Isotopes of astatine

Isotopes of astatine (85At) | Main isotopes[1] | Decay

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| abun­dance | half-life (t1/2) | mode | pro­duct
209At  | synth | 5.41 h | β+ | 209Po
α | 205Bi
210At  | synth  | 8.1 h | β+ | 210Po
α | 206Bi
211At  | synth  | 7.21 h | ε | 211Po
α | 207Bi

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Astatine (85At) has 41 known isotopes, all of which are radioactive; their mass numbers range from 188 to 229 (though 189At is undiscovered). There are also 24 known metastable excited states. The longest-lived isotope is 210At, which has a half-life of 8.1 hours; the longest-lived isotope existing in naturally occurring decay chains is 219At with a half-life of 56 seconds.

## List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide
[n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)
[n 2][n 3] | Half-life
| Decay
mode
[n 4] | Daughter
isotope
[n 5] | Spin and
parity
[n 6][n 7] | Isotopic
abundance

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Excitation energy[n 7]
188At[2] | 85  | 103  |  | 190+350
−80 μs | α (~50%)  | 184Bi  |  |
p (~50%)  | 187Po
190At[2] | 85  | 105  |  | 1.0+14
−4 ms | α  | 186Bi  | (10−)  |
191At[3] | 85  | 106  |  | 1.7+11
−5 ms | α  | 187Bi  | (1/2+)  |
191mAt  | 50(30) keV  | 2.1+4
−3 ms | α  | 187Bi  | (7/2−)  |
192At[4] | 85  | 107  | 192.00314(28)  | 11.5(6) ms  | α  | 188Bi  | 3+#  |
β+ (rare)  | 192Po
β+, SF (0.42%)  | (various)
192mAt  | 0(40) keV  | 88(6) ms  | α  | 188mBi  | (9−, 10−)  |
β+ (rare)  | 192Po
β+, SF (0.42%)  | (various)
193At[4] | 85  | 108  | 192.99984(6)  | 28+5
−4 ms | α  | 189Bi  | (1/2+)  |
193m1At  | 8(9) keV  | 21(5) ms  | α  | 189m1Bi  | (7/2−)  |
193m2At  | 42(9) keV  | 27+4
−3 ms | IT (76%)  | 193At  | (13/2+)  |
α (24%)  | 189m2Bi
194At[4] | 85  | 109  | 193.99873(20)  | 286(7) ms  | α (91.7%#)  | 190Bi  | (5-)  |
β+ (8.3%#)  | 194Po
β+, SF (0.032%#)  | (various)
194mAt  | -20(40) keV  | 323(7) ms  | α (91.7%#)  | 190Bi  | (10-)  |
β+ (8.3%#)  | 194Po
β+, SF (0.032%#)  | (various)
195At[4] | 85  | 110  | 194.996268(10)  | 290(20) ms  | α  | 191mBi  | (1/2+)  |
β+?  | 195Po
195mAt  | 29(7) keV  | 143(3) ms  | α (88%)  | 191Bi  | (7/2-)  |
IT (12%)  | 195At
β+?  | 195Po
196At[4] | 85  | 111  | 195.99579(6)  | 377(4) ms  | α (97.5%)  | 192Bi  | (3+)  |
β+ (2.5%)  | 196Po
196m1At  | −40(40) keV  | 20# ms  | α  | 192mBi  | (10−)  |
196m2At  | 157.9(1) keV  | 11(2) μs  | IT  | 196At  | (5+)  |
197At[4] | 85  | 112  | 196.99319(5)  | 388.2(5.6) ms  | α (96.1%)  | 193Bi  | (9/2−)  |
β+ (3.9%)  | 197Po
197m1At  | 45(8) keV  | 2.0(2) s  | α  | 193m1Bi  | (1/2+)  |
IT (<0.004%)  | 197At
β+?  | 197Po
197m2At  | 310.7(2) keV  | 1.3(2) μs  | IT  | 197At  | (13/2+)  |
198At  | 85  | 113  | 197.99284(5)  | 4.2(3) s  | α (94%)  | 194Bi  | (3+)  |
β+ (6%)  | 198Po
198mAt  | 330(90)# keV  | 1.0(2) s  |  |  | (10−)  |
199At  | 85  | 114  | 198.99053(5)  | 6.92(13) s  | α (89%)  | 195Bi  | (9/2−)  |
β+ (11%)  | 199Po
200At  | 85  | 115  | 199.990351(26)  | 43.2(9) s  | α (57%)  | 196Bi  | (3+)  |
β+ (43%)  | 200Po
200m1At  | 112.7(30) keV  | 47(1) s  | α (43%)  | 196Bi  | (7+)  |
IT  | 200At
β+ | 200Po
200m2At  | 344(3) keV  | 3.5(2) s  |  |  | (10−)  |
201At  | 85  | 116  | 200.988417(9)  | 85(3) s  | α (71%)  | 197Bi  | (9/2−)  |
β+ (29%)  | 201Po
202At  | 85  | 117  | 201.98863(3)  | 184(1) s  | β+ (88%)  | 202Po  | (2, 3)+  |
α (12%)  | 198Bi
202m1At  | 190(40) keV  | 182(2) s  |  |  | (7+)  |
202m2At  | 580(40) keV  | 460(50) ms  |  |  | (10−)  |
203At  | 85  | 118  | 202.986942(13)  | 7.37(13) min  | β+ (69%)  | 203Po  | 9/2−  |
α (31%)  | 199Bi
204At  | 85  | 119  | 203.987251(26)  | 9.2(2) min  | β+ (96%)  | 204Po  | 7+  |
α (3.8%)  | 200Bi
204mAt  | 587.30(20) keV  | 108(10) ms  | IT  | 204At  | (10−)  |
205At  | 85  | 120  | 204.986074(16)  | 26.2(5) min  | β+ (90%)  | 205Po  | 9/2−  |
α (10%)  | 201Bi
205mAt  | 2339.65(23) keV  | 7.76(14) μs  |  |  | 29/2+  |
206At  | 85  | 121  | 205.986667(22)  | 30.6(13) min  | β+ (99.11%)  | 206Po  | (5)+  |
α (0.9%)  | 202Bi
206mAt  | 807(3) keV  | 410(80) ns  |  |  | (10)−  |
207At  | 85  | 122  | 206.985784(23)  | 1.80(4) h  | β+ (91%)  | 207Po  | 9/2−  |
α (8.6%)  | 203Bi
208At  | 85  | 123  | 207.986590(28)  | 1.63(3) h  | β+ (99.5%)  | 208Po  | 6+  |
α (0.55%)  | 204Bi
209At  | 85  | 124  | 208.986173(8)  | 5.41(5) h  | β+ (96%)  | 209Po  | 9/2−  |
α (4.0%)  | 205Bi
210At  | 85  | 125  | 209.987148(8)  | 8.1(4) h  | β+ (99.8%)  | 210Po  | (5)+  |
α (0.18%)  | 206Bi
210m1At  | 2549.6(2) keV  | 482(6) μs  |  |  | (15)−  |
210m2At  | 4027.7(2) keV  | 5.66(7) μs  |  |  | (19)+  |
211At  | 85  | 126  | 210.9874963(30)  | 7.214(7) h  | EC (58.2%)  | 211Po  | 9/2−  |
α (42%)  | 207Bi
212At  | 85  | 127  | 211.990745(8)  | 314(2) ms  | α[n 8] | 208Bi  | (1−)  |
212m1At  | 223(7) keV  | 119(3) ms  | α  | 208Bi  | (9−)  |
212m2At  | 4771.6(11) keV  | 152(5) μs  | IT  | 212At  | (25−)  |
213At  | 85  | 128  | 212.992937(5)  | 125(6) ns  | α[n 9] | 209Bi | 9/2−  |
214At  | 85  | 129  | 213.996372(5)  | 558(10) ns  | α  | 210Bi  | 1−  |
214m1At  | 59(9) keV  | 265(30) ns  | α[n 10] | 210Bi  |  |
214m2At  | 232(5) keV  | 760(15) ns  | α[n 10] | 210Bi  | 9−  |
215At  | 85  | 130  | 214.998653(7)  | 0.10(2) ms  | α  | 211Bi  | 9/2−  | Trace[n 11]
216At  | 85  | 131  | 216.002423(4)  | 0.30(3) ms  | α[n 12] | 212Bi  | 1−  |
216mAt  | 161(11) keV[1] | 100# μs  | α  | 212Bi  | 9−#  |
217At  | 85  | 132  | 217.004719(5)  | 32.3(4) ms  | α (99.98%)  | 213Bi  | 9/2−  | Trace[n 13]
β− (.012%)  | 217Rn
218At  | 85  | 133  | 218.008694(12)  | 1.27(6) s[9] | α (99.9%)  | 214Bi  | (2−,3−)  | Trace[n 14]
β− (0.1%)[5] | 218Rn
219At  | 85  | 134  | 219.011162(4)  | 56(3) s  | α (97%)  | 215Bi  | (9/2−)  | Trace[n 11]
β− (3.0%)  | 219Rn
220At  | 85  | 135  | 220.015433(15)  | 3.71(4) min  | β− (92%)  | 220Rn  | 3(−#)  |
α (8.0%)  | 216Bi
221At  | 85  | 136  | 221.018017(15)  | 2.3(2) min  | β− | 221Rn  | 3/2−#  |
222At  | 85  | 137  | 222.022494(17)  | 54(10) s  | β− | 222Rn  |  |
223At  | 85  | 138  | 223.025151(15)  | 50(7) s  | β− | 223Rn  | 3/2−#  |
224At  | 85  | 139  | 224.029749(24)  | 2.5(1.5) min  | β− | 224Rn  | 2+#  |
225At  | 85  | 140  | 225.03253(32)#  | 3# s  | β− | 225Rn  | 1/2+#  |
226At  | 85  | 141  | 226.03721(32)#  | 7# min  | β− | 226Rn  | 2+#  |
227At  | 85  | 142  | 227.04018(32)#  | 5# s  | β− | 227Rn  | 1/2+#  |
228At  | 85  | 143  | 228.04496(43)#  | 1# min  | β− | 228Rn  | 3+#  |
229At  | 85  | 144  | 229.04819(43)#  | 1# s  | β− | 229Rn  | 1/2+#  |
This table header & footer:

* view

1. ^ mAt - Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ^ ( ) - Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. ^ # - Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ^ Modes of decay:  EC: | Electron capture

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IT: | Isomeric transition
5. ^ Bold italics symbol as daughter - Daughter product is nearly stable.
6. ^ ( ) spin value - Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
7. ^ a b # - Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
8. ^ Theoretically capable of β+ decay to 212Po or β− decay to 212Rn[5][1][6]
9. ^ Theoretically capable of electron capture to 213Po[7]
10. ^ a b Theoretically capable of isomeric transition to 214At[1]
11. ^ a b Intermediate decay product of 235U
12. ^ Theoretically capable of electron capture to 216Po or β− decay to 216Rn[5][1][8]
13. ^ Intermediate decay product of 237Np
14. ^ Intermediate decay product of 238U

## Alpha decay

[edit]

Alpha decay characteristics for sample astatine isotopes[a] Mass
number  | Mass
excess[5] | Mass
excess of
daughter[5] | Average
energy of
alpha
decay  | Half-life[5] | Probability
of alpha
decay[5] | Alpha
decay
half-life

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207  | −13.243 MeV | −19.116 MeV | 5.873 MeV | 1.80 h | 8.6%  | 20.9 h
208  | −12.491 MeV | −18.243 MeV | 5.752 MeV | 1.63 h | 0.55%  | 12.3 d
209  | −12.880 MeV | −18.638 MeV | 5.758 MeV | 5.41 h | 4.1%  | 5.5 d
210  | −11.972 MeV | −17.604 MeV | 5.632 MeV | 8.1 h | 0.175%  | 193 d
211  | −11.647 MeV | −17.630 MeV | 5.983 MeV | 7.21 h | 41.8%  | 17.2 h
212  | −8.621 MeV | −16.436 MeV | 7.825 MeV | 0.31 s | ≈100%  | 0.31 s
213  | −6.579 MeV | −15.834 MeV | 9.255 MeV | 125 ns | 100%  | 125 ns
214  | −3.380 MeV | −12.366 MeV | 8.986 MeV | 558 ns | 100%  | 558 ns
219  | 10.397 MeV | 4.073 MeV | 6.324 MeV | 56 s | 97%  | 58 s
220  | 14.350 MeV | 8.298 MeV | 6.052 MeV | 3.71 min | 8%  | 46.4 min
221[b] | 16.810 MeV | 11.244 MeV | 5.566 MeV | 2.3 min | experimentally
alpha stable | ∞

Astatine has 23 nuclear isomers (nuclei with one or more nucleons – protons or neutrons – in an excited state). A nuclear isomer may also be called a "meta-state"; this means the system has more internal energy than the "ground state" (the state with the lowest possible internal energy), making the former likely to decay into the latter. There may be more than one isomer for each isotope. The most stable of them is astatine-202m1,[c] which has a half-life of about 3 minutes; this is longer than those of all ground states except those of isotopes 203–211 and 220. The least stable one is astatine-214m1; its half-life of 265 ns is shorter than those of all ground states except that of astatine-213.[5]

Alpha decay energy follows the same trend as for other heavy elements.[10] Lighter astatine isotopes have quite high energies of alpha decay, which become lower as the nuclei become heavier. However, astatine-211 has a significantly higher energy than the previous isotope; it has a nucleus with 126 neutrons, and 126 is a magic number (corresponding to a filled neutron shell). Despite having a similar half-life time as the previous isotope (8.1 hours for astatine-210 and 7.2 hours for astatine-211), the alpha decay probability is much higher for the latter: 41.8 percent versus just 0.18 percent.[5][d] The two following isotopes release even more energy, with astatine-213 releasing the highest amount of energy of all astatine isotopes. For this reason, it is the shortest-lived astatine isotope.[10] Even though heavier astatine isotopes release less energy, no long-lived astatine isotope exists; this happens due to the increasing role of beta decay.[10] This decay mode is especially important for astatine: as early as 1950, it was postulated that the element has no beta-stable isotopes (i.e. ones that do not undergo beta decay at all),[11] though nuclear mass measurements reveal that 215At is in fact beta-stable, as it has the lowest mass of all isobars with A = 215.[12] A beta decay mode has been found for all other astatine isotopes except for 212-216At and their isomers.[5][1] Among other isotopes: astatine-210 and the lighter isotopes decay by positron emission; astatine-217 and the heavier isotopes undergo beta decay; and astatine-211 decays by electron capture instead.[5] Astatine-212 and astatine-216 are expected to decay either way.

The most stable isotope of astatine is astatine-210, which has a half-life of about 8.1 hours. This isotope's primary decay mode is positron emission to the relatively long-lived alpha emitter, polonium-210. In total, only five isotopes of astatine have half-lives exceeding one hour: those between 207 and 211. The least stable ground state isotope is astatine-213, with a half-life of about 125 nanoseconds. It undergoes alpha decay to the extremely long-lived (in practice, stable) isotope bismuth-209.[5]

## See also

[edit]

1. ^ In the table, under the words "mass excess", the energy equivalents are given rather than the real mass excesses; "mass excess daughter" stands for the energy equivalent of the mass excess sum of the daughter of the isotope and the alpha particle; "alpha decay half-life" refers to the half-life if decay modes other than alpha are omitted.
2. ^ Since astatine-221 has not been shown to undergo alpha decay, the alpha decay energy is theoretical. The value for mass excess is calculated rather than measured.
3. ^ "m1" means that this state of the isotope is the next possible one above – energy greater than – the ground state. "m2" and similar designations refer to further higher energy states. The number may be dropped if there is only one well-established meta state, such as astatine-216m. Note that other designation techniques exist.
4. ^ This means that if decay modes other than alpha are omitted, then astatine-210 has an alpha half-life of 4,628.6 hours (128.9 days) and astatine-211 has one of 17.2 hours (0.9 days). Therefore, astatine-211 is less stable toward alpha decay than the lighter isotope, and is more likely to undergo alpha decay in the same time period.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
2. ^ a b Kokkonen, Henna. "Decay properties of the new isotopes 188At and 190At" (PDF). University of Jyväskylä. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
3. ^ Kettunen, H.; Enqvist, T.; Grahn, T.; Greenlees, P.T.; Jones, P.; Julin, R.; Juutinen, S.; Keenan, A.; Kuusiniemi, P.; Leino, M.; Leppänen, A.-P.; Nieminen, P.; Pakarinen, J.; Rahkila, P.; Uusitalo, J. (1 August 2003). "Alpha-decay studies of the new isotopes 191At and 193At" (PDF). The European Physical Journal A - Hadrons and Nuclei. 17 (4): 537–558\. Bibcode:2003EPJA...17..537K. doi:10.1140/epja/i2002-10162-1. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 122384851. Retrieved 23 June 2023.537-558&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1140/epja/i2002-10162-1&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122384851#id-name=S2CID&rft.issn=1434-601X&rft_id=info:bibcode/2003EPJA...17..537K&rft.aulast=Kettunen&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Enqvist,+T.&rft.au=Grahn,+T.&rft.au=Greenlees,+P.T.&rft.au=Jones,+P.&rft.au=Julin,+R.&rft.au=Juutinen,+S.&rft.au=Keenan,+A.&rft.au=Kuusiniemi,+P.&rft.au=Leino,+M.&rft.au=Leppänen,+A.-P.&rft.au=Nieminen,+P.&rft.au=Pakarinen,+J.&rft.au=Rahkila,+P.&rft.au=Uusitalo,+J.&rft_id=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epja/i2002-10162-1.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+astatine" class="Z3988">
4. ^ a b c d e f Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (1 March 2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear physics properties *". Chinese Physics C, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics. 45 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2021ChPhC..45c0001K. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. ISSN 1674-1137. OSTI 1774641. S2CID 233794940.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.0013-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info:bibcode/2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon,+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot,+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra,+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+astatine" class="Z3988">
6. ^ "Adopted Levels for 212At" (PDF). NNDC Chart of Nuclides.
7. ^ "Adopted Levels for 213At" (PDF). NNDC Chart of Nuclides.
8. ^ "Adopted Levels for 216At" (PDF). NNDC Chart of Nuclides.
9. ^ Cubiss, J. G.; Andreyev, A. N.; Barzakh, A. E.; Andel, B.; Antalic, S.; Cocolios, T. E.; Goodacre, T. Day; Fedorov, D. V.; Fedosseev, V. N.; Ferrer, R.; Fink, D. A.; Gaffney, L. P.; Ghys, L.; Huyse, M.; Kalaninová, Z.; Köster, U.; Marsh, B. A.; Molkanov, P. L.; Rossel, R. E.; Rothe, S.; Seliverstov, M. D.; Sels, S.; Sjödin, A. M.; Stryjczyk, M.; L.Truesdale, V.; Van Beveren, C.; Van Duppen, P.; Wilson, G. L. (2019-06-14). "Fine structure in the α decay of At218". Physical Review C. 99 (6). American Physical Society (APS): 064317. doi:10.1103/physrevc.99.064317. ISSN 2469-9985. S2CID 197508141.
10. ^ a b c Lavrukhina & Pozdnyakov 1966, p. 232.
11. ^ Rankama, Kalervo (1956). Isotope geology (2nd ed.). Pergamon Press. p. 403\. ISBN 978-0-470-70800-2.
12. ^ Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.

* Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1966). Аналитическая химия технеция, прометия, астатина и франция [Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium] (in Russian). Nauka.
* Isotope masses from:
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.0013-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info:bibcode/2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon,+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot,+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra,+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+astatine" class="Z3988">
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.0013-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info:bibcode/2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon,+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot,+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra,+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+astatine" class="Z3988">
* National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
* Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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Isotopes of the chemical elements

| Group | 1 | 2 |  | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18

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16  |

Isotopes § List

17  |

Isotopes § List

④ |

Isotopes § List

19  |

Isotopes § List

20  |  |

Isotopes § List

21  |

Isotopes § List

22  |

Isotopes § List

23  |

Isotopes § List

24  |

Isotopes § List

25  |

Isotopes § List

26  |

Isotopes § List

27  |

Isotopes § List

28  |

Isotopes § List

29  |

Isotopes § List

30  |

Isotopes § List

31  |

Isotopes § List

32  |

Isotopes § List

33  |

Isotopes § List

34  |

Isotopes § List

35  |

Isotopes § List

⑤ |

Isotopes § List

37  |

Isotopes § List

38  |  |

Isotopes § List

39  |

Isotopes § List

40  |

Isotopes § List

41  |

Isotopes § List

42  |

Isotopes § List

43  |

Isotopes § List

44  |

Isotopes § List

45  |

Isotopes § List

46  |

Isotopes § List

47  |

Isotopes § List

48  |

Isotopes § List

49  |

Isotopes § List

50  |

Isotopes § List

51  |

Isotopes § List

52  |

Isotopes § List

53  |

Isotopes § List

⑥ |

Isotopes § List

55  |

Isotopes § List

56  |  |

Isotopes § List

71  |

Isotopes § List

72  |

Isotopes § List

73  |

Isotopes § List

74  |

Isotopes § List

75  |

Isotopes § List

76  |

Isotopes § List

77  |

Isotopes § List

78  |

Isotopes § List

79  |

Isotopes § List

80  |

Isotopes § List

81  |

Isotopes § List

82  |

Isotopes § List

83  |

Isotopes § List

84  |

Isotopes § List

85  |

Isotopes § List

⑦ |

Isotopes § List

87  |

Isotopes § List

88  |  |

Isotopes § List

103  |

Isotopes § List

104  |

Isotopes § List

105  |

Isotopes § List

106  |

Isotopes § List

107  |

Isotopes § List

108  |

Isotopes § List

109  |

Isotopes § List

110  |

Isotopes § List

111  |

Isotopes § List

112  |

Isotopes § List

113  |

Isotopes § List

114  |

Isotopes § List

115  |

Isotopes § List

116  |

Isotopes § List

117  |

Isotopes § List

118
⑧ |

Isotopes § List

Uue

119  |

Isotopes § List

Ubn

120
|  |  |  |

Isotopes § List

57  |

Isotopes § List

58  |

Isotopes § List

59  |

Isotopes § List

60  |

Isotopes § List

61  |

Isotopes § List

62  |

Isotopes § List

63  |

Isotopes § List

64  |

Isotopes § List

65  |

Isotopes § List

66  |

Isotopes § List

67  |

Isotopes § List

68  |

Isotopes § List

69  |

Isotopes § List

70  |
|  |

Isotopes § List

89  |

Isotopes § List

90  |

Isotopes § List

91  |

Isotopes § List

92  |

Isotopes § List

93  |

Isotopes § List

94  |

Isotopes § List

95  |

Isotopes § List

96  |

Isotopes § List

97  |

Isotopes § List

98  |

Isotopes § List

99  |

Isotopes § List

100  |

Isotopes § List

101  |

Isotopes § List

102

* Table of nuclides
* Categories: Isotopes
* Tables of nuclides
* Metastable isotopes
* Isotopes by element

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* Germany

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