Ismail Kadare

Albanian writer (1936–2024)

Ismail Kadare

DFK

Kadare, c. 1990s

Born| (1936-01-28)28 January 1936
Gjirokastër, Kingdom of Albania
Died| 1 July 2024(2024-07-01) (aged 88)
Tirana, Albania
Occupation| Novelist, poet, essayist, screenwriter, playwright
Nationality| Albanian
Citizenship|

* Albania
* France[1]
* Kosovo

Education|

* University of Tirana
* Maxim Gorky Literature Institute

Period| 1954–2020
Genre| Subjective realism, dystopia, satire, parable, myth, fable, folk-tale, allegory, and legend.
Subjects| Albanian history, Albanian folk beliefs, Communism, Ottoman Empire, Totalitarianism
Notable works|

* The General of the Dead Army
* The Siege
* Chronicle in Stone
* The Palace of Dreams
* The File on H.
* The Pyramid
* Spiritus
* The Fall of the Stone City

Notable awards| Prix mondial Cino Del Duca
1992
Man Booker International Prize
2005
Prince of Asturias Award
2009
Jerusalem Prize
2015
Order of Legion of Honour
2016
Park Kyong-ni Prize
2019
Neustadt International Prize for Literature
2020

Spouse| Helena Gushi
Children| 2, including Besiana
Parents|

* Halit Kadare
* Hatixhe Dobi

Relatives| Hoxhë Dobi (Great Grandfather)
Signature

Ismail Kadare (Albanian: [ismaˈil kadaˈɾe]; 28 January 1936 – 1 July 2024) was an Albanian novelist, poet, essayist, screenwriter and playwright.[2] He was a leading international literary figure and intellectual, focusing on poetry until the publication of his first novel, The General of the Dead Army, which made him famous internationally.[3]

Kadare is regarded by some as one of the greatest writers and intellectuals of the 20th and 21st centuries, and as a universal voice against totalitarianism.[4][5][6] Living in Albania during a time of strict censorship, he devised stratagems to outwit Communist censors who had banned three of his books, using devices such as parable, myth, fable, folk-tale, allegory, and legend, sprinkled with double-entendre, allusion, insinuation, satire, and coded messages. In 1990, to escape the Communist regime and its Sigurimi secret police, he defected to Paris. From the 1990s he was asked by both major political parties in Albania to become a consensual President of the country, but declined. In 1996, France made him a foreign associate of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, and in 2016, he was a Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur recipient.

Kadare was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature 15 times. In 1992, he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca; in 1998, the Herder Prize; in 2005, the inaugural Man Booker International Prize; in 2009, the Prince of Asturias Award of Arts; and in 2015, the Jerusalem Prize. He was awarded the Park Kyong-ni Prize in 2019, and the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 2020.[7] His nominating juror for the Neustadt Prize wrote: "Kadare is the successor of Franz Kafka. No one since Kafka has delved into the infernal mechanism of totalitarian power and its impact on the human soul in as much hypnotic depth as Kadare." His writing has also been compared to that of Nikolai Gogol, George Orwell, Gabriel García Márquez, Milan Kundera, and Balzac. His works have been published in 45 languages. The New York Times wrote that he was a national figure in Albania comparable in popularity perhaps to Mark Twain in the United States, and that "there is hardly an Albanian household without a Kadare book".

He was the husband of author Helena Kadare and the father of United Nations Ambassador and UN General Assembly Vice-president Besiana Kadare. In 2023 he was granted citizenship of Kosovo, by president Vjosa Osmani.[8][9]

## Early life and education

[edit]

Ismail Kadare was born on 28 January 1936, in the Kingdom of Albania during the reign of King Zog I. He was born in Gjirokastër, a historic Ottoman fortress–city in the mountains, made up of tall stone houses in what is today southern Albania, a dozen miles from the border with Greece.[10][11][12] He lived there on a crooked, narrow street known as Lunatics' Lane.[13][14][15]

Ismail's parents were Halit Kadare, a post office employee, and Hatixhe Dobi, a homemaker, who had married in 1933 when she was 17.[16][17][18] On his mother's side, his great-grandfather was a Bejtexhi of the Bektashi Order, known as Hoxhë Dobi.[19] Though he was born into a Muslim family, he was an atheist.[20][21]

Three years after Kadare was born, Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini's troops invaded Albania and ousted the king. Italian rule followed.[22] He was nine years old when the Italian troops were withdrawn, and the communist-led People's Socialist Republic of Albania was established.[23]

Kadare attended primary and secondary schools in Gjirokastër.[23] He then studied Languages and Literature at the Faculty of History and Philology of the University of Tirana.[23][24] In 1956, he received a teacher's diploma.[25] He lived in Tirana until moving to France in 1990.[26][27][28]

## Literary career

[edit]

### Early

[edit]

Konak (house) of Kadare in the Ottoman old town of Gjirokastër

At age 11, Kadare read William Shakespeare's play Macbeth. He recalled years later: "Because I did not yet understand that I could simply purchase it in a bookstore, I copied much of it by hand and took it home. My childhood imagination pushed me to feel like a co-author of the play."[29]

He soon became entranced by literature.[29][11][30] At age 12, Kadare wrote his first short stories, which were published in the Pionieri (Pioneer) journal in Tirana, a communist magazine for children.[23][31] In 1954 he published his first collection of poems, Frymëzime djaloshare (Boyish inspirations).[32] In 1957 he published a poetry collection entitled Ëndërrimet (Dreams).[33]

At 17, Kadare won a poetry contest in Tirana, which allowed him to travel to Moscow to study at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute.[4] He studied literature during the Khrushchev era, doing post-graduate work from 1958 to 1960.[15] His training had as its goal for him to become a communist writer and "engineer of human souls", to help construct a culture of the new Albania.[34] In Moscow he met writers united under the banner of Socialist Realism—a style of art characterized by the idealized depiction of revolutionary communist values, such as the emancipation of the proletariat. Kadare also had the opportunity to read contemporary Western literature, including works by Jean Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, and Ernest Hemingway.[35] He rejected the canons of Socialist Realism and committed himself internally to writing as opposed to dogmatism.[36][37][38] He also cultivated contempt for the nomenklatura, an attitude which, he later wrote, was the product of his youthful arrogance rather than of considered political opposition.[39] During his time in the Soviet Union, Kadare published a collection of poetry in Russian, and in 1959 also wrote his first novel, Qyteti pa reklama (The City Without Signs), a critique of socialist careerism in Albania.[40][41]

Kadare returned home in October 1960 on Albanian orders, before Albania's breaking of political and economic ties with the USSR.[15][17][42] He lived for the next 30 years in Tirana, in an apartment which now houses the Ismail Kadare House museum and archives.[43][44] He worked as a journalist, became editor-in-chief of the literary periodical Les Lettres Albanaises (Albanian Letters; published simultaneously in Albanian and French), and then contributed to the literary review Drita for five years, while embarking on a literary career of his own.[45][23][44]

At that time Kadare had a reputation for poetry. In 1961 he published a volume of poetry entitled Shekulli im (My Century).[42][33] His work was particularly popular with Albanian youth. His future wife Helena, then a schoolgirl, wrote a fan letter to the young writer, which eventually led to their marriage in 1963.[46]

Kadare wrote one of his earliest pieces in the 1960s, a poem entitled "The Princess Argjiro". Locally inspired, the poem transforms the centuries-old myth of the legendary 15th century Princess Argjiro, who was said to have jumped off Gjirokastër Castle along with her child to avoid being captured by the Ottomans.[47][34] The poem was denounced and an official reader's report was commissioned, which maintained he had committed historical and ideological errors.[47][34] Kadare was criticized implicitly for disregarding socialist literary principles.[47][34]

In 1962, Kadare published an excerpt from his first novel as a short story under the title Coffeehouse Days [sq] in a communist youth magazine.[48][49][50] It was banned immediately after publication, contributing to his reputation for "decadence".[39][51][23]

In 1963, at 26 years of age, Kadare published his novel The General of the Dead Army, about an army general and a priest who, 20 years after World War II, are sent to Albania to locate the remains of fallen Italian soldiers and return them to Italy for burial.[52][23][11] The novel faced criticism by Albanian literary critics for flouting socialist ideals and for its dark tone.[53] The novel was thus in stark contrast to those of other Albanian writers of the time, who glorified the Communist revolution.[54][55] The novel inspired three films: Luciano Tovoli's 1983 The General of the Dead Army (Il generale dell'armata morta) in Italian starring Marcello Mastroianni and Michel Piccoli, Bertrand Tavernier's 1989 Life and Nothing But (La Vie et rien d'autre) in French starring Philippe Noiret, and Dhimitër Anagnosti's 1989 The Return of the Dead Army (Kthimi i ushtrisë së vdekur) in Albanian starring Bujar Lako.[52] Though it is his best-known novel, and Kadare viewed it as "good literature", he did not view it as his best work.[56]

In 1964 he wrote Përse mendohen këto male (What are these mountains thinking about?).[33] His next short novel, The Monster (Përbindëshi), published in the literary magazine Nëntori in 1965, was labelled "decadent" and banned upon publication; it was Kadare's second ban.[23]

By the mid-1960s, the cultural censorship thaw of the early part of the decade was over, and conditions changed dramatically. In 1967, Albania launched its own Cultural Revolution. Kadare was exiled for two years along with other Albanian writers to Berat in the countryside, to learn about life alongside the peasants and workers.[57][37] Two Albanian dramatists were at the time also sentenced to eight years in prison each.[57] Albanian writers and artists encountered indifference from the world outside Albania, which did not speak in their support.[58]

### International breakthrough (1970–1980)

[edit]

The General of the Dead Army was Kadare's first great success outside Albania.[59] The French translation by Isuf Vrioni, published in 1970 in Paris by publisher Albin Michel, led to Kadare's international breakthrough.[60][36] In the ironic novel, an Italian general and an Italian Army priest return to Albania 20 years after World War II, to find and bring back to Italy for final burial there the bodies of Italian soldiers killed in the war.[10][28] The French publishing house published the novel without Kadare's knowledge or permission, as Albania at the time was not a signatory to the Universal Copyright Convention and there was no copyright protection on the text.[61] Once the book appeared in France, it was translated into most European languages.[61] By 1977 it had been translated into over 20 languages, with the Albanian communist press hailing it as "one of the most successful translations of the world of the 70s".[62]

After the success of the novel in the West in 1970, the older generation of Albanian writers and dogmatic literary critics became extremely embittered against the "darling of the West": "This novel was published by the bourgeoisie and this cannot be accepted", said a report by the Albanian secret police.[63] Kadare's enemies in the secret police and the old guard of the Albanian Politburo referred to him as an agent of the West, which was one of the most dangerous accusations that could be made in Albania.[64] He continued to publish in his home country and became widely promoted there, with frequent references in the Albanian press to new releases and translations of his work, being hailed as a "hero of the new Albanian literature".[65][66][67] Kadare's work was described as "treat[ing] many problems preoccupying" Albanian society, and as "mak[ing] use of the revolution as the organizing element of his writing".[68] He was also lauded as having a "revolutionary drive" which "keeps pace with life and fights against old ideas".[68]

In 1971 Kadare published the novel Chronicle in Stone, in which the narrator is a young Albanian boy whose old stone city hometown is caught up in World War II, and successively occupied by Greek, Italian, and German forces.[69] The novel has been described as magic realism.[46] John Updike wrote in The New Yorker, that it was "a thoroughly enchanting novel — sophisticated and accomplished in its poetic prose and narrative deftness, yet drawing resonance from its roots in one of Europe's most primitive societies".[70] The book was heavily publicized in the Albanian press, both domestically and in magazines aimed at promoting Albanian socialism and culture to an international audience, such as New Albania.[65]

Throughout the 1970s, Kadare began to work more with myths, legends, and the distant past, often drawing allusions between the Ottoman Empire and present-day Albania.[71] At this time, he also worked as an editor and contributor to New Albania, an arts and culture magazine which sought to promote Albanian socialism to a worldwide audience.[72]

In 1970, Kadare published Kështjella (The Castle or The Siege) which was celebrated in both Albania and Western Europe, seeing a translation into French in 1972.[66] It detailed the war between Albanians and Ottomans during the time of Skanderbeg.[73]

In 1978 he published the novel The Three-Arched Bridge, a political parable set in 1377 in the Balkans, narrated by an Albanian monk.[74] The New York Times called it "an utterly captivating yarn: strange, vivid, ominous, macabre and wise".[74]

After Kadare offended the authorities with a political poem entitled "The Red Pasha" in 1975 that poked fun at the Albanian Communist bureaucracy, he was denounced, narrowly avoiding being shot, and was ultimately sent to do manual labour in a remote village deep in the central Albania countryside for a short time.[75][76][77] After his return to Tirana, Kadare increasingly began to publish short novellas.[37]

In 1980 Kadare published the novel Broken April, about the centuries-old tradition of hospitality, blood feuds, and revenge killing in the highlands of north Albania in the 1930s.[78][79] The New York Times, reviewing it, wrote: "Broken April is written with masterly simplicity in a bardic style, as if the author is saying: Sit quietly and let me recite a terrible story about a blood feud and the inevitability of death by gunfire in my country. You know it must happen because that is the way life is lived in these mountains. Insults must be avenged; family honor must be upheld."[80] The novel was adapted into the 2001 Brazilian film Behind the Sun (Abril Despedaçado) by filmmaker Walter Salles, set in 1910 Brazil and starring Rodrigo Santoro, which was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film.[81]

### Controversy and tension in Albania (1981–1990)

[edit]

In 1981, Kadare published The Palace of Dreams, an anti-totalitarian fantasy novel.[82] In the novel, an authoritarian dystopia (the imaginary U.O.S.; the United Ottoman States) through an enormous bureaucratic entity (the Palace of Dreams) collects every dream in the empire, sorts it, files it, analyses it, and reports the most dangerous ones to the Sultan.[83][11][84] Kadare first published an excerpt of the novel as a short story, alongside some of his other new works, in his 1980 collection of four novellas, Gjakftohtësia (Cold-bloodedness). The following year, under the same title, Kadare published the completed novel in the second edition of Emblema e dikurshme (Signs of the Past); despite its political themes, it was not censored by the Albanian authorities.[85]

After publishing The Palace of Dreams, readers began to draw comparisons between its critique of totalitarianism and the current government of Albania. At a meeting of the Albanian Writers Union, Kadare was accused by the president of the Union of deliberately evading politics by cloaking much of his fiction in history and folklore, and The Palace of Dreams was expressly condemned in the presence of several members of the Albanian Politburo.[11] Kadare was accused of attacking the government in a covert manner, and the novel was viewed by the authorities as an anticommunist work and a mockery of the political system.[86][87][11] As a result, the work was banned—but not before 20,000 copies had been sold.[88][11] The authorities were initially reluctant to imprison or purge Kadare, as he had become an internationally recognized literary figure and it would have caused an international backlash – which, given the country's rapid economic decline, the government wanted to avoid at all costs.[89] Western press reacted to the condemnation of The Palace of Dreams, and Western protests mounted in his defence.[37] Of all his books, he was most proud of having written this one.[90]

That same year Kadare finished his novel The Concert, a satirical account of the Sino-Albanian split, but it was criticized by the authorities and was not published until 1988.[91]

Communist Albanian leader Enver Hoxha presided over a Stalinist regime of forced collectivization and suppression from the end of World War II until 1985.[16][92] He initiated a process of eliminating Kadare, but backed off due to Western reaction.[93] There was a nightly presence of authorities outside of Kadare's apartment.[94] Albanian historian and scholar Anton Logoreci described Kadare during this time as "a rare sturdy flower growing, inexplicably, in a largely barren patch".[95]

In January 1985, Kadare's novel A Moonlit Night was published, only to be banned by the authorities.[96][97] On 9 April 1985, Hoxha fell into a coma; the next night he died, aged 76. In the evening on the day when the ailing dictator died, members of the Union of Writers, the Albanian Politburo, and the Central Committee of the Communist Party hastily organized a meeting in order to condemn Moonlit Night.[98]

That same year Kadare wrote the novella Agamemnon's Daughter – a direct critique, set in the 1970s, of the oppressive regime in Albania. It was smuggled out of the country, with the help of Kadare's French editor Claude Durand, but was not published until 2003.[99][79]

In 1990 Kadare requested a meeting with Albanian president Ramiz Alia, at which he urged him to end human rights abuses, implement democratic and economic reforms, and end the isolation of Albania.[75] Kadare was disappointed with Alia's slow reaction.[75]

### Political asylum in France (1990–2024)

[edit]

Kadare in 2002

In October 1990, after he criticized the Albanian government, urged democratization of isolationist Albania – Europe's last Communist-ruled country, then with a population of 3.3 million – and facing the ire of its authorities and threats from the Sigurimi secret police, Kadare sought and received political asylum in France.[100][101][75] He defected to Paris, where he thereafter primarily lived, except for a time in Tirana.[90][102][103] He decided to defect because he had become disillusioned with the government of Ramiz Alia, legal opposition was not allowed in Albania, and he was convinced "that more than any action [he] could take in Albania, [his] defection would help the democratization of [his] country".[76][104] The New York Times wrote that he was a national figure in Albania comparable in popularity perhaps to Mark Twain in the United States, and that "there is hardly an Albanian household without a Kadare book, and even foreign visitors are presented with volumes of his verse as souvenirs".[76]

The official Albanian press agency reacted by issuing a statement on, what they called, "this ugly act", saying Kadare had placed himself "in the services of the enemies of Albania".[76] Some intellectuals, at great personal risk, publicly supported Kadare, whom the authorities had declared a traitor. Poet Dritero Agolli, who headed the Albanian Writers' Union, said: "I continue to have great respect for his work."[76] Despite this, his books were not fully banned by the Communist authorities, and he remained a popular and celebrated author.[103][105]

After receiving political asylum and settling in France, Kadare continued to write. His exile in Paris was fruitful and enabled him to succeed further, writing both in Albanian and in French.[106]

His 1992 novel The Pyramid is a political allegory set in Egypt in the 26th century BC, focusing on intrigues behind the construction of the Great Pyramid of Cheops.[17][107] In it, Kadare mocked any dictator's love for hierarchy and useless monuments. In some of Kadare's novels, comprising the so-called "Ottoman Cycle", the Ottoman Empire is used as the archetype of a totalitarian state. In 1993, the novel was awarded the Prix Méditerranée Étranger in France.[108]

Frieze honoring Kadare at Gjirokastër Castle

In 1994 he began to work on the first bilingual volume of his work with the French publishing house Fayard.[109] The same year, at the request of the French publisher Flammarion, he wrote the essay "La légende des légendes" ("The legend of legends"), which was immediately translated to French and published in 1995.

Kadare's 1996 novel Spiritus marked a narrative and compositional turning point in his literary career. In it, two ghosts return to a post-Communist world.[77] Its influence is felt in all of his subsequent novels.[110] It deals with a group of foreigners who are touring Eastern Europe after the fall of Communism and hear exciting rumours during their stay in Albania about the capture of the spirit from the dead. As it turns out, the spirit is in fact a listening device known to the notorious secret service as a "hornet".[89]

Kadare's 2008 novel The Fall of the Stone City was awarded the Rexhai Surroi Prize in Kosovo, and was shortlisted for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize in 2013.[111] His semi-autobiographical novel The Doll was published in 2020.[112] It focuses on his complex bonds with his mother and his country.[112]

Beginning in the 1990s, Kadare was asked multiple times by both the country's major political parties to run for president of Albania, but he always declined.[113][7][101]

## Later life and death

[edit]

Kadare married Albanian author Helena Gushi and had two daughters. Besiana Kadare is the Albanian ambassador to the United Nations, its ambassador to Cuba and a vice president of the United Nations General Assembly for its 75th session.[114]

Kadare returned to Albania in his later years. After suffering from ill health for several years, he died from a heart attack at a Tirana hospital, on 1 July 2024, at the age of 88.[115][116][117] He was granted a state funeral on 3 July at the National Theatre of Opera and Ballet in Tirana, but was buried in a private ceremony shortly afterwards. Two days of mourning were declared in Albania, while one day of mourning was declared in neighboring Kosovo.[118]

## Awards

[edit]

Kadare on a 2011 Albania postal stamp celebrating his 75th birthday

In 1992, Kadare was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca international literary award in France.[119] In 1996 he was made a lifetime member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of France (Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques), one of the five academies that make up the Institut de France learned society, in the chair vacated by the recently deceased philosopher Karl Popper.[52][4][45] In 1998 he was awarded the international Herder Prize in Austria.[120] In 2003 he received the Ovid Prize international award in Romania, and the Presidential Gold Medal of the League of Prizren from the President of Kosovo.[121][122][123]

In 2005 Kadare received the inaugural Man Booker International Prize in the United Kingdom for the full body of his work. In his acceptance speech, he said: "We propped each other up as we tried to write literature as if that regime did not exist. Now and again we pulled it off. At other times we didn't."[11]

In 2008 Kadare received the Flaiano Prize international award in Italy.[124] In 2009, Kadare was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Literature in Spain, for his literary works.[125]

In 2015, Kadare was awarded the bi-annual Jerusalem Prize in Israel.[126] Speaking of the relationship between Albania and the Jews, he said: "I come from one of the few countries in the world which helped the Jews during World War II. I believe the number of Jews there grew from 200 at the start of the war to 2,000 by the end. The population always defended the Jews, whether during the kingdom, under Communism, or after it."[14][127][128] He noted that during the Holocaust Albanians refused to hand Jews over to the Nazis, and many Albanians went to great lengths to protect Jewish refugees who had fled to Albania.[102] He also noted that Albania and Israel share in common the experience of fighting for survival in a sometimes hostile neighbourhood.[102]

In 2016, Kadare became the first Albanian Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur recipient, with the award being given to him by French president François Hollande.[77][129] That year he was also awarded the Albanian National Flag Decoration, Albania's highest decoration, by President Bujar Nishani.[130][131] He won the 2018 International Nonino Prize in Italy.[132]

Kadare won the 2019 Park Kyong-ni Prize, an international award based in South Korea, for his literary works during his career.[133][134][135]

In 2023, Kadare won the America Award in Literature for a lifetime contribution to international writing.[136] That year he was also named Grand Officer (Grand officier) of the Legion of Honour by a special decree of French president Emmanuel Macron, and thus was ranked among the 250 world-renowned personalities honoured by France.[43] The Legion of Honour is the highest state title awarded by France.[137]

The Neustadt Prize Feather

Kadare was nominated for the 2020 Neustadt International Prize for Literature (described as the "American Nobel") in the United States by Bulgarian writer Kapka Kassobova.[138] He was selected as the 2020 laureate by the Prize's jury.[139] He won the 2020 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.[7] In his acceptance speech, he observed: "There is no room for literature in the Marxist vision of the future world."[140] His nominating juror wrote: "Kadare is the successor of Franz Kafka. No one since Kafka has delved into the infernal mechanism of totalitarian power and its impact on the human soul in as much hypnotic depth as Kadare."[26]

Kadare won the 2020 Prozart Award, given by the PRO-ZA Balkan International Literature Festival, for his contributions to the development of literature in the Balkans.[141]

Kadare received the President of the Republic of Albania "Honor of the Nation" Decoration, and the French state order "Cross of the Legion of Honor".[119] He was also a member of the Academy of Albania, the Berlin Academy of Arts, and the Mallarmé Academy, and was awarded honorary doctorates in 1992 from the University of Grenoble III in France, in 2003 from the University of Pristina in Kosovo, and in 2009 from the University of Palermo in Italy.[27][45][142]

Kadare was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature 15 times.[21] He stated that the press spoke about him being a potential Nobel Prize winner so much, that "many people think that I've already won it".[143]

In 2023 Kadare was granted citizenship of Kosovo.[144]

## Legacy

[edit]

Kadare was considered to be one of the greatest writers in the world.[4][14] The London newspaper The Independent said of Kadare: "He has been compared to Gogol, Kafka and Orwell. But Kadare's is an original voice, universal but deeply rooted in his own soil."[145] The New York Times said his fiction has been compared with that of Gabriel García Márquez, as well as Milan Kundera, and The Christian Science Monitor wrote he has also been compared with Dostoevsky and Isak Dinesen.[78][16][69] Translator and biographer David Bellos wrote: "In some ways, he's like Balzac."[79] Critic Richard Eder called him "a supreme fictional interpreter of the psychology and physiognomy of oppression".[83]

Kadare's literary works were conceived in the bedrock of tiny Albanian literature, almost unknown before in Europe or the rest of the world.[146] With Kadare it became known, read, and appreciated. For the first time in its history, through Kadare, Albanian literature has been integrated into wider European and world literature.[147]

Kadare's oeuvre is a literature of resistance. He managed to write normal literature in an abnormal country – a Communist dictatorship. He had to struggle to get his literary works published, going against state policy. At times even putting his life at risk. Dissent was not allowed in Albania.[11] Kadare noted: "That was not possible. You risked being shot. Not condemned, but shot for a word against the regime. A single word."[11]

Under Hoxha, at least 100,000 people were imprisoned for political reasons or for a word they said or wrote; 5,000, including many writers, were executed.[11][148]

Kadare devised numerous subtle stratagems to outwit Communist censors.[149][11] He used old devices such as parable, myth, fable, folk-tale, allegory, and legend, and sprinkled them with double-entendre, allusion, insinuation, satire, and coded messages.[11][77][76]

His oeuvre in general has been in theoretical and practical opposition to the mandatory Socialist Realism required by the State.[146] Kadare challenged Socialist Realism for three decades and opposed it with his subjective realism,[150][151] avoiding state censorship by using allegorical, symbolic, historical and mythological means.[152]

The conditions in which Kadare lived and published his works were not comparable to other European Communist countries where at least some level of public dissent was tolerated. Rather, the situation in Albania was comparable to North Korea or to the Soviet Union in the 1930s under Stalin. Despite this, Kadare used any opportunity to attack the regime in his works, by means of political allegories, which were picked up by educated Albanian readers.[153] Henri Amouroux, a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques of France, pointed out that Soviet dissidents including Solzhenitsyn published their works during the era of de-Stalinization, whereas Kadare lived and published his works in a country which remained Stalinist until 1990.[154]

## Works

[edit]

Main article: Ismail Kadare bibliography

Kadare's works have been published in 45 languages.[155][156][157] By 2020 most of his approximately 80 novels, plays, screenplays, poetry, essays, and story collections had been translated into different languages.[101]

Among Kadare's best-known books are The General of the Dead Army (1963), The Siege (1970), The Ghost Rider (1980), Broken April (1980; blood feuds in the highlands of north Albania),[11][17][38] The Palace of Dreams (1981), The Pyramid (1992), and The Successor (2003; regarding the mysterious death of Hoxha's handpicked successor, Mehmet Shehu).[17]

Some Kadare books were translated into English by David Bellos, from French translations rather than the Albanian originals.[99]

### English translations

[edit]

The following Kadare novels have been translated into English:

* The General of the Dead Army (Albanian: Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur), ISBN 9780099518266[158]
* The Siege (Albanian: Kështjella), ISBN 978-1-84767-185-1[158]
* Chronicle in Stone (Albanian: Kronikë në gur), ISBN 978-0-941533-00-3[158]
* Broken April (Albanian: Prilli i thyer), ISBN 978-0-941533-57-7[158][38]
* The Three-Arched Bridge (Albanian: Ura me tri harqe), ISBN 978-1-55970-368-0[158]
* The Palace of Dreams (Albanian: Pallati i ëndrrave), ISBN 978-0-688-11183-0[158]
* The Concert (Albanian: Koncert në fund të dimrit), ISBN 978-0-688-09762-2[158]
* The File on H (Albanian: Dosja H: roman), ISBN 978-1-55970-401-4[158]
* The Pyramid (Albanian: Piramida), ISBN 978-1-55970-314-7[159]
* Elegy for Kosovo (Albanian: Tri këngë zie për Kosovën), ISBN 978-1-55970-528-8[158]
* Spring Flowers, Spring Frost (Albanian: Lulet e ftohta të marsit), ISBN 978-1-55970-635-3[158]
* The Successor (Albanian: Pasardhësi), ISBN 978-1-55970-773-2[158]
* Agamemnon's Daughter (Albanian: Vajza e Agamemnonit), ISBN 978-1-55970-788-6[158]
* The Blinding Order (Albanian: Qorrfermani), ISBN 978-1611451085
* The Fall of the Stone City (Albanian: Darka e Gabuar), ISBN 978-0-8021-2068-7[158]
* The Accident (Albanian: Aksidenti), ISBN 978-0-8021-2995-6[158]
* The Ghost Rider (Albanian: Kush e solli Doruntinën?), ISBN 978-1-84767-341-1[158]
* Twilight of the Eastern Gods (Albanian: Muzgu i perëndive të stepës), ISBN 978-0-8021-2311-4[158]
* A Girl in Exile (Albanian: E penguara), ISBN 978-1-61902-916-3[158]
* The Traitor's Niche (Albanian: Kamarja e turpit), ISBN 978-1-64009-044-6[158]
* Essays on World Literature: Aeschylus • Dante • Shakespeare (Albanian: Tri sprova mbi letërsinë botërore), ISBN 9781632061751
* Stormy Weather on Mount Olympus (Albanian: Stinë e mërzitshme në Olimp)[160]
* The Doll: A Portrait of My Mother (Albanian: Kukulla), ISBN 978-1-64009-422-2[158]
* A Dictator Calls (Albanian: Kur sunduesit grinden), ISBN 978-1-64009-608-0[158]

### Albanian

[edit]

Kadare's complete works (other than essays, poetry, and short stories) were published by Fayard, simultaneously in French and Albanian, between 1993 and 2004.[91] His original Albanian-language works have been published exclusively by Onufri Publishing House since 1996,[161] as single works or entire sets. Published in 2009, the set of complete works constituted 20 volumes.[162]

The dates of publication given here are those of the first publication in Albanian, unless stated otherwise.

#### Novels and novellas

[edit]

* Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur (The General of the Dead Army) (1963)[163]
* Përbindëshi (The Monster) (1965)[163]
* Dasma (The Wedding) (1968)[163]
* Kështjella (The Siege) (1970)[163]
* Kronikë në gur (Chronicle in Stone) (1971)[163]
* Dimri i vetmisë së madhe (The Winter of Great Solitude) (1973) ISBN 978-99956-87-85-4
* Nëntori i një kryeqyteti (November of a Capital) (1975)[163]
* Muzgu i perëndive të stepës (Twilight of the Eastern Gods) (1976)[163]
* Komisioni i festës (The Feast Commission) (1978) ISBN 9789989572296
* Ura me tri harqe (The Three-Arched Bridge) (1978)[163]
* Kamarja e turpit (The Traitor's Niche) (1978) ISBN 9781784873202
* Prilli i thyer (Broken April) (1980)[163]
* Kush e solli Doruntinën? (The Ghost Rider) (1980)[163]
* Pallati i ëndrrave (The Palace of Dreams) (1981)[163]
* Nata me hënë (A Moonlit Night) (1985)[163]
* Viti i mbrapshtë (The Dark Year) (1984)[163]
* Krushqit janë të ngrirë (The Wedding Procession Turned to Ice) (1983)[163]
* Koncert në fund të dimrit (The Concert) (1988)[163]
* Dosja H. (The File on H.) (1989)[163]
* Qorrfermani (The Blinding Order) (1991) ISBN 978-1611451085
* Piramida (The Pyramid) (1992)[163]
* Hija (The Shadow) (1994)[163]
* Shkaba (The Eagle) (1995)[163]
* Spiritus (1996)[163]
* Qyteti pa reklama (The City with no Signs) (1998, written in 1959)[163]
* Lulet e ftohta të marsit (Spring Flowers, Spring Frost) (2000)[163]
* Breznitë e Hankonatëve (2000) ISBN 978-9928-164-16-2
* Vajza e Agamemnonit (Agamemnon's Daughter) (2003)[163]
* Pasardhësi (The Successor) (2003)[163]
* Jeta, loja dhe vdekja Lul Mazrekut (Life, Game and Death of Lul Mazrek) (2003)[163]
* Çështje të marrëzisë (A Question of Lunacy) (2005)[163]
* Darka e Gabuar (The Fall of the Stone City) (2008)[163]
* E penguara: Rekuiem për Linda B. (A Girl in Exile) (2009)[163]
* Aksident (The Accident) (2004)[163]
* Mjegullat e Tiranës (Tirana's Mists) (2014, originally written in 1957–58) ISBN 978-9928-186-04-1
* Kukulla (The Doll) (2015)[164]

#### Plays

[edit]

* Stinë e mërzitshme në Olimp (Stormy Weather on Mount Olympus) (1998)[163]

#### Screenplays

[edit]

* Sorkadhet e trembura (Frightened Gazelles) (2009)[165]

#### Poetry

[edit]

* Frymëzime djaloshare (1954)[33]
* Ëndërrimet (1957)[33]
* Princesha Argjiro (1957)[33]
* Përse mendohen këto male (1964)[33]
* Motive me diell (1968)[163]
* Koha (1976)[166]
* Ca pika shiu ranë mbi qelq (2004) OCLC 53981405
* Pa formë është qielli (2005) ISBN 9789992745151
* Vepra poetike në një vëllim (2018) ISBN 978-9928-226-94-5

#### Essays

[edit]

* Autobiografia e popullit në vargje (The People's Autobiography in Verse) (1971)[163]
* Eskili, ky humbës i madh (Aeschylus, The Lost) (1985)[163]
* Ftesë në studio (Invitation to the Writer's Studio) (1990)[163]
* Nga një dhjetor në tjetrin (Albanian Spring) (1991)[163]
* Legjenda e legjendave (1996)[163]
* Kushëriri i engjëjve (The Angels' Cousin) (1997) ISBN 978-9928-164-13-1
* Kombi shqiptar në prag të mijëvjeçarit të tretë (The Albanian Nation on the Threshold of the Third Millennium) (1998) OCLC 42591890
* Unaza në kthetra (The Ring on the Claw) (2001) ISBN 9789992745304
* Poshtërimi në Ballkan (Abasement in the Balkans) (2004)[163]
* Identiteti evropian i shqiptarëve (The European Identity of Albanians) (2006)[163]
* Dantja i pashmangshëm (Dante, The Inevitable) (2006)[163]
* Hamlet, le prince impossible (Hamlet, The Impossible Prince) (2007)[163]
* Don Kishoti në Ballkan (Don Quixote in the Balkans) (2009)[167]
* Mosmarrëveshja, mbi raportet e Shqipërisë me vetveten (2010) ISBN 978-9928-164-24-7
* Mbi krimin në Ballkan; Letërkëmbim i zymtë (On Crime in the Balkans)(2011)[168]
* Çlirimi i Serbisë prej Kosovës (Serbia's Liberation from Kosovo) (2012) ISBN 978-99956-87-92-2
* Mëngjeset në Kafe Rostand (Mornings in Cafe Rostand) (2014) ISBN 9789928186256
* Arti si mëkat (Art as a Sin) (2015) ISBN 978-9928-186-63-8
* Uragani i ndërprerë: Ardhja e Migjenit në letërsinë shqipe (The Interrupted Hurricane: The Advent of Migjeni in Albanian Literature) (2015) ISBN 978-9928-186-58-4
* Tri sprova mbi letërsinë botërore (Essays on World Literature) (2017) ISBN 978-9928-226-88-4
* Kur sunduesit grinden (When Rulers Quarrel) (2018) ISBN 978-9928-261-44-1

#### Story collections

[edit]

* Emblema e dikurshme (1977)[163]
* Ëndërr mashtruese (1991)[169]
* Tri këngë zie për Kosovën (1998)[163]
* Vjedhja e gjumit mbretëror (1999) ISBN 9789928164148
* Përballë pasqyrës së një gruaje (2001)[170]
* Bisedë për brilantet në pasditen e dhjetorit (2013) ISBN 9789928164407
* Koha e dashurisë (Rrëfim Trikohësh) (2015) ISBN 978-9928-186-87-4
* Proza e shkurtër, në një vëllim (2018) ISBN 978-9928-261-05-2

|
|

## See also

[edit]

* Kadare Prize
* Albanian literature
* List of literary works by number of translations
* List of refugees

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Bellos, David (1 July 2024). "Ismail Kadare obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
2. ^ Lea, Richard (1 July 2024). "Ismail Kadare, giant of Albanian literature, dies aged 88". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
3. ^ Apolloni 2012, p. 25
4. ^ a b c d "Ismaíl Kadaré – Laureates – Princess of Asturias Awards for Literature 2009". The Princess of Asturias Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
5. ^ "Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature". Fundacion Princessa de Asturias. 24 June 2009. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
6. ^ Breto, Jose Carlos Rodrigo (2018). Ismail Kadare: La grand estratagema (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ediciones del Subsuelo. pp. 317–318\. ISBN 978-84-947802-0-2. "Y que este libro sea el principio de toda una serie de ensayos que pueda cosntruir para abundar y ahondar en la obra del escritor que considero como más importante del Siglo XXI, y uno de los más importantes de la segunda mitad del Siglo XX."
7. ^ a b c Semeni, Llazar (5 October 2020). "Albania's writer Ismail Kadare awarded Neustadt Prize". AP News.
8. ^ "Ismail Kadare bëhet shtetas i Kosovës". Koha. 1 August 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
9. ^ Albania, Euronews (1 August 2023). "Albanian writer Ismail Kadare bestowed Kosovar citizenship". Euronews Albania. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
10. ^ a b Roy, Nilanjana (17 January 2020). "The Doll by Ismail Kadare — a mesmerising autobiographical novel; The Albanian novelist weaves the life of his mother with his country's tumultuous past". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Evans, Julian (16 September 2005). "Living with ghosts". The Guardian.
12. ^ Ismail Kadare. Chronicle in Stone; A Novel, Arcade, ISBN 9781611450392.
13. ^ Kadare, Ismail (2020). The Doll: A Portrait of My Mother. Catapult. ISBN 978-1-64009-423-9 – via Google Books.
14. ^ a b c Lozano, Laurent (11 February 2015). "Albanian author wins Israeli award, unruffled by Nobel; Ismail Kadare wins Jerusalem Prize, talks of country's efforts to save Jews during Holocaust". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
15. ^ a b c Kadare, Ismail (10 October 2011). "Ismail Kadare Reflects on Gjirokastër, Albania". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
16. ^ a b c Zerofsky, Elisabeth (17 November 2020). "Ismail Kadare Attributes His Writer's Gift to His Mother". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
17. ^ a b c d e Tonkin, Boyd (27 January 2020). "A house divided; The Doll by Ismail Kadare reviewed". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
18. ^ Carty, Peter (25 August 2012). "The Fall of the Stone City, by Ismail Kadare (trs John Hodgson); Truly, the dinner party from hell". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
19. ^ Shehu, Novruz (11 August 2006). "Gjenealogji krijuese hoxhë Dobi, stërgjyshi poet i Kadaresë: duke gërmuar në rrënjët e shpirtit letrar të shkrimtarit të njohur". Biblioteka Kombëtare e Shqipërisë. p. 42\. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
20. ^ Sutherland, John (19 March 2016). "A Girl in Exile by Ismail Kadare". The Times. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
21. ^ a b Murray, John (25 January 1998). "Books: The orphan's voice; He's been nominated for the Nobel Prize 15 times, was awarded the Legion d'honneur last year and his output is colossal. So why isn't the Albanian novelist and poet Ismail Kadare better known?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
22. ^ Thomson, Ian (15 January 2006). "Observer review: The Successor by Ismail Kadare; Ismail Kadare has turned the decline and fall of Albania's bloodthirsty dictator into a superb thriller, The Successor, says Ian Thomson". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
23. ^ a b c d e f g h Davis, Barry (6 February 2015). "Book Review: Albanian freestyle; After three of his novels were banned by the Albanian dictatorship, Ismail Kadare began to express himself through mythology and history". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
24. ^ "Ismail Kadare împlinește 85 de ani". Asociația Liga Albanezilor din România. 28 January 2021. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
25. ^ "Life and tomes of a man for all seasons," Archived 27 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine South China Morning Post, 24 July 2005.
26. ^ a b "Ismail Kadare – Winner of the 2020 Neustadt International Prize for Literature". Neustadt Prizes. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
27. ^ a b Hon. Eliot L. Engel of New York in the House of Representatives (14 April 2015). "PAYING TRIBUTE TO ISMAIL KADARE, Albanian Political Exile from France and Winner of the Jerusalem Prize for 2015," Archived 3 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine Congressional Record.
28. ^ a b Slonim, Marc (8 November 1970). "European Notebook; An Albanian Novel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
29. ^ a b "Ismail Kadare's 6 favorite books". The Week. 21 December 2014. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
30. ^ David Bellos (2011). Is That a Fish in Your Ear?; Translation and the Meaning of Everything Archived 3 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 9780865478572.
31. ^ Kryeziu-Shkreta, Jorina (3 February 2015). "Bibliografi e veprës së Kadaresë". Panorama. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
32. ^ "Kryeson Ismail Kadare,1.301 botime në 45 gjuhë të botës". Gazetatema. 14 January 2019. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
33. ^ a b c d e f g "Ismail Kadare". Albanian Literature. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
34. ^ a b c d "Ismail Kadare The Writer and the Dictatorship 1957–1990; образовательные документы". Modern Humanities Research Association and Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
35. ^ Morgan 2011, pp. 49–50
36. ^ a b Apolloni 2012, pp. 33–34
37. ^ a b c d Fayé, Éric (1993). Kadaré, Ismail (ed.). œuvres completes: tome 1. Editions Fayard. pp. 10–25.
38. ^ a b c Liukkonen, Petri. "Ismail Kadare". Books and Writers. Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015.
39. ^ a b Morgan 2011, p. 54
40. ^ Ukaj, Ndue (27 May 2016). "Ismail Kadare: Letërsia, identiteti dhe historia". Gazeta Ekspress (in Albanian). Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017. Excerpt from the book Kadare, leximi dhe interpretimet.
41. ^ Morgan 2011, pp. 60–61
42. ^ a b Morgan 2011, p. 66
43. ^ a b "Ismail Kadare Receives Prestigious French Award". Exit News. 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
44. ^ a b Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-6188-6. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2021 – via Google Books.
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46. ^ a b Ke, Jing (2013). "The four others in I. Kadare's works: a study of the Albanian national identity," Archived 30 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 730.
47. ^ a b c Fatmir Terziu. "Writing the Dictatorship: Reuse of Myth in Ismail Kadare's Novels" Archived 27 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
48. ^ Morgan 2011, p. 68
49. ^ "Dite kafenesh, Ismail Kadare". Libraria ShtepiaeLibrit.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
50. ^ Kadare 2011, p. 128
51. ^ "Book Review # 121: The General of the Dead Army". The Torogi Chronicles. 25 May 2019. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
52. ^ a b c Interviewed by Shusha Guppy (24 April 1998). "Ismail Kadare, The Art of Fiction No. 153". The Paris Review. Vol. Summer 1998, no. 147\. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
53. ^ Lea, Richard (1 July 2024). "Ismail Kadare, giant of Albanian literature, dies aged 88". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
54. ^ Apolloni, Ag (2012). Paradigma e Proteut (in Albanian). Prishtinë: OM. pp. 33–34\. ""Romani Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur i Ismail Kadaresë, i botuar në vitin 1963, u kritikua nga kritika zyrtare, mandej u hesht sikur të mos ekzistonte fare, për t'u shfaqur prapë në vitin 1967 si një version i ri i romanit, natyrisht me disa kompromise të vogla, të cilat prapë nuk e kënaqën kritikën zyrtare, por as nuk e dëmtuan dukshëm veprën; assesi romani nuk arriti të deformohej siç e donte doktrina socrealiste. Ndryshe nga Shuteriqi, Musaraj, Abdihoxha etj., që glorifikonin revolucionin dhe socializmin; ndryshe nga idealisti Petro Marko që udhëhiqej nga ideja e internacionales komuniste; ndryshe nga Dritëro Agolli që kritikonte lëshimet e sistemit, por jo sistemin, – Ismail Kadare me romanin e parë kishte injoruar stilin socrealist, kishte shmangur heroin pozitiv, kishte harruar qëllimisht rolin e Partisë në zhvillimet aktuale dhe kishte treguar se mund të shkruhej roman edhe pa e përmendur Partinë dhe pa pasur nevojë për mësimet e Gorkit, të cilat ai i kishte konceptuar si vdekjeprurëse për letërsinë e vërtetë. Ashtu si e kishte injoruar ai Partinë, edhe Partia do ta injoronte atë. Në shkrimet kritike që bëhen gjatë viteve '60, Kadare herë "këshillohet" si duhet të shkruajë në të ardhmen, herë përmendet kalimthi, e më shpesh injorohet fare. Derisa shkrimtarët zyrtarë të Shqipërisë, ndiheshin komod me sistemin dhe shkruanin për diellin ideologjik që i ngroh të gjithë komunistët njësoj, Kadare nuk ia hiqte retë as shiun tokës shqiptare. Përballë zhvillimit industrial të vendit, përballë peizazheve urbane dhe motit të mirë që proklamonte Partia dhe letërsia e saj, në romanet e Kadaresë ishte një truall i vështirë dhe vazhdimisht bënte mot i keq."
55. ^ Morgan 2011, p. 89
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57. ^ a b Morgan 2011, pp. 106–107
58. ^ Kadare 2011, pp. 169–170
59. ^ Morgan 2011, p. 74
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64. ^ Morgan 2011, p. 143
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66. ^ a b "Book's Corner". New Albania. 3: 14. 1972.
67. ^ Shapllo, Dalan (1976). "The Hero of the New Albanian Literature". New Albania. 4: 24.
68. ^ a b Kadare, Ismail (1968). The Wedding. Tirana: Naim Frashëri Publishing House. p. 43.
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98. ^ Morgan 2011, pp. 277–278
99. ^ a b Wood, James (20 December 2010). "Chronicles and Fragments: The novels of Ismail Kadare". The New Yorker. Condé Nast. pp. 139–143\. Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.(subscription required)
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146. ^ a b Kuçuku, Bashkim (2015). Kadare në gjuhët e botës (in Albanian). Tirana: Onufri. p. 18\. "Kudo ku pati talente të fuqishme, të burgosur ose të paburgosur, në disa vende haptazi dhe me guxim, ndërsa në disa të tjera tërthorazi nëpërmjet simbolikës dhe alegorisë e kapërcyen atë. Ismail Kadareja nuk është ndonjë përjashtim. Vepra e tij që, në përgjithësi, ka qenë në kundërshtim teorik dhe praktik me realizmin socialist, është pjesë e asaj letërsie të madhe, që u krijua dhe u botua nën censurën e tij. Paradoksi i dytë që shoqëron kontekstin e leximit të saj, është se ajo është ngjizur në shtratin e një letërsie të vogël, thuajse, të panjohur më parë në Evropë dhe në kontinente të tjera."
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## Sources

[edit]

* Apolloni, Ag (2012). Paradigma e proteut ("Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur"): monografi. Prishtinë: OM. ISBN 978-9951-632-04-1.
* Bejko, Sadik (2007). Disidentët e rremë (in Albanian). Tiranë: 55.
* Brisku, Adrian (2013). Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878–2008. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-985-5.
* Dervishi, Met (2014). Intertekstualja dhe disidentja te Dimri i Vetmisë së Madhe. Tirana: Saras.
* Kadare, Helena (2011). Kohë e pamjaftueshme. Tirana: Onufri. ISBN 978-99956-87-51-9.
* Morgan, Peter (2011). Kadare: Shkrimtari dhe diktatura 1957-1990 (1 ed.). Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese "55". ISBN 978-9928-106-12-4.
* Rodrigo Breto, Jose Carlos (2018). Ismail Kadare: La grand estratagema. Barcelona: Ediciones del Subsuelo. ISBN 978-84-947802-0-2.v
* Sinani, Shaban (2011). Letërsia në totalitarizëm dhe "Dossier K". Naim Frashëri.
* Sulstarova, Enis (2006). Arratisje Nga Lindja: Orientalizmi Shqiptar Nga Naimi Te Kadareja. Globic Press. ISBN 978-0-9776662-4-9.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë (2008) (in Albanian), Fjalor Enciklopedik Shqiptar 2 (Albanian encyclopedia), Tirana, ISBN 978-99956-10-28-9
* Elsie, Robert, Historical Dictionary of Albania, New Edition, 2004, ISBN 0-8108-4872-4
* Gould, Rebecca. "Allegory and the Critique of Sovereignty: Ismail Kadare's Political Theologies", Studies in the Novel vol. 44, no. 2 (Summer 2012): 208–230.
* Hysa, Shefki, "The Diplomacy of self-denial" (Diplomacia e vetëmohimit), publicistic, Tirana, 2008. ISBN 978-99956-650-3-6
* Morgan, Peter (2011) "Ismail Kadare's Inner Emigration", in Sara Jones & Meesha Nehru (Eds.), Writing under Socialism, (pp. 131–142). Nottingham, UK: Critical, Cultural and Communications (CCC) Press.
* Morgan, Peter (2011) "Greek Civilisation as a Theme of Dissidence in the Work of Ismail Kadare", Modern Greek Studies (Australia and New Zealand), 15, 16–32.
* Morgan, Peter (2010) Ismail Kadare: The Writer and the Dictatorship 1957–1990, Oxford: Legenda, 2010, Albanian translation 2011.
* Morgan, Peter (2010) Kadare post Communism: Albania, the Balkans and Europe in the Work of Ismail Kadare, 1990–2008, Australian Research Council (ARC)/Discovery Projects (DP).
* Morgan, Peter (2005) "Ismail Kadare: Creativity under Communism", The Australian Newspaper.
* Ossewaarde, Marinus (2015). "Ismail Kadere's Idea of Europe" (PDF). The European Legacy. 20 (5). Routledge: 715–730\. doi:10.1080/10848770.2015.1065097. ISSN 1084-8770. S2CID 143046941.
* Rranzi, Paulin. "Personalities – Missionaries of Peace" publicistic, (2011), Tirana, ISBN 978-99956-43-60-7

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ismail Kadare.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Ismail Kadare.

* National Library of Albania
* Guppy, Shusha (Summer 1998). "Ismail Kadare, The Art of Fiction No. 153". The Paris Review. Summer 1998 (147).
* In the Palace of Nightmares': An Exchange – New York Review of Books
* Petri Liukkonen. "Ismail Kadare". Books and Writers.
* "Poems by Ismail Kadare", Albanianliterature.net.

* v
* t
* e

Works by Ismail Kadare

* The General of the Dead Army (1963)
* The Siege (1970)
* Chronicle in Stone (1971)
* The Great Winter (1977)
* Twilight of the Eastern Gods (1978)
* The Traitor's Niche (1978)
* The Three-Arched Bridge (1978)
* Broken April (1980)
* The Ghost Rider (1980)
* The File on H. (1981)
* The Palace of Dreams (1981)
* The Concert (1988)
* The Blinding Order (1991)
* The Pyramid (1992)
* Spiritus (1996)
* Elegy for Kosovo (1998)
* Spring Flowers, Spring Frost (2000)
* Agamemnon's Daughter (2003)
* The Successor (2003)
* The Fall of the Stone City (2008)
* A Girl in Exile (2009)
* The Doll (2015)

Awards for Ismail Kadare

* v
* t
* e

Herder Prize laureates

1964–1970|

* 1964: Oto Bihalji-Merin
* Jan Kott
* Stanisław Lorentz
* Lucijan Marija Škerjanc
* 1965: Tudor Arghezi
* Manolis Hatzidakis
* Emanuel Hruška
* Zoltán Kodály
* László Németh
* Hugo Rokyta
* Hristo Vakarelski
* 1966: Ján Cikker
* Dezső Dercsényi
* Zlatko Gorjan
* Aleksander Kobzdej
* Anton Kriesis
* Niko Kuret
* Dimiter Statkov
* 1967: Iván Fenyő
* Vladimír Kompánek
* Witold Lutosławski
* Spyridon Marinatos
* Alexandru A. Philippide
* Mihai Pop
* Svetozar Radojčić
* 1968: Constantin Daicoviciu
* Roman Ingarden
* Miroslav Krleža
* Ludvík Kunz
* Anastasios Orlandos
* Lajos Vayer
* Pancho Vladigerov
* 1969: Jolán Balogh
* Albín Brunovský
* Bohuslav Fuchs
* Mihail Jora
* Marijan Matković
* Ksawery Piwocki
* France Stele
* 1970: Jan Białostocki
* Jan Filip
* Zoltán Franyó
* Milovan Gavazzi
* Gyula Illyés
* Yiannis Papaioannou
* Zeko Torbov

1971–1980|

* 1971: Jiří Kolář
* Blaže Koneski
* Georgios Megas
* Kazimierz Michałowski
* Mihail Sokolovski
* Zaharia Stancu
* Bence Szabolcsi
* 1972: Dragotin Cvetko
* Atanas Dalchev
* Branko Maksimović
* Gyula Ortutay
* Jaroslav Pešina
* Henryk Stażewski
* Virgil Vătășianu
* 1973: Veselin Beshevliev
* Stylianos Harkianakis
* János Harmatta
* Zbigniew Herbert
* Eugen Jebeleanu
* Petar Lubarda
* Jan Racek
* 1974: Władysław Czerny
* Ivan Duichev
* Ivo Frangeš
* László Gerő
* Stylianos Pelekanidis
* Ján Podolák
* Zeno Vancea
* 1975: Józef Burszta
* Hristo M. Danov
* Stanislav Libenský
* Maria Ana Musicescu
* Gábor Preisich
* Pandelis Prevelakis
* Stanojlo Rajičić
* 1976: Jagoda Buić
* Marin Goleminov
* Ioannis Kakridis
* Dezső Keresztury
* Nichita Stănescu
* Rudolf Turek
* Kazimierz Wejchert
* 1977: Nikolaos Andriotis
* Riko Debenjak
* Emmanuel Kriaras
* Albert Kutal
* Máté Major
* Krzysztof Penderecki
* Anastas Petrov
* Ion Vladutiu
* 1978: Eugen Barbu
* Đurđe Bošković
* Kazimierz Dejmek
* Stoyan Dzudzev
* Béla Gunda
* Jiří Hrůza
* Yiannis Spyropoulos
* 1979: Magdalena Abakanowicz
* Ferenc Farkas
* Zdenko Kolacio
* Atanas Natev
* András Sütő
* Pavel Trost
* Apostolos E. Vacalopoulos
* 1980: Gordana Babić-Đorđević
* Iván Balassa
* Kamil Lhoták
* Manousos Manousakas
* Vera Mutafchieva
* Alexandru Rosetti
* Wiktor Zin

1981–1990|

* 1981: Emil Condurachi
* Sándor Csoóri
* Stefka Georgieva
* Dimitrios Loukatos
* Vjenceslav Richter
* Eugen Suchoň
* Elida Maria Szarota
* 1982: Athanasios Aravantinos
* Ana Blandiana
* Vojislav J. Đurić
* Sona Kovacevicová
* Aleksandar Nichev
* Jan Józef Szczepański
* Imre Varga
* 1983: Władysław Bartoszewski
* Géza Entz
* Jozef Jankovič
* Gunther Schuller
* Zdenko Škreb
* Stefana Stoykova
* C. A. Trypanis
* 1984: Emilijan Cevc
* Konstantinos Dimaras
* Karel Horálek
* György Konrád
* Constantin Lucaci
* Krasimir Manchev
* Krzysztof Meyer
* 1985: Branko Fučić
* Růžena Grebeníčková
* Adrian Marino
* Demetrios Pallas
* Károly Perczel
* Simeon Pironkov
* Andrzej Wajda
* 1986: Georgi Baev
* Tekla Dömötör
* Boris Gaberščik
* Konrad Górski
* Johannes Karayannopoulos
* Jiří Kotalík
* Anatol Vieru
* 1987: Roman Brandstaetter
* Doula Mouriki
* József Ujfalussy
* Vladimir Veličković
* Velizar Velkov
* Gheorghe Vrabie
* 1988: Roman Berger
* Christos Kapralos
* Zoe Dumitrescu-Bușulenga
* György Györffy
* Donka Petkanova
* Mieczysław Porębski
* Edvard Ravnikar
* 1989: Maria Banuș
* Ákos Birkás
* Jerzy Buszkiewicz
* Václav Frolec
* Nikolai Genchev
* Petar Miljković-Pepek
* Nikos Gabriel Pentzikis
* 1990: Liviu Calin
* Bronisław Geremek
* Aris Konstantinidis
* Dejan Medaković
* Virginia Paskaleva
* Adriena Šimotová
* András Vizkelety

1991–2000|

* 1991: Maja Bošković-Stulli
* Gerard Labuda
* Andor Pigler
* Yorgos Sicilianos
* Emil Skála
* Marin Sorescu
* Stoimen Stoilov
* 1992: Manolis Andronikos
* Jenő Barabás
* Blaga Dimitrova
* Stefan Kaszynski
* Jiří Kořalka
* Zmaga Kumer
* Jon Nicodim
* 1993: Vasilka Gerasimova-Tomova
* Petro Kononenko
* György Kurtág
* Jerzy Tchórzewski
* Răzvan Theodorescu
* Elena Várossová
* Māra Zālīte
* Dionysis Zivas
* Viktor Žmegač
* 1994: István Borzsák
* Dževad Juzbašić
* Ștefan Niculescu
* Andrzej Szczypiorski
* Jitka and Květa Válová
* Takis Varvitsiotis
* Zigmas Zinkevičius
* 1995: Sándor Kányádi
* Mirko Kovač
* Milcho Lalkov
* Michael G. Meraklis
* Mindaugas Navakas
* Wisława Szymborska
* Jaan Undusk
* 1996: Tamás Hofer
* Karel Hubáček
* Konstantin Iliev
* Marin Mincu
* Jože Pogačnik
* Pēteris Vasks
* Marian Zgórniak
* 1997: Tasos Athanasiadis
* Bogdan Bogdanović
* Oskár Elschek
* Ferenc Glatz
* Lech Kalinowski
* Jaan Kross
* Dunja Rihtman-Auguštin
* 1998: Imre Bak
* Andrei Corbea-Hoișie
* Eliška Fučíková
* Ismail Kadare
* Justinas Marcinkevičius
* Dorota Simonides
* Elena Toncheva
* 1999: Svetlana Alexievich
* Vera Bitrakova-Grozdanova
* Mircea Dinescu
* István Fried
* Henryk Górecki
* Dževad Karahasan
* Ferdinand Milučký
* 2000: Ján Bakoš
* Ivan Čolović
* Nikola Georgiev
* Imre Kertész
* Milan Kundera
* Karolos Mitsakis
* Arvo Pärt

2001–2006|

* 2001: Yurii Andrukhovych
* Janez Bernik
* János Böhönyey
* Maria Kłańska
* Marek Kopelent
* Andrej Mitrović
* Evanghelos Moutsopoulos
* 2002: George Demetrius Bambiniotis
* Māris Čaklais
* Péter Esterházy
* Radost Ivanova
* Nedjeljko Fabrio
* Aurel Stroe
* Lech Trzeciakowski
* 2003: Vasil Gyuzelev
* Drago Jančar
* Károly Manherz
* Stanisław Mossakowski
* Ales Rasanau
* Ludvík Václavek
* Ana Maria Zahariade
* 2004: Theodore Antoniou
* Michał Głowiński
* Dušan Kováč
* Fatos Lubonja
* Éva Pócs
* Kazimir Popkonstantinov
* Romualdas Požerskis
* 2005: Károly Klimó
* Hanna Krall
* Primož Kuret
* Jiří Kuthan
* Andrei Marga
* Eimuntas Nekrošius
* Krešimir Nemec
* 2006: Włodzimierz Borodziej
* Nicos Hadjinicolaou
* Gabriela Kiliánová
* Ene Mihkelson
* Vojteh Ravnikar

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for Literature

Prince of Asturias Award for Literature

* 1981: José Hierro
* 1982: Miguel Delibes and Gonzalo Torrente Ballester
* 1983: Juan Rulfo
* 1984: Pablo García Baena
* 1985: Ángel González
* 1986: Mario Vargas Llosa and Rafael Lapesa
* 1987: Camilo José Cela
* 1988: Carmen Martín Gaite and José Ángel Valente
* 1989: Ricardo Gullón
* 1990: Arturo Uslar Pietri
* 1991: The people of Puerto Rico
* 1992: Francisco Nieva
* 1993: Claudio Rodríguez
* 1994: Carlos Fuentes
* 1995: Carlos Bousoño
* 1996: Francisco Umbral
* 1997: Álvaro Mutis
* 1998: Francisco Ayala
* 1999: Günter Grass
* 2000: Augusto Monterroso
* 2001: Doris Lessing
* 2002: Arthur Miller
* 2003: Fatema Mernissi and Susan Sontag
* 2004: Claudio Magris
* 2005: Nélida Piñon
* 2006: Paul Auster
* 2007: Amos Oz
* 2008: Margaret Atwood
* 2009: Ismail Kadare
* 2010: Amin Maalouf
* 2011: Leonard Cohen
* 2012: Philip Roth
* 2013: Antonio Muñoz Molina
* 2014: John Banville

Princess of Asturias Award for Literature

* 2015: Leonardo Padura
* 2016: Richard Ford
* 2017: Adam Zagajewski
* 2018: Fred Vargas
* 2019: Siri Hustvedt
* 2020: Anne Carson
* 2021: Emmanuel Carrère
* 2022: Juan Mayorga
* 2023: Haruki Murakami
* 2024: Ana Blandiana
* 2025: Eduardo Mendoza

* v
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* e

Prix Méditerranée winners

Prix Méditerranée|

* 1985: Nicolas Saudray
* 1986: Chochana Boukhobza
* 1987: François Fontaine
* 1988: Dominique Fernandez
* 1989: Jules Roy
* 1990: Philippe Le Guillou
* 1991: Tahar Djaout
* 1992: Robert Solé
* 1993: Jean Thuillier
* 1994: Tahar Ben Jelloun
* 1995: André Chouraqui
* 1996: Hector Bianciotti
* 1997: Jean-Christophe Rufin
* 1998: Alain Nadaud
* 1999: Jean Daniel
* 2000: Albert Cossery
* 2001: Edmonde Charles-Roux
* 2002: Jean-Paul Mari
* 2003: François Sureau
* 2004: Amin Maalouf
* 2005: Jean-Pierre Vernant
* 2006: Michel del Castillo
* 2007: Emile Brami
* 2008: Louis Gardel
* 2009: Alexandre Najjar
* 2010: Dominique Baudis
* 2011: Pierre Assouline
* 2012: Jean-Noël Pancrazi
* 2013: Nedim Gürsel
* 2014: Gérard de Cortanze
* 2015: Valérie Zenatti
* 2016: Teresa Cremisi
* 2017: Metin Arditi
* 2018: Kamel Daoud
* 2019: Jérôme Ferrari
* 2020: Mahi Binebine

Prix Méditerranée Étranger|

* 1992: Luis Landero
* 1993: Ismail Kadare
* 1994: Juan Goytisolo
* 1995: Adunis
* 1996: Yaşar Kemal
* 1997: Besnik Mustafaj
* 1998: Boutros Boutros-Ghali
* 1999: Pietro Citati
* 2000: Yoram Kaniuk
* 2001: Arturo Pérez-Reverte
* 2002: Umberto Eco
* 2003: Baltasar Porcel
* 2004: Jaume Cabré
* 2005: Antonio Tabucchi
* 2006: Orhan Pamuk
* 2007: Claudio Magris
* 2008: Sandro Veronesi
* 2009: Almudena Grandes
* 2010: Amos Oz
* 2011: Dimitris Stefanakis
* 2012: Antonio Muñoz Molina
* 2013: José Carlos Llop
* 2014: Javier Cercas
* 2015: Milena Agus
* 2016: Lluís Llach
* 2017: Ersi Sotiropoulou
* 2018: Daniel Mendelsohn
* 2019: Marco Balzano
* 2022: Giosuè Calaciura

* v
* t
* e

Neustadt International Prize for Literature Laureates

* Giuseppe Ungaretti (1970)
* Gabriel García Márquez (1972)
* Francis Ponge (1974)
* Elizabeth Bishop (1976)
* Czesław Miłosz (1978)
* Josef Škvorecký (1980)
* Octavio Paz (1982)
* Paavo Haavikko (1984)
* Max Frisch (1986)
* Raja Rao (1988)
* Tomas Tranströmer (1990)
* João Cabral de Melo Neto (1992)
* Kamau Brathwaite (1994)
* Assia Djebar (1996)
* Nuruddin Farah (1998)
* David Malouf (2000)
* Álvaro Mutis (2002)
* Adam Zagajewski (2004)
* Claribel Alegría (2006)
* Patricia Grace (2008)
* Duo Duo (2010)
* Rohinton Mistry (2012)
* Mia Couto (2014)
* Dubravka Ugrešić (2016)
* Edwidge Danticat (2018)
* Ismail Kadare (2020)
* Boubacar Boris Diop (2022)

* v
* t
* e

International Booker Prize winners

2005–2016|

* Ismail Kadare (2005)
* Chinua Achebe (2007)
* Alice Munro (2009)
* Philip Roth (2011)
* Lydia Davis (2013)
* László Krasznahorkai (2015)

2016–present|

* The Vegetarian (2016)
* A Horse Walks Into a Bar (2017)
* Flights (2018)
* Celestial Bodies (2019)
* The Discomfort of Evening (2020)
* At Night All Blood Is Black (2021)
* Tomb of Sand (2022)
* Time Shelter (2023)
* Kairos (2024)
* Heart Lamp (2025)

* v
* t
* e

Albanian literature

Related articles|

* Albanian language
* List of Albanian writers
* women
* Albanian folklore
* History of Albania
* Albanian National Awakening
* Albanology

Early authors|

* Frang Bardhi
* Zenel Bastari
* Constantine of Berat
* Pjetër Bogdani
* Pjetër Budi
* Gjon Buzuku
* Julije Balović
* Nicola Chetta
* Nikollë Filja
* Nezim Frakulla
* Dalip Frashëri
* Shahin Frashëri
* Tahir Efendi Gjakova
* Hasan Zyko Kamberi
* Haxhi Ymer Kashari
* Luca Matranga
* Branko Merxhani
* Etëhem Bey Mollaj
* Sulejman Naibi
* Giuseppe Schirò (archbishop)
* Tahir Skënderasi
* Giulio Variboba
* Muçi Zade
* Ali Asllani

Classical authors|

* Josif Bageri
* Andon Zako Çajupi
* Gabriele Dara
* Spiro Dine
* Asdreni
* Gjergj Fishta
* Kristo Floqi
* Naim Frashëri
* Sami Frashëri
* Mihal Grameno
* Luigj Gurakuqi
* Milto Sotir Gurra
* Jolanda Kodra
* Musine Kokalari
* Ernest Koliqi
* Faik Konitza
* Loni Logori
* Migjeni
* Ndre Mjeda
* Papa Kristo Negovani
* Ndoc Nikaj
* Fan Noli
* Foqion Postoli
* Girolamo de Rada
* Francesco Antonio Santori
* Giuseppe Schirò
* Giuseppe Serembe
* Lazër Shantoja
* Filip Shiroka
* Stefan Shundi
* Risto Siliqi
* Vaso Pasha
* Jani Vreto
* Pjetër Zarishi

Modern|

* Dritëro Agolli
* Mimoza Ahmeti
* Ylljet Aliçka
* Ag Apolloni
* Fatos Arapi
* Lindita Arapi
* Eqrem Basha
* Domenico Bellizzi
* Ben Blushi
* Maria Antonia Braile
* Flora Brovina
* Dionis Bubani
* Aleks Çaçi
* Martin Camaj
* Selfixhe Ciu
* Spiro Çomora
* Diana Çuli
* Ibrahim Dalliu
* Ridvan Dibra
* Teki Dervishi
* Elvira Dones
* Mirko Gashi
* Fatmir Gjata
* Ndoc Gjetja
* Sabri Godo
* Odhise Grillo
* Ervin Hatibi
* Helena Kadare
* Ismail Kadare
* Karmel Kandreva
* Teodor Keko
* Skifter Këlliçi
* Anastas Kondo
* Fatos Kongoli
* Vath Koreshi
* Rifat Kukaj
* Teodor Laço
* Natasha Lako
* Luljeta Lleshanaku
* Sejfulla Malëshova
* Gjekë Marinaj
* Petro Marko
* Din Mehmeti
* Esad Mekuli
* Betim Muço
* Besnik Mustafaj
* Faruk Myrtaj
* Jeton Neziraj
* Fadil Paçrami
* Ludmilla Pajo
* Dhimitër Pasko
* Arshi Pipa
* Ali Podrimja
* Lasgush Poradeci
* Giuseppe Schirò Di Maggio
* Dhimitër Shuteriqi
* Azem Shkreli
* Drago Siliqi
* Llazar Siliqi
* Nokë Sinishtaj
* Xhevahir Spahiu
* Sterjo Spasse
* Luan Starova
* Haki Stërmilli
* Parid Teferiçi
* Kasëm Trebeshina
* Hajro Ulqinaku
* Ardian Vehbiu
* Ornela Vorpsi
* Bilal Xhaferri
* Dhimitër Xhuvani
* Jakov Xoxa
* Injac Zamputi
* Petraq Zoto

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Greece
* Korea
* 2
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ADK
* FID

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* Yale LUX

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