1996
1996–2001: in Northern Alliance zone only
2001–2002

Flag (2001-2002)

Emblem

Motto:
لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله
lā ʾilāha ʾillà l-Lāh, Muḥammadun rasūlu l-Lāh
"There is no god except Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah"
Anthem: قلعه اسلام قلب اسیا
"Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia"
(1992–1999; 2002)

Status| Government-in-exile
controlling a rump state
(1996–2001)
Capital| Kabul (de jure; 1992–1996, 2001–2002)
Capital-in-exile| Taloqan (1996–2000)
Fayzabad (2000–2001)
Common languages| Dari, Pashto
Religion

| Islam
Demonym(s)| Afghan
Government| Islamic state
President|

• 1992 (acting)

| Sibghatullah Mojaddedi

• 1992–2001

| Burhanuddin Rabbani

• 2001–2002 (acting)

| Hamid Karzai
Vice President|

• 1992

| Abdul Rasul Sayyaf

• 1992–1993

| Mawlawi Mir Hamza

• 1993–1994

| Mohammad Shah Fazli

• 1993–1996

| Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi
Prime Minister|

• 1992

| Abdul Kohistani

• 1993–1994

| Gulbuddin Hekmatyar

• 1994–1995 (acting)

| Arsala Rahmani Daulat

• 1995–1996 (acting)

| Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai

• 1996–1997

| Gulbuddin Hekmatyar

• 1997

| Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai
Historical era| Civil War • War on Terror

• Peshawar Accords

| 24 April 1992

• State proclaimed

| 28 April 1992

• Taliban capture Kabul

| 27 September 1996

• Northern Alliance

| 1996–2001

• American invasion

| 7 October 2001

• Kabul retaken

| 13 November 2001

• 2002 Loya Jirga

| 11 June 2002
Currency| Afghani (AFN)
Calling code| +93
ISO 3166 code| AF

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | 1992:
Republic of
Afghanistan

|

|  2001:
Islamic Emirate
of Afghanistan
|  1996:
Islamic Emirate
of Afghanistan |

|

2002:
Transitional Islamic
State of Afghanistan |

The Islamic State of Afghanistan[1][alt 1] was established by the Peshawar Accords of 26 April 1992. Many Afghan mujahideen parties[2][3] participated in its creation, after the fall of the socialist government. Its power was limited due to the country's second civil war, which was won by the Taliban, who took control of Kabul in 1996. The Islamic state then transitioned to a government in exile and led the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance. It remained the internationally recognized government of Afghanistan at the United Nations until 2001, when the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan was created and an Afghan Interim Administration took control of Afghanistan with US and NATO assistance following the overthrow of the first Taliban government. The Transitional Islamic State was subsequently transformed into the Islamic Republic, which existed until the Taliban seized power again in 2021 following a prolonged insurgency.

## Background

[edit]

Main article: Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)

In March 1992, President Mohammad Najibullah, having lost the Russian support that upheld his government, agreed to resign and make way for a neutral, interim government. Several mujahideen parties started negotiations to form a national coalition government. But one group, the Hezb-e Islami led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, presumably supported and directed by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), did not join the negotiations and announced its intent to conquer Kabul alone. Hekmatyar moved his troops to Kabul, and was allowed into the town soon after 17 April. This left the other mujahideen groups no choice but to enter Kabul, on 24 April, to prevent Hekmatyar from taking over national government.[2][4]
This ignited a civil war between five or six rival armies, (nearly) all backed by foreign states. Several mujahideen groups proclaimed an 'interim government' on 26 April 1992 but this never attained real authority over Afghanistan.

## History

[edit]

### Rabbani and Hekmatyar

[edit]

See also: Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) and Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)

President Mohammad Najibullah, leader of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, was forced to resign on 15 April 1992.[5] The Peshawar Accord of 25 April 1992, which established a power-sharing interim government to take control of Kabul, was signed by six of the seven major Afghan anti-Soviet resistance parties[5] (notably excluding the Hezb-e Islami ["Islamic Party"] faction of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a Pashtun, who refused to sign the Accord), and supported by some remnants of the Najibullah administration. An Islamic state was proclaimed,[clarification needed] Islamic law introduced, bars were closed, and women were ordered to wear the hijab.[5] In June, Burhanuddin Rabbani, leader of the Tajik-dominated Jamiat-e Islami ("Islamic Association") faction, was made interim-president of the new Islamic State of Afghanistan, and on 30 December 1992 he was elected head of the 7-member Government Council for a two-year term.[5] However, Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami rebel faction (which had split from Jamiat-e Islami in 1976) demanded a share in power as well, and started clashing with Rabbani's troops. After months of fighting, they signed an agreement in March 1993 making Hekmatyar the Prime Minister of Afghanistan in June, and shortening Rabbani's presidency from 2 years to 1.5 year.[5] Fighting between different rebel factions continued, however, and Kabul was largely destroyed.

### Rise of the Taliban

[edit]

Main article: Taliban's rise to power

In late 1994, a new Pashtun-dominated Islamic fundamentalist militia called the Taliban (lit. '"Religious students"') managed to conquer large parts of southern Afghanistan with the support of Pakistan.[5] Making steady gains throughout 1995 and 1996, the Taliban were able to seize control of the capital city of Kabul in September 1996, driving the Rabbani government and other factions northward, and by the end of the year occupying two-thirds of Afghanistan. Former president Najibullah was arrested and executed in public by hanging on 27 September 1996.

The Taliban renamed the country the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, and imposed an even more strict version of Sharia and purdah on the population they controlled. This especially negatively impacted women, who were forced to wear a burqa, stay indoors and banned from working outside the house with rare exceptions. Almost all girls lost access to education, increasing illiteracy rates. Movie theaters, soccer stadiums, and television stations were now closed as well.[5]

### Northern Alliance

[edit]

Main articles: Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) and Northern Alliance

Progress of the war (1992–2001)

The ousted Rabbani government formed a political coalition with Tajik leader Ahmed Shah Massoud, Uzbek warlord Abdul Rashid Dostum, and the Shia Hizb-i-Wahdat faction (dominated by Hazaras) of Karim Khalili.[5] Its formal name was United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan, known in the Western world as the Northern Alliance, and its goal was to take back the country from the Taliban.

Part of a series on the

History of Afghanistan

The palace of the emir in 1839
Timeline

Ancient

|  Indus Valley Civilisation|  2200–1800 BC

|

Oxus civilization|  2100–1800 BC
Gandhara kingdom|  1500–535 BC
Median Empire|  728–550 BC
Achaemenid Empire|  550–330 BC
Macedonian Empire|  330–312 BC
Seleucid Empire|  312–150 BC
Maurya Empire|  305–180 BC
Greco-Bactrian kingdom|  256–125 BC
Parthian Empire|  247 BC–224 AD
Indo-Greek kingdom|  180–90 BC
Indo-Scythian kingdom|  155–80? BC
Kushan Empire|  135 BC – 248 AD
Indo-Parthian kingdom|  20 BC – 50? AD
Sasanian Empire|  230–651
Kidarite kingdom|  320–465
Rob|
Alchon Huns|  380–560
Hephthalite Empire|  410–557
Nezak Huns|  484–711

Medieval

|  Kabul Shahi|  565–879

|

Principality of Chaghaniyan|  7th–8th centuries
Rashidun Caliphate|  652–661
Tang China|  660–669
Tibetan Empire|  660–842
Umayyads|  661–750
Zunbils|  680–870
Lawik| 750-977
Abbasids|  750–821
Tahirids|  821–873
Saffarids|  863–900
Samanids|  875–999
Ghaznavids|  963–1187
Ghurids|  before 879–1215
Seljuks|  1037–1194
Khwarezmids|  1215–1231
Mongol Invasion|  1219–1226
Chagatai Khanate|  1226–1245
Qarlughids|  1224–1266
Ilkhanate|  1256–1335
Kartids|  1245–1381
Timurids|  1370–1507
Arghuns|  1520–1591

Modern

|  Mughals|  1501–1738

|

Safavids|  1510–1709
Kunduz Khanate|  ?–1859
Hotak dynasty|  1709–1738
Sadozai Sultanate|  1716–1732
Afsharid Iran|  1738–1747
Durrani Empire|  1747–1823
Maimana Khanate|  1747–1892
Herat|  1793–1863
Principality of Qandahar| 1818–1855
Emirate|  1823–1926
Saqqawist Emirate|  1929
Kingdom|  1926–1973
Daoud coup|  1973
Republic|  1973–1978
Saur Revolution|  1978
Democratic Republic|  1978–1992
Tanai coup attempt|  1990
Islamic State|  1992–1996
Islamic Emirate|  1996–2001
US invasion|  2001
Islamic State (reinstated)|  2001
Interim/Transitional Administration|  2001–2004
Islamic Republic (politics)|  2004–2021
Islamic Emirate (reinstated)|  since 2021

Related historical regions

* Arachosia
* Aria
* Ariana
* Bactria
* Gandhara
* Iran
* Kabulistan
* Kafiristan
* Khorasan
* Kushanshahr
* Paropamisadae
* Sistan
* Zabulistan

Related topics

* Political history
* Political violence
* Culture
* Economic history
* Name
* Afghan (ethnonym)
* List of years
* List of heads of state
* Wars
* List of wars
* Hinduism history
* Hindu and Buddhist heritage
* Jewish history
* Muslim conquests

* Category
* Afghanistan portal

* v
* t
* e

By the end of May 1997, the Taliban offensive came to a halt due to a number of strategic victories by the Northern Alliance. International pressure forced both sides to negotiate, but the demands posed by either party were so high that the differences were irreconcilable, and a political impasse ensued.[5] The country was in a dire state according to a 1997 United Nations report, which found that the infant mortality rate was 25%, numerous civil casualties due to landmines, economic blockades imposed by the militias causing hunger, and international humanitarian organisations being unable to carry out their work. A February 1998 earthquake in northeastern Afghanistan killed 4,500 people.[5]

In the first half of 1998, the negotiations appeared to reach a peace settlement, but then the Northern Alliance fell apart. Taking advantage of the resistance factions' disunity the Taliban launched a campaign, rapidly conquering the provincial capital cities of Maimana, Sheberghan, and finally Mazar-i-Sharif (8 August 1998). Taliban fighters committed a massacre amongst the Shia population of the last city, also killing eight Iranian diplomats and journalists. This aroused international outrage, and brought the Taliban regime on the brink of war with Iran.[5]

The Northern Alliance drove the Taliban away in December 2001, following the United States invasion of Afghanistan. The Islamic State of Afghanistan was succeeded by the interim Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan in 2002.[citation needed]

## Gallery

[edit]

* Faction control in Kabul (1992)

* Factions after the fall of Najibullah (1992)

* Factions after Taliban conquered Kabul (1996)

* Taliban–Northern Alliance war (2000)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Persian: دولت اسلامی افغانستان, Dawlat-i Islāmī-yi Afghānistan, Pashto: دا افغانستان اسلامی دولت, Da Afghanistan Islami Dowlat.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Directorate of Intelligence (2001). "CIA -- The World Factbook -- Afghanistan". Archived from the original (mirror) on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012. "note - the self-proclaimed Taliban government refers to the country as Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan"
2. ^ a b Sifton, John (6 July 2005). Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity (chapter II, Historical background) (Report). Human Rights Watch.
3. ^ Saikal (2004), p. 215.
4. ^ Urban, Mark (28 April 1992). "Afghanistan: power struggle". PBS. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Afghanistan. §5.6 Burgeroorlog". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Saikal, Amin (2004). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85771-478-7.

37°7′03″N 70°34′47″E﻿ / ﻿37.11750°N 70.57972°E﻿ / 37.11750; 70.57972

Preceded by

Republic of Afghanistan

|  Islamic State of Afghanistan
1992–1996  | Succeeded by

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

|
|

Preceded by

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

|  Islamic State of Afghanistan
2001–2002  | Succeeded by

Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan

* v
* t
* e

Afghanistan articles

History|

* Pre-Islamic period
* Indus Valley civilisation
* Maurya Empire
* Greater Khorasan
* Yabghus of Tokharistan
* Turk Shahis
* Hindu Shahis
* Islamic conquest
* Mongol invasion
* Hotak dynasty
* Siege of Kandahar
* Durrani Empire
* Third Battle of Panipat
* Dost Mohammad Khan
* Emirate of Afghanistan
* Battle of Jamrud
* Afghan–Sikh Wars
* First Anglo-Afghan War
* Second Anglo-Afghan War
* Third Anglo-Afghan War
* Kingdom of Afghanistan
* Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war
* Saqqawists
* Emirate
* Daoud's Republic
* Democratic Republic
* Soviet war
* since 1992
* Islamic State
* First Islamic Emirate
* 2001 invasion
* War (2001–2021)
* Islamic Republic
* Aftermath of the war (2001–2021)
* Second Islamic Emirate
* Taliban

| By topic|

* Timeline
* Arabs in Afghanistan
* European influence
* "Graveyard of empires"
* Wars in Afghanistan

|

Geography|

* Administrative divisions
* Borders
* Climate change
* Earthquakes
* Environmental issues
* Extreme points
* Volcanoes
* Wildlife

Demographics|

* Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
* Arabs
* Baloch
* Farsiwan
* Gurjar
* Hazaras
* Kho
* Nuristanis
* Pashtuns
* Qizilbash
* Tajiks
* Turkmens
* Uzbeks
* Health
* Languages
* Persian (Dari)
* Women

Politics|

* Constitution
* Democracy
* Loya jirga
* Leadership Council
* Supreme Leader
* Prime Minister
* Deputy Leader
* Cabinet
* Current provincial governors
* Foreign relations
* with the Taliban
* Human rights
* LGBT
* women
* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* Military
* Law
* Law enforcement
* Political parties

Economy|

* Afghani (currency)
* Communications
* Energy
* Mining
* Opium production in Afghanistan
* Sanctions
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline
* Transport

Culture|

* Cuisine
* Education
* Flag
* Music
* Cinema
* Olympics
* Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)
* Poetry
* Religion
* War rugs

* Outline
* Index
* Bibliography

* Category
* Portal

*[lit.]: literal translation
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template